CHNG 1:

M U MN HC

1.1. Khi nim:

1.1.1 Cc loi ti trng:
a) Ti trng tnh
b) Ti trng ng :
* Ti trng c v tr c nh cn tr s thay i theo
thi gian P(t)
P0 = m. 2.
m

=t

Py = Posin t
Px = Pocos t

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M U MN HC

* Ti trng c tr s khng thay i di ng trn cng

trnh P(z),
* Ti trng c v tr thay i, tr s thay i theo thi
gian P(z,t),
* Ti trng gi tc dng ln cng trnh
* Lc a chn xut hin khi ng t,
* Ti trng do va chm.

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M U MN HC

1.1.2. Cc dng dao ng

1.1.3. Bc t do ca h n hi:
S lng ti thiu cc thng s hnh hc c
lp biu th chuyn v ca mi khi lng trn h
gi l bc t do.
S bc t do ca h ph thuc s tnh c
chn cho cng trnh thc t khi tnh h dao ng
cng trnh.

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M U MN HC

Nhng iu cn ch :

y1(t)

y1(t)

* Gi thit cc thanh ca h l khng trng lng,

trn h ch c t nhng khi lng tp trung di
dng cht im,
M y2(t)
M
* Nu k n bin dng un v bin dng dc trc
trong thanh th v tr ca khi lng M c xc nh
bng chuyn v y1(t) v y2(t). H c bc t do l 2 (n=2).
* Nu ch k bin dng un th chuyn v ca M
c biu din bng chuyn v thng ng y1(t). H
c bc t do bng 1.
Lc qun tnh ti khi lng tp trung M:

Z( t ) M .y1 ( t )

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M U MN HC

Bc t do ca h c xc nh bng s lng ti
thiu cc lin kt thanh cn t thm vo ngn cn
tt c cc chuyn v ca cc khi lng tp trung trn
h.

m1

m2

m3

n=3
n=6

CHNG 1:
D EI
y1(t)

y1 = 1

D
y

y(t)

D
y

A M1

M U MN HC
EI =
M2
M3
B EI C

y2(t)

f1(z)

A
A

f2(z)

y2 = 1

y( t ) y1 ( t ). f1( z ) y2 ( t ). f2 ( z )
n=2

CHNG 1:

M U MN HC

*
Khi nghin cu dao ng ca thanh, nu xt n
trng lng bn thn ca kt cu, ngha l xem h c
mang khi lng phn b th h c bc t do bng
v cng.
Lc ny hm chuyn v ca thanh l: y = y(z, t)
*
Nu chia thanh c khi lng phn b thnh
nhiu on ri tp trung khi lng trn tng on
chia vo mt im no trng on chia, ta s c
s tnh ton thay th. H dao ng lc ny xem
nh dao ng ca h c s bc t do hu hn.

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M U MN HC

1.1.4. Phng php tnh:

a) Phng php tnh:
Xy dng theo nguyn tc cn bng tnh hc.
p dng nguyn l DAlembert.
* H phng ta c 3 phng trnh cn bng,
* H khng gian ta c 6 phng trnh cn bng.
b) Phng php nng lng:
Xy dng trn c s nguyn l bo ton nng
lng: Tng ng nng K ca cc khi lng trn
h v th nng U ca h l mt i lng khng
i. Ta c:
K + U = const

Ti Ai 0

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M U MN HC
P(t)
M
1.2. Dao ng h mt bc t do:

1.2.1. Phng trnh vi phn tng qut ca dao ng:

y(t)
Xt mt dm chu lc nh
hnh v.
y
z( t ) M .y( t )

Fc ( t ) . y ( t )
y(t) chuyn v thng ng ca khi lng M v ca
dm theo thi gian t di tc dng ca cc lc:
* Lc kch thch P(t)
* Lc qun tnh z(t)
* Lc cn Fc(t), vi l h s cn nht (kNs/cm)

y(t)

P(t)

z( t ) M .y( t )
Fc ( t ) . y ( t )

FPc=( t1) . y ( t )

P=1

11

1P

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M

y(t)

M U MN HC
P(t)

z( t ) M .y( t )
Fc ( t ) . y ( t )

Xem h dn hi tuyn tnh, chuyn v trong ca h

rt nh, theo nguyn l cng tc dng ta c:

y( t ) 1P .P( t ) 11 .Z( t ) Fc ( t )
y( t ) 1P .P( t ) 11 . M .y( t ) . y ( t )

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M U MN HC

y( t ) 1P .P( t ) 11 . M .y( t ) . y ( t )
Chia c hai v phng trnh trn cho M. 11 v:

1
2
2 ;
M
M . 11
Ta thu c phng trnh vi phn tng qut:

y( t ) 2 y ( t ) 2 y( t ) 2 1P P( t )

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M U MN HC

1.2.2 Dao ng t do khng c lc cn:

Dao ng t do ca h l dao ng c sinh ra
bi mt kch ng bt k tc ng trn h ri b ct i
tc thi.

y( t )

y( t )

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l:

* i t * i t

y( t ) C1 e
C2 e

Hay ta vit di dng:

y( t ) C1 cos t C 2 sin t

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M U MN HC

y( t ) C1 cos t C 2 sin t
Da vo iu kin ban u:
y(0) = yo : chuyn v ban u ca dao ng,
y ( 0 ) v0 : vn tc ban u ca dao ng,
Phng trnh dao ng s c dng:

vo
y( t ) yo cos t sin t

t:

yo = asin o v vo/ = acos o

y( t ) a sin( t o )
Dao ng t do ca h c bc t do bng 1 l dao
ng iu ha.

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M U MN HC

y( t ) a sin( t o )
a

yo2

vo 2
( )

yo
o arctg (
)
vo

y(t)
yo

o
T = 2 /

T/4 T/4

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M U MN HC

y( t ) a sin( t o )
2
G
2 M 11 2
11 2
T

g
Tn s dao ng: f = 1/T = / 2 ,
Tn s k thut: n 60. f 60

1/s

1 30

g
, 1 / pht
yt

Tn s vng hay tn s dao ng ring:

1
g

M 11
G 11

yt
, s
g

g
' 1/ s
yt

V d 1: Xc nh tn s dao ng ring. Chu k dao

ng, tn s k thut ca dm n gin khng trng
lng, c nhp l, mang khi lng tp trung M = G/g
t cch gi ta tri mt on l / 4. Cho bit G = 30 kN,
l = 6 m.
EI = 2,1.104.8950 kNcm2
M
z
* Xc nh chuyn
3l / 4
l/4
v yt, biu m
y
men un do lc G
3Gl / 16
G
z
v biu mmen
un trng thi
MG
kh d tng ng
y
Pk = 1
vi chuyn v cn
3l / 16
z
tm.
Mk

yt ( M G )( M k )

1 1 3Gl l 2 3l 1 3Gl 3l 2 3l
.
. . . .
. . .
EI 2 16 4 3 16 2 16 4 3 16

3Gl 3
3 30 600 3

0 ,404 cm
256.EI 256 2 ,1 10 4 8950
z

g
981

49 ,277 1 / s
yt
0 ,404

2 2 3,14

0 ,1275 s
T

49 ,277
60
60

470,6 1 / pht
n
T 0 ,1275

3l / 4

l/4

3Gl / 16

MG

Pk = 1

3l / 16
Mk

V d 2: Tm tn s dao ng ring thng ng ca

mng truyn p lc trn t. Cho hp lc Q = 2000 kN.
Din tch mng F = 10 m2, h s nn n hi ca t k
= 2,5 daN/cm3.
Q
p lc tc dng ln nn:
Q 2000

200 kN / m2
F
10

yt

Chuyn v ca mng truyn:

yt

q
2

0 ,8 cm
k 2 ,5

Tn s dao ng ring:

g
981

35 1 / s
yt
0 ,8

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M U MN HC

1.2.3. Dao ng cng bc khng lc cn

1.2.3.1. Phng trnh dao ng:
Phng trnh vi phn dao ng cng bc:
y( t ) 2 y ( t ) 2 y( t ) 2 1P P( t )
H dao ng khng cn v chu lc kch thch tun
hon P(t) = P sin t:

y( t ) 2 y( t ) 2 1P P sin t
Nghim ca phng trnh: y( t ) yo( t ) y r ( t )
1P
t
y( t ) Acos t B sin t
P
sin
2
1( 2 )

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M U MN HC

Da vo iu kin ban u khi

t 0 : y( 0 ) y o ;

y ( 0 ) vo

Phng trnh dao ng c dng:

y( t ) yo cos t
Nhn xt:

1P .P
1P .P
vo

sin t
sin t
sin t
2
2

1
1

* Ba s hng u biu th cho dao ng t do vi tn

s dao ng ring , s hng cui biu th dao ng
ca c h vi tn s ca lc kch thch nn gi l dao
ng thun cng bc.

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M U MN HC

1P .P
1P .P
vo
y( t ) yo cos t sin t
sin t
sin t
2
2

1
1


* Nu ti thi im t = 0, yo = 0, vo = 0 th:

1P .P

y( t )
(sin t sin t )
2

t 1P .P = y*t l chuyn v ti im t khi lng M

do bin P ca lc kch thch gy ra:

(sin t sin t )
2

y*t

y( t )
1

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M U MN HC

y( t )
(sin
t
sin
t)
2

1

y*t

*
Trong thc t, mc du lc cn rt b nhng ch
sau mt khong thi gian dao ng t do trong h
s tt dn. H chuyn sang dao ng thun cng
bc vi chu k v tn s ca lc kch thch, phng
trnh dao ng c dng:

y( t )

*
yt

sin t

CHNG 1:

M U MN HC

1.2.3.2. H s ng:
T s gia chuyn v ng y(t) v chuyn v tnh y*t
c gi l h s ng (K):

y( t )

K
y*t

(sin
t
sin
t)
2

1

1

Khi tn s ca lc kch thch trng vi tn s dao

ng ring th:

lim K

1
1
1

t cos t )
(
t
cos
t
sin
t
)
(sin
t

2 / 2
2

lim K

1
1
1

( t cos t
sin t )
(sin t t cos t )
2

2 /
2

H s ng thay i
tuyn tnh v tng ln 10
v hn theo thi gian,
do vy bin dao
5
ng tng ln v
cng: Hin tng
0
cng hng
5
Bin dao ng
tng ln khng tc 10
thi m c khong thi
gian xc nh

K CH

3,5
2,5
1,5
1

t t

T 2

3
4

y( t )

*
yt

sin t

thi k bnh n chuyn v ng c bin ln nht

khi sin =1, gi tr tng ng ca h s ng s l:

1

1

1,0

trnh hin tng cng hng,

cc cng trnh cn c thit k
v sai km nhau ti thiu 25%.

K > 1;

< K 1

> K < 0;

>> K 0

1,0

1

1

Tn s dao ng ring ca lc kch thch cng ln

hn tn s dao ng ring th bin ca dao ng
cng nh.
T h s K cho php ta gii bi ton dao ng theo
bi ton tnh bnh thng. Cc chuyn v ng, ni lc
ng, ng sut ng c xc nh theo chuyn v
tnh:

y K .yt ; M K .M t ; Q K .Qt

K . t ; K . t

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M U MN HC

1.2.3.2. Hin tng phch:

Khi gi tr ca tn s ca lc kch thch c gi tr
rt gn vi gi tr ca tn s dao ng ring. Lc ny
c th xem / = 1; v + 2 2 .

2 2 ( )( ) 2( ) 2 ( )

y*t
y( t )
[sin t sin t ]
2
2

1 ( / )

y*t

t .cos t A( t ) cos t
y( t )
sin
( ) 2
Vi:

y*t

t
A( t )
sin
( ) 2

 y*t

t
A( t )
sin
( ) 2
R rng khi , bin dao ng thay i iu
ha theo thi gian vi chu k TA = 4 /( - ) ln hn
nhiu so vi chu k dao ng T = 2 / . Hin tng ny

y(t)

T= 2 /

y*t .
-

gi hin tng phch iu ha ca dao ng.

t
0
TA = 4 /( - )