PRISON. DESIGN —.IMPORTANCE/ RELEVANCE AND. LITERATURE REVIEW SUBMITTED BY: LV.ANUSHA 1AA11AT900 The purpose of prisons, from several years has been to instill punishment by depriving inmates of their freedom, but will the punishment, make the offenders a better human being after releasing? Architecture today, has to and is striving to redefine the role of incarceration in our society. An increasing awareness in the need for communion and basic human dignity in developing mentally sound persons has evolved penal philosophies of the new generation model. New Prison Models: arriving at reconciliation between the paradoxical aims of punishment and rehabilitation. The architecture of the new generation prison models should attempt to create humane scales and psychological benefits through the use of colours that lend aesthetic variations, visual connections to the external environment, landscaping elements like courtyards, gardens and pathways to create an “aninstitutional feel’ and intentionally normalized settings. Adopting a cluster approach to living, with provisions for shared facilities between inmates, domestic duties in units and intimate spaces like courtyards and gardens are other features that could be adopted while designing the prison. The inmates, depending on their category, should be able to access open spaces of their own free will. Community programs that look after the landscape of the place encourage environmental awareness amongst the inmates. Much of our Indian philosophy is based on the theory of selfimprovement as a way of life. Yoga and work have formed a core of our ancient traditions. Taking these learning further in to reformatory programs for prisons would be very challenging, especially considering the problems posed by overcrowding, violent behaviour and illiteracy. The need for Separate Women’s Prison:£ g En ze = a8 << 52 8 g 3 = Women Jails [TE sait LocationaT contra ate others. 4 Women Jails i \ 1% speciatsste / | \\porstal shoots 2m 1% Open sais 33% Women jails exclusively for women prisoners exist only in 13 States/UTs. Most of the jails utilize double occupancy perching two or more inmates into cells designed for one. Large numbers of inmates are also housed in dormitories. Single celling— for maximum security inmates is compulsory. The Model Prison Manual of India, also suggests SEPARATE PRISON FOR WOMEN. Because the majority of prisoners are male, prison programs often focus on issues faced by male prisoners and overlook those faced by female prisoners. Women in the contemporary prison face many problems; some resulting from. their lives prior to imprisonment, others resulting from their imprisonment itself. Women in prison have experienced victimization, unstable family life, school and work failure, and substance abuse and mental health problems. Social factors that marginalize their participation in mainstream society and contribute to the rising number of women in prison include poverty, minority group member, single motherhood, and homelessness. Sexual abuse. The patterns of sexual abuse and coercion established in the early days of women's imprisonment continue in the contemporary era.Human Rights Commission examined this serious problem in their review of sexual abuse in some selected prisons. The damage of the abuse itself is compounded by four specific issues: (1) the inability to escape one's abuser; (2) ineffectual or nonexistent investigative and grievance procedures; (3) lack of employee accountability (either criminally or administratively); and (4) little or no public concern. Lack of substance abuse treatment. Although women offenders are very likely to have an extensive history of drug and alcohol use, a relatively small percentage of women receive any treatment within the justice system. Insufficient individual assessment, limited treatment for pregnant, mentally ill, and violent women offenders, and a lack of appropriate treatment and vocational training limit the effectiveness of the few programs that exist. The various other problems faced by Women Offenders: Women in prison have a double disadvantage. The gender disadvantage and discrimination gets worsened during imprisonment, which is further amplified upon their release from prison. Gender sensitive interventions need to take into account psychological distress in a life stage perspective, which shows, that a special focus and care should be observed towards Women prisoners. Women prisoners have important mental health and drug treatment needs. Photaltnes Sm Genderineqity Senualvlence arnt rovery Physcalvlenee eave Unemployment Senn resus Sewalvsence habitation et Bowryhaament WER ence eakicoe Soper ‘onracation DonesieMnience pstance we anueton Burden of secaly advantaged Family —~ ‘rsuppete ond ‘iyGynecological care for menstrual disturbances, cervical cancer, breast cancer & sexually transmitted diseases Obsebe are fr unancdpregnaney Physical health care such as for anaemia, physical violence, sexual violence, infections & HIV/AIDS Mentat health care for depression, substance se, anxiety, dissociation & PTSD A prison officer listed the various issues relating to women inmates which are: (i) Admission (ii) Classification (iii) Reformation Programme (iv) Vocational Training (v) Health and Hygiene (vi) Psychological or emotional issues (vii) Visitors and emergency leave (viii) Rehabilitation on release (ix) Resocialisation and acceptance. Women prisoners on admission are in a mentally disturbed condition. He has also highlighted the fact that nearly 60% of inmates suffer from various issues of mental health like psychosis, major depression and personality disorder. In spite of several legislations and committees, the condition of jails is deplorable. Though the hard fact is known to the administration, nothing is done to address these issues. Protection and promotion of women prisoners’ health requires multidimensional approach starting from political will, empowerment policy, police and prison reforms, therapeutic approach of rehabilitation and social reforms.Bangalore Prison Mental Health Study Findings Mental health problems and substance use anong women as well as their needs in prison were assessed as part of the Bangalore Prison Mental Health Study (Math et al 2011). At the time of conducting the study, there were 210 women prisoners (4%) of whom 197 were interviewed for the study. Statistics show that most of the women in prison were housewives, unskilled and semi- skilled workers. The mean educational status in years is 3.9 years and 49.7% were illiterate. Both these factors have strong bearings in vocational rehabilitation and integration into the community. Socio-demographic characteristics of women evaluated in the Bangalore Prison Study Nearly one third of women could be diagnosed as having a mental health or substance use problem. About one in four women had a diagnosis of either a current or past major depressive episode. A very small number had a diagnosis of deliberate self harm or suicidal attempt.The main goal of imprisonment must be rehabilitation and reformation instead of punishment. There is a need to enable prisoners to lead useful and law-abiding lives on their return to the community. Keeping such a focus, the negative effects of imprisonment should be minimized; mental health should be maintained and promoted. Women prisoners must feel safe, be treated with respect and dignity and need to be assisted towards developing insight into their offending behavior. The Supreme Court directions need to be implemented regarding women prisoners’ requiring assistance in pregnancy, antenatal, natal and post-natal care. Children of the women prisoners must be provided care as per the guidelines. Privacy and dignity: Women prisoners’ privacy and dignity must receive the topmost priority. Female staff: There must be a female doctor inside the prison as well as female guards in charge of the female prison premises. Health check-up: Women prisoners must be routinely screened for physical and mental health problems and provided treatment at the earliest. Peer support group: Self-help groups among women prisoners can be of great help during stressful situations — Entry into prison, during bail, preparation for court appearances, unpleasant events at home like death of a family member, before, during and after judgement. Mental health and counseling: Considering the mental health morbidity in women prisoners, mental health services and counseling needs to be provided. Effective planning for mental health care after release is vital, particularly for women with severe mental illness. De-addiction facility: De-addiction facility should be made available to women with substance use problems. Family counseling: Involvement of family members in counseling is an essential component to good health of women prisoners.Vocational Rehabilitation: Adequate opportunities must be provided to work and keep them busy. Adequate planning for livelihood after release, particularly for women without family support is extremely important. Behavioral rehabilitation: High-risk behaviors such as aggression, violence, self-injurious behavior, impulsivity, sexual behavior and substance use need to be addressed with appropriate techniques. Suicide prevention strategies: Frequent meetings with prisoners will help in prompt identification of their problems, generation of solutions and reduction in distress. Prison staff requires training on how to identify mentally illness and use crisis intervention techniques. LITERATURE REVIEW - (International) HALDEN PRISON, NORWAYAERIAL VIEW OF HALDEN PRISON, NORWAY. Halden Prison is a maximum-security prison in Halden, Norway. Established in 2010, it was created with a focus on rehabilitation that is reflected on the way it was designed. The facility is located in forested area with several building each with its own look and material, the intention being to produce a variety filled prison. Its design was projected to help inmates to reintegrate into society easily by simulating life outside the prison. With the same purpose, the prisoners have several activities available that vary from sports to music. With a capacity of over 245 prisoners and a site of 75 acres (30 hectares),it is the second largest prison of Norway. A maximum-security prison, it hosts dangerous and high dangerous criminals, which includes rapists, murderers and pedophiles. It counts with safety glass, a concrete-and-steel wall of 6 meters of height and 1.5 km long, and a system of underground tunnels which guards use to walk through the prison. The prison was designed by the Danish Erik Moller Architects and the Britsh HLM Architects, which were selected by an architectural competition held by the Department of Justice and the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property. The concept of their incarceration is based on the contrasts between hard and soft, precise and organic, punishment and rehabilitation. This contrast is set out in the prison's design, a minimalist chic, which sits nestled in forest surroundings. Rehabilitation is the name of the game here, rather than punishment and supervision. Individual CellVarious elements - landscaping, materials used and natural lighting not only enhances the design and the interior space, but also best suited for rehabilitation of the prisoners and create a feel “home”.SITE PLAN Nature has made its home in the grounds, and nature in the precise form of a Scandinavian forest showcases the rhythm of the year and imparts changing colours to time. The loveliest landscaped space on the plot, an 8 m high rock wall, has seminal significance in the facility. This is designed to date and locate the inmates’ stay, and provide inspiration for reflection and absorption. The facility has been organized so that inmates will be able to wander through a landscape —“the time it takes" and the experience it affords are key to the rehabilitation process. ‘The facades reflect the underlying functions - brick facade and galvanized steel plates are varied by the large glass sections of the communal rooms. The appointment of the cells takes the dorm room as its model, with specially designed furniture and en-suite bathroom/toilet. Attached to each group of 10 cells is a shared kitchen and a common room with a TV. All common rooms feature individual artistic decoration. In the kitchens the inmates cook their own food, clear and wash up- often in teamwork with the staff. ‘The.emphasis.is.on. interaction hetween.staff.and.inmates..making.the.staff.natural role.models. who. can.support.and.motivate the.inmates.to.develop daily routines and.chythms. reminiscent of day-to-day life outside of prison walls. PLANS OF THE PRISON AT DIFFERENT LEVELS : Residential Units for InmatesGround Floor Plan Administration and Arrivals First Floor Plan Adminsitration and Arrivals Work UnitIn order for the facility to deliver on the intention of variety-filled imprisonment, each of the buildings has been given its own look and material. Depending on the level of security, the facades alternate, from untreated wood to very dark brick - colours and materials reiterated in the area's rocks and vegetation. The buildings have been constructed from nature's own materials: tiles, bricks, untreated wood and galvanized steel. Simple monolithic shapes contrast with the landscape's magnificent trees and undulating woodland floor Each of the prison’s individual functions is sited in a building of its own on the hilly, wooded plot. The buildings are interconnected by a one-way ring road that connects and collects, just as the changeable forest stand creates a link between the individual functions. Located just inside the prison entrance gate are the administration and arrivals building, People can come and go here, and easily get hold of a liaison officer without coming into contact with inmates and disrupting the prison’s daily routine. This is also where the prison’s staff check in and change. The Cultural Centre houses a sports hall with a stage, among other things, and a beautifully appointed "sacred space’. This sanctuary is decorated without religious symbols in order to cater for the cultural diversity in the prison. A "firmament" of glass bricks in the south-facing bricked facade and an east-facing enc-wall with light art form a space around an arrangement with rows of benches, movable or stackable, as required. The institutional flavour has been toned down further still here in order to