PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT 1

DETERMINATION OF SOLUTION CONCENTRATION

OBEJCTIVES

1. To prepare and standardize the concentration of NAOH solution.

2. To determine the concentration of an unknown, X solution.

INTRODUCTION

In any titration, the analyte (in Erlenmeyer flask) would be determined by

knowing the exactly amount of the reagent used (commonly known as
titrant in burrette) that is required to completely react with the analyte.
Knowledge of the ratio between acid and bases and also concentration of
one solution permits calculation of the molarity of the other. The reagent
may be standard solution of a chemical or an electrical current of known
magnitude.

Two basic methods are used to establish the concentration of such

solution. There are

1. The direct method in which a carefully weighed quantity of a

primary standard compound is dissolved in a soluble solvent and
diluted to a known volume in a volumetric flask.

2. Standardization of the solution for titration analysis where the titrant

(or titration reagent e.g NaOH) need to be standardized before using
for determination of the concentration of other solution. This
process can be performed via titrating the titrant against

a. A weighed quantity of primary standard (in solution form).

b. A weight quantity of secondary standard (in solution form).

c. A measured volume of another solution.

A titrant that is standardized against a secondary standard or against

another solution is sometimes referred to as a secondary standard
solution. The concentration of a secondary solution is subject to a larger
uncertainty than that to a primary standard solution.

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APPARATUS

1. Analytical balance

2. Weighing bottle

3. Erlenmeyer flask

4. Beaker 500 cm3

5. Volumetric flask 250 mL

6. Pipette 20 mL and 25 mL

7. Burette 50 mL

CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS

1. Sodium hydroxide powder

2. Solution of acid (HX)

3. Oxalate acid dihyrate

4. Distilled water

5. Phenolphthalein indicator.

PROCEDURE

A. Preparation of NaOH Solution

1. Weigh a quantity of NaOH powder (must be calculate) by

using analytical balance to prepare 500 mL solution of 0.2 M.

2. Transfer to the 500 mL clean beaker. Add distilled water until

500 mL of volume and swirl the solution using glass rod until
homogenize.

B. Standardization of NaOH Solution

TKA 2013/Analytical Chemistry/Practical 1

 1. Weigh accurately oxalate acid dehydrate (powder) that will
completely react with 25 – 35 mL of NaOH of solution (choose
one volume for calculate the amount of acid to be weigh)
above by using analytical balance.

2. Transfer the powder to the Erlenmeyer flask. Add distilled

water to dilute the acid (the original volume is important here,
Why?)

3. Prepare 3 to 4 sample. Preparation of sample at difference

weigh is better and the reading should be note down.

C. Determination of concentration of X solution.

1. Pipette 25 mL of X acid solution into 250 mL volumetric flask.

2. Dilute with distilled water until reach the mark. Titrate 20 mL

to 25 mL of this solution with reagent NaOH solution
standardized above (in burrete).

NOTES

Repeat the titration process at least three times to calculate the

concentration. The relative deviation between the results must be below
than 30. Do the calculation of deviation for every set reading.

Show your result to your demonstrator and get the real value. Calculate te
error percentage of your result.

QUESTIONS

1. Sodium hydroxide adsorbs water and carbon dioxide from air. How to
store the sodium hydroxide solution? What is the effect on your
titration if this solution will expose to the air?

TKA 2013/Analytical Chemistry/Practical 1

2. Briefly explain the structure of the phenolphthalein indicator and the
reaction of the color exchange in your titration.

CALCULATION OF THE DEVIATION

For example, there are three titration results as follows

Titration Concentration
1 A
2 B
3 C

D=A+B+C
Average of concentration,
3

D-A
Deviation of titration 1 = D x 1000

D-B
Deviation of titration 2 = D x 1000

D-C
Deviation of titration 3 = D x 1000

TKA 2013/Analytical Chemistry/Practical 1

DATA SHEET STUDENT’S
COPY

PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT 1
DETERMINATION OF SOLUTION CONCENTRATION

Date :__________________________________

Lab :__________________________________

Name of Group Members Matric No.

1) ________________________________________________ _______________

2) ________________________________________________ _______________

3) ________________________________________________ _______________

STEPS A AND B

Preparation and standardization of NaOH solution

Titration Weight of oxalate Volume of NaOH

acid (g) needed (mL)

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 1

STEP C

Determination of solution X concentration

Titration Weight of oxalate Volume of NaOH

acid (g) needed (mL)

TKA 2013/Analytical Chemistry/Practical 1