Review 2004 Literature PDF

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 43434396
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt
Review
Heat transferA review of 2004 literature

R.J. Goldstein *, W.E. Ibele, S.V. Patankar, T.W. Simon, T.H. Kuehn, P.J. Strykowski, K.K. Tamma,
J.V.R. Heberlein, J.H. Davidson, J. Bischof, F.A. Kulacki, U. Kortshagen, S. Garrick, V. Srinivasan,
K. Ghosh, R. Mittal
Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
a r t i c l e
i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 20 March 2010
Received in revised form 26 March 2010
Accepted 26 March 2010
Available online 7 July 2010
The present review covers the heat transfer literature published in 2004 in English language, including
some translations of foreign language papers. Though extensive, some selection is necessary. Only articles
published by a process of peer review in archival journals are reviewed. Papers are grouped into subjectoriented sections and further divided into sub-elds. Many papers deal with the fundamental science of
heat transfer, including experimental, numerical and analytical work; others relate to applications or natural systems. In addition to reviewing journal articles, this Review also takes note of important conferences and meetings on heat transfer and related areas, major awards presented in 2004, and relevant
books published in 2004.
2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords:
Conduction
Boundary layers
Internal ows
Porous media
Heat transfer
Experimental methods
Natural convection
Rotating ows
Mass transfer
Bio-heat transfer
Melting
Freezing
Boiling
Condensation
Radiative heat transfer
Numerical methods
Transport properties
Heat exchangers
Solar energy
Thermal plasmas
Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. Boundary layers and external flows.
C. Channel flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Separated flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DP. Heat transfer in porous media . . . .
E. Experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . .
F. Natural convectioninternal flows .
FF. Natural convectionexternal flows
G. Rotating flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H. Combined heat and mass transfer . .
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* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rjg@me.umn.edu (R.J. Goldstein).
0017-9310/$ - see front matter 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.05.004
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4344
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R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 43434396
I. Bioheat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J. Change of phaseboiling and evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
JJ. Change of phasecondensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
JM. Change of phasefreezing and melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K. Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N. Numerical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P. Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Q. Heat transfer applicationsheat exchangers and thermosyphons
S. Heat transfer applicationsgeneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T. Solar energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U. Plasma heat transfer and MHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foreword
The 2004 Heat Transfer Review is considerably different from
those of previous years. This year, the key focus is to provide direct
access to the heat transfer related articles which have appeared in
peer-reviewed journals. This transition is being done to make this
Review more helpful to readers. We apologize for the delay in this
publication and the inconvenience this might have caused. It required a considerable effort from everybody associated with this
review to plan and execute the transition seamlessly and to make
up for this delay, we are publishing the 2005 heat transfer review
along with the 2004 review.
Instead of being a detailed treatise of individual articles, our focus from this year is to provide our readers with a readily available
bibliography pertaining to individual areas of heat transfer. These
categories have been kept unchanged from the previous years.
However, we are seriously considering to include other upcoming
and exciting areas which can have their own category in the coming reviews. The electronic version of the bibliography will be particularly useful to those who have access to Scopus, which we
expect will include most academic, engineering and research institutions (Citation no. 1 in Section A is denoted by [A1] in the
bibliography).
As in the previous years, considerable effort has been devoted to
research in traditional applications such as chemical processing,
general manufacturing, energy devices, including general power
systems, heat exchangers, and high performance gas turbines. In
addition, a signicant number of papers address topics that are
at the frontiers of both fundamental research and important
emerging applications, such as nanoscale structures, microchannel
ows, bio-heat transfer, and a number of natural phenomena ranging from upwelling currents in the oceans to heat transport in stellar atmospheres.
1. Introduction
The present review is intended to encompass the heat transfer
literature published in 2004. While every attempt has been made
to be exhaustive, some selection is inevitable. We restrict ourselves to papers published in English through a peer-review process, with selected translations from journals published in other
languages. A signicant fraction of the papers reviewed herein relate to the science of heat transfer, comprising experimental,
numerical and analytical studies. Others relate to applications
where heat transfer plays a major role, not only in man-made devices but in natural systems as well. The papers are grouped into
subject-related categories and then into subelds within these
categories. In addition to reviewing the literature, we list major
conferences held in 2004, major awards related to heat transfer
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4350
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presented in 2004, and books on heat transfer published during

the year.
An International Symposium on Advances in Computational
Heat Transfer was held on a ship off the coast of Norway, 19-24
April. The sessions covered turbulence and combustion, LES, natural and mixed convection, and micro- and nanoscale heat transfer.
The International Centre for Heat and Mass Transfer organized the
Fourth Internal Symposium on Radiative Heat Transfer on 20-25
June in Istanbul, Turkey. Topics included novel numerical, analytical and hybrid techniques for handling complex geometries, radiative properties of gases and particulate ows, and interaction of
radiation with conduction, convection and turbulence. The 2nd
International Symposium on Micro/Nanoscale Energy Conversion
and Transport was held on 8-13 August, 2004, in Seoul, South Korea. The 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels held in Rochester, NY from 17 to 19 June included
sessions on boiling, electronics cooling, condensation, biological
systems and heat pipes. The ASME and AIChE jointly organized
the Heat Transfer and Fluids Engineering Conference on 11-15 July.
Sessions focused on thermal dynamics, instrumentation, and gas
turbines. The International Mechanical Engineering Congress and
Exposition (IMECE) was held in Anaheim, CA from 13 to 19
November.
The International Gas Turbine Institute organized the ASME
Turbo Expo from 14 to 17 June in Vienna, Austria. Sessions on heat
transfer included papers on lm cooling, vane external heat transfer, rotating heat pipes and combustor liner cooling. The 3rd International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and
Thermodynamics (HEFAT04) The Eighth International Conference
on Advanced Computational Methods in Heat Transfer on 24-26
March in Lisbon, Portugal, covered natural and forced convection,
microheat transfer, and atmospheric studies. The Sixth ISHMT/
ASME Heat and Mass Transfer Conference from 5 to 7 January in
Kalpakkam, India, included papers on thermo-hydraulics and
nano-scale heat transfer. An International Conference on Multiphase Flow organized from May 30th to June 4 in Yokohama, Japan
included sessions on droplet and bubble dynamics, heat transfer in
particle-laden ows, and instrumentation.
The 2003 Max Jakob Award, given jointly by the ASME and
AIChE, was conferred on Dr. Kenneth Bell for his contributions to
development, selection, application, design, and trouble-shooting
of heat exchangers for the process, energy, and environmental control industries. The 2004 Heat Transfer Memorial Awards were presented to Mohammed Faghri (Science) and Dr. Yildiz Bayazitoglu
(Art). The Donald Q. Kern award was awarded to Dr. Ralph Webb
for his career contributions to industrial heat transfer technology,
particularly in the area of enhanced heat transfer surfaces. The
2004 Luikov medal for outstanding research in heat and mass
transfer and for furthering international scientic cooperation
was awarded to Dr. Masaru Hirata of the University of Tokyo.
Books published on heat transfer in 2004 include:

Heat Transfer
P.S. Ghoshdastidar
Oxford University Press
Introduction to Thermal Fluids Engineering
D. Kaminski, M.K. Jensen
Wiley Interscience
Thermal Engineering
S. Kumar, G.N. Sah
Alpha Science International
Analytical Methods for Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Problems
B. Weigand
Springer-Verlag, New York
Thermodynamic Optimization of Complex Energy Systems
A. Bejan, E. Mamut
Thermodynamics and Heat power, 6th edn.
Rolle
Prentice-Hall, New York
Computer Modeling of Heat and Fluid Flow in Materials
Processing
C.P. Hong
Taylor & Francis, New York
Fundamentals of the Finite Element Method for Heat and Fluid
Flow
R.W. Lewis, P. Nithiarasu, K. Seetharamu
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd edn.
W. Kays, M.E. Crawford, B. Weigand
McGraw-Hill Inc.
Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 2nd edn.
Y.A. Cengel, R.H. Turner
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Building Heat Transfer
M. Davies
Applied Thermosciences
Agrawal
Anshan Publishing
Design and Analysis of Heat Sinks
A.D. Kraus, A. Bar-Cohen
Combustion of Two-Phase Reactive Media
L.P. Yarin, G. Hetsroni
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A. Conduction
In the category of heat conduction in solids structures, and
materials, various papers dealing with a wide variety of subcategories appear. In this context, the papers are categorized into: (1)
contact conduction/contact resistance, (2) microscale/nanoscale
heat transport, and wave propagation, (3) heat transfer in ns,
composites, and complex geometries, (4) analytical and numerical
methods and analysis, (5) experimental and/or comparative studies, (6) thermal stress and thermomechanical problems, and (7)
miscellaneous applications. These are briey highlighted as
follows:
1. Contact conduction/contact resistance
Papers in this subcategory deal with thermoelastic contact [A1],
nonconforming rough surfaces [A2,A3], contact with liquid [A4], liquidmold interface [A5], solid interfaces [A6] and methods [A7].
2. Microscale/nanoscale heat transport and wave propagation
Various papers appear dealing with fast transient heat conduction, hyperbolic heat conduction, lasers, non-equilibrium phenomena, microscale/nanoscale mechanisims of heat transport,
nanocomposites/nanowires, modeling and simulation and experimental techniques and the like [A8A30].
3. Heat transfer in ns, composites, and complex geometries
The studies in this subcategory deal with layered materials and
slabs and/or composites [A31A46], ns and different geometries
[A47A53], methods and models [A54] and other applications
[A55].
4. Analytical and numerical methods and analysis
In this subcategory, papers appear dealing with various types of
solution methods [A31,A56A63], numerical simulations
[A58,A64A77], and various specialized applications [A63,A78
A83].
5. Experimental and/or comparative studies
Experimental and/or comparative studies appear in selected
applications such as thermal contact resistance between polymer
and mold [A84], spray cooling [A85], thermophysical properties
[A86], solid spot conductance [A87], and friction-wear characteristics [A88].
6. Thermal stress and thermomechanical problems
Thermal and/or thermomechanical studies in bonded composites [A89], arc crack [A90], hot rolling [A91], multi-layer spheres
[A92], and others [A93A95] appear in this subcategory.
7. Miscellaneous applications
Various miscellaneous and specialized applications and studies
dealing with a wide variety of issues in heat conduction appear in
[A79,A96A119].
B. Boundary layers and external ows
Papers on boundary layers and external ows for 2004 have
been categorized as follows: ows inuenced externally, ows
with special geometric effects, compressible and high-speed ows,
analysis and modeling techniques, unsteady ow effects, ows
with lm and interfacial effects, ows with special uid types or
property effects, and ows with combustion and other reactions.
1. External effects
External effects on boundary layers addressed in the 2004 literature include swirl, oscillation, and unsteadiness imposed by forcing the ow; elevated external turbulence levels, including
atmospheric turbulence in atmospheric boundary layers; magnetic
and electrical inuences; in atmospheric boundary layers, passing
4346
of clouds and its effects on radiation and moisture exchange; and

various forms of gravitational effects. Boundary condition effects
include asymmetric heating; jumps in surface temperature; wall
heating effects on turbulent boundary layer heat transfer; and, effects of patches of moisture, such as lakes, on the atmospheric
boundary layer [B1B17].
2. Geometric effects
As in previous years, many papers deal with variations in geometry. Such geometric features include surface roughness elements,
embedded microchannels or grooves, porous heat transfer walls
(with suction or injection); bafes, solid and porous; vortex generators; turbulators; twisted tape; corrugations; ns of various
shapes; cylinders of various shapes; spheres; blocks representing
electronic modules; rod bundles and rod bundle support structures; shapes of foods; surface curvature; and geometric features
that affect approach ow direction. Moving surface geometries include stretching sheets and tips over turbine blades [B18B53].
3. Compressibility and high-speed ow effects
Compressibility effects were documented in wind tunnel tests
of the X-38 vehicle; in hypersonic ow over spheres, cones, and
scramjet forebodies; and in choked nozzles. One study discussed
recovery factors in high-speed laminar boundary layers [B54B61].
4. Analysis and modeling
Numerous papers addressed developments in modeling. These
include homogenization of a degenerate parabolic problem in a
heterogeneous medium; integral methods for transient convection
with a variable heat ux; a stochastic model for analysis of evaporating droplets; an extension of the thermal quadrupole method
for stratied media; wavelet analysis for water vapor transfer in
the atmosphere; asymptotic approximation methods for cooling
of viscoplastic domes; perturbation methods for plates with suction; similarity solutions for asymmetric jets; similarity transformations for compressible boundary layer ows; and a selfsimilar model for heat transfer in power law uids. Optimization
methods were applied for locating heated elements in a cooling
ow and for optimizing n shape. Optimization by reverse computation was discussed. Inverse techniques were applied to pin n
performance. Models for drying of food were reviewed. Modeling
of two-uid interfacial ows was discussed. Several papers dealt
with turbulence modeling. Multi-block computational techniques
were applied to heat exchanger tube banks. A Fourier transferbased data reduction method was applied to heat transfer coefcient measurements [B62B83].
5. Unsteady effects
Papers on unsteady effects include visualization of weld droplet
transfer; measurements of temperature on in-ight water droplets;
measurements in boundary layers under unsteady wakes; boundary layer development on an accelerating plate normal to a stationary wall; effects of upstream disturbances; unsteady heat transfer
with cylinders in cross-ow; cylinders in oscillatory cross-ow; unsteady stretching surfaces; accelerating surfaces with blowing or
suction; thermal transients during injection into oil reservoirs;
and transients due to injection of hot liquid sprays. For microows,
the inuence of thermal accommodation was discussed [B84B97].
6. Films and interfacial effects
Papers in this category on droplets discuss droplets impinging
on heated surfaces, spray evaporation; spray jets in gassolid
ows; heat transfer of deforming droplets; hanging evaporating
droplets; Marangoni instability in evaporating droplets; small
droplets on horizontal surfaces; interaction with turbulence, optimum spray characteristics; inlet fogging of gas turbine engines;
centrifugal spray deposition; water spray for re suppression;
and fuel droplets. One paper discusses the growth and collapse of
bubbles induced by pulsed heating, another discusses transient

heat transfer in an inclined wavy lm, and a third simulates
adsorption of ammonia vapor into a liquid lm [B98B118].
7. Effects of uid type or uid properties
Papers on the effects of uid types discuss boundary layers driven
by power-law shear, surfactant solution ows, liquid metal heat
transfer, heat transfer in micropolar uids, water vapor mass transfer over frost layers, drop ows induced by internal secretion of surfactants, high Prandtl number uids, and transport in foodstuff.
Several papers were on variable viscosity or other uid properties effects. One paper addressed convection with thermo-diffusion and
diffusion-thermo cross-diffusion effects [B119B128].
8. Flows with reactions
Flows with reactions include direct injection diesel combustion,
n-octane droplet burning, ignition of fuel issuing from a porous
cylinder, combustion of droplets of a propanol-glycerol mixture,
and effects of cooled walls on droplet stream combustion [B129
B133].
C. Channel ows
Heat transfer in channels continues to see considerable attention in the literature both through experimental and computational studies. The largest growth in papers from previous years
was in the area of microchannel heat transfer. The review of articles was subcategorized into the following areas: straight-wall
channels and ducts; ducts having ns or proling for heat transfer
enhancement; ow and heat transfer in channels in complex
geometries; unsteady and transient ow and heat transfer in channels; microchannel heat transfer; and channel ows with multiphase and non-Newtonian ow.
1. Straight-walled ducts
The straight-walled duct provides a convenient environment to
validate numerical schemes and explore the role of boundary and
initial conditions on uid ow and heat transfer. The literature explored a variety of computational approaches including LES and
hybrid LES/RANS, the use of a probability density function, DNS
of both compressible and incompressible ow and heat transfer,
a thermal quadrupole method, the discrete-ordinates methods, as
well as a variety of turbulence models; Lagrangian scalar tracking
was also employed as a ow marker. Research was also conducted
in the broad areas involving low-temperature gases, extended Graetz problems, asymmetric boundary conditions, in the presence of
a magnetic eld, multiple-pass arrangements in straight ducts, and
at supercritical conditions [C1C48].
2. Finned and proled ducts
The geometrical possibilities for enhancing heat transfer using
proling, ns, protuberances, and the like, are usually offset by
the challenges of reducing system pressure loss by their addition.
The literature considered a rather comprehensive array of heat
transfer augmentation strategies including inner corrugations,
rib-roughened tubes, slits and solid ribs, coiled and spiraled inserts,
pin ns, dimpling, v-shaped broken ribs, traverse-rib roughness,
and various strategies of simulating disturbances using jet ejection.
Many studies included the concomitant issues of pressure loss;
both computational and experimental work was presented covering fully laminar to turbulent ow conditions [C49C77].
3. Irregular geometries
Many practical heat transfer internal single-phase ow problems are generally conducted in complex geometries. Geometries
considered in the 2004 literature included helical square ducts,
concentric annuli, polygonal pipes, inclined elliptic pipes, twisted
ducts of various geometries, and geometries where one or more

walls are undulating. Other complex congurations that were
studied involved ow in a packed bed, in an air gap and seals of
electric motors, and in fuel cell geometries [C10,C78C100].
4. Periodic and unsteady channel ows
Time-dependent boundary and initial conditions provide a substantive analytical challenge for obtaining accurate heat transfer
solutions; much of the literature tackled this problem from a computational perspective. The literature examined transient heat
transfer in turbulent pipe ow; imposed oscillations in ducts with
and without temperature gradients; the turbulent ow and heat
transfer in a channel with reciprocating motion; and secondary
motion imposed by external forcing or due to nature instability
such as helically oriented ows. A variety of uids were considered
including liquid metals, supercritical uids, and high-pressure
gases [C101C122].
5. Microchannel ow and heat transfer
Very small-scale systems are becoming increasingly viable and
documenting their heat transfer characteristics is vital for thermal
performance and to avoid thermal failure. Micro- or minichannels
ow congurations included axial conduction in micronned
geometries; thermalhydraulic conditions in capillary tubes;
microchannel networks and lattices; using Monte Carlo methods
for micro- and nanoscale channels; and the role of wettability in
heat transfer performance in microchannels. Cross sections included square, rectangular, and circular, as well as other complex
three-dimensional congurations. A review also appeared considering heat transfer enhancement in single-phase ow in microchannels, minichannels, and microdevices [C123C163].
6. Non-Newtonian and multiphase heat transfer in channels
Complex uids add another dimension to the complexion of the
thermal behavior of duct ows. Viscoelastic uid was studied between parallel plates and in ducts. Power-law uids were investigated in triangular ducts and general non-Newtonian uids were
considered in elliptic ducts. Two-phase ow included gasliquid
ows, solid-particulate ow, the introduction of nano-particles,
and the role of aqueous solutions in drag reduction and heat transfer [C164C176].
D. Separated ows
This section deals with papers addressing heat transfer characteristics in ows experiencing separation, either by rapid changes
in geometry or strong adverse pressure gradient. This section also
includes the thermal behavior of ow past bluff objects, jets, and
reattachment.
1. A numerical study examined the ow over staggered oval
tubes. Heat transfer control was employed in a backward-facing
step ow using miniature electromagnetic actuators. Laminar ow
past a cylinder was studied where jet efux was introduced into
the near wake. A number of studies considered the ow and heat
transfer in tube and rod bundles; a bank of yawed cylinders was
also studied. Driven cavity congurations were investigated with
and without ow control to augment heat transfer. A sudden
expansion in a pipe was studied when driven by a piston. LES
was used to investigate the turbulence and chemistry in a bluffbody ame holder. A numerical study was conducted on a supersonic combustor with cavity-based fuel injection [D1D47].
DP. Heat transfer in porous media
Fundamental and applied research on heat and mass transfer in
porous media span a very wide range of technologies and physical
4347
phenomena. This eld of research has grown dramatically over the

past 25 years, and there appears to be no decrease in the level of
interest. Measurement and analysis of single phase free and forced
convection for a variety of ows and geometries that mimic systems found in nature and technology are the focus of a large portion of the literature reviewed. Multi-phase transport and porous
combustion systems attracted a good deal of interest. The effective
transport properties of natural and ideal uid-porous systems continue to receive attention as well.
Review articles have appeared in 2004 on heat and mass transfer in the vacuum membrane distillation process [DP1]. A comprehensive comparison of heat transfer correlations is presented for
vacuum membrane distillation, and the modeling framework for
handling extractive metallurgy is described as the focal point of
modeling reactive multi-phase ows.
The major categories of the porous media literature for 2004
are:
1. Combined heat and mass transfer
Hygroscopic materials, insulation systems, solid fuels, desiccant
materials, and frost layers provided the framework for a wide variety of analytical and experimental papers on combined heat and
mass transfer in porous media. Drying technologies, including uidized beds, provided the technical impetus for much of the published research. Fundamental studies also appeared for
deformable porous materials, anisotropic porous materials, porous
materials and aggregates supporting re, and freezing and thawing
problems such as those encountered in soils [DP2DP33].
2. Combustion systems
Porous media as found in combustion systems ranging from
porous burners to diffusion controlled res on a porous surface
have been the subject of analysis and well-dened experiments.
Models of porous burners including radiation and complete combustion chemistry have appeared, and convective transport in a
range of matrix materials continues to be of interest [DP34DP42].
3. Fluidized beds
Heat and mass transfer problems that arise in the design and
operation of uidized beds continue to receive substantial attention. Theoretical studies have been published on radiative heat
transfer within gas uidized beds and bed-to-wall radiative transport. Non-Newtonian effects and circulation in the uid phase
were the subjects of analysis. Experiments were reported on bedto-wall heat transfer, particle motion and effects of particle properties. Some work on spray granulation and heat transfer to a single
rising bubble also appeared [DP43DP59].
4. Foams
Metal and ceramic foams were the primary focus of research,
but heat transfer by convection and radiation in lattice structures
has begun to receive attention. Most studies on open cell type
foams concerned the determination of their effective properties
and measurement of convective heat transfer coefcient under
various ow conditions. Theoretical and experimental studies address heat transfer augmentation and optimization of radiative
transport [DP60DP66].
5. Forced and mixed convection
Forced and mixed convection in porous media were extensively
studied, largely via analysis and computation. Among the problem
types considered for forced convection were: convection with radiation in channel ow, multi-uid systems with parallel ow, external ow and heat transfer from embedded objects, forced ow in
structure porous media, wall effects, variable properties, NonNewtonian effects, non-Darcy effects, and forced ow over porous
structures. Application topics included porous heat exchangers,
4348
mold lling with a ber structure, modeling of microchannel heat

sinks as a porous system, modeling a nned heat sink as a porous
medium, and a porous medium as the model for a nuclear reactor
core [DP67DP106].
Mixed convection problems included studies of ow stability,
power law uid effects, effects of matrix variability, coupled convective and radiative transport, and non-equilibrium descriptions
of heat transport [DP107DP114].
6. Free convection
Variations of the classical external surface ows and cavity
ows were the subject of numerical and analytical research. Applications span geophysics, environmental science, and manufacturing. One study demonstrated that the CPU time for numerical
solutions can be reduced with loss of accuracy by rst solving
the transport equation in the solution algorithm. Flow and heat
transfer from external surfaces, including wedge shapes and bodies
of revolution, were considered in the context of variable viscosity
effects, stratied ows, double diffusion, dispersion effects, oscillatory and transient ows, and magnetic eld effects. Cavity problems were extensively considered as well. Numerical solutions
for differentially heated cavities have been published for layered
cavities, double diffusive free convection where in there are cross
gradients of concentration and temperature, heat generating porous media, partially open enclosures, and inclined layers. A few
studies considered convection irregular cavities such as those with
wavy walls [DP115DP147].
7. Packed beds
Convective heat transfer and combined mode transport in stationary packed beds continued to receive some attention this year.
Packed beds with regular and irregular packing were the subject of
analytical and numerical studies of steady and transient operation.
Wall effects on heat transfer and bed performance were also considered. Experimental data generally included temperature proles
in the bed and on the wall for a variety of packing morphology,
ow rates, and ow regimes [DP148DP154].
8. Phase change
The literature on phase change in porous media spans problems
from condensation to freezing in particulate and capillary brous
porous media. Normal freezing processes as well as freeze drying
are experimentally and analytically studied. A good effort has gone
into developing the appropriate three-phase equations that describe the heat and mass transfer across the system [DP155
DP161].
9. Property determination
The determination of transport properties of uidporous matrix combinations has seen an increase in activity In the past year.
Several studies were aimed at determining the effective conductivity of inert particle beds, stacked food particles, and other natural
materials. In owing systems, permeability and dispersion coefcients were of interest, as well as wall effects on transport. Similar
quantities were sought for sintered and laminated porous-like
matrices made with a variety of materials [DP162DP188].
E. Experimental methods
Fundamental and applied experimental heat transfer studies, as
well as testing of heat transfer equipment and measurements in a
number of natural phenomena, require good experimental methods and equipment including sensors and data acquisition systems.
New and improved instrumentation for various parameters of
importance to heat transfer studies is continually being developed
and modied to provide more accurate, sturdier, more convenient,
faster, and more exible systems. The present section covers
important developments in these areas in the current year. We divide the section into several subcategories covering different types
of measurements. (1) Direct heat transfer or heat ux measurementthis includes local heat ux gages, surface area transfer,
and overall heat ow measurements; (2) Temperature measurementthis includes individual sensors, optical techniques, improved data acquisition systems for instantaneous or steady
state, local or average measurement; (3) Velocity and ow measurementonly such measurements that are important to heat
transfer studies are covered. These include measurement of local
and average velocity, steady and time varying, as well as volume
and mass ow rates; (4) Thermal property measurementproperties important in heat transfer systems are covered. These would
include thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, some thermodynamic properties and other heat transfer related properties including mass diffusion coefcients; (5) Miscellaneous measurements
these could include items from integrated measurements to bubble
and, droplet size or moisture content measurements important to
heat transfer phenomena.
Contributions in the current year, 2004.
1. Direct measurement of heat transfer
Studies this year include improvements in thermopile heat ux
gages, a transient liquid crystal technique, and several special systems. Characterization of techniques for applications to cooling of
lava ow and optimizing thermal barrier coatings are reported
[E1E12].
2. Temperature measurement
Studies cover analysis of radiation errors occurring when studying pre-ashover and post-ashover compartment res and applications in the freezing of foods. Other studies include
interferometric techniques for measuring temperature in microuid ows and study of the temperature distribution in silicon
MEMS devices during and after laser radiation [E13E21].
3. Flow velocity measurement
Studies include an electrostatic probe to determine gas velocity
distribution, a sensor for studying multiphase ow in microchannels, development of thermal sensors for measuring wall stress, a
measuring system for determining liquid frost penetration, and a
visualization technique for a two-phase ow [E22E31].
4. Thermal properties
Relevant studies include determination of thermal diffusivity by
a laser-ash technique, use of a thermal resistance to measure the
ow conductivity of microporous materials, measurement of thermal conductivity of transparent solids, optimization of measurements with a calorimeter, a transient method for studying
properties of porous materials and a capillary-Coriolis instrument
for determining thermal properties [E32E38].
5. Miscellaneous measurement techniques
These include a thermal probe to determine moisture content,
analysis of the sensitivity of thermocouples in differential scanning
calorimeters, analysis of conduction and radiation heat transfer in
porous media, determination of local properties from integrated
measurements in gas dynamic ows and new methods for measuring thermal contact conductance, and properties in microchannels
[E39E47].
F. Natural convectioninternal ows

1. As in previous years, many publications focused on classical Rayleigh Benard ows, the horizontal plate geometry and turbulence
models [F1F12].
2. Thermocapillary ows were investigated primarily using numerical methods under evaporation conditions. Transient and oscillatory conditions were also considered [F13F22].
3. Many papers covered numerous enclosure geometries including
vented side walls and internal blockages. Numerical solutions predominate a few experimental studies using air, water and an electrochemical mass transfer method [F8,F23F58].
4. Several vertical channel ow conditions were considered with
oscillating walls, water evaporation, convergingdiverging geometry and multiple heat sources [F59F65].
5. Heat transfer in horizontal cylindrical annuli continues to receive
attention with spherical annuli and ows in vertical and inclined
cylinders are also considered [F66F75].
6. Mixed convection was studied using a moving lid, moving side
walls or the use of a propeller for stirring the uid [F76F80].
7. The paper that considers the most complex geometry reports on a
study to simulate the diurnal heating/cooling cycle in lakes and reservoirs [F81].
8. The majority of studies on res focus on buildings including single rooms and large atriums [F82F92].
9. Other situations include jet res near liqueed petroleum tanks,
garment combustion and coal bank res. Correlations have been
provided to predict the growth rates of cells near a cooled side wall
in the presence of a double-diffusive stratied environment [F93].
10. Thermal convection in an underground LNG tank heated from
below and on the sidewalls was studied experimentally and
large-eddy simulations were performed to study the daytime Mars
atmospheric boundary layer [F94F97].
FF. Natural convectionexternal ows

1. Vertical, horizontal and inclined plates
The majority of papers in this section consider a vertical at
plate with various uid and thermal boundary conditions. Wavy
vertical plates and plates with ribs are also considered as are
heated horizontal plates facing up and down [FF1FF13].
2. Channels, n arrays and electronic cooling (marked #3 on sheets)
A fundamental study of secondary ows in inclined channels
was presented as was the study of heat transfer enhancement
including the use of pin ns and delta-winglet vortex generators
[FF14FF18].
3. Bodies of revolution (marked #4 on sheets)
Experimental and numerical studies were performed on a variety of geometries including horizontal nned cylinders and ellipsoidal cylinders, vertical cylinders, vertical and horizontal cones
and spheres [FF19FF26].
4. Buoyant plumes (marked #5 on sheets)
Applications of thermal plumes include upwelling of deep seawater, ows in the earths mantle and clustering of turbulent
plumes [FF27FF31].
5. Mixed convection (marked #6 on sheets)
An ultrasound method was developed to measure the temperature spectra in turbulent thermal plumes. Studies of mixed convection include ows in vertical tubes and ducts, ows adjacent to
vertical at plates with various boundary conditions, forward and
backward facing steps, and ows in horizontal layers and ducts
heated from above and below [FF32FF49].
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6. Miscellaneous (marked #7 on sheets)

Two papers that use experimental methods to study the heat
transfer from vertical helical tubes in water and in a glycerol-water
mixture were presented [FF50,FF51].
G. Rotating ows
1. Rotating disks
Temperature distribution is studied for the cases of a rotating
disk subjected to an eccentric heat source and surface cooling
[G1], wakes behind a disk in a planar stream [G2], sudden subjection to natural convection [G3], in a thin liquid lm on a rotating
disk [G4], co-rotating disks found in computer disk-drive systems
[G5], and in a thermally and mechanically inhomogeneous disk
with intermittent heating [G6]. Heat transfer for a disk rotating
in a uid rotating as a rigid body is studied [G7].
2. Rotating channels
Motivated by the internal cooling systems of gas turbine
blades, a large number of papers study heat transfer in rotating
channels. Papers study various aspects of centrifugal buoyancy,
Coriolis forces, periodic ribs, twisted tapes, and jet impingement
in ribbed channels [G8G22]. Laminar convection in radially
rotating circular channels in regenerators is studied using an electrolytic technique [G23] as well as in rotating elliptic ducts [G24].
The effect of axial rotation is studied for inner wall rotation in
annular ow [G25,G26], heat pipes [G27], and heat transfer in
channels with imposed arbitrarily oriented rotation is studied
numerically [G28].
3. Enclosures
Heat transfer in rotating enclosures, including the formation of
kidney vortices, is studied. Rotating granular beds [G29], interaction of Coriolis and electromagnetic effects [G30G32], dynamical
behavior under articial gravity [G33], enclosures with a rotating
lid [G34,G35], thermocapillary convection in the presence of a
rotating magnetic eld [G36] and inclination [G37] in crystal
growth processes, and chemical vapor deposition in a rotating-disk
reactor [G38] are studied. Variational methods are used to estimate
upper bounds on convective heat transfer in a rotating porous layer
[G39].
4. Cylinders and bodies of revolution
The work presented includes self-similar solutions and
numerical solutions for unsteady mixed convection on rotating
spheres [G40G42], rotating cylinders [G43G45], rotating cone
[G46] and solidication in the Czochralski crystal growth method
[G47].
H. Combined heat and mass transfer

Heat transfer and mass transfer are tightly coupled in many scientic and engineering problems. The coupling of the twooften
with the uid dynamicsmakes themselves present in a wide variety of physical phenomena. Additionally, isolating the dynamics of
heat transfer from mass transfer, or vice versa, is often difcult but
considerable attention is given to the area. This subject matter of
this section covers the spectrum of combined heat and mass transfer for the current year. The section is divided into eight subsections, with each one focusing on a specic physical phenomenon.
1. Ablation
This includes the modeling and simulation of heat and mass
transport during laser ablation of porous and metallic materials,
the effect of ablation on friction drag, and the ablation of bio-materials [H1H5].
4350
2. Transpiration
This includes the modeling of water transfer from soil, transpiration cooling in turbulent ows, the effects of transpiration with
regard to turbulence/ow modication [H6H11].
3. Film cooling
This includes reactive lms, the thermo-aerodynamics of separated ows, the effect of injection-hole shape and conguration,
pressure gradients, and blowing ratios on heat and mass transfer
[H12H22].
4. Jet impingementsubmerged jets
This includes the effects of ow dynamics, including spatial and
temporal structures, turbulence, jet and jet-array conguration
and uid structure interactions on heat and mass transfer [H23
H71].
5. Jet impingementliquid jets
This includes the effect of nozzle/ow conguration, numerical
simulation and the accuracy of k-epsilon models, and the use of
new sensors in characterizing heat transfer via liquid jets [H72H77].
6. Sprays
This includes the use of atomizers, droplet velocity distributions, dropletsurface interactions, their effect on lm spreading
and the resultant effect on heat transfer [H78,H79].
7. Drying
This includes drying of biomass, the development of heat transfer correlations, the use of microwaves, and the dehumidication
of multiphase and multicomponent mixtures [H80H89].
8. Modeling
This includes the use of direct numerical simulation, the development and application of k-epsilon turbulence models, as well as
the development of improved analytical models that exhibit greater delity to physical measurements [H22,H74,H81,H90H114].
9. Mixing
Mixing between hot and cold gases in cooling processes was
investigated [H115].
I. Bioheat transfer
The present review is only a small portion of the overall literature in this area. This represents work predominantly in engineering journals with occasional basic science and biomedical journals
included. This is a very dynamic and cross disciplinary area of research, and thus, this review should be taken as more of an overview, particularly from an engineering point of view, rather than
an exhaustive list of all work in this area for this year. Subsections
include work in (1) biopreservation, (2) thermal therapies, (3) thermoregulation (thermal comfort and physiology), (4) thermal measurement, modeling and properties, (5) food technology and (6)
general/miscellaneous.
1. Biopreservation
Articles in this section include optimal control of cryopreservation processes [I1,I2].
2. Thermal therapies
In this subsection, various thermal therapies have been discussed. These include freezing problems in cryosurgery, laser treatment, hyperthermia probes, and high intensity focused ultrasound
[I3I13].
3. Thermoregulation
Work in thermoregulation comprised of several subareas
including climate control design, clothing and thermal comfort,
and physiological processes [I14I21].
4. Thermal measurement, modeling and properties

Articles related to thermal measurements include determination of absorption coefcients of tissues based on temperature
measurements, in vivo measurement of swine endocardial convective heat transfer coefcients and a noninvasive technique to
determine heat generation in human limb. A nite difference
scheme for modeling the Pennes bioheat transfer equation was
studied. Other articles in this subsection include modeling of heat
transport in skin, intubated airways and limbs [I5,I22I30].
5. Food technology
Articles in this subsection study the effect of storage conditions
on the quality of frozen products, thawing and freezing of meat
products and microwave heating of chilled products [I26,I31I33]
6. General/Miscellaneous
This subsection lists articles in the eld of bioheat transfer
which could not be classied in any of the above sections. These include a review of fractional calculus used to model biological systems and a review of transcutaneous energy transformer systems
[I34I39].
J. Change of phaseboiling and evaporation

Papers on boiling change of phase for 2004 have been categorized as follows: Those that focus on droplet and lm evaporation,
bubble characteristics and boiling incipience, pool boiling, lm
boiling, ow or forced convection boiling, and two-phase thermohydrodynamic effects.
1. Droplet and lm evaporation
These papers focus on evaporation of droplets, lms, and interfaces. Many of them address evaporators for refrigeration or evaporation of falling lms or attached drops. Some look at effects of
emulsied oils or fuels, or additives. Evaporation of various uids
such as refrigerants, mixtures with salts, foods, or uids with suspensions is addressed. Some discuss surface geometry effects, such
as microporous coatings, microns, or tube inserts. Some deal with
interface characteristics, such as contact angle, static and dynamic.
Many relate to evaporation in microchannels or membranes. Some
look at external inuences such as electric elds [J1J38].
2. Bubble characteristics and boiling incipience
Many of the papers specically address the effects of bubble
dynamics, including initial growth, interactions with neighboring
bubbles, or subsequent coalescence. Some include surface tension-driven motion. Many discuss surface geometry effects such
as microgrooves, cable (superconducting) strands, porous coatings,
or designed reentrant cavities. Some include global geometric effects, such as microchannels. The effects of additives, such as nanoparticles (coined nanouids) are addressed by some. The effects of
uid types, pure or mixtures, are foci of some. Others discuss external inuences, such are acoustic excitation, or boundary conditions
such as pulsed heating [J7,J39J75].
3. Pool boiling
Nucleate pool boiling and critical heat ux in pool boiling are
addressed in this section. Incipience, transition boiling, or lm boiling papers have been put in other sections. Many papers discuss
performance with various uids, such as refrigerants, uid mixtures, foods, or uids with additives, including nanoparticles or
dissolved salts. Various macro-scale geometries, such as downward facing surfaces or horizontal cylinders, are discussed. Some
discuss small-scale geometric features, like boiling within porous
media or on coated surfaces, ns, computer chip materials, or composites. Some focus on transient processes like quenching. Some
address external inuences, such as electric elds, magnetic elds,
non-standard gravitational elds, vibration, or agitation. Many of

the papers present modeling concepts [J76J139].
4. Film boiling
Film boiling papers in this section address either pool or forced
convection boiling. They apply to internal or external lms on
smooth or wavy surfaces or lms under impinging droplets. Some
discuss various uid types such as mixtures; surface characteristics
such as oxidation layers; or external inuences such as electric
elds. Some focus on transient effects such as quenching, droplet
or lm evaporation, or nuclear reactor transients. Several of the
lm boiling papers present modeling ideas and some present
experimental methods. Several papers in this section discuss transition boiling, the portion of the boiling curve between nucleate
boiling and lm boiling [J97,J140J157].
5. Flow boiling
There were numerous papers in this years review on ow boiling. Forced convection was through straight and spiral channels
(including narrow channels, microchannels, and gaps) or over tube
bundles or other external surfaces, or with impinging jets. Many
discussed boiling performance in various uids such as carbondioxide; various refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures; various
solutions, including surfactant solutions; or uids with non-condensables or with particles. Some discussed surface feature effects
such as ns, ribs, microns, dimples, and highly-wettable surfaces.
Some addressed external inuences such as orientation with respect to gravity or a degree of vibration. Many discussed modeling
and some others discussed experimental techniques [J158J196].
6. Two-phase thermohydrodynamic effects
Emphasis in this section was on hydrodynamic effects during
boiling. Some papers dealt with ow boiling, tying behavior to
the operative two-phase ow regimes and others dealt with pool
boiling and vapor removal patterns. Many addressed modeling
and tied the model formulation to the ow regime. Some of the
hydrodynamic effects studied were tied to channel geometryparticularly popular topics were small- and microchannels. Many of
the papers addressed unsteady or unstable effects tied to thermohydrodynamics. Much of the work documented was supported
with high-speed photographs [J197J219].
JJ. Change of phasecondensation

Papers on condensation are categorized into those dealing with
the analysis and modeling of all aspects of condensation heat
transfer, surface modications to enhance heat transfer, experimental and analytical papers dealing with global geometrical modications, and the heat transfer behavior of condensing mixtures.
1. Modeling and analysis
Papers in this section examine a variety of situations analytically as well as numerically. Three correlations for condensation
on micron tubes [JJ1] and inside vertical tubes [JJ2] are reviewed.
Models for condensation on a vertical wedge [JJ3], contact condensation in adjacent stagnation-ow boundary layers [JJ4], on noncircular tubes [JJ5], elliptical tubes with variable wall temperature
[JJ6], a variable-conductivity n [JJ7] and steam condensation in
a vertical tube in the presence of non-condensables [JJ8] are presented. The mass and heat transfer through a phase interface are
described by a Van der Waals square gradient model and compared
with molecular dynamics simulations and kinetic theory [JJ9]. Heat
transfer enhancement is explained through critical values of the
surface free energy difference between lm, mixing and dropwise
modes [JJ10]. The mass accommodation coefcient at the interphase is calculated [JJ11]. Rose [JJ12] reviews calculation methods
and accuracy of condensation heat transfer measurement tech-
4351
niques, and presents a heat transfer model including the interface

resistance in low-nned tubes [JJ13] and for square microchannels
[JJ14].
Numerical work investigates the performance of double pipe
evaporators and condensers [JJ15], non-equilibrium condensation
in transonic steam ow [JJ16], condensation in a forced external
boundary layer [JJ17], condensation in a desiccant wheel [JJ18]
and the effects of gravity, shear and surface tension [JJ19] and noise
sensitivity [JJ20] in internal condensing ows.
2. Global geometry
Papers present condensation heat transfer data for vertical
tubes [JJ21], micron tubes [JJ22JJ24], droplet entrainment in
drowse condensation, inclined tubes and surfaces [JJ25,JJ26],
microchannels [JJ27,JJ28], helical pipes [JJ29], CO2 condensation
in mini channels [JJ30], corrugated plates [JJ31], various refrigerants inside plain and micron tubes [JJ22,JJ32], aerosols in respiratory pathways [JJ33], tube-bundles [JJ34], inclined tubes [JJ25,JJ35],
integral-n tubes [JJ36], U-type bends [JJ37], direct-contact jet condensers [JJ38] and the effects of non-condensable gases over a wide
range of Reynolds number [JJ39]. The thickness of a falling lm on
horizontal tubes is measured using a laser technique [JJ40].
3. Surface effects
Papers in this section present the effect of substrate wettability
variation and the resulting non-uniform drainage on frost formation [JJ41], dropwise condensation enhanced by round and crossgrooves [JJ42,JJ43], a review of surface tension effects [JJ44], and
surface corrugation inclined to the ow [JJ45].
4. Mixtures
Marangoni effects in condensation heat transfer were studied
for water/ethanol [JJ46JJ48], ammonia/steam [JJ49,JJ50], zeotropes [JJ51], mixtures of vapors of immiscible liquids [JJ52] and
other multi-component mixtures [JJ53] and in shell-and-tube condensers [JJ54,JJ55].
JM. Change of phasefreezing and melting

In this section, freezing and melting problems in the heat transfer literature are reviewed. The problems are broken into various
further subdivisions as given in the subheadings below.
1. Melting and freezing of sphere, cylinders and slabs
Work in this area included thawing and freezing of meat products, and vacuum freeze drying of various solid geometries
[JM1,JM2].
2. Stefan problems, analytical solutions/special solutions
Work in this subsection studied moving boundary problems
from freezing during cryosurgery [JM3]; and non-stationary heat
conduction with non-linear boundary conditions [JM4]. Solutions
to Stefan problems using a xed grid method and with variable latent heat were discussed [JM5,JM6].
3. Ice formation/melting
Investigations included freezing of grounds [JM7]; rate of frost
heave versus heat extraction [JM8]; ice formation and removal
from vertical plates [JM9]; and cool-thermal discharge systems
from ice melting [JM10,JM11]. Ice melting patterns were studied
[JM12,JM13]. Aircraft icing was discussed [JM14]. Other studies included: de-icing in concrete [JM15], melting of ocean ice [JM16]
and ice slurry production [JM17].
4. Melting and melt ows
Articles in this area discuss: heat transfer in a liquidmetal pool
[JM18]; melting in metallurgical processes [JM19JM22]; heat
transport associated with simultaneous growth of solidliquid
4352
melt layers [JM23]; melt ow in directionally solidied alloys

[JM24,JM25]; polymer melt ow [JM26], melt furnace [JM27] and
material interaction [JM28]; optical ber manufacturing [JM29];
and food (cheese) processing [JM30]. A few studies were related
to numerical modeling of the melting process [JM31JM36]. Other
studies involved: heat transfer during laser melting processes
[JM37JM41]; oscillatory ow in silicon melt [JM42,JM43], melting
of alkali halides [JM44], two phase ow [JM45], buoyancy-driven
effects in melt during melting and freezing [JM46].
5. Powders, lms, emulsions, polymers and particles in a melt
Topics included laser forming from metal and ceramic powders,
and heat transfer in micro- and nano-sized powders [JM47JM49].
6. Glass technology
Several studies presented heat transfer in glass-melting furnaces and solidication of glass in molding [JM50JM53].
7. Weldinglaser ablation
This subsection contains articles which study weld pools
[JM54], ultrasonic welding [JM55], laser welding [JM56], arc welding [JM57] and laser ablation [JM34,JM58].
8. Energy storagePCM
Articles in this area are related to the study of heat transfer
characteristics of phase change energy storage processes. Individual topics discussed were: melting and solidication [JM59
JM62]; numerical and analytical models [JM63JM67]; thermal
management system for an electric scooter [JM68]. Phase change
processes in enclosures were also investigated [JM69JM71].
9. Casting, moulding and extrusion
Work in these areas are presented below:
Casting: This area covers articles related to heat transfer in casting processes [JM22,JM72JM94]. Two papers investigated wire
casting [JM95] and sand casting [JM96].
Moulding: Heating and cooling during moulding processes were
analyzed [JM81,JM97JM101]. Polymer melting in single screw
extruders was discussed [JM102].
10. Mushy zonedendritic growth and segregation
Fractal characteristics and thermal strain during solidication
were addressed [JM103JM105].
11. Solidication
Quite a few studies discussed heat transfer and morphological
changes during solidication processes [JM106JM124].
12. Crystal growth
This subsection includes articles on stability analysis, crystallization and thermally induced effects [JM125JM134]. Other studies involve microgravity [JM135], crystal interface [JM136],
Bridgman growth [JM137], Czochralski growth [JM67,JM138
JM142], FZ growth [JM143], oating crystal growth [JM144], traveling solvent method (TSM) [JM145], modied Markov method
[JM146] and LEC growth [JM147]. Heat transfer in scraped eutectic
crystallizers was also studied [JM148].
13. Droplets, spray and splat cooling
A computational study of structures formed by the solidication
of impinging molten metal drops was conducted [JM149]. Studies
investigated microstructure development in alloy splats [JM150]
and effect of droplet sizes on nucleation processes [JM151]. Other
studies involve droplets [JM152JM154], spraying [JM155] and
splat cooling [JM156,JM157].
14. Oceanic, geological, and astronomical phase change
An article in this area investigated the inuence of the transition zone water lter on convective circulation in the mantle
[JM158].
K. Radiation
Papers on radiation focus on the radiative heat transfer calculations and the inuence of geometry, the role of radiation in combustion processes, the effect of participating media, radiation
combined with other modes of heat transfer, radiative transfer in
microscale systems, and experimental methods to assess radiative
transfer and materials properties. The papers here are divided into
these subcategories that focus on the different impacts of radiation. Most of the papers report the results of modeling studies. Papers describing the development of new numerical methods
themselves are reviewed in the numerical methods section under
the subcategory radiation.
1. Radiative transfer calculations and inuence of the geometry
Papers in this category focus on view factors [K1K3] and the
modeling of radiative heat transfers in two-dimensional [K4K6]
and three-dimensional systems [K7,K8]. Cylindrical geometries
are studied in [K9K13]. Papers [K14K22] focus on improved
numerical methods for radiative transfer.
2. Participating media
In the category of participating media, studies concentrate on
the absorptive, emissive, refractive and scattering properties of
media. Absorbing/emitting media are investigated in [K23K27].
Both solids and liquids [K28K30] as well as gases [K31K35] are
discussed. Spatially nonuniform refraction is considered in
[K36,K37]. A signicant number of papers concentrate on scattering media [K38K42]. While isotropic scattering is investigated
[K43], most papers focus on anisotropic scattering [K44K50].
Scattering is important in systems containing droplets and particles [K51K55] and in porous media [K56K59]. General methods
for participating media are discussed in [K60K63].
3. Radiation and combustion
Radiative heat transfer is an important factor in combustion
processes. Studies in this category revolve around radiation in
the combustion of carbon-based [K64K67] and non-carbon-based
fuels [K68,K69]. Radiation is important for the spread of res [K70
K77]. It also determines the properties of ames in a wide range of
combustion studies [K22,K78K84].
4. Combined heat transfer
Papers in this subcategory consider the combined effect of radiation with conduction and/or convection. A large number of papers
consider radiative heat transfer combined with heat conduction
[K85K98]. Radiation combined with convection is treated in
[K99K118]. The combination of all three modes of heat transfer
is studied in [K118K122].
5. Microscale radiative transfer
Studies on microscale radiative heat transfer include radiation
in thin lms [K123K126], in nanober synthesis [K127], and during nanoscale machining [K128].
6. Intensely irradiated systems
Studies in this section investigate the interaction of systems
with intense radiation. Laser irradiation is considered in [K129
K139], microwave and infrared radiation in [K140], and direct irradiation for thermochemistry in [K141].
7. Experimental methods and systems
Several studies focus on experimental studies of radiative heat
transfer, often in combination with models [K142K144].
N. Numerical methods
A relatively new capability available to the researchers and
practitioners of heat transfer is the ability to simulate physical
phenomena on a computer. The simulation of heat transfer, uid

ow, and related processes is achieved via numerical solution of
the governing equations. Such computational simulation is now
widely used in fundamental research and in industrial applications. New and improved numerical methods are being developed
to improve their accuracy, efciency, and range of applicability.
Contributions in the current year are subdivided here into the
following categories: (1) Heat conductionthis includes direct
and inverse problems in heat conduction, boundary element methods, as well as nite-difference and nite-element methods; (2)
Phase changeheat conduction is sometimes accompanied by
solidliquid phase change with the associated complexity; (3) Convection and diffusionan important aspect of calculating scalar
variables (such as temperature and velocity components) in the
presence of uid ow is the proper treatment of convection and
diffusion over the whole range of ow rates; (4) Fluid owa very
large number of heat transfer applications involve uid ow.
Numerical methods need to address the complex task of calculating uid ow under the conditions of multi-dimensionality, irregular geometry, compressibility, body forces, and turbulence; (5)
Other StudiesThis subcategory includes complex industrial applications, non-standard techniques, simulation of radiation, and
other studies.
1. Heat conduction
Studies cover improved techniques for steady and unsteady
heat conduction, boundary element methods and inverse problems, and treatment of special boundary conditions [N1N22].
2. Phase change
Melting/freezing problems in heat conduction are considered
[N23N28].
3. Convection and diffusion
The use of various upwinding techniques is studied in the context of nite-volume and nite-element methods [N29N34].
4. Fluid ow
The studies in this subcategory include improvements in owcalculation techniques, turbulence models, and multi-phase ows
[N35N58].
5. Other studies
These include a variety of applications involving IC engines,
MEMS devices, porous media, combustion and machine tools
[N59N77].
P. Properties
This section deals with the studies undertaken to determine
various thermophysical and thermodynamic properties. This years
summary has been categorized as follows:
1. Thermal conductivity, diffusivity and effusivity
Various well-established experimental and numerical techniques were used to estimate the thermal conductivity and diffusivity for a wide variety of materials [P1P38].
These methods include transient plane source (TPS) [P1,P2], laser ash [P3P6], dynamic light scattering (DLS) [P7], photoacoustic spectroscopy [P8,P9], 3-x [P9,P10], transient wire [P11],
Boltzmann transformation [P12] and molecular dynamics simulations [P13P15].
Some new methods, setups and models were also developed to
estimate thermal conductivity and diffusivity or to extend the
applicability of the already existing techniques [P31P33,P39
P46].
In addition, the effects of various parameters (such as molecular
weight, phonon dispersion, moisture, composition, particle con-
4353
centration) on thermal conductivity and diffusivity were also

determined [P9,P10,P34P38,P47,P48].
2. Diffusion
Articles in this section introduced new analytical models to estimate diffusion/partition coefcients [P49], heat/momentum uxes
[P50] and study the coupling between thermal diffusion and
molecular interaction energy [P51]. Experimental studies include
measurements in liquid metals [P52] and determination of Soret
coefcient [P53].
3. Heat capacity
In this sub-section, articles related to the measurement of heat
capacity of various substances have been discussed [P38,P54P60].
Experimental techniques included relaxation calorimetry [P59],
TPS [P2] and differential uxmetric calorimetry [P60].
4. Viscosity
Viscosity measurements were made using techniques like
vibrating wire viscometry [P61], surface light scattering (SLS)
[P62] and oscillating disk viscometry [P63P65]. New correlations
for viscosity of liquid cyclopentane [P66], nitrogen, oxygen, argon
and air [P36] were proposed. Steady state periodic perturbation
with molecular dynamics simulation was used for fast calculation
of viscosity [P67]. Viscosity of weld pool was estimated using
smart model [P23].
5. Thermophysical properties
Measurements were made to estimate the thermophysical
properties, transport properties and radiative properties of various
materials [P68P73]. Novel methods & models to calculate various
thermophysical and thermodynamic properties and equations of
state were developed [P74P80].
Q. Heat transfer applicationsheat exchangers and

thermosyphons
The papers in this category relate to heat exchanger theory,
operation, fouling, and heat-pipes. Like the previous years, a major
effort is directed toward the design, modeling, analysis, and correlation of existing data on heat exchangers.
1. Heat exchangers
Non-uniformity in ow distribution was studied [Q1Q3]. Effect
of design parameters on effectiveness of heat exchangers was studied [Q4Q6]. LMTD and NTU studies were conducted [Q7,Q8].
Some studies were devoted to the development of numerical and
analytical algorithms [Q9Q19]. Various types of heat-exchangers
were investigated. These include shell-and-tube [Q20Q27], concentric-tube [Q28Q30], parallel-plate [Q31Q37], polymeric hollow ber [Q38], plate-n/n-tube [Q39Q54], scraped surface
[Q55], louvers [Q56], microchannels [Q57,Q58] and helical bafes
[Q59] heat exchangers.
Some novel heat-exchanger concepts include gassolid direct
contact using cyclones [Q60], porous media [Q61], gas-to-gas energy transport [Q62], multiuid heat-exchangers [Q5,Q6,Q63], lattice-frame materials [Q64] and pin n microheat exchangers
[Q65]. Other studies involved cooling towers [Q66Q71], thermoacoustic devices [Q72Q75] and distillation processes [Q76].
2. Heat transfer enhancement
A variety of approaches have been explored to enhance heat
transfer. These include internally and externally nned tubes
[Q77Q81], tubes with wire coil and tape inserts [Q82Q84], heat
transfer additives (including nanouids) [Q85Q88], metal foams
[Q89], vortex generators [Q90,Q91], winding tubes [Q92], shaped
polymer tubes [Q93], corrugated surfaces [Q94Q97], slotted ns
4354
[Q98,Q99], liquid metal ns [Q100], acoustic streaming [Q101] and

turbulators [Q102,Q103].
3. Fouling
Fouling of heat exchangers can signicantly hinder the performance of a plant and its elements. Efforts continue to understand,
prevent or mitigate the phenomenon. Articles in this section include fouling in plate heat-exchangers [Q104], shell-and-tube heat
exchangers [Q105], corrugated tubes [Q106]. Some general studies
involved deposition models [Q107Q111] and erosion models
[Q112,Q113].
4. Thermosyphons (heat-pipes)
In this sub-section, design, modeling and analysis of a number
of heat-pipe applications are included. Thermal transport models
[Q114Q119] as well as optimization algorithms were investigated
[Q120,Q121]. The articles also studied various wick designs [Q122],
wick materials [Q123] and working media [Q124]. Other studies
were related to miniature heat-pipes [Q122,Q125Q127], closedloop oscillating heat-pipes [Q128Q131], heat-pipe arrays [Q132]
and loop heat pipes for space applications [Q133Q135]. Thermal
characteristics of two-phase thermosyphons were studied
[Q136Q142]. Some general thermosyphon studies were also
undertaken [Q143Q145].
S. Heat transfer applicationsgeneral
This section includes the articles related to heat transfer studies
in general applications, which include nuclear reactors, buildings,
thermodynamic cycles, electronics cooling, manufacturing, fuel
cells and gas turbines. This years summary is divided into the following sub-categories.
1. Nuclear reactors
Heat and mass transfer during accidental conditions was studied [S1]. Other studies include a pulsed ssion material assembly
[S2], fuel pins [S3], glass-lined reactors [S4], stirred-tank and fedbatch reactors [S5S7], water reactors [S8], fast-breeder reactors
[S9]. Thermal transport in clay barriers for nuclear waste has been
studied [S10,S11].
2. Buildings
Topics covered in this segment include cooling of buildings
[S12,S13], energy consumption and thermal loads [S13S16], heat
transfer in building components [S14S18], building envelopes
[S19S21], moisture transfer [S22], thermal comfort [S23].
3. Refrigeration
This sub-category includes articles related to thermodynamic
refrigeration cycles [S24,S25]. Some optimization studies were
conducted [S26,S27]. Other studies were related to sorption systems [S28S31], evaporative coolers [S32S36], air conditioning
plants [S37,S38], cooling coils [S39], Peltier cooling [S40], ice tanks
[S41].
4. Heat engines
Thermodynamic cycles were studied [S42S47]. Heat ow in
diesel and small air-cooled engines was investigated [S48S50].
A scroll-compressor was studied [S51]. Cycle work from quantum
heat engines was analyzed [S52S54].
5. Heat pumps
Various thermodynamic cycles have been discussed [S55S58].
Ground-source heat pump systems have been discussed [S59].
Sorption heat pumps were studied [S60,S61].
6. Electronic packaging
In this sub-category, papers related to electronics cooling have
been included. These studies can be broadly subdivided into air-
cooled [S65S67] and liquid-cooled systems [S68S72]. Other studies cover: heat spreaders [S62S64], heat sinks (ns) [S65S72], ball
grid array (BGA) packages [S73,S74], piezoelectric fans [S75] and
thermoacoustic engines [S76]. Numerical studies were conducted
to model the behavior of electronic components [S77S80].
7. Geophysics
Papers in this area include geothermal systems [S81], ground/
soil heat transfer [S82,S83], atmospheric boundary layers [S84].
8. Manufacturing and processing
This section contains papers which studied heat transfer in a
wide variety of manufacturing processes, which include metal
forming [S85], annealing [S86], cooling (quenching) [S87S91],
drying [S92S98], machining [S99,S100], casting [S101S104],
welding [S105S107], hot-rolling [S108]. Heat transfer in furnaces
was studied [S109S112]. A few optimization studies were performed [S113,S114].
9. Food processing
This section contains articles on thawing [S115], food drying
[S116], sorption [S117] and packaged products [S118]. Heat transfer in eggs [S119] and sucrose solution [S120] was studied.
10. Fuel cells
Heat transfer in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) [S121,S122],
polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) [S123] and proton exchange
membrane fuel cells [S124] were studied. A performance study of
fuel cells was studied [S125].
11. Gas-turbines
Heat transfer articles in this topic cover ow and heat transfer
in passages [S126S131], blade-cooling schemes [S132S136],
ow-structures [S137,S138], transient temperature distribution
[S139] and tip ows [S140S144].
12. Miscellaneous
Articles in this segment include those which do not t into any
of the above categories/sub-categories. Heat transfer aspects in
various combustion applications [S145S153], steam generation
[S154S157] and energy storage systems [S158S164] were studied. Snow/ice/frost formation was investigated [S165S167]. Other
heat transfer studies involve: distillation columns [S168], particulate ows [S169,S170], piston expansion machines [S171], display
cabinets [S172], insulated tanks [S173], chemical reactors
[S4,S174,S175], thermal comfort [S176S179], nano-scale systems
[S180,S181], calorimetry studies [S182,S183], 2nd law effects
[S184S186], space vehicles [S187], brush seals [S188], wax-deposition [S189], thermal waves [S190] and power plants [S191,S192].
T. Solar energy
Heat transfer studies in the eld of solar energy address a broad
range of topics covering a variety of applications for buildings to
power plants. Papers are broadly divided into solar radiation fundamentals and measurement, low-temperature applications,
high-temperature applications, building components, and storage
technologies. Papers on solar energy that do not focus on heat
transfer, for example, papers on photovoltaics (except for those
that deal with combined thermal systems), wind energy, architectural aspects of buildings, and control of space heating or cooling
systems are not included. Subcategories are summarized below.
1. Measurements and models of solar radiation
Most papers in this category present modeling approaches to
simulate, evaluate or use measured solar data [T1T11]. Others
present model or data analysis for specic sites [T12T15]. Instrumentation is presented in [T16].
2. Low temperature applications

Low temperature solar applications include solar water heating
[T17T25], space cooling [T26T35], desalination [T36T41], solar
ponds [T42T46], water and waste treatment [T47T52], cooking
[T53,T54], and agricultural applications [T55T63]. Papers on at
plate and low concentration solar collectors include heat transfer
modeling and experiments of innovative concepts to improve efciency [T64T73].
3. High temperature applications
These applications use concentrated solar thermal energy
developed in parabolic trough, parabolic dish and heliostat elds
combined with a central receiver to drive endothermic reactions
or power systems. Heat transfer investigations encompass thermal
design and analysis of heat transfer and chemical conversion in solar thermo-chemical reactors [T74T89], electric power systems
with steam generation in a variety of congurations including volumetric receivers and linear absorbers [T90T99], a dish Stirling
engine [T100], a solar chimney [T101], and concentrating optics
and properties of reector materials [T102T108]. Temperature
measurement techniques in concentrating systems are addressed
in [T109]. Overview papers compare technical and economic performance of solar thermal electricity technologies [T110,T111].
4. Building components
This section is restricted to modeling and measurement of heat
transfer and moisture transport in building components (walls
[T112], windows and daylighting [T113T121], oors and foundation [T122T124], and building integrated solar thermal and PV
collectors [T125T130]) as well as building energy models
[T131T137]. Other miscellaneous papers in the sub-category are
included in [T138T144].
5. Storage
Papers in this section address both capacity and power of a variety of storage media and storage devices for low and high temperature solar thermal applications. Thermal processes during
charging and discharge of phase change materials are evaluated
for encapsulated organic and inorganic materials, slurries and beds
[T145T150]. Other efforts for low temperature storage consider
longer term storage in adsorption materials (zeolites) [T151],
epoxy composites [T152], in-ground storage [T153T157] as well
as more conventional sensible heat water storage [T158,T159].
High temperature storage studies consider molten salt, solid media
and regenerative heating [T160T162].
U. Plasma heat transfer and MHD

This chapter includes the characterization of discharge plasmas
through modeling and diagnostics of the uid ow and heat transfer in a variety of plasma generating devices. These characterizations address the fundamental interactions of plasmas with
solids (heat and momentum transfer), as well as the description
of specic plasma processes. Because of the multitude of physical
effects and the strong non-linearity of any such process, a continuous improvement in the descriptions is seen on the removal of
simplifying assumptions and by becoming more and more realistic.
This holds for the modeling description and for the experimental
process characterization.
The MHD section is usually devoted to description of different
modeling approaches for heat and mass transfer in the presence
of electric and magnetic elds. Different geometries, different uid
properties and different accelerating forces are considered.
This years summary is divided into the following sub-sections.
1. Modeling of plasma properties, plasma generating devices and
specic plasma processes
4355
This includes determination of plasma transport properties

[U1], radiation transport [U2U4], simulation of plasma jets in different ow regimes [U5U7] and inductively coupled plasma generators (ICP) [U8U11]. Models of specic plasma processes
include welding [U12], metal production in arc furnaces [U13
U15], or arc stabilization by ablation cooling [U16].
2. Fundamentals of plasmasolid interaction
This topic includes electrode effects or surface bias effects
[U17,U18] and plasma particle interaction [U11,U19,U20], and
stagnation ow in CO2 as encountered during a space crafts entry
into the Mars atmosphere [U21].
3. Plasma process characterization
This section includes characterization of the plasma spray process including the characterization of the coatings [U22], the effect
of plasma jet uid dynamics disturbances [U23U26], and diagnostics applied to the welding [U27] and EDM processes [U28], and to
plasma diamond deposition [U29].
4. Magneto hydro dynamics (MHD)
This section contains a number of modeling approach descriptions for heat and mass transfer with non-Newtonian uids
[U30U36]. Different geometries and different accelerating forces,
e.g. ow inside porous media, with free convection or with suction
or mass addition through porous boundaries are considered by
numerous authors [U37U52]. Some discussion of MHD effects in
specic applications is also presented [U53U57].
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of a two-dimensional singularly perturbed boundary-value problem of
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V.Y. Dzyuzer, V.S. Shvydkii, V.B. Kutin, Mathematical support for the CAD
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W. Zhang, C.H. Kim, T. DebRoy, Heat and uid ow in complex joints during
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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 43434396

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Heat transferA review of 2004 literature

presented in 2004, and books on heat transfer published during

Books published on heat transfer in 2004 include:

of clouds and its effects on radiation and moisture exchange; and

bubbles induced by pulsed heating, another discusses transient

ducts of various geometries, and geometries where one or more

phenomena. This eld of research has grown dramatically over the

mold lling with a ber structure, modeling of microchannel heat

F. Natural convectioninternal ows

FF. Natural convectionexternal ows

6. Miscellaneous (marked #7 on sheets)

H. Combined heat and mass transfer

4. Thermal measurement, modeling and properties

J. Change of phaseboiling and evaporation

non-standard gravitational elds, vibration, or agitation. Many of

JJ. Change of phasecondensation

niques, and presents a heat transfer model including the interface

JM. Change of phasefreezing and melting

melt layers [JM23]; melt ow in directionally solidied alloys

phenomena on a computer. The simulation of heat transfer, uid

centration) on thermal conductivity and diffusivity were also

Q. Heat transfer applicationsheat exchangers and

[Q98,Q99], liquid metal ns [Q100], acoustic streaming [Q101] and

2. Low temperature applications

U. Plasma heat transfer and MHD

This includes determination of plasma transport properties

[A17] E. Leveugle, L.V. Zhigilei, Microscopic mechanisms of short pulse laser

[A45] K. Weinert, C. Kempmann, Cutting temperatures and their effects on the

[A101] A. Gu, G. Liang, Preparation and properties of a novel high-performance

[B40] R. Nazar et al., Stagnation point ow of a micropolar uid towards a

[B97] Z. Xiong, S.K. Lele, Distortion of upstream disturbances in a Hiemenz

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