TP ON DU KH VIT NAM

TRNG I HC DU KH VIT NAM

VT L I CNG I
SAI S CA PHP O CC I LNG VT L

TA
Faculty
Email
Tel

: MSc. Nguyn T Nga

: Fundamental Sciences
: ngant@pvu.edu.vn
: (64) 3.738879 (Ext. 103)

SAI S CA PHP O CC I LNG VT L

1.Php o cc i lng Vt l H n v SI
2.Sai s php o
3.Cch vit kt qu o
4.Sai s tng i
5.Cch xc nh sai s php o gin tip
6.Sai s php o trong biu din th Vt l

1. Php o cc i lng vt l H n v SI
1.1. Php o cc i lng vt l
q nh ngha: Php o mt i lng vt l l
php so snh n vi i lng cng loi c quy
c lm n v.
q Phn loi:
v Php o trc tip: s dng dng c o
v Php o gin tip: thng qua cc i lng
khc c xc nh trc tip X, Y, Z, ri dng
cng thc F = f(X,Y,Z,) xc nh c gi tr F
o bng Volt k

V d

R=

U
I
o bng Apere k

1. Php o cc i lng vt l H n v SI
1.2. H n v o
q 7 n v c bn trong h SI
-

n v di
n v thi gian
n v khi lng
n v nhit
n v cng dng in
n v cng sng
n v lng cht

meter (m)
second (s)
kilogram (kg)
Kelvin (K)
Ampere (A)
Candela (Cd)
mol (mol)

q Cc n v dn xut c suy ra t cc cng thc

V d: n v lc F l Newton (N) c nh ngha:
2

1 N =1kg.m.s

2. Sai s php o
2.1. Sai s h thng
-

Nguyn nhn: c im cu to ca dng c o (sai s

dng c o).
-

nh hng: gi tr i lng o thu c (kt qu o)

lun ln hn hoc nh hn gi tr thc

-

Khc phc: Khng th trnh khi, gim thiu bng cch

hiu chnh dng c o

V d:
di thc l = 32,7mm,
Dng c o: thc c chia nh nht 1mm
=> Ch c th xc nh c 32mm<l<33mm m khng bit
c chnh xc phn l => sai s dng c

2. Sai s php o
Sai s h thng dng c chia vch

X ht =1/2 vch chia nh nht (1/2 cp chnh xc (CCX) ca

dng c chia vch)

Sai s h thng do dng c o hin s

X ht = % X n.
%
X
n

CCX ca dng c o hin s

Gi tr o hin s
S t nhin (1, 2, 3, ..)
phn gii

2. Sai s php o
Sai s h thng ca dng c o in bng kim

X ht = % X max
%

CCX ca dng c o in bng kim

X max

Gi tr cc i o c hay thang o

Ch :

% ,n

l nhng thng s thit b thng c ghi trong

Bng thng s k thut, cung cp bi nh sn xut

2. Sai s php o

2.2. Sai s ngu nhin

-

Nguyn nhn: do chu tc ng ca cc yu t ngu nhin,

khng c nguyn nhn r rng

V d: do hn ch v kh nng gic quan ca con ngi, do thao
tc khng chun, do iu kin lm th nghim khng n nh
-

nh hng: kt qu php o km tin cy

Khc phc: lp li php o nhiu ln

2. Sai s php o

Gi tr trung bnh
- Khi o n ln cng mt i lng A, ta nhn c n gi tr khc
nhau A1, A2, A3, ... , An
- Gi tr trung bnh ca php o s l gi tr gn ng nht vi gi
tr thc ca i lng A

A1 A2 ... A n
A=
n

(1)

2. Sai s php o
Cch xc nh sai s php o
- Tr tuyt i ca hiu s gia gi tr trung bnh v gi tr ca mi
ln o gi l sai s tuyt i ng vi ln o .

A1 =A A1; A2=A A2; ... An =A An

(2)

- Sai s tuyt i trung bnh ca n ln o

A1 A2... An
A=
n

(3)

A l sai s ngu nhin

Ch : Trong trng hp khng cho php thc hin php o
nhiu ln (n<5 ) ngi ta khng tnh sai s ngu nhin bng
cch ly trung bnh theo (3) m chn gi tr cc i Amax
trong s cc gi tr sai s tuyt i thu c t (2)

2. Sai s php o
2.3. Sai s tuyt i ton phn ca php o
-

Sai s tuyt i ton phn l tng sai s ngu nhin v sai s h

thng:

A= A A '

(4)

Trong , A ' l sai s h thng gy bi dng c, thng thng c

th ly bng na hoc mt chia nh nht trn dng c
Ch :
-

Trc khi tin hnh o phi hiu chnh li dng c o loi b

sai s h thng do lch im 0 ban u.

-

Tin hnh thc hin php o nhiu ln loi b gi tr (nghi

ng) sai st.

-

Nu gi tr A thay i, ta ch c php o mt ln ca gi tr Ai

Vy sai s xut hin ch l sai s h thng ca dng c o

3. Cch vit kt qu o
Quy tc 1:
- Kt qu o i lng A khng cho di dng mt con s m
cho di dng mt khong gi tr trong chc chn c cha gi
tr thc ca i lng A:
hay

A A A A A
A= A A

(5)

V d: Kt qu php o d di s cho gi tr trung bnh s=1,36832 m, vi

sai s php o tnh c l s=0,0031 m . Vy kt qu php o c
vit: 1,3680,003m

3. Cch vit kt qu o

Quy tc 2 (phy tng ng, m tng ng)

-

Sai s tuyt i ca php o A thu c t php tnh sai s

thng ch c vit n mt hoc ti a hai ch s c ngha.

Gi tr trung bnh A c vit n bc thp phn tng ng.
n

Nu gi tr trung bnh c dng A.10 th sai s tng ng

n
cng phi dng B.10

3. Cch vit kt qu o

Bonus:

Ch s c ngha: l nhng ch s (k c ch s 0) tnh

t tri sang phi k t ch s khc 0 u tin.

V d: Sai s tuyt i tm c
0,00021: 2 ch s c ngha
0,0230: 3 ch s c ngha (mc d s th 3 bng 0 nhng vit
vo k t sau ch s khc 0 u tin nn phi tnh) => theo Quy
tc 2 phi vit li sai s tuyt i ca php o l 0,023 (ti a 2
ch s c ngha)
2,0: 2 ch s c ngha
4,000: 4 ch s c ngha => theo Quy tc 2 phi vit li sai s
tuyt i ca php o l 4,0

3. Cch vit kt qu o

Quy tc 3 (lm trn s)

-

Phn gim bt hoc tng thm phi nh hn 1/10 gi tr gc

V d: Sai s tuyt i ca php o l:

0,478 0,48

Theo quy tc 2: ng
Theo quy tc 3: ng. V phn tng thm = 0,48 - 0,478 = 0,002
<1/10 .(0,478) = 0,0478

0,144 0,1 => sai (mc d c v ng theo quy tc 2)

V, phn gim bt = 0,144 0,1 = 0,04 > 1/10.(0,144) = 0,0144

0,163 0,1 =>sai

4. Sai s tng i
nh ngha: Sai s tng i A ca php o l t s gia
sai s tuyt i v gi tr trung bnh ca i lng o, tnh
bng phn trm.

A=

A
100 %
A

(6)

Sai s tng i cng nh th php o cng chnh xc

V d: Kt qu php o d di s cho gi tr trung bnh s=1,36832 m ,
vi sai s tuyt i ca php o tnh c l s=0,0031 m .Sai s
tng i ca php o c tnh:

A
0.003
A=
100 %=
100 %=0.2 %
A
1.368

5. Cch xc nh sai s php o gin tip

- i lng F c xc nh mt cch gin tip thng qua cng
thc F=f(X,Y,Z,) vi cc i lng X, Y, Z c o trc tip.

Sai s tuyt i

F=

F
F
F
X 2
Y 2
Z 2
X
Y
Z

(7)

- Khi khng cn chnh xc cao, ngi ta ly gii hn trn (sai s

cc i) dng:

F
F
F
F=
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z

(8)

5. Cch xc nh sai s php o gin tip

Sai s tng i

F
ln F
ln F
ln F
2
2
2
=
X
Y
Z
F
X
Y
Z

(9)

- Khi khng cn chnh xc cao ngi ta ly gii hn trn (sai

s cc i) dng:

F ln F
ln F
ln F
=
X
Y
Z
F
X
Y
Z

(10)

5. Cch xc nh sai s php o gin tip

V d: Gi s F=f(X,Y,Z,) l i lng o gin tip, cn X,Y,Z,
l nhng i lng o trc tip.
- Nu F = X+2Y-3Z th

F = X 2 Y 3 Z
- Nu F = X Y 2 Z

1
3

th

F X
Y Z
=
2

F
X
Y
Z

5. Cch xc nh sai s php o gin tip

v Ch :
1. Nu trong cng thc vt l xc nh i lng o gin tip c cha
cc hng s (, e, ) th hng s phi c ly gn ng n s l
thp phn sao cho sai s tng i do php ly gn ng gy ra c
th b qua, ngha l n phi nh hn 1/10 tng cc sai s tng i
c mt trong cng cng thc tnh.
V d: Xc nh din tch vng trn thng qua php o trc tip
ng knh d ca n. Bit d =50.60.1 mm
2

d
Ta c S =
4
S 2 d

=0.4 %
S
d

Do , phi ly =3.142 cho

0.04 %

5. Cch xc nh sai s php o gin tip

v Ch :
2. Nu cng thc xc nh i lng o gin tip tng i phc
tp, cc dng c o trc tip c chnh xc tng i cao, sai s
php o ch yu gy bi cc yu t ngu nhin, th ngi ta thng
b qua sai s dng c. i lng o gin tip c tnh cho mi ln
o, sau ly trung bnh v tnh sai s ngu nhin trung bnh nh
trong cc cng thc (1), (2), (3)

Sai s php o trong biu din th vt l

Biu din trn th
- Trong h ta vung gc, cc i lng bin i c lp c
biu din trn trc honh, cc i lng ph thuc th hin trn
trc tung.
- th phi c tiu , cc trc c k hiu cc i lng v n v.

Sai s php o trong biu din th vt l

Th hin sai s trong biu din th
- Chn t l xch sao cho th chim ton b din tch dnh
cho th nhm quan st tt cc quy lut bin i ca
th. ln n v ca cc i lng tn cc trc nn c
chn sao cho c th quan st c sai s ca cc im o
- Th hin y gi tr trung bnh v cc sai s tng ng
ti cc v tr o

Sai s php o trong biu din th vt l

- Phn on nhng dng hm ph thuc n gin c th xy ra

theo l thuyt (tuyn tnh, a thc, hm m, hm log,), c gng v
th cc hm sao cho tip cn mt cch tt nht cc im thc
nghim (nht thit phi i qua cc sai s cc im o.)
-

Nu cha bit (phn on c) quy lut quan h, c gng

v mt ng trn tru, t un khc nht. Khng c ni cc

im thc nghim bng nhng ng gp khc.