Yoga (/jo/; Sanskrit:

, Listen) is a physical, mental,

and spiritual practice or discipline, that aims to transform body and mind.
The term denotes a variety of schools, practices and
goals[1] inHinduism, Buddhism (including Vajrayana and Tibetan
Buddhism[2][3][4]) and Jainism,[5][6][7][6] the best-known being Hatha
yoga and Raja yoga.A GREAT WHITE-WINE region is frequently a great source of a
good summer red. This may sound oxymoronic, but consider some examples: The
Sonoma Coast and the Anderson Valley regions in California both produce minerally
Chardonnays and savory, summery Pinot Noirs; the Loire Valley of France is home to
long-lived whites like Vouvray and Muscadet and tangy reds like Chinon and Bourgueil.
But no place may offer better proof of this theory than the Alto Adige region of
northeastern Italy.

The origins of Yoga have been speculated to date back to prevedic Indian traditions, but most likely developed around the sixth and fifth
centuries BCE, in the same ascetic circles as the early sramana
movements.[8][note 1] The earliest accounts of yoga-practices are in the
Buddhist Nikayas.[9] Parallel developments were recorded around 400 CE in
the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali,[10] which combines prephilosophical
speculations and diverse ascetic practices of the first millennium BCE with
Samkhya-philosophy. Hatha yoga emerged from tantra by the turn of the
first millennium.[11][12]

Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the west,[13] following the
success of SwamiVivekananda in the late 19th and early 20th century.[13] In
the 1980s, yoga became popular as asystem of physical exercise across
the Western world. This form of yoga is often called Hatha yoga.
Yoga physiology described humans as existing of three bodies (physical,
subtle and causal) and five sheets (food sheet, prana-breath, mind sheet,
intellect, and bliss)[14] which cover the atman, and energy flowing
through energy channels and concentrated in chakras.

Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as a

complementary intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma, and heart
disease.[15][16][17][18]
Yoga enjoys widespread popularity throughout East Asia, South
Asia and Southeast Asiawhere the business is estimated to exceed
US$500 million in these r
There are very many compound words containing yog in
Sanskrit. Yoga can take on meanings such as "connection", "contact",
"method", "application", "addition", and "performance". In simpler words,
Yoga also means "combined". For example, gu-yoga means "contact
with a cord"; chakr-yoga has a medical sense of "applying a splint or
similar instrument by means of pulleys (in case of dislocation of the
thigh)"; chandr-yoga has the astronomical sense of "conjunction of the
moon with a constellation"; pu-yoga is a grammatical term expressing
"connection or relation with a man", etc. Thus, bhakti-yoga means "devoted
attachment" in the monotheistic Bhakti movement. The term kriy-yoga has
a grammatical sense, meaning "connection with a verb". But the same
compound is also given a technical meaning in the Yoga Sutras (2.1),
designating the "practical" aspects of the philosophy, i.e. the "union with the
Supreme" due to performance of duties in everyday life[21]

In Vedic Sanskrit, the more commonly used, literal meaning of

the Sanskrit word yoga which is "to add", "to join", "to unite", or "to attach"
from the root yuj, already had a much more figurative sense, where the
yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses takes on broader meanings such as
"employment, use, application, performance" (compare the figurative uses
of "to harness" as in "to put something to some use"). All further
developments of the sense of this word are post-Vedic. More prosaic
moods such as "exertion", "endeavour", "zeal", and "diligence" are also
found in Epic Sanskrit.[20]

According to Pini, a 6th-century BCE Sanskrit grammarian, the term

yoga can be derived from either of two roots, yujir yoga (to yoke) oryuj
samdhau (to concentrate).[22] In the context of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali,
the root yuj samdhau (to concentrate) is considered by traditional
commentators as the correct etymology.[23] In accordance
with Pini, Vyasa who wrote the first commentary on the Yoga
Sutras,[24] states that yoga means samdhi (concentration).[25] In other texts
and contexts, such as the Bhagavad Gt and the Hatha Yoga Pradipika,
the word yoga has been used in conformity with yujir yoge (to yoke).[26]

According to Dasgupta, the term yoga can be derived from either of two
roots, yujir yoga (to yoke) or yuj samdhau (to concentrate).[22]Someone
who practices yoga or follows the yoga philosophy with a high level of
commitment is called a yogi (may be applied to a male or a female)
or yogini (traditionally denoting a female).[27]

Goal of Yoga[edit]

The ultimate goal of Yoga is moksha (liberation) though the exact definition
of what form this takes depends on the philosophical or theological system
with which it is conjugated.
According to Jacobsen, "Yoga has five principal meanings:[28]
1. Yoga as a disciplined method for attaining a goal;
2. Yoga as techniques of controlling the body and the mind;
3. Yoga as a name of one of the schools or systems of philosophy
(darana);
4. Yoga in connection with other words, such as "hatha-, mantra-, and
laya-," referring to traditions specialising in particular techniques of
yoga;
5. Yoga as the goal of Yoga practice."[28]

According to David Gordon White, from the 5th century CE onward, the
meanings of the term "yoga" became more or less fixed, but having various
meanings:[29]
1. Yoga as an analysis of perception and cognition;[29]
2. Yoga as the rising and expansion of consciousness;[30]
3. Yoga as a path to omniscience;[31]
4. Yoga as a technique for entering into other bodies, generating
multiple bodies, and the attainment of other supernatural
accomplishments;[32]
Schools of Yoga[edit]

The term "yoga" has been applied to a variety of practices and methods.
The well-known Hindu schools of Yoga being Jnana Yoga,Bhakti
Yoga, Karma Yoga, Laya Yoga and Hatha Yoga, but also including Jain
and Buddhist practices. Yoga Sutras of Pantajali, constitute classical
Ashtanga Yoga (the eight limbs), also called Raja Yoga.[33]

uddhism[edit]
Main articles: Buddhist meditation, Dhyna in
Buddhism, Yogacara and Vajrayana
Buddhist meditation encompasses a variety of meditation techniques that
aim to develop mindfulness, concentration, supramundane
powers, tranquility, and insight.
Core techniques have been preserved in ancient Buddhist texts and have
proliferated and diversified through teacher-student
transmissions. Buddhists pursue meditation as part of the path
toward Enlightenment and Nirvana.[note 2] The closest words for meditation in
the classical languages of Buddhism are bhvan[note 3] and jhna/dhyna.[note
4]

Buddhist meditation techniques have become increasingly popular in the

wider world, with many non-Buddhists taking them up for a variety of

reasons.

Hinduism[edit]
Raja Yoga[edit]
Main articles: Rja yoga and Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali are often labelled as Rja yoga.[34] It defines
yoga as citta-vtti-nirodha (the cessation of the perturbations of the
mind).[28] The aim is to still the mind in order to reach Kaivalya, the
"isolation" of purusha (the motionless consciousness "essence") from
prakriti (the primordial matter from which everything is made, including
mind and emotions).[35][36] In Hinduism, Raja yoga is considered as one of
the six stika schools (those which accept the authority of the
Vedas)[37] of Hindu philosophy.[38] Meditation is one of the keys for Raja
Yoga
Tantra[edit]
Tantra is the name given by scholars to a style of meditation and ritual
which arose in India no later than the 5th century CE.[39] The earliest
documented use of the word "Tantra" is in the Rigveda (X.71.9).[40] Tantra
has influenced the Hindu, Bon, Buddhist, and Jaintraditions and Silk Road
transmission of Buddhism that spread Buddhism to East and Southeast
Asia.[41]
Hatha yoga[edit]
Hatha yoga, also called hatha vidy (

), is a kind of yoga focusing

on physical and mental strength building exercises and postures described

primarily in three texts of Hinduism:[42][43][44]
1. Hatha Yoga Pradipika, Svtmrma (15th century)
2. Shiva Samhita, author unknown (1500 C.E [45] or late 17th century)
3. Gheranda Samhita by Gheranda (late 17th century)
Many scholars also include the preceding Goraksha Samhita authored
by Gorakshanath of the 1

Gorakshanath is widely considered to have been responsible for

popularizing hatha yoga as we know it today.[46][47][48]
Vajrayana Buddhism, founded by the Indian Mahasiddhas,[49] has a series
of asanas and pranayamas, such as tummo (Sanskritcal)[4] and trul
khor which parallel hatha yoga.

Shaivism[edit]
Main articles: Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta and Nath
In Shaivism, yoga is used to unite kundalini with Shiva.[50] Mahabharata
defines the purpose of yoga as the experience of uniting the
individual tman with the universal Brahman that pervades all things.[51]

Jainism[edit]
Main article: Jain meditation

Mahavira, 24thTirthankara

Jain meditation has been the central practice of spirituality in Jainism along
with the Three Jewels.[52]Meditation in Jainism aims at realizing the self,
attain salvation, take the soul to complete freedom.[53] It aims to reach and
to remain in the pure state of soul which is believed to be pure conscious,
beyond any attachment or aversion. The practitioner strives to be just a
knower-seer (Gyata-Drashta). Jain meditation can be broadly categorized
to the auspicious Dharmya Dhyana and Shukla Dhyana and
inauspicious Arttaand Raudra Dhyana.

This largely German-speaking, mountainous corner of the country is one of the best
cool-climate wine regions in Italy, if not the world. And a cool climate is key not only to
characterful whites but to refreshing reds.
Yet while the white wines of Alto Adige are well-known and much praised, overlooked
are some equally delicious and lively reds, particularly wines made from the region's two
most planted red grapes, Lagrein and Schiava. The latter, also known as Vernatsch and
Trollinger, is actually the region's single most planted grapeclosely followed by Pinot
Grigio and Chardonnay.
Lagrein and Schiava (la-GRINE and ski-AHva) are native to Alto Adige, which was
known as South Tyrol (Sdtirol) when it was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. Many
of the area's winemakers still identify themselves by their Austrian heritage. As Martin
Foradori Hofsttter, proprietor of J. Hofsttter estate, put it in an email, "Our passport
and our territory is part of Italy, but our origin is Austrian and our culture as well." In fact,
when I visited the region a few years ago and asked producers where their wines were
exported, they often listed Italy. In other words, Italy was a foreign land.

Although it is often linked to the province of Trentino, as Trentino-Alto Adige, Alto Adige
is a distinct wine appellation. It is sometimes confused with Friuli, another white-winedominant territory in northern Italy. Both regions happen to produce many of the same
grapes, including Pinot Blanc, Pinot Grigio and Chardonnay, although Friuli wines are
more widely distributed and better known. Jeff Kellogg, wine director of Maialino
restaurant in New York, has seen this mix-up many times. "People will say they love the
wines of Alto Adige, but then they talk about Friuli," he said. In both cases, he added,
they know the white wines of both regions better than they do the reds.
Bobby Stuckey, owner and wine director of Frasca Food and Wine in Boulder, Colo.,
attributes the confusion to sommeliers who only know the two places from reading wine
books. "A lot of wine books lump Alto Adige, Trentino and Friuli together as northeastern
Italy," he bemoaned in an email. This is, to Mr. Stuckey, a real mistake. "That would be
likeputting Burgundy, the Loire and the Rhne together," he said.

Mr. Stuckey specializes in Italian wines at his restaurant and makes his own Friulian
wine, but he's a fan of Alto Adige too, particularly Schiava, which he regards as a good
summer match for cured meats and pastas.
The cool climate of mountainous Alto Adige, in northeastern Italy, is key to producing lively reds.

Jason Jacobeit, wine director of Btard restaurant in New York, knows about Alto Adige
thanks in part to an Italian romance. Mr. Jacobeit went through what he called a Schiava
kick a few years ago, when he was dating a woman from northern Italy. He loved
Schiava in part for its resemblance to other easy-drinking northern Italian reds that he
knew and admired, such as Ghemme and Gattinara, from the Piedmont region. Schiava
had the same "bright acidity and scrubby red fruit" he said, but it was also less tannic
and more accessible than either Piedmont wines.
One of the greatest attributes of Schiava is its food friendliness, as Mr. Jacobeit noted.
That's thanks to the wine's terrific aciditya young Schiava (and it is best consumed
young, within a year or two of the vintage) is a truly mouthwatering drink. The wine is
brisk, light bodied and juicy. It's also fairly low-alcohol (around 12 %), and thus easy to
consume.
Lagrein is a bit richer and denser than Schiava, with more texture and weight, more dark
fruit and spice (plum versus Schiava's strawberry or cherry.) But the lighter Lagreins are
also good summer wines; they are lithe and flexible with a firm mineral thread. And
perhaps best of all, both Lagrein and Schiava are reasonably priced (another important
attribute of a good summer wine). Most Schiavas and many Lagreins cost less than $20
a bottle.

In fact, the most expensive wine in the group of Alto Adige reds I purchased for my
tasting didn't cost more than $25, and many were much less. I bought 14 bottles total of
Lagrein and Schiavaalthough it wasn't an easy task. Some had to be specially ordered,
as distribution of Alto Adige's whites is definitely much wider than that of its reds. Unlike
in other parts of Italy, or for that matter other parts of the world, where a cooperativemade bottling isn't traditionally considered a quality wine, some of the best wines in Alto
Adige are made by cooperatives.
Despite the admittedly small sampling of wines, the results were impressive. My group of
tasters and I found only one bottle a dud (a dull Lagrein lacking in fruit) and one too high
in alcohol (a Lagrein that was over 14%). By the way, all of these wines showed best
with a slight chill; I put them in the refrigerator for less than an hour.
The 2012 Gumphof Vernatsch ($20) was a crowd favoritefruity and lively and
uncomplicatedly delicious (the mostly organic winery has also won awards for its
Sauvignon Blanc), while the 2012 Cantina Andriano Bocado Vernatsch ($16) was darker
and a bit earthier. It covered all linguistic bases as welllabeled Schiava on the back
and Vernatsch on the front, as if they weren't sure which would sell. The name was the
most complex aspect of the 2012 Erste & Neue Leuchtenburg Auslese Schiava ($12),
which was pleasant and lively and identified as a ros-style red on its back label. (Erste
& Neue, which translates to First & New, is a first-rate cooperative.)
The 2012 Lagrein from Muri-Gries, a winemaking Benedictine monastery, was another
favoritericher and more concentrated than the Schiavas but with what a friend called
the "necessary leanness" of a summer red. Christian Werth, the much-heralded
winemaker at Muri-Gries, makes three highly regarded Lagreins; this was their lighter
"normale" wine. The 2011 J. Hofsttter Lagrein was even riper and denser but still
vivacious, with bright acidity and a touch of minerality. The Muri-Gries, at $16, and the
Hofsttter, at $20, were very good buys.
There are many more cool-climate white-wine regions that are home to great summer
reds. There's the Rheingau region of Germany, home of top Riesling but also
Sptburgunder, aka Pinot Noir. There's Alsace, France, where Riesling and
Gewrztraminer still reign supreme but where more winemakers are planting reds. And
finally, very close to Chablisthe place that's virtually a white-wine synonymthere's a
commune called Irancy, where lively and appealing Pinot Noirs are produced.

All of these wines share the same three attributes as do Schiava and Lagrein: a famous
white counterpart, a reasonable price and an obscure name. There's a fourth, perhaps
even more critical component: They're all fun to drink, especially right now.

2011 Tenuta J. Hofsttter Lagrein, $20

A leading family winery in the region, the Hofsttter estate produces three Lagreins,
including their single-vineyard (from one distinctive source) Steinraffler Lagrein and this
"basic" bottling. Marked by dark fruit and soft tannins, it's velvety with a strong mineral
thread.

2012 Muri-Gries Lagrein, $16

There are several winemaking abbeys in Alto Adige, and the Muri-Gries is one of the
most prominent. Winemaker Christian Werth turns out a wide range of stylish whites and
reds, including this lean but elegant Lagrein, colored with beguiling aromas of black
cherry and spice.

2012 Gumphof Vernatsch, $20

This small family-run winery is especially notable for its Vernatsch (Schiava), though
they also make some very good whites. Their Vernatsch is a wonderfully juicy,
strawberry-inflected, light-bodied red that is especially delicious when it is served slightly
chilled.

2012 Cantina Andriano Bocado Vernatsch, $16

Winemaker Rudi Kofler has described his Vernatsch as a wine with "the elegance and
smoothness of a Pinot Noir plus a fun factor in terms of quaffability," and that seems to
sum up this bright, juicy red from quality-minded cooperative Cantina Andriano.
2012 Abbazia di Novacella Lagrein, $18

The white wines of this iconic Augustinian monastery (they've been making wine for over
850 years) are widely praised, and reds such as this 2012 Lagrein add further luster to
their winemaking roster. It's a lively, medium-bodied wine with polished tannins and a
mineral edge.
See wine videos and more from Off Duty at youtube.com/wsj.com.

Explore More

4 Winning Tips for Playing Baccarat

The rules of the game and the scoring are very simple. It's all about getting a score as
close to a "natural nine" or a "natural eight" as possible. If the score is not a natural,
then another card is drawn to get the score closer to the natural. If the cards total a
score more than 10, then the left digit of the double digit score is dropped and the right
digit is considered as the score. If you are playing in the casino and betting money, then
you need to be careful and keep some things in mind before putting your hard earned
money on the table. The most important thing to remember is not to be taken in by
anybody who can give you a magic winning formula. If such tricks existed, then the
casinos would all be broke.

Tip 1
Gambling is a risky business, based purely on luck. A game like baccarat is a game of
fortune, nothing much to do with skill. So, be careful with your money. If the tables are
playing on very high stakes, then back off. There are other better and safer ways of
earning money. Also remember not to push your luck too hard, if you are on a winning
streak. If you can make a decent amount, then take it and leave. Do not wait until your
lady luck deserts you, taking all your money with it. When you step into decide the
maximum amount that you can afford to lose and stick to that decision. Do not get
tempted to play for more than this money. The trick in winning while gambling is to
know where to call it quits.

Tip 2
In baccarat, you can either bet on the banker, the payer or on a tie. The chance of a tie
is rare. The odds against one of the players winning are always better than a tie in most
cases. So, don't waste your money on an unlikely tie. Choose a definite party to bet on.
Also, while betting, begin with small amounts. Don't begin playing with high bets. Start
low and if luck seems favorable, then increase the amounts gradually. Luck is an
important thing in baccarat. So, test your waters before plunging in completely.

Tip 3
Look for casinos where the house charges are less. Although the standard commission's
charges by the casino are 5%, there are casinos where the house charges are lesser
than this. If you look around, you will find places with commissions as low as 2.75% to
4%. Playing is such casinos will automatically increase your take home money, as there
will be less cutting on the tax.

Tip 4
Although it is still a risky gamble with not much logic, betting on the Bunco will always
prove beneficial to you. Study the winning patterns of the game. If you can find a

pattern, follow it. If you don't, then bet on whoever won before last game. Also, if you
find the same party repeatedly for more than 3 times, and then bet on the other party
for the fifth time. It is very unlikely that the same party will win 5 times in a row.

STOCK TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

DIAMOND IS EASIER TO DETECT ON WEEKLY BASIS

EX:
When stock drops, it will pull back to its former apex

Thin, highly speculative issues and heavy

investment stocks offer exceptions, the former usually steeper and the latter
flatter.

Thus, once a Trend Channel appears to have become well established,

any failure of a rally to reach the Return Line (top parallel of the channel in
an Intermediate Advance) is taken as a sign of deterioration in the trend.
Further, the margin by which a rally fails to reach the Return Line (before
turning down) frequently equals the margin by which the Basic Trendline
is penetrated by the ensuing decline before a halt or Throwback in the latter
occurs.
By the same token, given an established Trend Channel, when a reaction
from the Return Line fails to carry prices all the way back to the Basic
Trendline but bottoms out somewhere above it, the advance from that Bottom
will usually push up out of the channel on the top side (through the
Return Line) by a margin approximately equal to the margin by which the
reaction failed to reach the bottom of the channel (Basic Trendline).

However, and this is of considerable practical importance, the very last

Intermediate Downswing in a Major Bear Market, i.e., the last Primary Move
which leads to the final, long-term Bottom, is usually cleaner, more regular,
less precipitous

When, after a Major Bear Trend has proceeded for some time and distance,
and has experienced at least one Panic Sell-Off, it then goes off in
another but less active and more orderly decline, and this decline develops
and follows a good trendline. Watch it closely. If this Intermediate holds to
its steady and not-too-steep downward course if its trendline is contacted
several times by Minor Rallies if it produces a fairly consistent channel,
and prices do not fall out of bed down through its parallel Return Line,
then the eventual upside penetration of this trendline may well signal a
Major
Turn, the inception of a new Bull Market.