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Electric Motors: Training Session On Energy Equipment
Electric Motors: Training Session On Energy Equipment
Equipment
Electric Motors
Presentation from the
Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia
www.energyefficiencyasia.org
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UNEP 2006
Introduction
Types of electric motors
Assessment of electric motors
Energy efficiency opportunities
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Introduction
What is an Electric Motor?
Electromechanical device that converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy
Mechanical energy used to e.g.
Rotate pump impeller, fan, blower
Drive compressors
Lift materials
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Introduction
How Does an Electric Motor Work?
3
4
2
(Nave, 2005)
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Introduction
Three types of Motor Load
Motor loads
Description
Examples
Constant
torque loads
Variable
torque loads
Constant
power loads
Torque changes
inversely with speed
Machine tools
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Introduction
Types of electric motors
Assessment of electric motors
Energy efficiency opportunities
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Alternating Current
(AC) Motors
Synchronous
Induction
Single-Phase
Three-Phase
Separately
Excited
Series
Self Excited
Compound
Shunt
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Armature
Commutator
Overturns current direction in armature
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Restricted use
Few low/medium speed applications
Clean, non-hazardous areas
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Speed control:
insert resistance
in armature or
field current
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Speed restricted to
5000 RPM
Avoid running with
no load: speed
uncontrolled
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Field winding in
series and
parallel with
armature winding
Higher %
compound in
series = high
starting torque
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Alternating Current
(AC) Motors
Synchronous
Induction
Single-Phase
Three-Phase
Separately
Excited
Series
Self Excited
Compound
Shunt
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F = supply frequency
P = number of poles
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Inexpensive
High power to weight ratio
Easy to maintain
(Automated Buildings)
Stator
Stampings with slots to carry 3-phase windings
Wound for definite number of poles
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Rotor
Stator
(Reliance)
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Self-starting
High power capabilities
1/3 to hundreds HP applications: pumps,
compressors, conveyor belts, grinders
70% of motors in industry!
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At full speed:
torque and
stator current
are zero
At 80% of full
speed:
highest pullout torque
and current
drops
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Introduction
Types of electric motors
Assessment of electric motors
Energy efficiency opportunities
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(US DOE)
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(US DOE)
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HP
Load
Pi
Pi x HP x 0.7457
Slip method
Compare slip at operation with slip at full
load
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V x I x PF x 3
Pi
1000
Pi
V
I
PF
Pr hp x
0.7457
Pr
hp
r
Pi
Load
x 100 %
Pr
Action
1. Significantly
oversized and
underloaded
2. Moderately
oversized and
underloaded
3. Properly sized
but standard
efficiency
Introduction
Types of electric motors
Assessment of electric motors
Energy efficiency opportunities
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Efficiency Improvement
2. Stator I2R
3 Rotor I2R
4 Friction &
Winding
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Consequences of under-loading
Increased motor losses
Reduced motor efficiency
Reduced power factor
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Example 2
Example 3
0.30
2.30
5.40
0.4
17.7
40.0
30
40
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Electric Motors
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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