economic

T Vng

Abatement cost

Dch Ngha
Chi ph kim sot; chi ph chng (
nhim)

2
3

Ability and earnings

Ability to pay

Nng lc v thu nhp

Kh nng chi tr.

4
5

Ability to pay theory

Abnormal profits

L thuyt v kh nng chi tr

Li nhun d thng

Abscissa

Honh

Absenteeism

Trn vic, s ngh lm khng c l do

8
9

Absentee landlord
Absolute advantage

a ch (ch bt ng sn) cch bit

Li th tuyt i.

ID

10 Absolute cost advantage

Li th nh ph tn tuyt i.

11 Absolute income hypothesis

12 Absolute monopoly

Gi thuyt thu nhp tuyt i.

c quyn tuyt i.

13 Absolute prices
14 Absolute scarcity
15 Absolute value

Gi tuyt i.
Khan him tuyt i .
Gi tr tuyt i.

16 Absorption approach

Phng php hp thu.

17 Abstinence
18 Accelerated depreciation

Nhn chi tiu.

Khu hao nhanh, khu hao gia tc.

19 Accelerating inflation
20 Accelerator

Lm pht gia tc.

Gia s

21 Accelerator coefficient
22 Accelerator effect

H s gia tc.
Hiu ng gia tc.

23 Accelerator principle

Nguyn l gia tc.

24 Acceptance

chp nhn thanh ton.

Page 1

Gii Thch
Chi ph lm gim s kh chu nh nhim
hay tc ng.
Thc o v kh nng v trnh (hc vn)
c tng quan cht ch vi nhau, lm tng
kh nng l phn ln li tc c c tnh
do gio dc trn thc t cng chnh l li tc
do nng lc
Mt l thuyt v cch nh thu theo
gnh nng v thu nn c phn b theo
kh nng chi tr; v mt h thng thu kiu
lu tin, t l hay lu thoi, tu thuc vo
thc o c s dng v dc gi nh
ca th tho dng bin ca thu nhp.
Xem SUPER-NORMAL PROFITS
Gi tr trn trc honh (trc X) ca mt im
trn th hai chiu.
S ngh lm, mc d cc iu khon ca
hp ng lao ng yu cu ngi lao ng
phi i lm v hp ng vn cn gi tr.
Ngi ch s hu t hoc nh sng mt
ni xa bt ng sn ca mnh, thu tin thu
v qun l vic kinh doanh ca mnh thng
qua trung gian hay ngi i din.
Xem Comparative Advantage.
Mt khi nim cp ti nhng li th ca
cc hng thit lp, v th cc hng ny c
th duy tr chi ph trung bnh thp hn so vi
cc hng mi nhp ngnh khng ph thuc
vo mc sn lng. (Xem Barriers to entry)
Gi thuyt ny cho rng cc chi ph cho tiu
dng (C) l mt hm s ca thu nhp kh
dng ca c nhn (Yd): C = C (Yd).
Xem Monopoly.
Gi o bng tin ngc vi vi gi tng
i. l gi ca cc hng ho, dch v
c biu din trc tip di dng s lng
ca n v tin t. Xem Price
Xem Scarcity
Gi tr ca mt bin b qua du ca n.
Phng php phn tch tc ng ca s ph
gi hoc gim t gi hi oi ca mt nc
i vi cn cn thng mi.
Mt thut ng miu t s cn thit gim bt
tiu dng hin ti tch lu t bn.
Xem DEPRECIATION
S tng vt t l lm pht. Nu chnh ph c
gi t l tht nghip di mc t l tht
nghip t nhin th vic s dn ti lm
pht gia tc.
Xem Accelerator principle.
Mt bi s theo u t mi s tng ln
khi c s thay i v sn lng.
Nguyn l cho rng mc u t rng ph
thuc vo mc thay i d kin v sn
lng.
Hnh vi chp nhn mt hi phiu do c nhn
hay c quan nhn hi phiu thc hin, bao
gm k hi phiu v thng k trn mt hi
phiu.

economic

25 Accepting house

Ngn hng nhn tr.

26 Accesion rate
27 Accesions tax

T l gia tng lao ng.

Thu qu tng.

M hnh nh i khng gian hay m

28 Access/space trade - off model hnh tip cn.
29 Accommodating monetary policy Chnh sch tin t iu tit.

30 Accommodation transactions

Cc giao dch iu tit.

31 Account

Ti khon.

32 Accrued expenses

Chi ph pht sinh (tnh trc).

33 Achieving Society, the.

X hi thnh t.

34 Across-the-board tariff changes

Thay i thu quan ng lot.

35 Action lag

tr ca hnh ng.

36 Active balance
37 Activity analysis

D nghch.
Phn tch hot ng.

38 Activity rate

T l lao ng.

39 Adaptive expectation
40 Adding up problem

K vng thch nghi; k vng phng

theo
Vn cng tng.

Page 2

Mt trong s cc NGN HNG THNG

MI c tr s ti London, vi mc ch thu
tin hoa hng ngn hng ny nhn tr cc
hi phiu, ngha l chp nhn thanh ton
chng khi o hn.
S lng nhng ngi thu mi mi thng
tnh theo t l phn trm tng s vic lm do
B lao ng M thng k.
Thu nh vo qu tng v ti sn tha k.
Mt m hnh l thuyt c s dng (ch
yu) trong phn tch a im dn c cc
vng th, gii thch cc hnh thi v tr do
nh i gia kh nng tip cn ca mt a
im ti trung tm ca vng v khng gian
ca a im .
Xem VALIDATED INFLATION
Trong CN CN THANH TON, mt loi
giao dch t bn do CC C QUAN TIN
T p dng hoc iu hnh lm i trng
li tnh trng tn dng hoc tnh trng n nn
ny sinh trong cc GIAO DCH T NH.
1.Mt ghi chp giao dch gia hai bn giao
dch c th l hai b phn ca mt doanh
nghip v l yu t c bn trong tt c cc
h thng giao dch kinh doanh. 2.Cc giai
on, thng l hai tun, theo nm kinh
doanh ca S CHNG KHON LONDON
c chia ra v qua cc giai on ny, vic
thanh ton cc giao dch tr giao dch chng
khon vin vng c tin hnh.
Thng mc trong ti khon ca mt cng
ty c ghi nh mt khon n ca cc dch
v s dng nhng cha c thanh
ton.
y l tiu ca mt cun sch do gio s
David C. Mc. Clelland ca trng i hc
Harvard (Princeton, NJ, 1962) xut bn,
trong ng nh ngha khi nim ng c
thnh t o ngh tng tng v mc
ca cc tng mi m ng coi l nhn
cch cn thit i vi cc CH DOANH
NGHIP v v vy c ngha i vi S
PHT TRIN KINH T.
Mt tnh hung khi tt c thu quan ca mt
nc c tng hoc gim theo t l phn
trm ngang bng.
Mc tr gia vic quyt nh mt chnh
sch (c bit trong kinh t hc v m) v
vic thc hin chnh sch .
Trong l thuyt tin t, mt vi m hnh gi
thit chia mt cung ng tin t thnh D
NGHCH, l tin d tr c a vo
quay vng trong cc thi k c xc nh
bi cc khong thi gian gia cc k thanh
ton, v NGHCH NHN RI l tin d tr
khng c s dng thanh ton thng
xuyn.
Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING.
Xem LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION
RATE.
S hnh thnh k vng v gi tr tng lai
ca mt bin s ch da trn cc gi tr trc
ca bin lin quan.
Xem EULER'S THEREM

economic

41 Additional worker hypothesis

Gi thuyt cng nhn thm vo.

42 Addition rule

Quy tc cng.

43 Additive utility function

Hm tho dng ph tr.

44 Address principle
45 Adjustable peg regime

Nguyn l a ch.
Ch iu chnh hn ch.

46 Adjustable peg system

47 Adjustment cost

H thng neo t gi hi oi c th
iu chnh.
Chi ph iu chnh sn xut.

48 Adjustment lag

tr iu chnh.

49 Adjustment process

Qu trnh iu chnh

50 Administered prices

Cc mc gi b qun ch.

51 Administrative lag

tr do hnh chnh

52 Advalorem tax

Thu theo gi tr.

53 Advance

Tin ng trc.

54 Advance Corporation Tax (ACT) Thu doanh nghip ng trc.

55 Advance refunding

Hon tr trc.

56 Advanced countries

Cc nc pht trin, cc nc i u.

Page 3

Theo lp lun ny, thu nhp thc t ca gia

nh gim trong thi k suy thoi theo chu k
s gy ra HIU NG THU NHP.
Mt quy tc xc nh O HM ca mt
hm i vi mt bin s, trong hm ny
bao gm php cng tuyn tnh ca 2 hm
ring bit hoc nhiu hn tr ln ca cc
bin.
Mt dng hm tho dng : U=Ua +Ub+Uc .
Trong U l tho dng a,b,c ;a hng
ho thay th trong cc h thng chi tiu
tuyn tnh, cc nhm hng ho ny khng
th thay th cho nhau.
Trong nn kinh t K HOCH HO nh
Lin X trc y, mi mc tiu chin lc
u c mt t chc hoc "a ch" chu trch
nhim thc hin mc tiu
H thng ny c qu tin t quc t (IMF)
a ra ti hi ngh Bretton Woods v cp
n mt b T GI HI OI C NH hay
c "neo" m v c bn l c nh nhng
cho php iu chnh hoc thay i vi lng
nh theo c 2 hng.
Thi gian cn thit mt bin, v d nh
DUNG LNG VN, iu chnh theo nhng
thay i trong cc yu t quyt nh ca n.
(Xem PARTIAL ADJUSTMENT, CAPITAL
STOCK ADJUSTMENT PRINCIPLE).
Thut ng chung ch cc c ch iu chnh
hot ng trong nn kinh t th gii nhm
loi b nhng mt cn i trong thanh ton
vi nc ngoi. Nhng c ch lin quan
n BN V VNG, CH BN V HI
OI, THA S NGOI THNG, T GI
HI OI TH NI.
Cc mc gi c hnh thnh do quyt nh
c thc ca c nhn hay hng no ch
khng phi do cc yu t tc ng ca th
trng.
Mt trong nhng tr v thi gian nh
hng n hiu lc ca mt CHNH SCH
TIN T. l khong thi gian t lc cc
c quan c thm quyn nhn thy cn c
hnh ng n khi tin hnh thc s hnh
ng .
Mt loi thu da trn gi tr giao dch.
thng l t l phn trm khi gi bn l, s,
hay qu trnh sn xut, v l dng ph bin
ca THU DOANH THU.
Mt khon vay hoc da vo lung tin
xc nh hoc d kin. (Xem BANK LOAN).
L mt khon ng trc THU DOANH
NGHIP v c ghi vo ti khon bn n
ca doanh nghip i vi loi thu ny.
l mt phng tin c th thu thu doanh
nghip sm hn.
K THUT QUN L CNG N mi c
chnh ph lin bang, cc chnh quyn a
phng v tiu bang ca M s dng.

economic

57 Adverse balance
58 Adverse selection

Cn cn thm ht.
THM HT CN CN THANH TON.
La chn tri ; La chn theo hng
bt li.
Vn gp phi trong nghnh bo him.

59 Advertising

Qung co.

60 Advertising - sale ratio

T l doanh s-qung co.

Xem AMERICAN FEDERATION OF
LABOR.

61 AFL-CIO

62 Age-earning profile
Agency for International
63 Development

Biu quan h thu nhp theo tui

64 Agency shop

Nghip on.

65 Agglomeration economies

Tnh kinh t nh kt khi.

66
67
68
69
70

Aggregate concentration
Adverse supply shock
Aggregate demand
Aggregate demand curve
Aggregate demand shedule

71 Aggregate expenditure
72 Aggregate income
73 Aggregate output

C quan pht trin quc t.

S tp trung gp.
C sc cung bt li.
Cu gp; Tng cu
ng cu gp; ng tng cu
Biu cu gp; Biu tng cu
Chi tiu gp.
Thu nhp gp; Tng thu nhp
Sn lng gp.

74 Aggregate production function

75 Aggregate supply curve

Hm sn xut gp.
ng cung gp; ng tng cung.

76 Aggregation problem

Vn v php gp.

77 Agrarian revolution

Cch mng nng nghip.

78 Agricultural earnings

Cc khon thu t nng nghp.

79 Agricultural exports

Nng sn xut khu

80 Agricultural lag
81 Agricultural livies

tr ca nng nghip
Thu nng nghip.

Page 4

Hot ng ca mt hng nhm thc y vic

bn sn phm ca mnh, mc tiu chnh l
tng s lng ngi tiu dng thch nhng
sn phm ca hng hn nhng hng khc.
T l chi ph qung co ca cc hng trn
tng doanh thu bn hng.

Mi quan h gia thu nhp v tui. Biu din

qu trnh thu nhp theo tui n gin nht l
mt ng nm ngang i t s 0 n tui
ri trng hc, khong cch ca cc bc
c quyt nh bi trnh hc vn.
Xem INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY
Yu cu cng nhn tham gia tuyn dng
khng phi gia nhp cng on nhng phi
ng cng on ph.
Cc khon tit kim chi ph trong mt hot
ng kinh t do cc x nghip hay cc hot
ng gn v tr ca nhau.
Biu chi tit v S LNG CA SN
PHM QUC GIA RNG c th c mua
mi mc gi chung.

L tng s chi tiu danh ngha cho hng ho

v dch v trong mt nn kinh t.
Xem INTERNATION INCOME
Xem INTERNATION INCOME
Mi quan h gia lu lng sn lng trong
ton nn kinh t (Y), tng lc lng lao ng
(L) v tng lng vn (K), cc u vo tham
gia trc tip vo sn xut. Hm ny c th
c m rng bao hm c T AI v
CNG NGH VI danh ngha l u vo.
Vn xc nh hnh vi kinh t v m c th
t d bo t hnh vi ca cc n v kinh t
vi m ni bt.
Tnh hung trong sn lng nng nghip
tng ln r rt nh nhng thay i v t
chc v k thut.
Khon thu t nng nghip thng kh nh
lng, c bit trong nn nng nghip t tc
hoc nhng ni thu nhp pc tr bng
hin vt ngha l nng sn.
Cc sn phm nng nghip lm ra xut
khu ch khng phi cho mc ch t cung
t cp hay cho th trng trong nc
L thi gian gia sn xut nng nghip thc
t v sn xut nng nghip tim nng
CC NC ANG PHT TRIN.
Xem EC Agricultural levies.

economic

82 Agricultural reform

Ci cch nng nghip.

83 Agricultural sector
Agricultural Stabilization and
84 Conservation Service

Khu vc nng nghip.

ASCS - Nha n nh v bo tn nng
nghip.

85 Agricultural subsidies

Khon tr cp nng nghip.

86 Agricultural Wage Boards

87 Aid
88 Aitken estimator

Cc hi ng tin cng trong nng

nghip.
Vin tr
c lng s Aitken.

89 Alienation

S tha ho

90 Allais Maurice (1911)

Page 5

Mt trong nhng hn ch i vi PHT

TRIN KINH T l vic s dng cc bin
php s khai, khng hiu qu trong nng
nghip. Cc ngnh nng thn nhng
nc km pht trin cung cp thc phm
ngy ngy cng tng cho dn c thnh ph.
Cc phng php c, th s th km hiu
qu , cn k thut c gii ho hin i th
khng thch hp. V vy mt dng ci cch l
p dng loi cng ngh nng nghip thch
hp.
Khu vc hoc mt b phn dn s tham gia
vo ngh nng, cung cp lng thc,
nguyn liu th nh bng, g cho tiu dng
trong nc v xut khu.
C quan qun l a phng ca CNG TY
TN DNG HNG HO CA M
Khon tin tr cho nng dn vi mc ch
khuyn khch sn xut lng thc thc
phm v tr gip thu nhp ca nng dn.
Cc c quan do php lut quy nh mc
lng ti thiu i vi nhng ngi lm
nng nghip Anh, x Wales v Scotland
cng mt cch chnh thc nh cc hi ng
tin cng.
Xem FOREIGN AID.
Xem Generalized Least Squares.
Thut ng c C.MC s dng miu t
tnh trng tinh thn ca cng nhn trong mt
x hi
t bn.
Nh
kinh
t hc ngi Php c nhn
gii thng Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1988.
Allais l mt k s, bng cch t hc v kinh
t ch yu trong thi k c xm chim
Php sut Chin tranh th gii th 2, khi
ng t c tip cn vi cc n phm nc
ngoi. Mc d vy, ng thnh cng trong
vic t xy dng c nhng nn tng to
ln v l thuyt CN BNG TNG TH
HIN I v KINH T HC PHC LI. ng
c coi l ngi cha v ngi dn u
tr tu ca trng phi bin hc Php,
sn sinh ra nhiu nh kinh t hc ni ting
nh Debreu. Mc cho xu hng thin v l
thuyt mnh m, Allais vn cho rng cc m
hnh l thuyt c xy dng tr li
nhng cu hi thc tin v nn c kim
nghim qua thc t. Thnh tch ca ng
c nhn gii Nobel ch yu l thnh tu
nghin cu s bn v kinh t hc v ng
gp c bn ca ng l cc cng thc ton
hc v i v cn bng th trng v tnh
cht hiu qu ca cc th trng. Nghin
cu ca ng v phn tch ng thi v m
tin t v l thuyt ri ro cng rt ni bt. Mi
n khi kim tra thc nghim v hc thuyt
tho dng k vng ca VON NEUMANNMORGENSTERN ng mi c ni ting,
thc nghim c tiu l nghch l Allais.
ng ch ra rng s la chn ca cc c
nhn khi c yu cu sp xp mt cp d
n ri ro u sp xp mt cch h thng v

economic

ng dy trng kinh t London t nm

1928, lm vic b Ti Chnh Anh v nm
1944 c phong l gio s thng k hc ti
trng i hc London. Cc n phm ch
yu ca ng bao gm: Phn tch ton hc
cho cc nh kinh t hc(1938); Thng k
hc cho cc nh kinh t hc(1949); Kinh t
hc thuc ton (1956); Hc thuyt kinh t v
m - X l bng ton hc (1967). Nm 1934
ng c ng gp to ln cho hc thuyt ngi
tiu dng khi ng cho xut bn mt bi bo
cng vi J.R.HICKS, bng cch s dng cc
ng bng quan, bi bo ch ra rng
gii thch s dc xung di ca ng cu
s l vic gi nh y rng hng ho c
th c phn loi theo th t.

Allen , Sir roy George

91 Douglas(1906-1983)
92 Allocate

1906-1983
Phn b, n nh

93 Allocation funtion

Chc nng phn b

94 Allocative efficiency

Hiu qu phn b.

Allowances and expences for

95 corporation tax

Khu tr v chi ph vi thu cng

ty.

Allowances and expencess for

96 income tax

Khu tr v chi ph vi thu thu

nhp.

97 Almon lag
98 Alpha coeficient

tr Almon.
H s Alpha

99 Alternative technology
100 Altruism
101 Amalgamation

Cng ngh thay th.

Lng v tha.
S hp nht.

102 America Depository Receipt

ADR - Phiu gi tin M.

103 America Federation of Labuor

ALF - Lin on lao ng M.

Page 6

Mt b phn ca chnh sch chi tiu v thu

ca chnh ph lin quan ti vic chi phi
cung cp hng ho v dch trong mt nn
kinh t.
Vi sn xut ra t hp sn phm tt nht hay
ti u cc sn phm bng cc kt hp hiu
qa nht cc u vo.
Nhng chi ph cho php nht nh khi c
khu tr t doanh thu ca cng ty l phn
thu nhp b nh thu.
H thng thu thu nhp bao gm h thng
cc khon khu tr v chi ph. Chng c
tr t tng thu nhp xc nh chu thu.
Mt kiu tr phn phi trong trng s cc
gi tr lin tc ca bin s tr theo sau mt
do mt a thc gy ra.
Xem CAPITAL ASSET PRINCING MODEL.
Thut ng dng ch kiu cng ngh c
mt vi hoc tt c thuc tnh sau: s dng
ti thiu ti nguyn khng ti to c, gy
nhim thp nht i vi mi trng, t cp
t tc theo vng hoc theo a phng
khng c s bc lt hoc c lp cc c
nhn. (Xem INTERMEDIATE
TECHNOLOGY, APPROPIATE
TECHNOLOGY, INTERMEDIATE
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP).
S quan tm ti phc li ca ngi khc.
Xem MERGER.
Chng khon m mt ngn hng M thng
pht hnh cho cc c dn M, da vo vic
c quan NM GI CC C PHIU thng
ca mt cng ty ngoi quc. Ngi gi ADR
c quyn hng c tc ca cng ty ngoi
quc. Bn thn ADR c th trao i c.
u im ca vic lm ny l TH TRNG
VN c m rng i vi cc cng ty
khng phi ca M trong khi c th p
ng c mong mun ca ngi M v mt
loi c phiu "nng" trao i. (Mt ADR
c th c ng trn gi c quyn vi
nhiu chng khon thng).
c thnh lp trong thi k t nm 1881
n 1886, lin on ny tp trung cc cng
on ln M li vi nhau.

economic

104 America selling price

105 American Stock Exchange

106 Amortization

107 Amplitude
108 Amtorg

109 Analysis of variance

110 Anarchy
111 Allowance

113 Anchor argument

y l mt h thng trong thu quan ca

M i vi mt s mt hng nhp khu c
tnh trn c s gi tr ca mt hng thay th
trong nc so vi gi tr ca hng nhp
khu. (Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON
Gi bn kiu M.
TARIFFS AND TRADE).
S GIAO DCH c t chc ln th hai M,
tin hnh mua bn gn 1/10 tng s c
phiu c mua bn M. S giao dch l
c s vt cht cho cc giao dch CHNG
KHON din ra. S giao dch chng khon
M c t lu v bt u t khi nhng
ngi mi gii gp nhau ngoi ph
mua bn cc c phn chng khon. l
ngun gc ca mt ci tn khc ca n :"S
giao dch l ng". Tn hiu bng tay c
dng thng bo cho nhn vin giao dch.
n tn th k XX, S giao dch chng
S giao dch chng khon M (ASE
khon M mi chuyn vo phng.(Xem
hay AMEX).
STOCK MARKET).
Phng thc thanh ton n trn c s tr
dn. Thnh thong chi tr tng k c s
Chi tr tng k.
dng nh thut ng thay th cho khu hao.
Thut ng s dng trong mt CHU K KINH
DOANH miu t khong cch gia im
Bin
cc i v cc tiu ca bt k chu k no.
C quan mu dch thng tr ca Lin C quan ngoi thng ca Lin X trc
X.
y. C c quan chi nhnh ti nhiu nc.
Phn chia bin ng tng th trong mt
bin s ph thuc (vi bin ng tng th
c nh ngha l tng ca bnh phng
ca cc lch so vi trung bnh ca bin)
thnh cc cu thnh c tnh cho bin
ng ca cc bin s ring hay NHM BIn
GII THCH v nhng bin khng c gii
ANOVA - Phn tch phng sai
thch hay bin ng D/
Hc thuyt cho rng cc s kin chnh tr v
x hi ca cc c nhn khng nn b km
hm bi bt c s can thip no ca chnh
ph. l mt quan im cc oan hn
quan im ch ngha t do, vn cn cho
php s dng quyn lc c ti iu
hnh cc hot ng m cc c nhn khng
th t hon thnh mt cch c hiu qu
Tnh trng v chnh ph.
c.
Phn tin tr cp.
Mt trong cc vn lin quan n bin
ng t do ca T GI HI OI l lun
im cho rng t gi hi oi t do s lm
gim thm ht vi bn ngoi v v vy tc
ot ca cc c quan tin t ci neo (chnh
tr) nhm hn ch tin t m rng. i lp
vi lun im ny l vic b chic neo tin t
ca t gi hi oi c nh l mt vic tt v
n ch cc tr nhng nh hoch nh chnh
sch mi c bu bng cch khng cho
h hon ton t do vi CHNH SCH TIN
Lun im v ci neo.
T.

Page 7

economic

114 Animal spirits

Tinh thn by n; Tm l ha theo

115 Analysis (stats)

Phn tch.

116 Annecy Round

117 Annual allowances

Vng m phn Annecy.

Min thu hng nm.

118 Annual capital charge

Chi ph vn hng nm.

119 Annuity
120 Annuity market

Nin kim.
Th trng nin kim.

121 Anomaliess pay

123 Anticipated inflation

Tin tr cng bt thng.

Lm pht c d tnh.

124 Anti-trust

Chng lng on.

125 Appreciation
126 Apprenticeship
127 Anti-export bias

S tng gi tr.
Hc vic.
Thin lch / nh kin chng xut
khu.

128 Appropriate products

Cc sn phm thch hp.

129 Appropriate technology

Cng ngh thch hp.

130 Appropriation account

Ti khon phn phi li.

Page 8

Mt cch k gii cho U T phn bc cc

m hnh ton hc v chng t tc dng. Thay
vo l phn tch u t bt ngun t
thuc tnh lm theo ca cc ch doanh
nghip. Cm thut ng ny c
J.M.Keynes s dng ln u tin trong L
THUYT TNG QUT V VIC LM, LI
SUT V TIN (1936). Nhng t
c Joan Robinson ph bin rng ri.
Risk analysis: phn tch ri ro. Scenario
analysis:Phn tch kch bn. Sensitivity
analysis: Phn tch nhy.
Vng th hai (1949) ca cuc m phn
thng mi theo HIP C CHUNG V
THU QUAN V MU DCH (GATT).
Xem CAPITAL ALLOWANCE.
Mt k thut thm nh d n vn c s
dng chit khu v cng nhn rng vic s
dng vn i hi tr tin li i vi lng
vn s dng v khu hao.
Li ha tr mt khon no mi thi k
trong mt s cc thi k m khon tr cho
mi thi k l c nh.
S ngt qung trong mi lin kt chnh thc
gia mc lng ca cc nhm thng
lng khc nhau nh p dng CHNH
SCH THU NHP.
Xem EXPECTED INFLATION.
Mt cm thut ng ca M ch h thng
php lut nhm kim sot s tng trng
quyn lc i vi th trng ca cc hng.
Cm thut ng ny khng ch lin quan ti
chnh sch chng c quyn m c cc hot
ng km hm ca cc hng ring l, cc
nhm cng ty hp nht (Trt) v nhm cc
cng ty cng tc (Catel).
Tng v gi tr ca ti sn, i lp li l s
mt gi tr. Mt ti sn c th tng gi tr bi
v gi ca n (v do gi th trng ca n)
tng do lm pht hay thay i v cu ti sn
dn ti mc khan him. (Xem MONEY
APPRECIATION).
Xem GENERAL TRAINING.
Ni chung c dng ch nhng sn
phm thch hp cho s dng cc nc
ang pht trin.
Vic ng dng mt cng ngh thch hp vi
yu t sn c. (Xem ALTERNATIVE
TECHNOLOGY. INTERMEDIATE
TECHNOLOGY, INTERMEDIATE
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP).
Cc doanh nghip duy tr cc ti khon ny
cho thy li nhun sau khi tr thu c
phn phi hay s dng nh th no. (Xem
ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES
CORPORATION TAX, ALLOWANCES AND
EXPENSES INCOME TAX, TAXABLE
INCOME.

economic

131 Approval voting

B phiu tn thnh; b phiu ph

chun.

132 Apriori

Tin nghim.

133 Aquinas St Thomas

134 Arbitrage

135 Arbitration
136 Arc elasticity of demand

137 ARCH
138 ARCH effect

139 Aristotle
140 Arithmetic mean

141 Arithmetic progression

Mt dng ra quyt nh trong mi c nhn

b phiu cho mt nhm phng n m
ngi tn thnh. (Xem BORDA COUNT,
CONDORCET CRITERION, SOCIAL
DECISION RULE. SOCIAL WELFARE
FUNCTION).
Mt cm thut ng miu t qu trnh suy
lun phn on t gi thuyt ban u cho
n kt lun. Phng php ny c th i
lp vi cch tip cn da trn nhng c liu
rt ra t thc t quan st.

Mt hc gi ngi , ng l ngi c ng
gp chnh vo t tng kinh t ca hn lm
vin. Xt v kinh t hc, ng tha nhn phn
ln hc thuyt ca Aristotle, bao gm khi
nim v gi cng bng. ng cng phn bit
GI C v GI TR, i tng ca rt nhi
cch din gii khc nhau. tng v gi tr
hay gi cng bng khng khc hn gi
thng thng (cnh tranh) vn c mt mt
hng v gi c a ra vt qu mc gi
ny l s vi phm quy tc o c. Thng
mi vn xu xa nhng c bo cha bi
HNG HA CNG CNG. Tng t, ca
ci ti sn v hnh ng ca chnh ph
c bin h bi hng ho cng cng. Cho
vay nng li b ch trch l khon thu cho vic
s dng tin m khng c gi tr s dng.
Nhng ng gp ch yu ca ng i vi
lch s t tng kinh t c bao qut trong
(1225-1274)
cun SUMMA THEOLOGICA ca ng.
Mt nghip v bao gm vic mua bn mt ti
sn, v d mt hng ho hay tin t hai
Kinh doanh da vo chnh lch gi;
hay nhiu th trng, gia chng c s khc
bun chng khon
nhau hay chnh lch v gi.
S can thip ca mt bn th ba vo mt
TRANH CHP V CNG NGHIP theo yu
cu ca cc bn tranh ci v a ra nhng
gi cho vic gii quyt tranh chp, sau
s rng buc c hai bn (Xem CONCILITrng ti
ATION, FINAL OFFER ARBITRATION).
co gin hnh cung ca cu
Xem ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
ch phng sai ca sai s thay i iu
kin t nhin gim, l mt trc nghim
phn bit gia tng quan chui trong iu
kin xo trn v hiu ng ny sinh t s
bin i ca xo ng c gi l hiu ng
Kim nghim ARCH.
ARCH.
Hiu ng ARCH.
Xem ARCH.
Nh trit hc HY LP, cc cng trnh ca
ng bao gm c cc vn kinh t v trong
nhng bi vit ca ng c th thy nhng
phn tch v sn xut, phn phi v trao i.
(384-322 BC)-Aristotle (384-322 trc Trong phn tch v trao i, ng phn bit
cng nguyn)
gia gi tr s dng v gi tr trao i
Trung bnh s hc.
Xem MEAN.
Mt dy s hay nhng biu thc i s trong
mi thn phn mang mt mi lin h
cng thm i vi mi thnh phn ng
Cp s cng.
trc v sau n.

Page 9

economic

Nh kinh t hc ngi M ng gii Nobel

v kinh t hc vi hun tc John Hicks
nm 1972. ng c bit n nhiu nht do
cng trnh v cc h thng CN BNG
TNG QUT v trnh by v cc iu kin
ton hc cn thit cho mt h thng nh vy
c nghim c ngha v kinh t. ng
cng c cng trnh tin phong v vic ra
quyt nh trong nhng iu kin khng
chc chn. Trong cun S LA CHN X
HI V CC GI TR C NHN (1951), ng
trnh by kinh t hc phc li vi mt tnh
trng tin thoi lng nan, khi da trn c
s nhng gi nh m bo s t ch ca
ngi tiu dng cng thm s hp l, ng
chng minh rng khng th xc nh c
s xp hng x hi v cc phng n la
chn tng ng vi s xp hng ca cc c
nhn, v nh vy cng khng th a ra
c CHC NNG PHC LI X HI .
Chc nng ny lin quan mt cch tch cc
ti la chn c nhn, x hi khng th quyt
nh n mun g. Arrow cng c cng trong
vic a vo hc thuyt tng trng gi
thuyt hc qua hnh vi t cch l mt
ngun tng nng sut. Cc n phm chnh
ca ng l : Nghin cu trong l thuyt ton
hc v d tr v sn xut (1958); S la
chn x hi v cc gi tr c nhn (1951);
Cc tiu lun v l thuyt chu ri ro (1970);
Phn tch da trn tng hp (vi F.H.Hahn)

142 Arrow.KennethJ

(1921-).

143 "A" shares

C phiu "A".(C phiu hng li sau). Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.

U ban kinh t chu v Vin ng ca
Lin hp quc khuyn co thnh lp ngn
hng ny khuyn khch tng trng kinh
t v hp tc chu v Vin ng, thc
y kinh t cc nc ang pht trin trong
vng. Ngn hng pht trin chu c
thnh lp nm 1966. Ngun vn ban u l
nh ng gp ca cc nc trong khu vc
vi s gip ca M, CHLB c, Anh v
Ngn hng pht trin chu .
Canada.
Xem TAXABLE INCOME, ALLOWANCES
AND EXPENSES FOR CORPORATION
TAX, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR
Thu nhp hoc li nhun chu thu.
INCOME TAX.
Li nhun chu thu.
Xem TAXABLE INCOME.
Mt thc th c gi tr th trng hoc gi tr
trao i, v l b phn cu thnh CA CI
Ti sn.
hay ti sn ca ch s hu.
Vic mt cng ty thn tnh bn nhng ti sn
ca CNG TY NN NHN sau khi thu mua.
iu ny c th thc hin c mc li
nhun ng k khi ti sn b nh gi
Tc ot ti sn.
thp S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON.
Tn c t cho cu hi liu vic kt ni
mt bin chnh sch, v d CHNH SCH
TIN T mt cch duy nht t c mt
mc tiu chnh sch, v d cn cn thanh
ton quc t di cc ch v t gi HI
OI c th c hay khng. Kt lun l
Bi ton kt ni.
khng th lm c nh vy.

144 Asiab Development Bank

145 Assessable Income or profit

146 Assessable profit

147 Asset

148 Asset stripping

149 Assignment problem

Page 10

economic

150 Assisted areas

Cc vng c h tr

Association of International Bond Hip hi nhng ngi bun bn tri

khon quc t.
152 Dealers

Association of South East Asian

153 Nations (ASEAN)

Hip hi cc nc ng nam .

154 Assurance
155 Asset stocks and services flows

Bo him xc nh
D tr ti sn v lung dch v.

156 Asymmetric infornation

Thng tin bt i xng; Thng tin

khng tng xng.

157 Asymptote

ng tim cn.

158 Asymptotic distribution

Phn phi tim cn.

159 Atomistic competition

Cnh tranh c lp.

160 Attribute

Thuc tnh.

161 Auctioneer

Ngi bn u gi.

162 Auction markets

Cc th trng u gi.

163 Auctions

u gi.

164 Augmented Dickey Fuller test

ADF - Kim nh Dickey Fuller b

sung.

165 Augmented Phillips curve

ng Phillips b sung.

Page 11

Cc vng trong nc m hot ng

kinh t hot ng kinh t c h tr bi
chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph.
Xem DEPRESSED AREAS, REGIONAL
EMPLOYMENT PREMIUM, REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT GRANT.
C quan thnh lp nm 1969, thu thp v
cho nim yt li nhun v bo gi th trng
hin hnh vi cc loi pht hnh ca TRI
KHON CHU U.
Hip hi c cc B trng ngoi giao
Indonesia, Malaysia, Phillipines, Singapore
v Thi Lan thnh lp nm 1967. Mc ch
chung ca hip hi l thc y tng trng
kinh t, tin b x hi v pht trin vn ho
khu vc ng Nam .
Mt loi bo him lin quan n tnh hung
trong bo him cho s kin khng th
trnh khi. iu ny c th do hp ng lin
quan ti vic tr mt khon xc nh vo mt
ngy no hoc l v "ci cht" ca ngi
c bo him.
S khc nhau v thng tin m cc bn tham
gia giao dch trn th trng c c. Xem
INSIDER - OUTSIDER MODELS.
Gi tr m bin ph thuc ca mt hm tin
n khi bin t do tr nn rt ln hoc rt
nh.
PHN PHI XC XUT m mt bin
THNG K hng ti khi kch thc ca
mu tin ti v cng. Khi nim rt hu ch
trong nh gi cc c th ca chn mu
trong kinh t lng.
Mt c cu th trng trong s lng cc
hng rt ln, do mi hng cnh tranh mt
cch c lp. (Xem PERFECT
COMPETITION).
Mt nt c trng hay thuc tnh ca hng
ho. Xem CHARACTERISICS THEORY.
Mt thut ng chung ch nhn vin bn u
gi, ti nhng ngi mua tng lai u
vi nhau bng cch t gi, vt u gi s
thuc v ngi no t gi cao nht.
Mt th trng c t chc ti gi c c
iu chnh lin tc theo bin i ca cung v
cu. Nt c trng c bn ca cc th
trng u gi l cc hng mc hng ho
c chun ho, mua bn v danh v s
lng m bo hnh vi cnh tranh.
Mt kiu th trng trong ngi mua tim
tng t gi cho hng ho ch khng phi
n thun tr theo.
Kim nh ny l mt phin bn ca kim
nh Dickey Fuller i vi mt n v gc khi
tiu thc xo ng l tng quan theo chui
sau khi xem xt s khc nhau trong qu
trnh tnh khc (DSP).
Vic a bin gi c vo ng Phillips gc
dch chuyn hc thuyt mt cc hiu qu
t mt gii thch v tin cng bng tin
thnh cch gii thch theo ngha thc t.

economic

166 Austrian school

Trng phi kinh t o.

167 Autarky
168 Autarky economy
169 Autocorrelation

T cung t cp.
Nn kinh t t cung t cp
S t tng quan.

170 Automatic stabilizers

Cc bin php n nh t ng.

171 Automation

T ng ho.

Khon chi tiu t nh.

Khon chi tiu ph thuc (vo mc thu
Induced expenditure
nhp).
Autonomous consumption
Tiu dng t nh.
Autonomous investment
u t t nh.
Autonomous investment demand Nhu cu u t t nh.

172 Autonomous expenditure

173
174
175
176

Tn trng phi ny c s dng ch

cc nh kinh t hc t Menger, Wieser v
Bohm-Bawerk tr i, h phn ln nghin
cu Vin v theo mt kiu phn tch ring
bit.
Tnh trng trong mt nc t tch khi
thng mi quc t bng nhng hn ch
nh thu quan nhm t tc, thng do
nguyn nhn lm vic hoc chnh tr.
Xem SERIAL CORRELATION.
Cc mi quan h lm gim bin ca bin
ng chu k trong mt nn kinh t m khng
cn hnh ng trc tip ca chnh ph.
Trong khi c s dng theo nhiu cch,
cm thut ng "t ng ho" ni chung
c coi l ng ngha vi vic thay th lao
ng bng qu trnh t ng.
Cc khon chi tiu c coi l c lp vi
mc thu nhp.

Cm thut ng ny c dng trong hc

thuyt v CN CN THANH TON xc
nh nhng loi giao dch din ra t pht v
l do li nhun t pha cc hng hoc
tho dng c tng t pha cc c nhn .
Xem EXOGENOUS VARIABLES.
S HI QUY ca mt bin s trn gi tr hay
cc gi tr tr ca n. Xem SERIAL
CORRELATION AND ARIMA.
Cc tc ng ca nhng thay i v s
lng tn dng c sn, ch khng phi tc
ng thng qua gi, ngha l li sut.
Xem MEAN.
Chi ph trn mt n v sn lng trong
bao gm chi ph ca tt c u vo (cc yu
t sn xut).
Quy tc nh gi cng nhn rng cc hng
cng chi ph kh bin vo chi ph trung bnh
trang tri tng chi ph trung bnh ca n.

177 Autonomous transactions

178 Autonomous variables

Giao dch t nh
Cc bin t nh

179 Autoregression

T hi quy.

180 Availability effects

181 Average

Cc hiu ng ca s sn c.
S trung bnh.

182 Average cost

Chi ph bnh qun.

183 Average cost pricing

184 Average expected income
185 Average fixed costs

nh gi theo chi ph bnh qun.

Thu nhp k vng bnh qun; Thu
nhp bnh qun d kin.
Chi ph c nh bnh qun.

186 Average product

187 Average productivity

Sn phm bnh qun.

Nng sut bnh qun.

188 Average propensity to consume

Khuynh hng tiu dng bnh qun.

Xem PERMANENT INCOME.

Chi ph c nh trn mi n v sn lng.
Tng sn lng c c t vic s dng
mt tp hp u vo chia cho s lng ca
bt c mt loi u vo no c dng.
Xem PRODUCTIVITY.
Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c chi cho tiu
dng hng ho hoc dch v C, thay v u
t I.

Khuynh hng tit kim bnh qun.

Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c a vo tit

kim S, tc khng c s dng cho mc
ch tiu dng. Khuynh hng tit kim bnh
qun bng S/Y. Xem SAVING FUNCTION,
MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO SAVE.

189 Average propensity to save

Page 12

economic

190 Average rate of tax

191 Average revenue

192 Average revenue product

193 Average total cost
194 Average variable cost

195
196
197
198
199
200

Averch-Johnson Effect
Axiom of completeness
Axiom of continuity
Axiom of convexity
Axiom of dominance
Axiom of

201 Axiom of prefence

202 Backdoor fancing

203 Back-haul rates

204 Backstop technology

Backward bending supply curve
205 of labour
206 Backward intergration
207 Backward linkage

208 Backwash effects

209 Bad
210 Bad money drive out good

211 Bagehot, Walter

212 Balanced budget

213 Balanced-budget multiplier

c s dng khi ni v THU THU NHP

C NHN nhng cng c th p dng vi
cc loi thu khc. Thng c dng
Sut thu bnh qun (sut thu thc
ch tng thu thu nhp di dng mt phn
t).
ca thu nhp.
Doanh thu bnh qun.
Doanh thu trn mt n v sn lng.
Sn phm doanh thu trung bnh ca mt u
vo (yu t sn xut) nhn vi doanh thu
Sn phm doanh thu bnh qun.
bnh qun.
Tng chi ph bnh qun
Xem AVERAGE COST.
CHI PH KH BN trn mt n v sn
AVC-Chi ph kh bin bnh qun.
lng.
ch s phn ng ti a ho li nhun ca
cc hng b kim sot, khi phi t c t
l li tc xc nh v vn c ng lc la
chn kt hp u vo nng v vn hn c
th khng c s dng khi khng phi t
Hiu ng Averch-Johnson.
t l li tc xc nh .
Tin v tnh y .
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Tin v tnh lin tc.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Tin v tnh li.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Tin v tnh thch nhiu hn thch t. Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Tin v s la chn.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Trong l thuyt CU CA NGI TIU
DNG, cc c nhn c gi nh l tun
th cc nguyn tc v hnh vi duy l v cc
Tin v s thch.
tin khc v hnh vi.
L tp qun theo c quan chnh ph M
vay b Ti chnh M ch khng yu cu biu
Cp tin qua ca sau.
quyt ngn sch ca quc hi.
Cc ph hay vn chuyn thp hn i vi
vn chuyn theo mt hng ny so vi
Cc vn ti ngc.
hng khc.
Mt cng ngh thay th tr nn kh thi v
mt kinh t khi gi ca ti nguyn THIN
NHIN KHNG TH TI TO tng n mt
Cng ngh chng cui.
mc no do s khai thc tng dn.
Quan h gia cung lao ng, bt lun c
ng cung lao ng cong v pha
xc nh bng cch no, v tin lng lao
sau.
ng.
Lin hp thng ngun.
Xem VERTICAL INTERGRATION.
Mi lin h gia mt nghnh hay mt hng
Lin kt thng ngun.
vi nhng nh cung cp u vo ca h.
Hiu ng ngc xy ra khi tng trng kinh
t mt vng ca mt nn kinh t c nhng
tc ng ngc ti tng trng ca cc
Hiu ng ngc.
vng khc.
Mt mt hng hay sn phm gy ra PHN
THO DNG i vi ngi tiu dng. (Xem
Hng xu.
EXTERNALITY).
"ng tin xu ui ng tin tt".
Xem GRESHAM'S LAW.
L bin tp vin v ng bin tp vin ca t
The Economist t 1860-1877. ng l nh
bnh lun c nh hng ln ng thi v
tc phm ca ng hin vn c trch dn
rng ri. Tc phm ni ting nht ca ng l
Ph Lombard: Miu t v th trng tin
(1826-1877).
t(1873).
Thu nhp hin ti ng bng chi tiu hin ti
Ngn sch cn i.
ca CHNH PH.
T s bin ng thu nhp ca thu nhp thc
t so vi bin ng chi tiu chnh ph khi chi
tiu ca chnh ph thu t thu thay i mt
S nhn ngn sch cn i.
lng bng nhau.

Page 13

economic

214 Balanced economic development Pht trin kinh t cn i.

215 Balanced growth

Tng trng cn i.

216 Balance of payment

Cn cn thanh ton.

217 Balance of trade

Cn cn thng mi.

218 Balance principle

Nguyn l cn i.

219 Balance sheet

Bng cn i ti sn.

220 Bancor
221 Balanced GDP

ng tin bancor (ng tin quc t).

GDP c cn i

223 Bandwagon effect

Hiu ng on tu

224 Bank

Ngn hng

225 Bank advance

Khon vay ngn hng.

Page 14

Quan nim cho rng tt c cc thnh phn

ca nn kinh t nn c pht trin mt
cch ng thi t c mt dng pht
trin cn i. Xem BALANCED GROWTH,
BIG PUSH.
Trong HC THUYT TNG TRNG, iu
kin nng ng ca nn kinh t trong tt
c cc bin thc t tng ln lin tc cng
mt t l (c th bng 0, hay m). Xem
STAEDY GROWTH.
Cm thut ng ny c s dng vi hn
mt ngha, hai cch din gii ph bin nht
l: "Cn cn thanh ton th trng" v "Cn
cn thanh ton k ton".
Thng ch cn cn mu dch "hu hnh",
l bun bn hng ho trong mt giai on
nht nh. Trn thc t cn cn mu dch ch
l mt yu t, cc yu t khc l v hnh
trong "Cn cn thanh ton vng lai" m n
ch l mt phn ca ton b CN CN
THANH TON ca mt nc.
Mt phng php c bn ca k hoch X
Vit l k ton s kp bng gi c hay vt
cht.Mc ch ca cn i l m bo s
ng b trong cc k hoch. Cc cn i
ny t phc tp hn trong bng cn i LIN
NGNH thc hin vai tr tng t trong lp
k k hoch. V ngha ring xem
MATERIALS BALANCE PRINCIPLE.
Mt bng bo co ti sn ca mt thng
nhn hoc mt cng ty vo mt ngy nht
nh.
Mt ci tn c Keynes a ra ch tin
t quc t m ng cho rng nn c to
bi mt ngn hng quc t, c s dng
thanh ton cc khon n quc t v mt
phn to nn nng lc chuyn ho quc t
nhng b phn i.
Hiu ng nh khi gi c hng ho gim
v cu ca mt vi b phn hay cc c nhn
trong cng ng tng, cc c nhn hoc b
phn "bt chc" cch phn ng ny v
cng tng cu ca h.
Mt trung gian ti chnh huy ng qu gc v
c bn thng qua nhng khon tin c th
hon tr theo yu cu hay trong thi gian
ngn v dng ng trc bng khu chi v
cc khon vay v bng cc hi phiu chit
khu, nn gi cc khon khc ch yu l
tch ti sn ti chnh nh chng khon
khng bun bn c. Mt chc nng quan
trng ca ngn hng l duy tr h thng
chuyn i tin bng cch chp nhn tin
gi vo ti khon vng lai v iu hnh h
thng chuyn qu bng chuyn sc, chuyn
khon hay chuyn tin in t.Xem
COMPETITION AND CREDIT CNTL,
RETAIL BANKING, WHOLE SALE
BANKING.
Mt cm thut ng chung dng cho bt k
mt loi vay ngn hng no. Xem BANK
LOAN.

economic

226 Bank bill

Hi phiu ngn hng.

227 Bank Charter Act

o lut Ngn hng.

228 Bank credit

Tn dng ngn hng.

229 Bank deposite

Tin gi ngn hng.

Bank for international

230 Settlements

Ngn hng thanh ton quc t.

231 Banking panic

Cn hong lon ngn hng.

232 Banking school

Trng phi ngn hng

233 Bank loan

Khon vay ngn hng.

234 Bank note

Giy bc ca ngn hng.

235 Bank of England

Ngn hng Anh

Page 15

Theo truyn thng, trn th trng hi phiu

London, mt HI PHIU c chp nhn
bi mt NGN HNG NHN THANH TON,
MT NGN HNG THANH TON B TR
hay mt nhm cc ngn hng ca Anh hoc
cc ngn hng Dominions hp thnh, thay
mt khch hng m tn dng chp nhn.
Xem ACCEPTANCE, DISCOUNT HOUSE.
Thng ch o lut ngn hng nm
1844 do chnh quyn ca hun tc Robert
Peel thng qua.
Vic cho vay t h thng ngn hng bng
bt k phng thc no:TIN CHO VAY
CA NGN HNG, HI PHIU CHIT
KHU hay chng khon mua. Xem MONEY
MULTIPLIER, MONEY SUPPLY, "NEW
VIEW".
Theo ngi gin n, l cc khon tin gi
trong ti khon ngn hng. Trong thc t
chng n gin l nhng ghi chp v tnh
trng n ca mt ngn hng i vi nhng
ngi gi, v chng ny sinh t tnh cht
ca ngn hng vi vai tr l TRUNG GIAN
TI CHNH.
Mt nh ch ti chnh lin chnh ph thnh
lp u tin vo nm 1930 h tr v iu
phi vic chuyn khon thanh ton bi
thng chin tranh th gii th nht gia
cc ngn hng quc gia trung ng. Ngn
hng ny cng tp hp v ph bin thng tin
v cc ch kinh t v m v cc vn
tin t quc t.
Mt tnh hung trong c s mt t tin ca
mt hay nhiu ngn hng gy nn s " x"
bt ng v lan rng ca cng chng ti cc
ngn hng ni chung rt tin gi hoc
vo nhng lc khi pht hnh lnh phiu t
nhn l ph bin yu cu thanh ton cc
hi phiu ny bng phng tin khc.
Mt tp hp cc kin lin quan n cuc
tranh lun v quy tc iu tit pht hnh giy
bc ca ngn hng Anh trong na u th
k XIX.
ch bt c khon ng trc no ca
ngn hng, nhung c s phn bit trong vic
cho vay ca ngn hng gia iu kin MC
THU CHI v iu kin cho vay.
Mt dng tin t pht hnh bi mt ngn
hng v v bn cht lm bng chng "c th
thng lng" (ngha l c th chuyn i
n gin bng cp pht) v tnh trng n
ca ngn hng i vi mnh gi ca giy
bc. Giy bc ca ngn hng c pht
trin t HI PHIU, v v nguyn tc l hi
phiu c th tr "trc tip" (theo yu cu)
bng phng tin khc.
L ngn hng TRUNG NG ca Anh. Do
thng nhn London xng nh mt
ngn hng thng mi v c thnh lp
theo o lut ca Quc hi nm 1694.

economic

236 Bank of United State

237 Bank rate

238 Bankruptcy

239 Bargaining tariff

240 Bargaining theory of wages

241 Bargaining unit

242 Banks' cash-deposit ratio

T nm 1791-1811 v t nm 1816-1836
mt s chc nng ngn hng trung ng
M c ln lt do ngn hng th nht th
hai thc hin. Trong mt thi gian khong
30 nm (n khi c o lut ngn hng
quc gia nm 1864) hu nh khng c chc
nng ngn hng trung ng M. Trn thc
t, phi n lc c o lut d tr lin bang
nm 1913 m mi c mt ngn hng trung
Ngn hng Hoa K.
ng thc s.
T l chit khu chnh thc ca ngn Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT
hng ANH.
CONTROL, MONETARY POLICY.
Mt th tc php l trong ti sn ca con
n khng tr c n b tch thu v li ch
S ph sn.
ca cc ch n ni chung.
Thu c p t bi mt nc cng c
v tr ca n trong m phn thng mi vi
cc nc khc, khi cc nc ny s dng
Thu quan mc c; Thu quan thng li ha chit khu thu t c s
lng.
nhng b trong thng mi.
Tin cng c c nh trong mt qu trnh
thng lng tp th, mt s dn xp v
mt c ch so vi qu trnh iu chnh cung
cu chnh thng. L thuyt thng lng v
tin cng ch nhng m hnh ca qu trnh
thng lng p dng cho mi quan h ca
s qun l ca cng on vt ra ngoi m
hnh C QUYN SONG PHNG, trong
kt qu cui cng ca thng lng vn
L thuyt thng lng v tin cng; cn m h, rt ra mt gii php r
L thuyt mc c v tin cng.
rng.Xem STRIKES, WAGE THEORY.
Mt n v i din cho quyn li ca ngi
lao ng trong thng lng v qun l lao
ng M. Cc n v ny c th l rt nh,
l cc nhn vin c tuyn trong mt hng
n l hay rt ln, tt c nhng ngi c
tuyn dng trong mt ngnh trn khp t
nc. Cc n v thng lng khc nhau
n v thng lng; n v mc c. v quy m v c cu.
T s gia tin mt v tin gi ca
ngn hng.

243 Barlow Report

244 Barometric price leadership

Bo co Barlow.
S ch o theo k p gi c.

245 Barriers to entry

Ro cn nhp ngnh

246 Barter

Hng i hng.

Page 16

Nhng kt qu phn tch ca mt u ban

hong gia Anh v s phn b a l ca
ngnh cng nghip Anh v c nh hng
mnh m n s pht trin ca chnh sch
khu vc hu cng nghip Chin tranh Anh.
Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP.
Cc yu t y nhng ngi mi nhp
ngnh vo mt mc gi khng thun li so
vi cc hng thit lp trong mt ngnh.
Chng no cc hng thit lp t gi
mt mc di im ti thiu ca chi ph
trung bnh di hn ca hng tim tng hiu
qu nht, cc hng thit lp c th t
c mc siu li nhun v lu di m
khng phi lo s v s gia nhp ngnh mi.
Phng php trao i hng ho v dch v
trc tip ly cc hng ho v dch v khc,
khng s dng mt n v k ton hay
phng tin trao i no c.

economic

247 Barter agreements

Hip nh trao i hng.

248 Barter economy

Nn kinh t hng i hng

249 Base period

Giai on gc.

250 Base rate

251 Basic activities

Li sut gc.
Cc hot ng c bn.

252 Basic exports

253 Basic industries

Hng xut khu c bn

Nhng ngnh c bn.

254 Basic need philosophy

255 Basic wage rates

Trit l nhu cu c bn.

Mc tin cng c bn; mc lng c
bn.

256 Basing-point system

H thng im nh v c s.

257 Bayesian techniques

K thut Bayes.

258 Bearer bonds

Tri khon khng ghi tn.

259 Bears

Ngi u c gi xung.

260 Beggar-my neighbour policies

Chnh sch lm ngho nc lng

ging

Page 17

Hip nh gia cc quc gia, thng gp

kh khn v CN CN THANH TON, id
vi vic trao i trc tip cc lng hng
ho
Nn kinh t m hng ho v dch v c
thc hin thng qua vic I HNG, iu
dn ti rt t chuyn mn ho hoc phn
cng lc lng lao ng do yu cu ca s
trng lp mun.
Mt thi im c dng tham kho khi
so snh vi giai on sau.
Sau khi bi b nhng hip nh v tin gi
v tin vay nm 1971, CC NGN HNG
THANH TON B TR CA ANH p
dng tp qun xc nh v thng bo "li
sut gc".Xem COMPETITION AND
CREDIT CONTROL.
Xem ECONOMIC BASE.
Tn gi ca cc hng xut khu s ch ca
cc nc km pht trin.
Xem ECONOMIC BASE.
L chin lc pht trin c tho lun
nhiu trong nhng nm gn y. Khc vi
cc l thuyt tch lu c in, n nhn mnh
rng c mt s mc cn phi u tin. l
(1) cung cp cc hng tiu dng c bn nh
thc n, qun o v ch , (2) cc dch v
cn thit nh nc, gio dc, y t, (3) quyn
c vic lm vi thu nhp m bo cc
nhu cu c bn, (4) c s h tng p ng
cho nhu cu c bn v hng ho v dch v
v (5) tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh.
Chin lc ny hng vo sn xut. Trit l
ny c c cc trit gia bo th v cc trit
gia cp tin ng h. N cng vp phi cc
ch trch l khng y v khng c g thc
s l mi m.
Xem Wage Rate.
Mt cch nh gi trong nhng ngi bn
hng khc nhau trong mt th trng thng
nht rng mc gi i vi mt hng ho s
c tnh bng tng gi c nh v mc ph
vn chuyn c thng nht lin quan
n khong cch gia ngi tiu dng v
im gn nht trong mt s cc a im
c tho thun gi l "cc im nh v c
s".
Cc phng php phn tch thng k (bao
gm C LNG v SUY LUN THNG
K) trong thng tin trc y c kt
hp vi s liu mu a ra nhng c
tnh hay cc gi thuyt kim nghim.
Mt loi tri khon khng yu cu c chng
th chuyn nhng v ngi gi c quyn
s hu hp php.
Nhng c nhn tin rng gi chng khon
hoc tri khon s gim v do bn nhng
chng khon hy vng rng c th mua li
mc gi thp hn.
Nhng bin php kinh t m mt nc thc
hin nhm ci thin tnh hnh trong nc,
thng l gim tht nghip v c nhng tc
ng bt li vi cc nn kinh t khc.

economic

261 Behavioural equation

262 Behavioural expectations

263
264
265
266

Behavioural theories of the firm

Base year
Benefit-cost ratio
Benefit-cost analysis

267 Benefit principle

268 Benelux Economic Union

269 Bentham,Jeremy

Bergsonnian Social Walfare

270 Funtion

271 Bernoulli Hypothesis

272 Bertrand's duopoly Model

Mt mi quan h ton hc trong mt m hnh

kinh t hay kinh t lng, phn nh s phn
ng ca mt c nhn hay mt tp hp cc
c nhn i vi cc khuyn khch kinh t (v
Phng trnh v hnh vi
d HM TIU DNG).
Mt quan im v s hnh thnh cc k vng
K vng da trn hnh vi.
da trn cc yu t tm l v x hi.
Mt nhm cc l thuyt coi hng nh mt
Cc l thuyt da trn hnh vi v
lin minh ca cc phn nhm m mc ch
hng; l thuyt v hng da trn hnh ca chng vn d mu thun nhau. Xem
vi.
XEFFICIENCY.
Nm gc, nm c s.
T s chi ph-li ch.
Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.
Phn tch li ch chi ph.
Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.
Mt l thuyt truyn thng v NH THU
cho rng gnh nng v thu nn c phn
b gia nhng ngi tr thu theo li ch
m h nhn c t vic cung cp hng
Nguyn tc nh thu theo li ch.
ho cng cng.
Mt lin minh v hi quan ban u c
thit lp do cng c vo nm 1932 gia
chnh ph B,Luch Xm Bua v H Lan. T
chc hin ti c thnh lp theo hip nh
Lin minh kinh t Benelux.
lin minh kinh t Benelux vo nm 1958.
1748-1832
Mt nh khoa hc x hi ngi anh
HM PHC LI X HI Bergson l mt
hm gi tr thc m bin s ca n bao gm
cc i lng th hin cc mt khc nhau
ca tnh trng x hi, thng l o tho
Hm phc li x hi Bergson
dng ca mi c nhn hay mi h gia nh.
Daniel Bernoulli l mt nh ton hc th k
XIX a ra mt li gii cho mt nghch l
c ca ngi. Bi ton ny l mt trong s
cc bi ton gii thch ti sao cc c nhn s
khng tr mt khon cc ln chi tr
Gi thuyt Bernoulli.
chi xp nga ca mt ng xu.
M hnh v mt th trng c hai hng do
M hnh lng quyn ca Bertrand.
J.Bertrand a ra nm 1883.

273 Best Linear Unbiased Estimator

(BLUE)-on s trng tuyn tnh p

nht; (c lng tuyn tnh khng
chch tt nht)

274 Beta

Ch s Beta

275 Beveridge Report

Bo co Beveridge.

276 Bias

lch.

277 Bid

u thu.

Page 18

ON S (C LNG S) ny c
PHNG SAI nh nht trong tt c cc c
lng TUYN TNH v cng khng chch
(ngha l gi tr k vng ca n bng vi gi
tr tham s thc). Xem GAUSS-MARKOV
THEOREM, ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES.
Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc ca mt c
phiu cng vi s bin ng li tc ca ton
b th trng chng khon.
Bn bo co v chnh sch x hi ca Anh
c nhan "Bo him x hi v cc dch v
lin kt" do Hun tc William Beveridge
chun b cho chnh quyn lin minh thi
chin nm 1942.
Mc m gi tr k vng ca mt ON
S (C LNG S) khc so vi gi tr
tham s thc ca n. Xem (BEST LINEAR
UNBIASED ESTIMATOR).
Mt ngh tr m mt c nhn hay t chc
a ra s hu hoc kim sot ti sn,
cc u vo, hng ho hay dch v.

economic

278 Bid-rent function

Hm gi thu thu t.

279 Bifurcation Hypothesis

Gi thuyt lng cc.

280 Big bang

V o ln ln.

281 Big push

C y mnh.

282 Bilateral assistance

Tr gip song phng.

283 Bilateral monopoly

c quyn song phng.

284 Bilateral trade

Mu dch song phng

285 Bill

Hi phiu.

286 Bill broker

Ngi mi gii hi phiu.

287 Bill of exchange

Hi phiu i ngoi.

288 Bills only

Ch c nghip v hi phiu.

289 Binary variable

Bin nh phn.

Page 19

Mi quan h ch ra khon tin m mt gia

nh hoc hng c th tr s dng mt
mnh t nht nh vi cc khong khc
nhau so vi trung tm ca mt vng th
trong khi vn duy tr mc khng i
THO DNG hay L NHUN.
Gi thuyt cho rng trong khi mc di
do v chi ph TI CHNH NGOI HI l yu
t quyt nh quan trng ti u t trong thi
k bng n tng trng, cn thu nhp gi
vai tr quan trng nht khi suy thoi.
Mt cm thut ng ph bin dng miu t
nhng thay i v cc quy ch Londontrung tm ti chnh ca Anh vo thng
10/1986.
mt ng gp vo cuc tranh lun din
ra vo thp k 1950 v 1960 v vic tng
trng cn i hay khng cn i l ph hp
nht cho cc nc ang pht trin.
S tr gip hay vin tr da trn mt tho
thun trc tip gia hai nc; khc vi vin
tr a phng n t mt nhm cc nc
hay t mt t chc quc t. Xem FOREING
AID, TIED AID.
Th trng trong mt ngi mua n c
i mt vi ngi bn n c.
Mu dch, thng l cc ch m phn
chnh ph gia hai nc, bng cch mt
nc xut khu mt lng hay gi tr hng
ho nht nh sang cc nc i tc i
ly mt lng hay gi tr hng nhp khu
tho thun t nc i tc.
Cng c ngn hn di dng lnh tr yu
cu ngi b k
Ngi chuyn chp ni ngi mua v ngi
bn hi phiu li vi nhau ly tin hoa
hng. Xem DISCUONT HOUSE.
Hi phiu c rt cp tin cho giao dch
ngoi thng.
Ch thuyt thnh hnh M nhng nm
1950, cho rng khi tham gia vo CC
NGHIP V TH TRNG M, H THNG
D TR LIN BANG ch tin hnh cc
nghip v mua bn hi phiu. iu ny da
trn quan im rng bng cc tp trung vo
th trng vn ngn hn, nhng nghip v
ny s t c nh hng d tnh trc
i vi kh nng chuyn hon ca ngn
hng vi t xo trn nht i vi th trng
ti chnh ni chung. ng thi nhng thay
i din ra vi li sut ngn hn s nh
hng n cc th trng khc thng qua
phng tin "thng thng" ca cc iu
chnh danh mc u t ca ngi nc
ngoi nm gi.
Mt bin s ch c th c 2 gi tr (v d 0 v
1), thng s dng xc nh nhng nh
hng mang tnh nh tnh hay nh lng
trong phn tch HI QUY. Xem DUMMY
VARIABLE.

economic

290 Biological interest rate

Li sut sinh hc.

291 Birth rate

T sut sinh

292 BIS
293 Bivariate analysis

Ngn hng thanh ton quc t

Phn tch hai bin s

294 Black market

Ch en

295 Bliss point

im cc mn; im hon ton tho

mn

296 Block grant

Tr cp c gi

297 Blue chip

C phn xanh

298 Blue Book

Sch xanh

299 Blue-collar workers

Cng nhn c xanh

300 BLUS residuals

S d BLUS

Page 20

Mt gi tr cho li sut trong thuyt tng

trng, trong gia tt c ng TNG
TRNG CN I, th TIU DNG theo
u ngi co nht t c v duy tr
c bng mt ng trn nng sut
vn bin (bng T L LI NHUN trong
CNH TRANH HON HO) bng t l tng
trng khng i ca lc lng lao ng
c xc nh bng cch ngoi sinh. Xem
GOLDEN RULE OF ACCUMULATION.
c nh ngha l s ngi sinh sng st
trung bnh trn 1000 dn mi nm.
Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL
SETTLEMENTS
Phn tch ch lin quan n hai bin s
Bt c th trng bt hp php no c
thnh lp trong mt hon cnh m thng
c chnh ph c nh gi mc ti a
hoc ti thiu.
Thng ch CN BNG TIU DNG
trong ngi tiu dng hon ton tho
mn i vi hng ho c tiu dng v
im ny nm trong GII HN NGN SCH
ca anh ta.
Ni chung l mt khon tr cp khng t
cc ca chnh ph cp cho chnh quyn a
phng
Mt cm thut ng ch C PHN hng nht
c t ri ro v mt vn.
Mt ci tn quen thuc cho n phm ca
Cc thng k trung ng bao gm ng ti
nhng ti khon chi tiu v thu nhp quc
dn hng nm ca Anh.
Ngi lao ng tham gia vo cng vic no
m v bn cht l lao ng chn tay, v
cng khc vi cng nhn c trng.(Xem
MANUAL WORKERS)
Cc s d khng chch, tuyn tnh, tt nht
v vi mt ma trn hip phng sai v
hng

economic

Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen Von (1851301 1914)

302 Bond

Tri khon

303 Bond market

Th trng tri phiu

304 Bonus issue

C phiu thng

305 Book value

Gi tr trn s sch

306 Boom

S bng n tng trng

307 Borda Count

Con tnh Borda

Page 21

Mt nh kinh t hc v chnh khch ngi

o. ng l ngi c hoan nghnh nht
trong trng phi o. ng b sung mt
phn nh hc thuyt ca Menger v Wieser
v gi tr v gi c, nhng ng pht trin
ton din din bin kinh t trong cng trnh
ca mnh v vn v tin li, t tc phm ny
ng c ngi ta gi l "nh t sn
C.Mc". Trong cng trnh ny ng ng thi
xc nh lng hng ho, giai on sn
xut, tin lng v tin li. S quan tm
c tp trung ch yu vo vn v li. ng
gii thch rng, li sut l s tng tc gia
S A THCH THEO THI GIAN v HIU
SUT U T VT CHT. ng a ra 2 l
do: mi ngi mong mun c kh gi
hn trong tng lai v h cng nh gi qu
thp nhng nhu cu trong tng lai. C hai
iu trn lm gim tho dng bin ca
hng ho tng lai.Bohm-Bawerk gii thch
hiu sut u t vt cht di dng tnh u
vit ca phng php sn xut vng trn, v
d bt c th dng cn cu hu hiu hn
l bt trc tip bng tay. ng cho rng, S
VNG VO l hiu qa nhng phi chu mc
li tc gim dn. S vng vo c m rng
n khi nng sut bin t s ko di cho
php cui cng ca qu trnh sn xut bng
li phi tr t c cc khon cho hng
ho lng ca ngi lao ng ko di qu
trnh sn xut. Khi nin s vnh vo l c
tnh ca hc thuyt trng phi o v vn,
Mc d n c mt s ngha hp hn v
chnh xc hn v mt php l, cm thut
ng ny c dng chung hn v lng lo
hn ch bt c chng khon li sut c
nh (n) no, v d: chng khon VIN
VNG hay TRI KHON CNG TY.
Cm thut ng ny miu t bt c ni no
hoc s giao dch no, trong bt k loi
tri khon no c chuyn qua tay: v d r
nht l S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON
ch c phiu pht hnh bi mt cng ty
cho cc c ng hin ti khng phi dui
dng mua vn mi m l VN HO d tr.
Cm thut ng ny dng trong k ton.
xc nh gi tr trn s sch ca mt c
phiu, tt c tqi sn ca cng ty c cng
li, tt c cng n v n c tr i, bao
gm gi pht mi ca c phiu u i
GIAI ON M RNG ca CHU K KINH
DOANH. Cm thut ng ny ch p dng vi
tc i hng i ln nhanh chng no
so vi CHIU HNG TRNG K.
Mt h thng v s LA CHN TP TH
trong mi c tri xp hng tng v tr trong
nhm.(Xem APPROVAL VOTING,
CONDORCET CRITERION, SOCIAL
DECISION RULE, SOCIAL WELFARE
FUNCTION)

economic

308 Boulwarism

Ch ngha Boulware

309 Bounded rationality

Tnh duy l b hn ch.

310 Bourgeoisie

Tng lp trng gi; Tng lp t sn

311 Box-Jenkins

Phng php Box-Jenkins.

312 Brain drain

(Hin tng) chy mu cht xm

313 Branch banking

Nhip v ngn hng chi nhnh

314 Brand loyalty

S trung thnh vi nhn hiu

315 Break-even analysis

Phn tch im ho vn

316 Break-even level of income

Mc ho vn ca thu nhp

317 Bretton Woods

318 Bretton Woods system

H thng Bretton Woods.

319 Brooker

Ngi mi gii.

320 Brokerage

Hoa hng mi gii.

321 Brookings model

M hnh Brookings

Page 22

Qu trnh thng lng tp th v cc iu

khon v iu kin tuyn dng thng l
tho hip v nhng b.
Mt khi nim c H.A.SIMON a ra cho
rng mc du cc c nhn c x theo l tr
theo s sp t s thch cho d l hon
chnh, nht qun v kn k, nhng kh nng
thu nhp v x l thng tin ca h li b hn
ch, ngha l n b gii hn bi kh nng
tnh ton ca tr c con ngi.
Cm thut ng ny c s dng ch
mt b phn ca x hi cng nghip thng
th trong cuc cch mng Cng nghip nh
ch hng v cc nh chuyn mn.
Mt phng php d bo da trn m hnh
CHUI THI GIAN ARIMA.
S di c ca nhng ngui lao ng c trnh
v tay ngh t cc nc ngho sang cc
nc giu hn.
Vic cung cp cc dch v ngn hng thng
qua mng li ngn hng chi nhnh s hu
bi mt cng ty ngn hng.
S trung thnh v tm l i vi s kt hp
biu tng ca mt sn phm c nhn hiu.
Chi ph sn xut mt hng ho c th
chia thnh hai phn chnh: CHI PH C
NH v CHI PH KH BIN. t quan im
ca ngi k ton v chi ph, s lng
doanh thu ti im ho vn l s lng m
bo rng tt c chi ph c nh v kh bin
u c trang tri mc gi bn c th.
Mt im ti chi tiu cho tiu dng ng
bng thu nhp nh c minh ho ti im
m HM TIU DNG ct ng 45 trong
M HNH THU NHP CHI TIU. (Xem
CONSUMPTION FUNCTION)
Khu du lch New Hampshire M, ti y
Hi ngh ti chnh ca Lin hp quc
c t chc vo nm 1944 tho lun
vn thanh ton quc t sau chin tranh.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
mt ngha hp l ngi trung gian chp
ni ngi bn v ngi mua vi nhau, hoc
ngi hot ng nh mt i in cho
ngi ny hay cho ngi kia, tin hnh mt
giao dch mua bn v nhn tin th lao hoa
hng hay mi gii. Tuy nhin, my s
trng phi khi nim ny ch ngi mua
hoc ngi bn gc, d cch dng ny xut
pht t giai on ban u ca ngi mi
gii thc s.
Mt khon tin c yu cu bi mt ngi
mi gii v thc hin vic mua bn thay
mt mt khch hng.
M hnh ny c s dng phn tch
cu trc ca CHU K KINH DOANH v cho
nh gi CHNH SCH TIN T, TI CHNH
v TNG TRNG KINH T. M hnh nh
du mt bc quan trng trong vic thng
nht nhiu thnh phn khc nhau ca nn
kinh t thnh mt quy m ln nhng qun l
c, y l mt ct mc trong vic pht
trin cc m hnh kinh t lng.

economic

322 Brussels, Treaty of

323 Brussels, Treaty of

324 Brussels conference

325 Brussels Tariff Nomenclature

Mt hip c h tr ln nhau gia Anh,

php v cc nc Benelux k nm 1948.
Hip c c xem nh mt bc tin
trong nh hng hi nhp ca chu U i
trc Hip nh Roma (1957) v s khi
u ca CNG NG KINH T CHU U
(EEC), ngy nay l cng ng CHU U
Hip c Brussels
(EC).
Hip c Brussels (c bit n nh Xem EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
hip c B sung)
COMMUNITY
Hi ngh tin t quc t c t chc
Brussel nm 1920 di s bo tr ca cc
nc ng minh, nu ln vn n nh
Hi ngh Brussels.
ngoi hi. Xem GENEVA CONFERENCE.
S phn loi tiu chun hng ho, c
Biu thu quan theo Hip nh
chp nhn bi a s cc nc trn th gii,
Brussels
v nhng mc ch v thu quan.

326 Buchanan, James M.

(1919-)

327 Budget

Ngn sch.

328 Budget deficit

Thm ht ngn sch.

329 Budget line

ng ngn sch

330 Budget surplus

Thng d ngn sch.

Page 23

Nh kinh t hc ngi M t gii Nobel v

kinh t hc nm 1986 v nhng ng gp
ca ng i vi l thuyt ra quyt nh chnh
tr v S LA CHN CNG CNG. Trong
khi l thuyt kinh t truyn thng c th l
gia cch thc NHNG NGI TIU DNG
v cc nh sn xut ra quyt nh v mua
hng ho v CC YU T SN XUT,l
thuyt ny li khng cp ti vic a ra
quyt nh kinh t trong KHU VC CNG
CNG. B nh hng bi M HNH TRAO
I T NGUYN CA WICKSELL,
Buchanan coi din bin chnh tr nh mt
phng tin hp tc t c nhng li
th c i c li. ng thi v kt qu ca qu
trnh ny s ph thuc vo "lut chi", do
Buchanan nhn mnh tm quan trng
ca s la chn nhng quy tc t chc ny:
Kt qu c th ca cc chnh sch u c
th on c v c nh trc bi chnh
cc quy tc trn. Buchanan c hn 20
cun sch v 300 bi bo c xut bn.
Mt ngn sch c 3 b phn l B PHN
PHN B, B PHN PHN PHI v B
PHN T N NH. Chng c kt thnh
mt ngn sch v nhng l do v phng
din qun l. Mi b phn i hi c phng
php qun l ring ca n.
Chi tiu hin ti vt thu nhp hin ti.
Thng c s dng nhiu nht c
miu t tnh trng trong thu nhp ca
chnh ph, thu t thu khng trang tri
chi tiu ca chnh ph.
Mt ng trong Khng gian hng ho ch
ra nhng t hp m ngi tiu dng c th
mua c mc thu nhp nht nh.
Thu nhp hin ti vt chi tiu hin ti.
Thng c s dng nhiu nht c
miu t tnh trng trong thu nhp ca
chnh ph, thu t thu vt chi tiu ca
chnh ph.

economic

331 Budgetary control

332 Budget shares

Kim sot ngn sch

T phn ngn sch.

333 Buffer stocks

Kho m, d tr bnh n

334 Building society

335 Built-in stabililizers

Ngn hng pht trin gia c

Cc chnh sch, cng c n nh ni
to.

336 Bullion

Thoi

337 Bulls

Ngi u c gi ln.

L thuyt kinh t v h thng cng

338 Bureaucracy, economic theory of chc.

339 Bureaux
340 Business cycle

Vn phng
Chu k kinh doanh.

341 Business performance

342 Business risk

Kt qu kinh doanh.
Ri ro kinh doanh

343 Buyer concertration

S tp trung ngi mua.

344 Buyers' market

Th trng ca ngi mua.

345 Caculus

Gii tch.

346 Call money

Khon vay khng k hn.

Page 24

Mt h thng qua kim tra c tin

hnh i vi cc ngun thu v chi cho cc
mc tiu c nh ra trong ngn sch. Mc
ch l khm ph xem kt qu chch
hng mc tiu mc no c nhng
hnh ng vo thi gian thch hp nhm
a cc lung ph hp vi mc tiu mong
mun.
Cc lng hng ho c d tr khc
phc bin ng gi c i vi cc mt hng
c bn.
Mt nh ch ti cnh chp nhn cc qu
di dng "c phn" v tin gi cho ch
s hu vay li hu nh ton b mua nh
hoc cn h.
Xem AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS
Kim loi qu nh vng hoc bc c gi
vi s lng ln di dng thi hay thanh.
Thoi vng c dng giao dch tin t
gia cc quc t gia cc ngn hng v
chnh ph.
Cc c nhn tin rng chng khon hoc tri
khon s tng gi v do mua chng v hy
vng c th bn vi gi cao hn sau .
Ngi u c gi xung gi l NGI BN
KHNG.
M hnh ny gi nh rng cc c quan nh
nc s c x nh nhng tc nhn ti a
ho ngn sch. Ngn sch ln hn cho
php cc cng chc tho mn thch ca
mnh v lng, chc tc, bo m vic
lm v nhng li ch phi tin t nh quyn
lc, danh ting v c hi phn b cc hp
ng.
Trong HC THUYT KINH T V S
QUAN LIU, nhng t chc phi li nhun
c ti tr, t nht mt phn t tr cp nh
k v cung ng mt tng sn lng i
ly mt ngn sch ch khng phi nhng
n v sn phm theo gi.
Xem TRADE CYCLE.
Mc ti mt nghnh t c kt qu
hay mc tiu m cc hng thnh vin theo
ui. Xem STRUCTURE - CONDUCT PERFORMANCE - FRAMEWORK).
Xem CORPORATE RISK.
ch mc m tng giao dch trn mt th
trng b thng tr bi mt vi ngi mua
ln nht.
Mt th trng c c trng l d cung,
trong ngi bn v vy phi gp kh khn
khi bn tt c sn phm ca h theo gi d
kin.
Mt php tnh ca nghnh ton hc lin
quan n vic tnh ton cc o hm hay
tch phn.
Cc khon tin m cc NGN HNG CHIT
KHU vay t cc ngn hng thanh ton b
tr v ngn hng khc London v chng
c s dng gi cc danh mc u t
ti sn. Rt nhiu khon tin gi ca cc
ng tin Chu u cng dng ny.

economic

347 Call option

348 Cambridge Equation

Hp ng mua trc.
Phng trnh Cambridge

349 Cambridge school of Economics Trng phi kinh t hc Cambridge

L thuyt tin t ca trng phi
Cambridge.
350 Cambridge theory of Money
351 CAP

352 Capacity model

M hnh cng nng.

353 Capacity untilization

Mc s dng cng nng

354 Capital
355 Capital account

T bn/ vn.
Ti khon vn.

356 Capital accumulation

Tch l vn.

357 Capital allowances

Cc khon min thu cho vn.

358 Capital asset

Ti sn vn.

359 Capital asset pricing model

M hnh nh gi Ti sn vn.

360 Capital budgeting

Phn b vn ngn sch.

361 Capital charges

362 Capital coefficients

Cc ph tn cho vn
Cc h s vn.

363 Capital Consumption Allowance

Khon khu tr cho s dng t bn.

364 Capital Controversy

Tranh ci v yu t vn.

365 Capital deepening

366 Capital equipment

Tng cng vn.

Thit b sn xut, thit b vn.

367 Capital expenditure

Capital information (capital
368 formation?)

Chi tiu cho vn.

S hnh thnh vn.

Page 25

Mt hp ng cho php la chn mua c

phiu vo mt ngy trong tng lai gii hn
c nh trc. Xem PUT OPTION,
OPTION.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t hc b nh hng
ca nhng bi vit v mi lin h vi
A.MARSHALL.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Xem COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY.
M hnh gii thch s t l u t c quan h
mt thit vi m hnh GIA TC v c bit
vi m hnh IU CHNH LNG VN.
L t l sn lng thc t so vi sn lng
tin nng. Xem EXCESS CAPACITY.
1)Mt t dng ch mt yu t sn xut do
h thng kinh t to ra. 2)Mt t cng c
s dng lm thut ng ch cc ti sn TI
CHNH. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL,
CAPITAL CONTROVERSY, FINANCE.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENT.
Qu trnh tch lu vn qua u t rng
dng. Xem GOLDEN RULE OF
ACCUMULATION
Min thu i vi thu cng ty lin quan n
chi tiu cho vn ca hng.
Mt ti sn khng c mua bn nh mt
phn ca cng vic kinh doanh hng ngy.
V d: nh xng, my mc, t ai hoc
chng khon.
M hnh ra i vo nhng nm 1960 v a
ra mt dng c th ca khi nim chung v
s nh i gia ri ro v li tc.
Qu trnh phn b vn c th u t cho cc
vn d n.
Cc chi ph m cc cng ty v c nhn a
vo ti khon ca h tr li vn vay, khu
hao ti sn v tr n vay. Xem ANNUAL
CAPITAL CHARGE.
Xem CAPITAL - OUTPUT RATIO
Mc chnh lch gia tng sn phm quc
dn (GNP) v sn phm quc dn rng
trong khun kh hch ton thu nhp quc
dn M. Xem NATION IMCOME
Mt cuc tranh lun gia trng phi
Cambridge (c trung tm ti trng i hc
Cambridge, Anh ) v trng phi tn c in
ca vin Cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT),
Cambridge v tnh xc ng ca cc quan
im tn c in v kinh t hc.
Qu trnh tch lu vn vi tc nhanh hn
so vi mc tng trng ca lc lng lao
ng. Xem CAPITAL WIDENING.
Xem CAPITAL
Chi tiu cho t liu sn xut ca cc hng,
chnh ph, cc c quan chnh ph hay h
gia nh, nhm mc ch thay th vn
khu hao hay to vn mi. Xem CAPITAL
INVESTMENT.
Lng b sung vo DUNG LNG VN
sau khi khu hao. Xem INVESMENT.

economic

Chnh lc gia gi mua mt ti sn v gi

bn li vo mt ngy no m chnh lch
ny l dng.
Thu nh vo s tng thm ca ti sn
Xem GEARING.

369 Capital gain

370 Capital gains tax
371 Capital gearing

Khon li vn.
Thu li vn.
T trng vn vay

372 Capital goods

T liu sn xut, hng t liu sn xut. Xem CAPITAL.

T s vn so vi lao ng c s dng
trong qu trnh sn xut. Xem
Cng vn.
PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
Mt k thut sn xut A c coi l s dng
nhiu vn hn so vi k thut tng ng
(ngnh) da nhiu vo vn; s dng
B nu t s vn so vi CC YU T SN
nhiu vn.
XUT khc ca A ln hn B.
Mt nn kinh t trong a s cc k thut
sn xut l s dng NHIU VN.(Xem
Nn kinh t da nhiu vo vn.
CAPITAL INTENSITY)
Mt ngnh kinh t trong cc k thut sn
xut ch yu BAO HM NHIU VN (Xem
CAPITAL INTENSITY, CAPITAL INTENSIVE
TECHNIQUES, APPROPRIATE
Ngnh bao hm nhiu vn
TECHNOLOGY).
Mt phng php sn xut c t trng VN
cao hn bt c yu t sn xut no khc.
(Xem CAPITAL, FACTORS OF PRODUCCc k thut da nhiu vo vn
TION).
Vn, hiu qu bin ca
Xem MARGINAL EFFICIENCY OF CAPITAL
Mt h thng chnh tr, x hi v kinh t,
trong phn ln l ti sn bao gm ti sn
vn c s hu v kim sot bi cc c
nhn.(Xem MARKET ECONOMY, MIXED
MARKET ECONOMY AND FREE
Ch ngha t bn
ENTERPRISE).
Tng s v c cu VN c phiu ca mt
T bn ho, vn ha
cng ty
C phiu khng mt tin
Xem BONUS ISSUE
Mt khi nim lin quan n t trng ca mi
loi c phiu hay vn n trong mt cng ty
so vi tng VN C PHN trn th trng
T l vn ho
ca n.
Tr gi c nh cho mt ti sn theo mc
li nhun hin ti v li sut th trng hin
Gi tr c vn ho
hnh.
T s m LAO NG v VN c kt hp
trong qu trnh sn xut.(Xem
T s vn/ lao ng
INVESTMENT).
Khon l vn
Xem CAPITAL GAIN
L th trng, hay ng hn l mt nhm
cc th trng lin quan ti nhau, trong ,
vn dng ti chnh (tin t) c em cho
vay, vay hoc "huy ng" vi cc iu kin
khc nhau v trong thi hn khc
nhau.(Xem TERM STRUCTURE OF
Th trng vn
INTEREST RATES).
Cc lung vn quc t c th c c nhn
Cc lung di chuyn vn
hay chnh ph tin hnh
T l ca lng vn trn sn lng m vn
to ra. (Xem INCREMENTAL CAPITALT s vn-sn lng
OUTPUT RATIO).

373 Capital intensity

374 Capital - intensive

375 Capital - intensive economy

376 Capital-intensive sector

377 Capital-intensive techniques

378 Capital, marginal efficiency of

379 Capitalism
380 Capitalization
381 Capitalization issue

382 Capitalization rates

383 Capitalized value

384 Capital-labour ratio

385 Capital loss

386 Capital market

387 Capital movements

388 Capital-output ratio

Page 26

economic

389 Capital rationing

nh mc vn

390 Capital requirements

Cc yu cu v vn

391 Capital- reversing

Thay i k thut sn xut

392 Capital services

Cc dch v vn

393 Capital stock

Dung lng vn

Capital Stock Adjustment

394 Principle

Nguyn l iu chnh dung lng vn

395 Capital structure

396 Captital tax

Cu trc vn
Thu vn

397 Capital theoretic approach

398 Capital theory

Phng php l thuyt qui v vn

L thuyt v vn

399 Capital transfer tax

Thu chuyn giao vn

400 Capital turnover criterion

Tiu chun quay vng vn

401 Capital widening

402 Capitation tax

u t chiu rng (m rng vn)

Thu thn

403 Capture theory

404 Captive buyer

L thuyt nm gi.
Ngi / Ngn hng b buc phi mua
mt s chng khon va pht hnh.
(Nh nc quy nh).

405 Carbon tax

Thu Carbon

406 Cardinalism

Trng phi im ho; trng phi

chia .

Page 27

c dng xc nh mt tnh hung,

trong s hn hp ngn sch v lng
tin sn c cho u t v cc d n trn
mc rng buc th trng thng thng
c quyt nh bi mi lin h gia chi ph
vn v li tc d kin.
Vic c tnh cc yu cu v vn l cn thit
xc nh T S VN GIA TNG SN
LNG, tc l mi lin h gia u t v
tng thu nhp nh u t .
Vic p dng mt phng php sn xut khi
gi tr ca lng vn lin quan v t sut li
nhun cng tng ln.
Lung dch v qua thi gian bt ngun t
dung lng vn thit b (Xem CAPITAL).
Tng s T LIU SN XUT trong mt nn
kinh t.(Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY)
Mt l thuyt cho rng mc U T RNG
l mt phn chnh lch gia DUNG LNG
VN mong mun v dung lng vn thc
t, n phn nh kh nng iu chnh khng
hon ho ti mt mc ti u trong bt c
khong thi gian c hn no . (Xem
ACCELERATOR PRINCIPLE).
Thnh phn VN ca mt cng ty (Xem
COST OF CAPITAL)
Xem WEALTH TAX
Mt cch tip cn kinh t hc xem tt c cc
ngun lc nh VN , ngha l gi tr hin ti
rng ca lung thu nhp tng lai ca
chng.
Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY
Thu nh vo vic chuyn giao TI SN p
dng Anh t nm 1974 thay th THU
BT NG SN v c t tn li l thu
tha k nm 1986.Thu chuyn giao vn
bao gm thu qu tng cho sut i v thu
tha k.
Mt tiu chun u t c xut t lu
s dng CC NC ANG PHT
TRIN. xut ny cho rng cc d n
c la chn ph hp vi T S VN GIA
TNG - SN LNG ca chng v nhng
d n c t s thp nht s c u tin.
Qu trnh tch lu VN tng cng vi tc
gia tng LC LNG LAO NG T
S VN- LAO NG khng i (Xem
CAPITAL DEEPENING)
Xem POOL TAX.
L thuyt v iu tit do Geogre Stigler a
ra. V c bn, mt ngnh b iu tit c th
thu li t s iu tit bng cch "nm gi"
c quan iu tit c lin quan.

Thu nh vo cc nhin liu ho thch

nhm gim lng thi CO2 gim s nng
ln ca ton cu. Xem EXTERNALITIES,
INTERNALIZATION.
Trng phi cho rng THO DNG c
th o lng c bng cc n v s m.
Xem CARDINAL UNTILITY.

economic

407 Cardinal utility

C th phn bit hai ngha ca cm thut

ng ny.1)t c s dng hn l tho
dng gn vi mt nhm hng ho c th o
c mt cch tuyt i bng n v nh
'util' (mt thut ng c Jevons dng trong
thuyt kinh t chnh tr ca ng nm 1871).
2)c s dng rng ri hn, lin quan ch
tho dng im ho; tho dng, n khong cch gia cc mc tho
khong cch gia cc mc tho dng. dng.

408 Cartel

Cartel

409 Cartel sanctions

S trng pht ca Cartel

410 Cash

Tin mt.
Cch tip cn tn qu. (S d tin
mt).

411 Cash balance approach

412 Cash crops

413 Cash drainage
414 Cash flow
415 Cash flow statement
416 Cash limit

417 Cash ratio

418 Casual employment
419 Categorical

420 Causality
421 CBI

423 Ceiling

424 Celler - Kefauver Act

425 Central Bank

426 Central Bank of Central Banks

427 Central business district

Tho thun chnh thc gia cc hng trong

mt th trng c quyn nhm kt hp
cc th tc c thng nht v cc bin
nh gi c v sn lng. Xem OLIGOPOLY.
Cc hnh pht p t bi cc thnh vin ca
Cartel nhm t c s kt dnh vi mc
tiu chung ca c nhm.
Theo ngha chung nht, thut ng ch tin
bao gm TIN MT v TIN GI NGN
HNG.

Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.

Cm thut ng ny ch cc loi hoa mu
c nng dn trng bn trn th trng
Nng sn thng mi; Hoa mu hng ch khng phi tiu dng trc tip CHO
ho/ hoa mu thng mi.
CC MC CH T CUNG T CP.
Tht thot / ht tin mt.
Tng thu nhp gi li v khon khu hao
Lung tin, ngn lu, dng kim lu.
cn li ca mt hng.
Bn bo co lung tin / ngn lu.
Mt dng kim sot CHI TIU CNG CNG
Hn mc chi tiu, hn mc tin mt.
thc hin Anh.
T s m cc ngn hng duy tr gia s tin
mt v tng s tin gi ca chng, v thnh
T sut tin mt.
thong c gi l t l d tr tin mt.
Tnh trng c vic lm tm thi m khng c
Cng vic tm thi.
gi lm u dn hay hp ng lng.
Tr cp chn lc.
Xem GRANT
Mt khi nim ny sinh t vic xem xt cc
gi nh ni bt ca m hnh kinh t lng
c lng t s hiu chui thi gian m bn
Phng php nhn qu.
cht l khng th nghim.
Xem CONFEDERATION OF BRITISH
INDUSTRY.
Gii hn tng sn lng trong thuyt CHU
K KINH DOANH. Trn t c khi tt c
Mc trn
cc yu t sn xut t ti mc ton nng.
Ban hnh M nm 1950 vi t cch l mt
sa i O LUT CLAYTON. Mc ch
ca o lut ny l tng cng php lut
o lut Celler - Kefauver.
chng li s st nhp phn cnh tranh.
Mt c quan c trch nhim kim sot h
thng ngn hng v tin t ca mt nc,
mc d c chc ng khc ph thuc vo mi
Ngn hng trung ng
trng v c cu ti chnh.
Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL
Ngn hng trung ng ca cc ngn SETTLEMENTS v INTERNATIONAL
hng trung ng.
MONETATY FUND.
Mt khu vc trung tm cc thnh ph v
a s th trn ln c s dng cho cc
hot ng thng mi. Xem
Khu kinh doanh trung tm.
ACCESS/SPACE TRADE - OFF MODEL.

Page 28

economic

428 Central Limit Theorem.

429 Central Place Theory
430 Central planing

431 Central policy Review Staff

432 Central Statical office

433 Certainty equivalence

434 Certificate of deposit

435 CES production function

436 Ceteris paribus

437 Chain rule

438 Central tendency
439 Ceilings and floors
440 Causation

441 Chamberlin, Edward

nh l ni rng tng (v trung bnh) ca mt

nhm cc bin ngu nhin s tun theo
phn phi chun nu mu chn ln,
khng ph thuc vo dng phn phi m
nh l gii hn trung tm.
cc bin ring bit c.
L thuyt V tr Trung tm.
Xem LOCATION THEORY.
K hoch ho tp trung.
Xem PLANNED ECONOMY.
Mt vn phng c thnh lp Anh nm
1970 chu trch nhim tin hnh cc vn
Ban xet duyt chnh sch trung ng chnh sch kinh t chnh cho vn phng ni
(CPRS).
cc.
Mt cc ca chnh ph Anh c trch nhim
thu thp, tng hp xut bn cc s liu
thng k do vn phng chnh ph v cc c
quan khng chnh thc v bn chnh thc
Cc thng k trung ng
Anh cung cp.
Trong nhng bi cnh RI RO hay khng
chc chn, cc bin s s mang cc gi tr
Mc qui i v tt nh.
vi t nht 2 c tnh:
Mt chng t do mt ngn hng pht hnh
chng nhn khon tin gi ngn hng
v l mt li ha tr li khon tin cho ngi
cm phiu vo mt ngy xc nh trong
Giy chng nhn tin gi.
tng lai.
hm sn xut c co gin thay th c Xem CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF
nh.
SUBTITUTION PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
Mt cm thut ng la tinh ngha l "mi th
khc khng i". Phn tch kinh t thng
tin hnh bng cch xem xt nh hng ca
mt vi bin c lp trong khi cc yu t
iu kin khc gi nguyn
khc khng i.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt
Quy tc dy chuyn. (Quy tc hm ca hm vi mt bin s, trong hm l hm
hm).
ca mt bin s.
Xu hng hng tm; Hng tm.
Mc trn v mc sn; Mc nh v
mc y.
Quan h nhn qu.
Mt nh kinh t ngi M ni ting vi L
thuyt cnh tranh c quyn (1933). Trong l
thuyt ny, ng phn tch tnh hnh th
trng gia cnh tranh HON HO v C
QUYN c lp vi cng trnh Anh ca
Joaobinson. ng cho rng cc hng cnh
tranh vi nhau v cu ni vi sn phm ca
h b tc ng bi s tn ti ca cc hng
khc, nhng mi hng li c mc c
quyn no v chng c cc sn phm
ring mnh. Cnh tranh c th di dng
cnh tranh sn phm, trong qung co
rt quan trng cng nh i vi cnh tranh
bng gi vy. Chanberlin nhn mnh tnh
bin d sn phm i lp vi s khng hon
ho ca th trng, bao gm yu t nh tn
nhn mc, cht lng c bit, mu, bao b
v dch v bn hng. Mt trong nhng kt
lun ni ln t s phn tch ca ng l cnh
tranh c quyn c th c c trng tha
nng lc, mt kt qu b thch thc v n c
v ph thuc vo gi nh rng tt c thnh
vin ca mt nhm hot ng di nhng
(1899-1967)
iu kin chi ph ging nhau.

Page 29

economic

442 Characteristics theory

L thuyt v c tnh sn phm.

443 Charge account

Ti khon tn dng.

444 Cheap money

Tin r.

445 Check off

Tr cng on ph trc tip.

446 Cheque card

Th sc.

447 Cheque

Sc

L thuyt ny lin quan ti l thuyt cu tiu

dng v cng trnh ca K.lancaster. tng
chnh l nhng ngi tiu dng khng yu
cu sn phm m l c tnh ca sn phm.
Xem HEDONIC PRICES.
Mt phng tin tn dng ngi bn l dnh
cho khch hng.
Ch mt giai on trong cc khon vay
sn c li sut thp hay mt chnh sch
to nn tnh hung ny.
Vic ch thu tr trc tip ph cng on t
lng nhn vin. Ph ny sau c tr
cho cng on.
Th do cc ngn hng cp cho cc khch
hng c TI KHON vng lai m bo
vic thanh ton sc c rt bi cc khch
hng ny theo nhng gii hn nht nh.
Mt loi chng t thng c cp di
dng in sn bi mt ngn hng, yu cu
ngn hng chuyn t ti khon VNG LAI
ca ngi rt sang ngi nh danh c
tr.
Tn ch cc nh kinh t hc c chung 4

Trng phi (kinh t) Chicago.

nim tin c bn sau. Th nht, h tin rng

kinh t hc l (hoc c th l ) khng gi tr
theo cch tng t nh cc ngnh khoa hc
vt l. Th hai, h tin rng l thuyt gi c
Tn c in l mt l gii chnh xc v cch
thc hot ng ca cc h thng kinh t.
Th ba, h tin rng s hot ng ca th
trng cnh tranh, t do l gii php kh d
nht cho vn phn b cc ngun lc.
Cui cng, h l nhng ngi trung thnh
vng vng vi CH NGHA TRNG TIN.
Tt c nhng iu ny a h n ch ng
h s can thip hn ch ca chnh ph vo
h tng kinh t. Tn gi ny bt ngun t
thc t l nhiu thnh vin ni bt ca
"trng phi" ny (v d FRIEDMAN,
KNIGHT, SCHULTZ v STIGLER) gn b
vi trng i hc Chicago.

448 Chicago School

449 Child allowance

450 Chi-square distribution

451 Choice of technology

452 Choice variable

453 CIF
454 CIO
455
456
457
458

Circular flow of income

Choice of production technique
Circular flow of payments
Circulating capital

Trong hu ht cc h thng THU THU

NHP u tr cp cho tr em n theo.
tng ny l gim nh gnh nng chi ph
Tr cp tr em.
nui dy con ci m gia nh phi gnh chu.
Mt phn b xc sut vi tham s n bc t
Phn phI Kai bnh phng (Phn phi do ca tham s. Xem CONTINGENCY
khi bnh phng)
TABLES.
S la chn cng ngh.
Xem TECHNOLOGY, CHOICE OF.
Mt bin trong bi ton ti u m gi tr ca
bin c "chn" ti u ho gi tr ca
HM MC TIU. Cc bin la chn thng
Bin la chn.
l bin c lp ca hm mc tiu.
Gi, ph bo him, cc vn chuyn ,
hay gi y ca hng ho.
Xem AMERICAN FEDERATION OF
LABOUR.
Lung tin thu v chi gia cc hng v h
Lung lun chuyn thu nhp.
gia nh trong nc.
S la chn k thut sn xut.
Dng thanh ton lun chuyn.
Vn lu ng.
Xem WORRKING CAPITAL.

Page 30

economic

459 Clark, John Bates

(1847-1938)

460 Classical dichotomy

Thuyt lng phn c in

461 Classical economics

462 Classical school
Classical system of company
463 taxation

Kinh t hc c in
Trng phi c in

464 Classical techniques

Classical and Keynesian
465 unemployment
466 Classical model

Cc k thut c in
Tht nghip theo l thuyt c in v
theo l thuyt Keynes
M hnh c in

467 Clay-clay

clay-clay; t st- t st

468 Clayton Act

o lut Clayton

469 Clean float

Th ni t do

470 Clearing banks

Cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr

471 Clearing house

Phng thanh ton b tr

472 Cliometrics

S lng

H thng c in v thu cng ty

Page 31

c phong gio s ti trng i hc

Columbia nm 1895. Nhng n phm chnh
ca ng bao gm Trit l v ca ci (1885),
Phn phi ca ci (1899),Cc yu t ct yu
ca thuyt kinh t (1897), v Cc vn c
quyn (1904). ng c ng gp trong vic
khm ph c lp v nguyn l phn tch
bin v c coi l ngi sng lp ra HC
THUYT NNG SUT BIN M. Con
ng ring ca ng tin ti l thuyt nng
sut bin l i t vic khi qut ho khi
nim ca RICARDO v gi thu. ng tin
xa hn VON THUNEN, JEVONS, MENGER
v WALRAS bng vic tuyn b rng phn
phi thu nhp theo quy lut nng sut bin l
"cng bng".
Vic xc nh ring bit v c lp gi tng
i v tuyt i trong KINH T HC C
IN v TN C IN.(Xem NEOCLASSICAL SYNTHESIS).
Mt t tng kinh t t gia th k XVIII n
gia th k XIX, m phn ln t tng ny
ni ln t Anh.
Xem Classical economics.
Xem CORPORATION TAX
Mt cm thut ng dng miu t k thut
thng k chun nhm phn bit chng c
th vi cc k thut BAYES.

Mt kha cnh ca HM SN XUT trong

THUYT TNG TRNG khng cho php
t l vn - lao ng bin i trc hoc sau
khi thc hin u t. Cm thut ng "t
st" dng ch vn, do t st c cho l
km tnh cn mng hn so vi "mt tt" (Xem
PUTTY-CLAY and PUTTY- PUTTY).
c thng qua M nm 1914. Mc ch
ca o lut l xc nh c th nhng vi
phm chng c quyn nhm lm cho o
lut Sherman r rng hn. (Xem CELLERKEFAUVER ACT and ROB INSONPATMEN ATC).
Khi T GI TH NI c bin i mt
cch t do khi bt c nh hng can thip
no cc CO QUAN QUN L TIN T.
(Xem DIRTY FLOAT)
Anh, cm thut ng ny dng ch cc
NGN HNG THNG MI theo truyn
thng iu hnh v c th tip cn vi mt
PHNG THANH TON B TR hay cc c
quan tng ng vi mc ch thanh ton
b tr cc t SC ca nhau.
Mt a danh ca London m cc NGN
HNG THANH TON B TR LONDON,
NGN HNG ANH v Edinburgh, ngn
hng c phn Scotland tin hnh thanh ton
b tr sc v cc khiu n khc vi nhau
Tn mn lch s kinh t "mi", s dng
KINH T LNG nghin cu v cc vn
c cc nh s hc cp

economic

473 Closed economy

474 Closed shop

475 Closing prices

476 Club good

477 Clubs, theory of

478 Coase, Ronald H.

479 Coase's theorem

Cobb-Douglas production
480 function

Khi nim s dng ch yu trong cc m

hnh l thuyt ch mt nn kinh t khng
c quan h ngoi thng m hon ton t
Nn kinh t ng
tc v tch bit vi cc tc nhn bn ngoi.
Theo ngha s dng M, cm thut ng
ny ch mt tho thun yu cu cc cng
nhn tr thnh thnh vin ca cng on
trc khi c mt hng thu lm vic.
Anh, mt khc, cm thut ng ny thng
Ca hng ng;Cng ty c t chc
phn bit gia cc hnh thc ca hng ng
cng on.
trc khi vo lm v sau khi vo lm li.
c s dng ph bin cng vi TH
TRNG CHNG KHON ch gi
CHNG KHON v C PHIU ti thi
Gi lc ng ca.
im kt thc bun bn ca mt ngy.
Mt dng trung gian gia HNG HO
Hng ho club; Hng ho bn cng
CNG CNG thun tu v hng ho t
cng.
nhn (Xem CLUBS, THEORY OF)
Thuyt cu lc b l mt phn ca thuyt
Thuyt club; Thuyt cu lc b, thuyt HNG HO CNG CNG KHNG THUN
hng ho bn cng cng.
TUnh kinh t hc sinh ti Anh c tng
Mt
gi thng Nobel kinh t hc nm 1991 cho
cng trnh chuyn ca ng v L
THUYT V HNG v kinh t hc v
NGOI NG. Coase, ngi c dy trong
mt thi gian ti Trng kinh t London,
lm vic ti trng i hc Chicago trong
hu ht qung i ca ng. Nm 1937 trong
bi bo "Bn cht ca hn" (tp ch
Economica s IV), ng nu ra cu hi ti
sao cc hot ng kinh t nht nh b ph
mc cho s trao i ca th trng, cn s
khc li c tin hnh bn trong hng. Khi
th trng v cc hng l cc cch t chc
c th thay th nhau, th ci g s quyt nh
cch no c s dng? Coase tr li cu
hi ny bng cch cho rng hng s m
rng ti mt im ti chi ph tin hnh
hot ng trong hng bng vi chi ph thc
hin qua giao dch th trng. y chnh l
xut pht im xem mt t chc cng
nghip t gc chi ph giao dch, tc l
kiu t chc c chn l kiu t chc
lm ti a ho chi ph ca mt giao dch kinh
t. Nm 1906, trong bi bo "Vn la
chn x hi", Tp ch Php lut v Kinh t
hc s 3, Coase lp lun ci tr thnh
NH L COASE rng tnh ti u Pareto vn
c th c khi c cc ngoi ng v khng c
can thip ca nh nc, nu c th thng
lng c gia nh sn xut v ngi tip
(1910- ).
nhn tc ng ngoi ng QUYN S HU
nh l ny da trn lp lun rng cc
NGOI NG khng gy ra s phn b sai
cc ngun lc khi khng c CHI PH GIAO
DCH v khi quyn s hu ti sn c s
nh l Coase.
hu r rng v c hiu lc.
Hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas.

Page 32

economic

481 Cobweb theorem

482 Cochrane-Orcutt

483 Co-determination
484 Coefficient of determination

485 Coefficient of variation

486 Coercive comparisons

487 Cofactor
488 Coinage

489 Coincident indicator

490 Cointegration
491 COLA

492 Collateral security

493 Collective bargaining

494 Collective choise

495 Collective goods
496 Collective exhaustive
497 Collinearity
498 Multi-Collinearity

499 Collusion
500 Collusive oligopoly
501 Collusive price leadership

Dng n gin nht ca M HNH NG

trong , cung ca mt hng ho trong nm
t l mt hm ca gi hng ho trong nm
t-1 v trong bt k giai on no th gi c
u c iu chnh "cn i th trng".

nh l mng nhn.

Tn dng ph bin cho th tc c thit k

c tnh cc thng s ca mt phng
trnh m s d ca n tun theo TNG
Cochrane-Orcutt
QUAN CHUI. Xem PRAIS-WINSTEN.
S tham gia ca cng nhn vo qu trnh
a ra quyt nh chnh sch trong cc
ng quyt nh.
hng.
H s xc nh (H s tng quan bi Mt thng k tm tt nng lc gii thch ca
s R bnh phng).
mt phng trnh.
Thng dng o mc phn tn ca
H s phn tn ( phn tn tng
cc bin xung quanh gi tr trung bnh ca
i).
n.
S so snh gia cc mc lng ca nhng
nhm cng nhn khc nhau v c ngi
i din ca ca cc nhn vin s dng nh
l s kim chng v tng lng. Xem
So snh p buc.
COMPARABILITY.
ng h s ca mt phn t trong mt ma
trn l NH THC ca ma trn mi c
to nn bng cch xo hng v ct ca ma
ng h s.
trn gc c cha phn t .
Mt phn ca tin trao tay gm cc ng tin
Tin c.
kim loi.
Mt dy s liu kinh t bin ng theo cng
chu k kinh doanh, ngha l tng ln cng
mt lc vi giai on tng ln ca chu k
kinh doanh v tt xung khi chu k kinh
Ch s bo trng hp.
doanh tt xun.
y l mt phng php xc nh mi quan
h di hn gia mt nhm cc bin CHUI
ng lin kt
THI GIAN.
iu chnh theo gi sinh hot.
Xem ESCALATORS.
Khi c ngha rng, c dng ch bt c
vt th chp no (nhng khng phi m
bo c nhn nh bo lnh) m mt ngn
hng nhn khi n cho mt khch hng vay
v ngn hng c quyn i trong trng hp
Vt th chp.
v n.
m phn gia ch v cc cng nhn v
vic hnh thnh cc th tc v lut l bao
hm cc iu kin v lm vic v lng.
Xem NATIONAL BARGAINING, COMPANY
Thng lng tp th.
BARGAINING v PLANT BARGAINING.
i khi c gi l s la chn x hi. Mt
quyt nh do mt nhm hay nhng ngi
S la chn tp th.
thay mt cho mt nhm a ra.
Hng ho hay dch v mang tnh cht
Hng ho tp th.
KHNG LOI TR. Xem PUBLIC GOODS
Hon ton.
Xem MULTICOLLINEARITY, LINEAR
Cng tuyn.
DEPENDENCE.
a cng tuyn.
Tho thun gia cc hng trnh cnh
tranh phng hi ln nhau. Xem PRICE
Kt cu.
LEADERSHIP.
c quyn nhm c kt cu.
Xem COLLUSION.
Ch o gi kt cu.
Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP.

Page 33

economic

502 Comecon
503 Command economy

Hi ng tng tr kinh t.
Nn kinh t ch huy.

504 Commercial banks

Cc ngn hng thng mi.

505 Commercial bill

Hi phiu thng mi.

506 Commercial paper

Thng phiu

507 Commercial policy

508 Commissions

Chnh sch thng mi

Xem COMPENSATION RULES

509 Commodity
510 Commodity bundling

Vt phm; Hng ho
Bn hng theo l

511 Commodity Credit Corporation

512 Commodity money

513 Commodity space

514 Commodity terms of trade

515 Common Agricultural Policy

516 Common Customs Tariff

517 Common external tariff

518 Common facility co-operative

519 Common market

Xem COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC

ASSISTANCE.
Xem PLANNED ECONOMY.
Mt cm thut ng chung, khng xc nh,
ch nhng ngn hng thng trong khu
vc kinh t t nhn tin hnh kinh doanh
tng hp ch khng chuyn doanh.
Mt HI PHIU c rt ti tr cho cc
hot ng sn xut, bun bn hoc thng
mi khc. N khc vi HI PHIU B TI
CHNH hay hi phiu ca chnh quyn a
phng v l cng c ca cc nghip v
ti chnh cng cng.
Mt cm thut ng chung ch HI PHIU
THNG MI
Cc quy tc c mt nc p dng
iu hnh hay qun l chi tiu v cc hot
ng ngoi thng ca mnh

Bt k vt no c sn xut ra phc v
tiu dng hay trao i trn th trng
Tp qun bn hng hay dch v trn gi.
Mt cng ty ca M c thnh lp nm
1933 nhm to ra mt th trng c trt t
Cng ty tn dng hng ho; Cng ty tn v n nh hn cho hng ho nng sn.
dng vt phm
(Xem PARTY PRICE SYSTEM)
Tin t da trn vt phm; Tin bng Mt h thng tin t da trn mt hng ho
hng ho.
c th.
Gii hn gia hai trc biu th lng hng
ho hay dch v sn c tim nng ngi
Khng gian hng ho.
tiu dng mua.
T gi trao i hng ho; T gi hng
ho.
Xem TERM OF TRADE.
H thng chung v tr gi v tr cp nng
nghip do CNG NG CHU U p dng.
Chnh sch ny nhm khuyn khch iu
kin th trng nng nghip n nh, m
bo li ch cng bng cho nng dn, duy tr
gi c hp l cho ngi tiu dng v p
dng cc chnh sch c xy dng
tng sn lng v nng sut lao ng trong
Chnh sch nng nghip chung.
ngnh nng nghip ca cng ng.
Mc THU QUAN ngoi b chung ca
Biu thu quan chung.
CNG NG CHU U (EC).
Mc THU QUAN do cc thnh vin ca
mt lin minh thu quan, mt TH TRNG
CHUNG hay mt CNG NG KINH T p
dng mt mc c thng nht v ging
nhau i vi hng nhp khu t cc nc
Biu thu i ngoi chung.
khng phi l thnh vin.
Mt bin php chnh sch c xy dng
nhm to iu kin cho vic tng cng
cng ngh tin tin bng cch thnh lp cc
hp tc x s dng nhng trang thit b
chung hay cc cng xng sn xut chung
nng cao nng sut ca th th cng
lnh ngh a phng v ngnh cng
nghip. Xem ALTERNATIVE
Cc hp tc x c thit b chung.
TECHNOLOGY.
Mt khu vc thng kt hp mt s nc,
trong tt c u c th mua bn theo
nhng iu kin ngang nhau. Xem
Th trng chung.
EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET.

Page 34

economic

520 Common stock

Chng khon ph thng.

521 Communism

Ch ngha cng sn.

522 Community Charge

Thu cng ng.

523 Community indifference curve

ng bng quan cng ng.

524 Company

Cng ty.

525 Company bargaining

m phn cng ty.

526 Company director

Gim c cng ty.

527 Company saving

So snh v lng

528 Comparability argument

Lun im v tnh c th so snh.

529 Comparable worth

Gi tr c th so snh.

530 Comparative advantage

531 Comparative costs

Li th so snh
Chi ph so snh.

532 Comparative dynamics

Phng php so snh ng.

Page 35

Mt cng c ti chnh (tho thun ti chnh)

mang li quyn s hu v quyn b phiu
trong mt cng ty cho ngi ch cng c
ny. Xem PREFERENCE SHARES,
EQUITIES.
Theo mt ngha hp, y l mt giai on
pht trin kinh t c cho l din ra khi tt
c cc tng lp trong x hi b thu ht vo
GIAI CP V SN. Cm thut ng ny, d
vy, thng c dng ch mt h thng
kinh t k hoch ho c iu hnh ti cc
nc thuc HI NG TNG TR KINH
T (trc khi cc cuc cch mng ng
u n ra vo cui thp k 80).
Mt loi thu p dng Anh cui thp k 80
thay th cho cc loi thu khc.
Mt ng da trn mi c nhn trong
mt cng ng nhn c mt mc tho
dng khng i.
Thng ch cng ty C PHN, y l
mt thc th php l c thnh lp tin
hnh cc hot ng cng nghip, thng
mi vn c chia thnh C PHIU do cc
thnh vin ca cng ty nm gi.
M PHN TP TH gia cc i din ca
mt cng ty, c th c mt hoc nhiu hn
cc nh my trn khp t nc v nhng
ngi i din cho cng nhn vin chc,
a ra mc lng v iu kin lm vic
trong cng ty. Xem PLANT BARGAINING.
Ngi do cc c ng bu ra tham gia
cng cc gim c khc iu hnh cng ty.
So snh chnh thc hay khng chnh thc do
cc nhm lao ng rt ra v mc lng ca
v ca nhng ngi cng nhn khc. Xem
RELATIVE DEPRIVATION, COERCIVE
COMPARISIONS.
Mt s tin tng rng cc c nhn lm cng
cng vic v sn xut cng lng sn phm
nn c tr cng mt mc lng.
Lng ngang nhau tr cho cng vic c gi
tr ngang nhau.
David RIVIRDO khm ph ra l thuyt v
li th tng i. y l c s ca CHUYN
MN HO cho mt b phn cc quc gia,
cc c nhn v cho t do thng mi. L
thuyt hin i, khng cn da vo l thuyt
v lao ng ca RICARDO, to lp iu
kin cn duy nht cho kh nng thu li t
THNG MI l t s gi c phi khc
nhau gia cc quc gia. T gi hi oi sau
khi bun bn gia cc hng ho m s xc
nh ca n Ricardo khng th gii thch
c, thit lp bi QUY LUT CU QUA
LI.
Xem COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.
Mt phng php s dng trong KINH T
HC NG vi nt c bit l mc thay
i v gi tr ca cc THAM S v v gi tr
cn bng ca cc bin l khng i.

economic

533 Comparative statics

Phng php so snh tnh.

534 Compensated demand curves

535 Compensating variation
536 Compensation principle

ng cu c b.
Mc thay i b p.
Nguyn l b p.

537 Compensation rules

Cc quy tc tr th lao.

538 Compensation tests

Kim nghim n b.

539 Competition Act 1980

o lut cnh tranh 1980.

540 Competition and Credit Control

Kim sot tn dng v cnh tranh

541 Competitive markets

Th trng cnh tranh

542 Complements

Hng ho b tr

543 Complex number

S phc

Page 36

So snh mt v tr CN BNG mi vi v tr
cn bng c sau khi c thay i no trong
cc bin s m khng i chiu vi cch t
c v tr mi v thng khng c kha
cnh nh lng.
Mt ng cu trong HIU NG THU
NHP ca thay i gi c loi b
thu nhp thc t dc ng cu khng i.
Xem CONSUMER'S SURPLUS.
Xem COMPENSATION TESTS.
Mt cng thc xc nh thu nhp ca c
nhn. 1)Da trn thi gian lm vic ca c
nhn. 2)Da trn kt qu hon thnh cng
vic ca c nhn. 3)Da trn c s kt qa
thc hin ca mt i nh trong ch chia
li nhun hay thng theo i. 4)Da trn
kt qu thc hin so snh ca c nhn nh
i vi quy tc TH LAO THEO XP HNG
TRONG THI U.
Nhng cuc kim nghim nh vy t ra
cu hi liu nhng ngi gy thit hi do
thay i no c c n b cho thit hi
ca h hay khng trong khi vn nhng
ngi c li khm kh hn trc khi c
thay i . Kim nghim c bit n
nhiu nht l KIM NGHIM KALLDOR HICHS.
o lut ny nhn mnh tm quan trng
trong chnh sch cnh tranh ca cc tp
qun v iu kin kinh doanh.(Xem
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT
1956, MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS ACT
1965, RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES
ACT 1968, FAIR TRADING ACT 1973,
COMPETITION ACT 1980 )
Tn ca mt ti liu tham vn do NGN
HNG ANH pht hnh gia nm 1971, ti
liu ny tm lc nhng xut cho vic
xem xt nhng tho thun tn dng p dng
i vi cc NGN HNG v c quan ti
chnh khc v bt u p dng vo cui nm
. Bn cht ca nhng thay i ny l
ch chng cho php kt thc vic kim sot
v s lng cho vay dc bit ca cc NGN
HNG THANH TON B TR v chng p
dng vi cc ngn hng v CNG TY TI
CHNH theo cch thc cng ln v cng
khng phn bit cng tt (Xem MONETARY
MANAGEMENT).
Mt th trng trong mt s ln nhng
ngi mua v bn nh bun bn mt cch
c lp v do , khng ai c th chi phi
gi c mt cch ng k.(Xem PERFECT
COMPETITION).
Mt hng ho c xu hng c mua theo
km vi hng ho khc c mua v n
"b tr" cho hng ho th nht
Cc s bao gm nhng phn t TNG
TNG, ngha l n cha cn bc hai ca
m mt.

economic

544 Composite commodity theorem

nh l hng ho a hp

545 Compound interest

546 Compensating differentials
547 Competition policy

Li kp
Cc mc b thm tin lng.
Chnh sch v cnh tranh

548 Concave function (concavity)

Hm lm (tnh lm).

549 Concentration

S tp trung.

550 Concentration, coefficient of.

H s tp trung.

551 Concentration ratio

T l tp trung.

552 Concerted action

Hnh ng phi hp.

Concertina method of tariff

553 reduction

Phng php iu ho gim thu

quan; Phng php gim thu quan
hi ho.

554 Conciliation

Ho gii

555 Condorcet Criterion

Tiu chun g chi; Tiu chun

Condorcet

556 Confederation of British Industrial Lin on cng nghip ANH (CBI).

557 Confidence interval

Khong tin cy.

Page 37

Theo J.R.HICKS (Gi tr v t bn, i hc

Oxford,1939), nh l ny ni rng nu c
mt s hng ho m gi tng i ca
chng (tc l gi ca hng ho ny so vi
gi ca hng ho kia) khng i th nhng
hng ho c th coi l mt hng ho c
tn "hng ho a hp"
Trnh t m theo TIN LI tng lai
c tr trn mc li trong qu kh (li m
li con).
Mt hm lm v v trs gc, v vy O HM
BC 2 ca n l m. mt hm nh vy cng
c th li t gc to .
1).Mt cm thut ng ch tnh trng cc iu
kin cnh tranh ph bin trong mt ngnh.
2).Mt khi nim s dng khi ni ti PHN
PHI QUY M CA HNG trong mt ngnh
ca nn kinh t, hoc lin quan n v tr ca
ngnh cng nghip.
Mt s o thng k v mc hot ng
kinh t hay mt c tnh kinh t c tp
trung v mt a l, chng hn trong mt
quc gia. Xem LOCATION QUOTIENT,
SPECIALIZATION, COFFICIENT OF.
T l phn trm tng quy m cng nghip do
mt vi hng ln trong ngnh chim.
Xem STANDARD INDUSTRIAL
CLASSICATION.
y l tn t cho mt phng n ca
CHNH SCH THU NHP CA C m
chnh ph, mc d khng phi l mt bn
tham gia qu trnh m phn tp th, t ra
nhng tiu chun gn tng tin lng vi
mc ch n nh v tng trng.
Mt qu trnh gim thu quan, ct gim thu
sut cao trong khi khng thay i thu sut
thp, do chnh lch gia cc mc thu
quan gim i. Xem ACROSS-THE-BOARD
TARIFF CHANGES.
S can thip vo mt TRANH CHP V
LAO NG theo yu cu ca cc bn lin
quan bng mt bn th ba c lp v khng
thin v nhm ho gii cc quan im ca
hai bn. Xem MEDIATION, ARBITRATION.
Mt h thng la chn tp th, trong
phng n c la chn l phng n
nh bi tt c nhng phng n khc trong
chui cc cuc la chn tng i mt s
dng nhng quy tc a s.
Mt t chc ca gii ch Anh thnh lp
nm 1965 bng cch st nhp 3 hip hi
trc y i din cho cc li ch ca ngnh
cng nghip.
Khong tin cy alpha ca mt tham s gm
2 con s m gia chng ta c tin cy
alpha%, ngha l gi tr thc ca tham s
nm . Xem STATISTICAL INFERENCE,
INTERVAL ESTIMATION.

economic

558 Confidence problem

Mt trong nhng vn ca h thng tin t

quc t ny sinh khi ngi ta cho rng mt
ng tin s b ph gi, vn ngn hn sau
s b rt khi nc , xut hin s mt lng
tin vo ng tin ca nc .

Vn lng tin.

559 Congestion costs

Chi ph do tc nghn.

560 Conglomerate
561 Conjectural behavior

Conglomerate; Tp on; T hp
doanh nghip
Hnh vi phng on.

562 CONJECTURAL VARIATION

S thay i theo phng on.

563 Consistency

Tnh nht qun.

564 Consolidated fund

565 Consistent
566 Consolidated balance sheets

Qu ngn kh.
Thng nht/ nht qun.
Bng cn i (k ton/ti sn) hp
nht.

567 Consols

Cng tri hp nht.

568 Consortium bank

Ngn hng Consortium.

S tiu dng nhm th hin; S tiu
dng nhm khoe khoang.

569 Conspicuous consumption

570

571

572
573

574

575
576

577

Khi vic s dng mt phng tin hay dch

v ang c nhiu ngi dng tng ln, s
xut hin mt chi ph (khng nht thit bng
tin) i vi ngi ang s dng chng, th
phng tin gi l "tc nghn".
Mt hng bao gm cng ty m v cc cng
ty con m chng khng lin quan vi nhau
trong cc hot ng v th trng.
Xem CONJECTURAL VARIATION.
Ch hnh vi ca hng trong TH TRNG
C QUYN NHM. Xem OLIGOPOLY.
Mt tnh cht mong mun ca cc c
lng kinh t lng.
Mt cm thut ng khc cho NGN KH
Anh. l mt ti khon ca chnh ph bao
gm thu nhp t thu.

Ngy nay, thut ng ny ch loi cng tri

2,5% li sut.
Mt kiu ngn hng quc t hnh thnh bng
cch tp hp cc ngn hng vn ang tn
ti t cc nc khc nhau. Xem LIBOR.

Xem VEBLEN.
Theo hc thuyt ca C.Mc, t bn bt bin
l mt phn ca T BN c th hin
bng phng tin sn xut, nguyn liu th
v cng c lao ng. Xem VARIABLE
Constant capital
T bn bt bin.
CAPITAL.
Hm sn xut CES l mt hm sn xut
Constant Elasticity of Substitution Hm sn xut vi co gin thay th NG NHT TUYN TNH c co gin
(CES) Production Function
khng i.
thay th u vo khng i.
Mi quan h gia lng bn v gi m hng
phi i mt nu tt c cc i th cnh
tranh ca n thch ng vi bt c s thay
Constant market share demand
i v gi no do hng ny a ra.(Xem
curve
ng cu vi th phn bt bin.
ELASTICITY)
Sinh li khng i theo qui m; Li tc Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS
Constant returns to scale
c nh theo quy m
TO SCALE
Cc i ho hay cc tiu ho mt HM
MC TIU, trong CC BIN LA CHN
tun theo mt s RNG BUC no .
Constrained optimization
Ti u ho c rng buc
(Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING).
Thng l mt mi quan h ton hc gia
CC BIN LA CHN ca mt bi ton ti
u ho; trong mt hm no ca bin
(v d HM TUYN TNH) khng bng mt
Constraint
Rng buc
hng s.
Bt c n v kinh t no c nhu cu tiu
Consumer
Ngi tiu dng
dng hng ho v dch v cui cng.
Mt cm thut ng chung ch vic cho
NGI TIU DNG vay mua hng ho
dch v, nhng thng khng bao gi gm
Consumer credit
Tn dng tiu dng
vic mua nh.

Page 38

economic

578 Consumer demand theory

579 Consumer durable

580 Consumer equilibrium

581 Consumer expenditure

582 Consumer goods and services

583 Consumer price index
584 Consumer sovereignty

585 Consumer's surplus

586 Consumption

587 Consumption expenditure

588 Consumption function

589 Consumption tax

590 Constestable market

591 Contingency reserve

592 Contingency table

593 Contingent valuation

594 Continuous variable

595 Contract curve

596 Contractionary phase

Lnh vc ca mn kinh t hc xc nh
nhng l thuyt c th kim nghim v cch
ngi tiu dng phn ng li vi nhng thay
i trong cc bin nh gi c, cc gi khc,
L thuyt cu tiu dng
thay i v thu nhp
L bt c hng tiu dng no c "tui th
di", do khng c tiu dng ngay lp
Hng tiu dng lu bn
tc (nh thc n).
Tnh hung m ngi tiu dng ti a ho
THO DNG ca mnh theo RNG
Cn bng tiu dng
BUC NGN SCH.
Chi tiu ca ngi tiu dng
Xem CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE.
HNG HO hu hnh v v hnh c tiu
dng theo li ch ca bn thn tho mn
Hng v dch v tiu dng
nhng nhu cu hin ti.
Ch s gi tiu dng
Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX
Quyn ti thng ca ngi tiu dng; tng cho rng NGI TIU DNG l
Ch quyn ca ngi tiu dng
quan to tt nht i vi bn thn h.
c dng ph bin ch khu vc nm
di ng cu MARSHALL ca mt c
Thng d ca ngi tiu dng
nhn gia hai mc gi.
Hnh ng s dng hng ho v dch v
S tiu dng
tho mn nhu cu hin ti.
Tng chi tiu vo hng ho v dch v nhm
tho mn nhu cu hin ti (Xem
Chi tiu tiu dng
CONSUMPTION).
Mt th chi tit ho v quan h gia tng
CHI TIU TIU DNG v THU NHP, ngha
Hm tiu dng
l C = C(Y).
Thu ny c th c hai dng: mt l, khi bn
thn ngi tiu dng b nh thu nh vi
THU CHI TIU v hai l, khi hng ho v
dch v ngi tiu dng mua b nh thu.
Trong trng hp u thu c nh vo
Thu tiu dng
hng cung cp dch v hay hng ho.
Mt TH TRNG trong c s t do
nhp th, s gia nhp v rt lui khng mt chi
Th trng c th cnh tranh c
ph.
D tr khng phn b dnh cho s c bt
thng v cc nhu cu khc, n khng th
c nh lng khi xem xt cc k hoch
D tr pht sinh
chi tiu nh lng ca Anh.
Mt cng c m theo mc lin h hay
ph thuc gia hai bin s hay hai c tnh
Bng pht sinh; Bng s c
c nh gi.
nh gi (hin tng) pht sinh; Vic Vic lm r gi tr tiu dng ca hng ho v
nh gi bt thng
dch v khng c trao i trn th trng.
Mt bin s c th ly bt c gi tr no
(ngha l n c th thay i m khng gin
on) gia nhng gii hn xc nh (c th
Bin s lin tc
l v hn) (Xem DISCRETE VARIABLE).
Trong trng hp hai ngi tiu dng trao
i hai mt hng, ng ny l qu tch cc
im ti T L THAY TH BIN gia hai
mt hng l nh nhau i vi hai ngi tiu
ng hp ng
dng (Xem EDGEWORTH BOX).
Giai on ca CHU K KINH DOANH sau khi
t n im cao nht v ko di cho n
im thp nht sau . N nh du s suy
Giai on suy gim; Giai on thu hp gim ca hot ng kinh t.

Page 39

economic

597 Convergence thesis

598 Convergent cycle

Lun chng hi t
Chu k hi t

599 Conversion

S chuyn i

600 Convertibility
601 Convertible bond
602 Convertible loan stock

Kh nng chuyn i
Tri khon chuyn i c.
Khon vay chuyn i c.

603 Convertible security

Chng khon chuyn i c.

604 Convex function (convexity)

Hm li (tnh li).

605 Cooling off period

Giai on lng du.

606 Co-ordinated wage policy

607 Core, the

Chnh sch tin lng phi hp

Gi gc.

608 Corner solution

p s gc.

609 Corn Laws

Cc b lut v Ng.

610 Corporate capitalism

Ch ngha t bn hp doanh; Ch
ngha t bn doanh nghip.

611 Corporate conscience

Lng tm hp doanh; Lng tm

doanh nghip.

612 Corporate risk

613 Corporate state
614
615
616
617

Complementary inputs
Concesionary prices / rates
Constant prices
Constant returns to scale

618 Constraint (informal / formal)

619 Conversion factor

Ri ro hp doanh; Ri ro cng ty.

a phn ca hp doanh; Nh nc
cng ty.
(Cc loi) u vo b tr; Nhp lng
b tr.
Gi / T sut u i.
Gi c nh / gi bn khng i.
Sinh li khng i theo quy m.
Hn ch / Rng buc (khng chnh
thc/ chnh thc) ngoi quy nh/ theo
quy nh.
H s chuyn i.

Page 40

tng cho rng cc nn kinh t x hi ch

ngha v t bn ch ngha i ra khi cc
dng "l tng" tng ng ca chng v
tin ho theo nhng hnh thi, suy ngh, th
ch v phng php ngy cng ging nhau.
Xem DAMPED CYCLE.
Tp qun pht hnh CHNG KHON v
C PHIU mi thay th ci c.
Mt thuc tnh ca mt ng tin c th trao
i mt cch thoi mi vi mt ng tin
khc hay vi vng. (Xem EXCHANGE
RATES, GOLD STANDARD, EXCHANGE
RESERVES, GOLD RESERVES).
Xem CONVERTIBLE SECURITY.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Mt loi chng khon, tc l mt khiu n
i vi ngi pht hnh, c th chuyn i
sang cc loi khc trong c tin mt.
Mt hm li so vi gc to , do , O
HM bc hai ca n l dng.
Mt giai on tr hon c tin hnh hp
php trc khi hot ng nh cng c th
bt u gim bt cng thng hay lm
lng ng cm xc v do n c cho
thi gian nh gi hp l hn v vn
c tranh ci.
S phi hp gia gii ch v cng on
gii quyt ln lt nhng ngh hay yu
cu v lng ca cng on.
Xem GAME THEORY.
Trong bi ton ti u, mt tnh th m mt
hoc hn cc bin LA CHN c gi tr
bng 0 ti mc TI U.
Cc b lut p dng Anh t nm 1815 v
c bi b t nm 1846 nhm duy tr gi
ng cc bng cch cm nhp khu khi gi
trong nc gim xung di mt mc nht
nh.
Mt quan im ng thi v cc nn kinh
t pht trin phng Ty, trong khu vc
sn xut do cc cng ty ln thng tr m c
im cc cng ty ny l s tch ri gia
quyn s hu v qun l. Xem
MANAGERIAL THEORIES OF THE FIRM.
Vi s tch ri gia quyn s hu v qun
l, mt s nh phn tch lp lun rng, cc
nh qun l ca cc cng ty ln tch khi
"lng tm v c ng" v thay vo p
dng mt thc ph bin v trch nhim i
vi cng chng ni chung. Xem Corporate
capitalism.
Ton b ri ro lin quan ti mt doanh
nghip.

economic

623 Consumption bundle

624 Consumption externalities
625 Corporation

Khon vay cho ngi tiu dng; Vay

tiu dng.
La chn ca ngi tiu dng.
B hng tiu dng; im kt hp tiu
dng.
Nhng ngoi tc tiu dng.
Hp doanh; Cng ty.

626 Corporation tax

Thu doanh nghip; Thu Cng ty.

620 Consumer borrowing

621 Consumer choice

627
628
629
630

Correlation
Positive correlation
Nagative correlation
Correlation of returns

S tng quan
Tng quan ng bin.
Tng quan nghch bin.
Tng quan ca li tc.

631 Correlogram

Biu tng quan

632 Correspondent banks

Cc ngn hng i l.

633 Corset

Yu cu tht cht.

634 Cost

Chi ph.

635 Cost - benefit analysis

Phn tch chi ph - li ch.

636 Cost - effectiveness analysis

637 Cost insurance freight

Phn tch chi ph - hiu qu

Ph, bo him, cc vn chuyn, gi
CIF.

638 Cost minimization

Ti thiu ho chi ph.

639 Cost of capital

640 Cost of living

Chi ph vn.
Chi ph cho sinh hot; Gi sinh hot.

641 Cost of protection

642 Cost overrun

Chi ph bo h.
Chi ph pht sinh.

Page 41

Xem COMPANY.
Thu nh vo doanh thu ca cc cng ty
sau khi tr i chi ph hot ng, LI
SUT, PHN GIM THU CHO U T
VN v MC GIM VN.
Mc m hai bin tng quan vi nhau
mt cch tuyn tnh, hoc l thng qua quan
h nhn qu trc tip, gin tip hay xc sut
thng k. Xem Rank Correlation.

Mt th biu th H S TNG QUAN

gia gi tr hin ti ca mt bin v cc gi
tr tr ca chnh n so vi tr di.
Mt ngn hng hot ng nh mt i l cho
mt ngn hng khc ni m ngn hng
ny khng c vn phng hoc v l do no
ngn hng khng th tin hnh cho cc
nghip v ca bn thn n.
Mt tn lng thng thng trn th trng
ch yu cu phi c cc khon TIN GI
C BIT B SUNG, c p dng t nm
1973 nhm tng cng kim sot ca
NGN HNG ANH i vi cc khon gi
ngn hng. Xem COMPETITION AND
CREDIT CONTROL.
Ni chung y l mt thc o nng g phi
tr c c mt ci g , hoc bng
cch mua, trao i hay sn xut.
Khung khi nim nh gi cc d n u
t trong khu vc chnh ph, mc d n c
th c m rng sang bt c d n khu
vc t nhn no.
Gn ging nh Phn tch chi ph - li ch
nhng khc ch n i hi mt yu cu
khc. l, nu xt v mt mc tiu, lm
cch no t c mc tiu mc
chi ph thp nht.
Xem CIF.
i vi bt k mc sn lng no, l vic
la chn t hp u vo sn xut mt
lng u ra nht nh vi mc ph thp
nht.
L chi ph c tnh bng t l phn trm,
ca cc ngun VN khc nhau cn thit
tr cho vic chi dng vn.Tt c cc ngun
vn u c gi v c th tnh c trc tip
nh lhon vay n.
Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX.
Vic bo h nn cng nghip trong nc
bng thu quan, hn nghch hoc hn ch
khc thng p t chi ph ln nn kinh t
c bo h di 2 hnh thc: s phn b
sai ngun lc v bp mo c cu tiu dng.

economic

643 Cost - plus pricing

644 Cost - push inflation

645 Cost - utility analysis

Council of Economic Advisors

646 (ECA).

Council for Mutual economic

647 Assitance (Comecon)
648 Countercyclical

649 Countertrade

650 Countervailing power

651 Counter - vailing duty

652 Coupon
653 Coupon payments
654 Cournot, Antoine A. (1801-1877)

L nh gi bng cch cng thm mt khon

Cch nh gi chi ph-cng li; Cch
li nhun vo CHI PH KH BIN BNH
nh gi da vo chi ph v cng thm QUN nhm trang tri CHI PH C NH v
li nhun.
mt mc li nhun hp l no .
L s gia tng c duy tr ca mc gi
chung do s gia tng t nh ca cc chi
ph. Xem DEMAND-FULL INFLATION, THE
Lm pht do chi ph y.
WAGE-WAGE SPIRAL.
L mt phn tch CHI PH - HIU QU trong
kinh t hc y t, trong kt qu hay li ch
c tnh bng Tui th iu chnh theo
Phn tch chi ph - cng dng; Phn
cht lng hoc mt s o phi tin t ch
tch tn dng chi ph.
phc li ca bnh nhn.
L c quan tha hnh ca chnh ph M
c thnh lp theo LUT V LAO NG
nm 1946. T chc ny hot ng vi t
Hi ng c vn kinh t.
cch l c vn cho tng thng M.
L mt Hi ng lin chnh ph c thnh
lp theo s tho thun vo nm 1949 gia
Bungary, Tip Khc, Hungary, Balan,
Rumani v Lin X. Mc ch l tng cng
s pht trin kinh t v s hi nhp ca cc
nc thnh vin. Hi ng nay tan r vo
thng 2/1991. Xem PLANNED ECONOMY,
Hi ng tng tr kinh t.
TRANSFERABLE ROUBLE.
Vn ng ngc chiu vi mt pha no
Ngc chu k.
trong CHU K KINH DOANH.
L cc hinh thc thng mi quc t, khng
bnh thng t nhng hnh thc n gin
nhng t gp nh HNG I HNG cho n
cc hnh thc cn bng cng nghip phc
Thng mi i lu.
tp.
Th lc lm cn bng thng thy khi sc
mnh th trng ca mt nhm n v kinh
t hay ca mt hng c cn bng bi sc
mnh th trng ca mt nhm cc n v
Lc b i trng; Th lc lm cn
kinh t khc mua hoc bn cho cc nhm k
bng.
trn.
Thu chng bo h gi; thu nh vo
hng xut/ nhp khu c tr gi.
L mt loi chng thc dng cho vic nhn
tin li i vi mt chng khon c li c
nh nh tri phiu thu m t tri phiu ,
Phiu li, li sut tri phiu.
phiu li c th c x ra.
Tin tr li theo nm
Xem YIELD.

655 Cournot's duopoly model

M hnh lng c quyn Cournot.

656 Covariance
657 Covariance stationary

Hip phng sai.

Tnh theo hip phng sai.

658 Covered interest parity

659 CPRS

Mc li xut qui ngang; Ngang gi li

sut.
Xem CENTRAL POLICY REVIEW
STAFF.

Page 42

M hnh ny da trn gi thit hnh vi cho

rng mt trong hai hng s ti a ho li
nhun nu sn lng ca i th cnh tranh
vn gi mc gi khng i. Xem PROFIT
MAXIMIZATION, BERTRAND'S DUOPOLY
MODEL, STACKELBERG'S DUOPOLY
MODEL.
Thc o mc tng quan ca 2 bin.
Xem VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX.
Xem STATIONARITY.
Trong mt CH T GI HI OI LINH
HOT, l khi mc li sut hai nc
c lm cn bng nh mt t l chit khu
hp l hoc mt khon ph i vi t gi hi
oi di hn. Xem FORWARD RATE.

economic

660 Craff unions

Nghip on theo chuyn mn.

661 Cramer's Rule

Quy tc Cramer's.

662 Crawling peg

Ch neo t gi hi oi iu chnh
dn.

663 Credit
664 Credit account

Tn dng.
Ti khon tn dng.

665 Credit card

Th tn dng.

666 Credit celing

Trn tn dng.

667 Credit control

Kim sot tn dng.

668 Credit creation

S to ra tn dng.

669 Credit guarantee

Bo m tn dng.

670 Credit multiplier

671 Credible threat

S nhn tn dng.
e do kh tin; e do c th thc
hin c.

672 Creditor nation

Nc ch n.

673 Creditors

Cc ch n.

Page 43

Nghip on tp hp tt c cc cng nhn

c mt k nng hay mt s k nng c lin
quan vi nhau bt k h lm trong ngnh
no.
L phng php dng gii h phng
trnh tuyn tnh ng thi.
L phng php t gi hi oi. y l mt
cm thut ng chung p dng cho bt k
mt ngh no c c trng NGANG GI t gi hi oi chnh thc do qu tin t quc
t a ra - c th iu chnh theo thi gian,
mc thay i cn thit c th phn nh
v ko d trong sut mt thi k nht nh.
Xem DEVALUATION.
L mt cm thut ng ngha rng lin quan
n hot ng kinh doanh hay cc bn k
khai c lin quan n vic cho vay tin,
thng l cho vay ngn hn. Xem BANK
CREDIT, MONEY SUPPLY.
Xem CHARGE ACCOUNT.
L mt th do mt ngn hng, mt nhm cc
ngn hng, hay mt t chc pht hnh ti
chnh pht hnh cho khch hng ca n m
ngi ny c th s dng TN DNG trc
tip chu tin mua hng mt ngi bn
l, chu tin khch sn
Trong CHNH SCH TIN T, mt gii hn
c thng bo i vi lng tn dng m
cc th ch, thng l cc ngn hng m
rng cho khch hng trong cc giai on
hn ch tin t.
L mt cm thut ng chung ch mt lot
cc bin php do cc t chc tin t s
dng kim sot s lng tin do mt
nhm hoc do cc t chc ti chnh cho vay.
Qu trnh m cc t chc gi tin v rt tin,
cc t chc cho vay hot ng da trn T
L D TR, trn c s tng cc ti sn d
tr ca chng, c th tng s lng tin m
chng cho vay, v cc khon n tin gi
tng ln mt lng ln hn mc tng ca
d tr.
L loi hnh bo him m mt hip hi bo
lnh tn dng ng ra bo him khi khng tr
c n.
Ni mt cch cht ch, s nhn tn dng l
t s gia s thay i s lng tin do mt
nhm cc t chc TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH
gi tin, rt tin cho vay i vi mc thay i
trong ti sn d tr gy ra thay i .
Mt nc c coi nh mt n v, l ch
cho vay rng hoc nh u t rng vo cc
nc khc bng cch tch lu s khiu
n i vi cc nc ny.
L cc c nhn hay cc t chc cho vay tin
c ngi hoc t chc vay ha tr
mt khon tin nht nh hng nm theo LI
SUT v hon tr GC vo mt ngy no
trong tng lai.

economic

674 Credit rationing

nh mc tn dng

675 Credit restrictions

Hn ch tn dng

676 Credit squeeze

Hn ch tn dng

677 Credit transfer

Chuyn khon

678 Creeping inflation

679 Critical value

Lm pht sn b; Lm pht b dn
Gi tr ti hn

680 Cross elasticity of demand

co gin cho ca cu

681 Cross-entry

Nhp nghnh cho

682 Cross partial derivative

o hm ring

683 Cross-sectional analysis

Phn tch cho

Cross-section consumption
684 function

Hm s tiu dng cho

685 Cross-subsidization

Tr cp cho

686 Crowding hypothesis

Gi thuyt chn p

687 Crowding out

688 CSO

Ln p; chn p
Cc thng k trung ng

689 Cubic

Lp phng

Page 44

L vic phn b tin vay bng cc phng

tin phi gi c trong cc trng hp vt
cu tn dng ca cc TRUNG GIAN TI
CHNH. Cm thut ng ny c ngha l t
chc c lin quan, v d nh ngn hng
hoc ngn hng pht trin c x, khng c
gng lm gim d cu bng cch tng li
sut.
Cc bin php do cc c quan tin t a
ra, bin php ny c th l cc nghip v
nhm hn ch hoc gim lng tn dng do
cc ngn hng hoc cc t chc ti chnh
khc m rng ra (Xem COMPETITION AND
CREDIT CONTROL).
L mt giai on ca chnh sch hn ch tn
dng (Xem MONETARY POLICY, OPEN
MARKET OPERATIONS).
L mt h thng qua tin c chuyn
trc tip qua h thng ngn hng ti mt ti
khon c th ca ngi nhn (Xem
CLEARING).
L tnh trng lm pht trong mc chung
ca gi c tng ln chm nhng lin tc, c
th do tng TNG CU (Xem DEMANDPULL INFLATION, COST-PUSH
INFLATION).
Gi tr ti hn
L t l thay i trong lng cu i vi mt
hng theo thay i gi ca mt hng ho
khc.
L mt khi nim ch cc hng mi nhp
ngnh nhng c thit lp trong cc
nghnh s dng cc cng ngh tng t vi
cng ngh m cc hng mi nhp th ny
tin hnh.
O HM ca mt hm s ln th nht ly
theo mt BIN C LP v sau ly theo
mt bin khc.
L vic phn tch mt lot cc s liu ca
nhng quan st c lin quan xy ra ti mt
thi im (Xem TIME SERIES).
L mi quan h hm s gia tiu th v thu
nhp c tnh cho cc nhm c thu
nhp khc nhau ti mt thi im (Xem
CONSUMPTION FUNCTION, LONG-RUN
CONSUMPTION FUNCTION, SHORT-RUN
CONSUMPTION FUNCTION).
Khi s dng i vi cc doanh nghip a
sn phm, l s tr cp l ca mt mt
hng ny bng SIU LI NHUN trong khi
kinh doanh cc mt hng khc.
Cho rng cc hng ro NGN CN NHP
NGNH v s thiu hon chnh thng tin s
c khuynh hng nhi nht mt vi nhm
ngi, ch yu l ph n v ngi da en,
vo cc ngh b hn ch v c nhn
lng thp hn t cc ngh nghip ny.
Vic gim TIU DNG hay U T ca t
nhn do tng chi tiu ca chnh ph (Xem
FISCAL POLICY).
Xem CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE
Phng trnh lp phng l phng trnh
m trong s m cao nht ca BIN C
LP l 3 (c ngha l lp phng ca n).

economic

Mt trong nhng ph phn v cc loi hnh

pht trin kinh t l n ph hu nn vn ho
bn a. Nhng s thay i cng ngh v
PHT TRIN KINH T c th t c m
khng cn ti thay i vn ho c bn.

690 Cultural change

S thay i vn ho

691 Culture of poverty hypothesis

Gi thuyt v vn ho ngho kh

692 Cumulative causation model

693 Cumulative preference shares
694 Cumulative shares

M hnh nhn qu tch lu

Cc c phiu u i
C phiu c tr li theo tch lu

695 Currency

Tin mt, tin t

696 Currency appreciation

S tng gi tr ca mt ng tin

697 Currency control

Kim sot tin t

698 Currency depreciation

S st gim gi tr tin t

699 Currency notes

Tin giy

700 Currency principle

Nguyn l tin t

701 Currency retention quota

Hn mc gi ngoi t

702 Curency school

Trng phi tin t

703 Currency substitution

S thay th tin t

Xem FEEDBACK/ ENTRAPMENT EFFECTS

Mt phng php phn tch tng trng
kinh t khu vc do G.MYRDAL a ra. M
hnh ny cho rng cc lc lng th trng
c khuynh hng lm tng bt bnh ng v
kinh t gia cc khu vc ca mt nn kinh
t. N cng cho rng nu mt khu vc c t
l tng trng cao hn cc khu vc khc s
khin cho cc yu t sn xut trong khu vc
tng tng chm chy sang khu vc tng
trng nhanh.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Theo ngha hp, thut ng ny ch mt
lng tin ca mt nc thc s c trao
i qua tay (Xem CASH).
S tng gi tr ca mt NG TIN ny so
vi gi tr ng tin khc, c ngha l tng
T GI HI OI trong iu kin T GI
HI OI TH NI. (Xem CURRENCY
DEPRECIATION).
L nhng kim sot v quyn hn ca
NGN HNG TRUNG NG hay c quan
pht hnh tin t trong vic pht hnh tin
(Xem CASH BASE).
L s gim gi tr ca mt ng tin so vi
ng tin khc, c ngha l s gim T GI
HI OI trong h thng T GI HI OI
TH NI.
V mt lch s, tin giy l giy bc 1 bng
v 10 shilling do B Ti chnh Anh pht hnh
sau khi xy ra cuc chin tranh vaod nm
1914 bo tn s vng trong kho v
p ng nhu cu v ng tin vng hay m
vng ca cng chng trong cn hong lon
ban u.
L hc thuyt v tin t thnh hnh gia th
k XIX do TRNG PHI TIN T
xng, hc thuyt cho rng s n nh tin
t c c tt nht bng vic kim sot s
lng tin t, nht l lng tin giy, ang
lu thng bng cc bin php ca cc quy
tc t ng (ngha l khng th tu ).
Quyn mt s nc xut khu, phn ln l
cc nc XHCN, c mua li mt t l
nht nh s thu nhp NGOI HI ca mnh,
do m khng b l thuc vo vic phn b
nhp khu t trung ng.
L mt nhm cc nh chnh tr, cc nh kinh
t v cc ch ngn hng quan tm n
chnh sch tin t Anh na u th k XIX.
L hnh thc thay i cc ng tin c th
chuyn i trong cc ng tin t quc t vi
mc ch sinh li hay trnh s tn tht trong
vic thay i gi tr TIN T.

Page 45

economic

704 Current account

Ti khon vng lai/ ti khon hin

hnh, cn cn ti khon vng lai.

705 Current assets

706 Current cost accounting
707 Current income

Ti sn lu ng.
Hch ton theo chi ph hin ti.
Thu nhp thng xuyn.

708 Current liabilities

Ti sn n ngn hn.

709 Current profits

710 Current and capital account
711 Current prices

Li nhun hin hnh

Ti khon vng lai v ti khon vn.
Gi hin hnh (thi gi).

712 Custom and practice

713 Custom markets

714 Custom Co-operative Council

Custom, excise and protective

715 duties

716 Custom union

717 Cyclical unemployment
718 Cycling
719 Damage cost

720 Damped cycle

721 Data

722 Dated securities

723 DCF

724 Deadweight debt

725 Deadweight - loss

726 Dear money
727 Debased coinage

Trong ngnh Ngn hng Anh, mt ti khon

m khch hng rt SC ln ti s d tn
dng hoc vt qu s d tn dng gii hn
THU CHI C THO THUN. M,
y l tin gi ngn hng linh hot nht v
c trong tt c cc nh ngha v cung tin.
Gm 3 loi ti sn chnh: 1)"D tr" bao
gm cc hng ho c hon thin,
ang c sn xut v cc nguyn vt liu
th. 2)Khon tin s thu c hay khon n
ngn hn. 3)Tin mt v u t ngn hn.
Xem INFLATION ACCOUNTING.
Xem PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS.
Dng ch nhng khon n ca cng ty s
phi thanh ton trong nm sau.
L doanh s tr i ton b CHI PH C HI
thu c trong giai on k hoch hin ti
ca hng.

L nhng quy tc khng chnh thc v v tr

lm vic chi phi vic phn cng v thc
Tp qun v thng l
hin cc nhim v.
L cc th trng trong gi c khng
Cc th trng khch hng.
nh gi bng cung v cu.
Mt u ban c thnh lp nm 1950 nhm
ci thin v lm ho hp cc hot ng hi
U ban hp tc Hi quan.
quan.
y l cc loi thu p dng cho nhp khu
hay vic bn cc hng ho c th. Nhng
th tc c bit c p dng cho vic nhp
Cc loi thu hi quan, thu tiu th
khu cc hng ho nng nghip. Xem EC
c bit v thu bo h.
ARRICULTURAL LEVIES.
L mt t chc gm mt s nc, trong
hn ch v mu dch gia chng c loi
Lin minh thu quan.
b.
L loi tht nghip do THIU CU NGN
Tht nghip chu k.
HN.
Chu k.
Xem PARADOX OF VOTING.
Chi ph bi thng thit hi; Chi ph b L chi ph phi tr cho thit hi gy ra,
p thit hi; Chi ph thit hi
thng l thit hi do nhim.
Cn gi l chu k ng quy. Mt trong mt
Chu k (c bin ) gim dn; Chu k lot cc bin ng chu k vi mt bin
tt.
GIM DN theo thi gian.
Cc quan st v ln ca cc hin tng
kinh t nh THU NHP QUC DN, THT
S liu, d liu.
NGHIP, MC GI BN L
Cc chng khon oc ghi thnh chng
khon hon tr ngn hn, trung hn v di
Chng khon ghi ngy hon tr.
hn tu thuc vo thi gian o hn
Phng php phn tch chit khu
Xem DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW
lung tin.
ANALYSIS.
L khon n khng c bo lnh bng mt
ti sn thc no c, n ny c dng
N "trng".
tr cho cc chi tiu thng xuyn.
Cm thut ng thng c s dng ch
s mt mt thng d ca ngi tiu dng
Khon mt trng; khon tn tht v
m ngi mua phi chu ch khng phi
ch.
ngi sn xut.
LI SUT cao hn so vi gi tr trung bnh
Tin t.
vn c ca n.
Xem COINAGE, GRESHAM'S LAW, BAD
Tin kim loi.
MONEY DRIVES OUT GOOD.

Page 46

economic

728 Debentures

729 Debreu Gerard

730 Debt
731 Debt conversion

732 Debt finance

733 Debt for equity swaps

734 Debt management

735 Debtor nation

736 Debt ratio
737 Decile
738 Decimal coinage

Cc chng khon N c li sut c nh

thng do mt cng ty pht hnh v bo
lnh bng ti sn. Xem FINANCIAL
Tri khon cng ty.
CAPITAL.
Nh
kinh t ton hc ngi M gc, Php,
ngi ginh gii Nobel v kinh t hc nm
1983 nh cng trnh nghin cu v thuyt
"Cn bng tng th". Debreu xem xt chi
tit vn m SMITH v WALRAS nu ra,
c th l mt h thng th trng phi tp
trung c th em li s phi hp mong
mun ca cc k hoch c nhn nh
thno. Trong nghin cu cng vi
ARROW, ng chng minh c s tn
ti ca cc gi c to ra cn bng, bng
cch khng nh logic trong quan im
ca SMITH - WALRAS. Debreu tr li
c 2 vn tip theo trong lnh vc ny.
Th nhtt ng xc nh c cc iu kin
m BN TAY V HNH ca NN KINH T
TH TRNG s m bo HIU QU
PHN PHI. Th hai, ng phn tch vn
n nh cn bng ca mt nn kinh t th
trng ch ra rng trong cc nn kinh t
ln c nhiu tc nhn th trng th cn
bng th trng c th n nh c. Cun
sch chnh ca ng HC THUYT V GI
TR (1959) gy c ting vang ln v tnh
ton th v cch tip cn phn tch vn .
i vi Debreu, mt m hnh cn bng tng
th nh th c th ho nhp vi l thuyt
phn b, l thuyt v vn v l thuyt hnh vi
(1921-)
trong iu kin khng chc chn.
Trch nhim hoc khon tin n ny sinh do
vay mn v ti chnh hay nhn cc hng
ho hoc dch v di dng tn dng tc l
N.
s tr sau.
Hon n; i n.
Xem CONVERSION
Khi nim ny c hai ngha ring bit nhng
u lin quan n vic vay mn. Khi nim
ny ch cc cng ty i vay ti tr cho
cc nghip v ca mnh. Cc chnh ph
cng i vay ti tr cho cc hot ng ca
mnh v iu chnh cc hot ng tngt
Ti tr bng vay n.
th ca nn kinh t.
K thut c ra gip cc nc thuc
khi pha ng v cc nc km pht trin
gim bt gnh nng n nn bng cch
chuyn i cc khon n ca mt hng hay
Hon chuyn n thnh c phn.
chnh ph thnh vn c phn.
Cm thut ng ny c s dng thng
lin quan n cng n, ch cc hot ng
ca c quan cho vay n ca NGN HNG
trung ng, thay mt cho c quan vay n,
iu chnh quy m v c cu cc khon
Qun l n.
n cha tr.
Nc vay rng t cc nc khc hoc nhn
u t t cc doanh nghip nc ngoi v
do tng s lng n rng v cc ngha
Nc mc n.
v khc i vi nc ny.
T s n gia vn vay v vn c phn Xem GEARING.
L s liu mu hoc l s o v tr ca mt
Thp phn v
phn phi.
Tin c c s mi
H thng tin t da vo c s s mi.

Page 47

economic

739 Decision function

Hm quyt nh

740 Decision lag

tr ca vic ra quyt nh

ng ngha vi HM MC TIU.
Khong thi gian gia vic nhn bit nhu
cu phi hnh ng gii quyt mt vn
kinh t (c bit l kinh t v m) vi vic
quyt nh chnh sch v vn .

749 Deficit units

Mt tiu chun s dng trong vic chn la,

nh c tin hnh mt d n hay khng hoc
Quy tc ra quyt nh
nh gi cc sn phm u ra nh th no.
L thuyt lin quan n vic hnh thnh cc
qu trnh hnh ng thch hp nhm t
c cc mc tiu trong cc hon cnh c
L thuyt ra quyt nh
th c th khng n nh.
Mt ngnh m ng cung di hn dc
xung. iu ny xy ra nu c nhng yu t
to hiu qu kinh t nm ngoi hng m li
Ngnh c chi ph gim dn
nm trong ngnh.
Mc sinh li gim dn; Li tc gim
Xem LAW OF DIMINSHING RETURNS,
dn
RETURNS TO SCALE.
Mc sinh li gim dn theo qui m; Li Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS
tc gim dn theo quy m
TO SCALE.
C phiu thng li tr sau
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Tnh trng chi tiu vt qu thu nhp, trong
mt bi cnh hin hu no , hoc khon
n vt qu ti sn ti mt thi im no
Thm ht
.
Khon ti tr cn thit trong tnh hung cc
khon chi tiu c c cho vt qu
Ti tr thm ht
thu nhp.
Cc n v kinh t m thu nhp trong mt
giai on no khng th p ng chi tiu
Cc n v thm ht
trong giai on .

750 Deflation

Gim pht

751 Deflationnary gap

Chnh lch gy gim pht

752 Deflator
753 Degree of homogeneity

Ch s gim pht
Mc ng nht

754 Degree of freedom

Bc t do (df)

755 Deindustrialization

Phi cng nghip ho.

756 Delors Report

Bo co Delors.

757 Demand

Cu

741 Decision rule

742 Decision theory

743 Decreasing cost industry

744 Decreasing returns
745 Decreasing returns to scale
746 Deferred ordinary shares

747 Deficit

748 Deficit financing

Page 48

L s gim st lin tc trong mc gi chung.

Tnh trng m trong TNG CHI TIU
thp hn mc chi tiu cn phi c to ra
mt mc THU NHP QUC DN c th
m bo TON DNG NHN CNG.
Mt CH S GI C r rng hay hm
c s dng phn bit gia nhng thay
i trong gi tr bng tin ca tng sn phm
quc dn do c mt thay i v gi v
nhng thay i do mt thay i ca sn
lng vt cht.
Xem HOMOGENNOEUS FUNCTIONS.
S lng cc thng tin c th thay i mt
cch c lp vi nhau.
S pht trin trong mt nn kinh t quc dn
theo hng tng t trng ca nghnh dch
v trong tng sn phm quc ni hoc trong
s vic lm trong cc ngnh dch v.
Bn bo co ny c trnh ln Hi ng
Chu u ti cuc hp Madrid thng 6/1989,
l mt phn k hoch LIN MINH TIN
T giai on hin ti trong CNG NG
CHU U.
Lng hng ho hoc dch v m mt c
nhn hay mt nhm ngi mun c mc
hin hnh.

economic

758 Demand curve

759 Demand deposits

ng cu.
Tin gi khng k hn.

Demand - deficient
760 unemployment

Tht nghip do thiu cu.

761 Demand for inflation

Cu i vi lm pht.

762 Demand function

763 Demand for exchange
764 Demand for money

Hm cu
Cu ngoi t.
Cu tin t

765 Demand management

Qun l cu.

766 Demand - pull inflation

Lm pht do cu ko.

767 Demand schedule

Biu cu

768 Demand shift inflation

769 Demography

Lm pht do dch chuyn cu.

Nhn khu hc.

770 Density gradient

Gradient mt .

771 Dependence structure

772 Demonetization

Cu trc ph thuc.
Qu trnh phi tin t ho; gim bt s
dng tin mt.

773 Dependency burden

Gnh nng n theo.

774 Dependent variable

Bin s ph thuc.

775 Depletion allowance

u i ti nguyn

Mt minh ho th v s cu hay hm
cu vi iu kin th ny ch c v
trong mt khng gian hai hoc ba chiu, biu
hin mi quan h gia cu v ch mt hoc
hai bin s nh hng n cu, cc nhn t
khc khng i.
Xem SIGHT DEPOSITE.
Trng hp trong tng cu qu thp
khng to vic lm cho tt c nhng ai
mun lm vic ti mc lng thc t hin
hnh bt k trnh o to hoc b tr nh
th no i na.
Mt khi nim cho rng c nhng khon thu
li tim tng i vi mt s nhm ngi no
nh cc chnh sch tng lm pht.
Mt biu thc i s ca BIU CU
c din t bng cc s hng tng qut
hoc vi cc gi tr bng cc con s c th
cho cc tham s khc nhau v thng bao
gm cc yu t nh hng n cu.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Vic kim sot mc tng cu trong mt nn
kinh t thng qua vic s dng CHNH
SCH TIN T, CHNH SCH TI CHNH.
S gia tng bn vng ca tng cu dn n
s gia tng bn vng ca mc gi chung.
Mt bng cho thy mc cu i vi mt lai
hng ho no ti cc mc gi khc nhau.
Mt l thuyt kt hp cc yu t ca lm
pht cu ko vi lm pht chi ph y, cho
thy rng lm pht l do thay i c cu ca
tng cu.
Nghin cu c im ca dn s.
T l m cng s dng t thay i
theo khong cch hng knh t trung tm
ca mt vng th.
Cc nc th gii th ba l mt phn ca
cu trc rng ln v s ph thuc kinh t, x
hi v chnh tr gia cc nhm quyn lc
cc nc tin tin, c bit l cc cng ty a
quc gia v nhm li ch ch yu cc
nc ngho.
Mt tnh hun trong t l tr em rt cao
trong ton b dn s sng ph thuc vo
mt t l ngi ln nh hn nhiu.
Mt bin bn tri du bng ca mt
phng trnh, gi nh vy bi v gi tr ca
n "ph thuc" hay c nh bi cc gi tr
ca cc BIN C LP hay BIN GII
THCH bn phi.
Mt u i v thu cho php ngi ch s
hu cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin c
tr khi tng thu nhp khon gi tr b suy
gim ca mt ti sn khng ti sinh nh
qung, du m, kh t

Page 49

economic

776 Deposit

777 Deposit account

778 Deposit money

Depository Institution
Deregulation and Monetary
779 Control Act of 1980 (DIDMCA)
780 Depreciation
781 Depression

782 Deregulation
Depletable and renewable
783 resources
784 Depreciation rate

785 Depressed area

786 Derivative

787 Derived demand

788 Deseasonalization
789 Desired capital stock
790 Determinant

791 Detrending
792 Devaluation
793 Devaluation and revaluation

794 Developing countries

Khon tin cho cc nh ch ti chnh no

vay, v d nh cc NGN HNG, NGN
HNG PHT TRIN GIA C v CNG TY
TI CHNH, vi iu kin rt c bo trc
hoc khng, hay hon tr sau mt thi gian
Tin gi
nht nh.
Trong nghip v ngn hng Anh, mt kiu
ti khon c thit k thu ht cc s d
t hot ng ca khch hng, v hot ng
Ti khon tin gi
nh l mt phng tin tit kin.
ch mt bp phn ca dung lng tin
Tin gi ngn hng.
di dng tin gi ngn hng.
o lut ny c Quc hi M thng qua
nm 1980, DIDMCA, c coi l o lut v
th trng ti chnh v ngn hng k t sau
khi o lut v d tr lin bang nm 1913 v
cc o lut ngn hng 1933 v 1934. o
lut ny ra i sau tnh hung gn khng
hong thp k 70, khi li sut M lm
o lut phi iu tit v kim sot tin cho cc nh ch ti chnh to lp mt lot
i vi cc nh ch nhn tin gi nm cng c ti chnh cnh tranh v c gng thu
1980.
ht vn.
S gim gi tr ti sn ni chung pht sinh t
Khu hao; s st gim gi tr.
s hao mn hay h hng.
Tnh trng suy thoi.
Xem Slump.
Vic d b cc lut v di lut ca chnh
ph trung ng hay a phng hn ch s
D b iu tit; Xo iu tit; Phi iu tham gia vo cc hot ng nht nh. Xem
tit.
PRIVATIZATION.
Cc ti nguyn khng th ti sinh v ti
sinh.
T l khu hao.
Mt vng a l hay khu vc trong mt nc
t kt qu hot ng kinh t km hn mt
Khu vc tr tr.
cch ng k so vi c nc.
Mc thay i ca BIN PH THUC ca
mt hm trn mt n v ca thay i trong
BIN C LP c tnh trong mt khong
o hm.
v cng nh vi bin c lp.
Cu i vi mt yu t sn xut. Diu ny c
ngha l cu pht sinh t nhu cu i
Cu phi sinh, cu dn xut, cu th vi hng ho cui cng m yu t gp
pht.
phn sn xut ra.
Qu trnh loi b nhng nh hng ca ma
v, nhng hin tng xy ra thng xuyn
theo ma lm mo m xu th ni bt khi
Xo tnh cht thi v.
cc s liu. Xem FILTER.
Dung lng vn mong mun.
Dung lng di hn ti u.
nh thc (hay Del hoc c k hiu
|A|).
Qu trnh m mt khuynh hng v thi
gian c loi b khi s liu, thng bng
vic trc tin c tnh mt khuynh hng
Kh khuynh hng; Gim khuynh
theo thi gian v tnh ton cc s d. Xem
hng.
FILTER.
Gim t gi hi oi c nh gia mt ng
Ph gi
tin v cc ng tin khc.
Ph gi v nng gi.
miu t tnh trng kinh t ca cc nc
ngho hn ca th gii, c bt u s
dng trong nhng nm 1960 thay th cc
cm thut ng t hon chnh hn nh "km
pht trin" hoc "lc hu". Xem ADVANCED
Cc nc ang pht trin.
COUNTRIES.

Page 50

economic

795 Development area

Vng cn pht trin.

796 Development planning

Hoch nh pht trin; Lp k hoch

pht trin.

797 Development strategy

Chin lc pht trin.

798 Deviation
799 Standard deviation

lch.
lch chun.

800 Dickey fuller test

Cc kim nh Dickey Fuller.

801 Difference equation

Phng trnh vi phn

802 Differencing

Phng php vi phn

Nguyn l bt bng; Nguyn l khc
bit

803 Difference principle

Difference stationary process
804 (DSP)
805 Differentials

Qu trnh vi phn tnh.

Cc cung bc; Cc mc chnh lch.

806 Differentiated growth

Tng trng nh a dng ho

807 Differentiation

Qu trnh a dng ho; Php vi phn

808 Diffusion

Qu trnh truyn b; S ph bin

809 Dillon Round

Vng m phn Dillon

810 Diminishing marginal utility

811 Diminishing returns
Diminishing marginal rate of
812 substitution
Diminishing marginal utility of
813 wealth
814 Direct costs

tho dng bin gim dn.

Mc sinh li gim dn; Li tc gim
dn
(Quy lut v) t l thay th bin gim
dn.
(Qui lut v) gi tr tho dng bin
gim dn ca ti sn/ca ci.
Chi ph trc tip.

815 Direct debit

Ghi n trc tip.

816 Direct taxes

817 Directors

Thu trc thu.

Ban gim c.

Page 51

Cc vng Anh c nhiu hnh thc h tr

ca chnh ph i vi cng nghip.
Mt k hoch vi mt lot cc mc tiu
nhm pht trin tim nng kinh t v x hi
ca ton b nn kinh t hay mt vng nht
nh.
Cch tip cn vn chm pht trin, ph
thuc vo m hnh tng trng no c s
dng.
Mc chnh lch gi gi tr ca mt bi s v
TRUNG BNH ca n. Xem Standard
deviation, Variace.
Mt tp hp cc kim nh s tn ti ca
n v gc trong chui thi gian.
Mt phng trnh trong gi tr hin ti ca
BIN PH THUC c biu din di
dng mt hm ca cc gi tr trc ca n.
Phng php dng nhn din mt
phng trnh vi phn tnh.
Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE

Xem WAGE DIFFERENTIALS.

Mt kha cnh ca tng trng ca hng
bng A DNG HO, ch s tng trng
c thc y bi a ra nhng sn phm
khc bit vi nhng sn phm khc v c
khch hng cng nh hng c coi l mi.
1) Xem PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION. 2)
Qu trnh tnh o hm ca mt hm.
Trong bi cnh ph bin k thut, cm thut
ng ny ch mc truyn b cc sng ch
sang cc hng.
Tn thng dng cho vng dm phn
thng mi th nm t chc di s bo
tr ca HIP NH CHUNG V THU
QUAN V MU DCH GENEVA (19601961)
Hin tng theo gi nh rng tho dng
gia tng i vi mt n v hng ho gim
khi cng nhiu hng ho c mua hn.
Xem LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS.

Xem VARIABLE COSTS.

Mt h thng pht trin mi y v thanh
ton qua h thng ngn hng. Theo ngn
hng ca mt ngi giao dch sp nhn mt
khon thanh ton s a ra khiu n cu
trc tip i vi ngn hng ca bn phi tr
n thanh ton, n lt mnh ngn hng
ca bn n s ghi n vo ti khon ngi
tr.
L thu nh trc tip vo c nhn hay
hng. Thu ny ngc vi thu gin thu.
Xem COMPANY DIRECTOR.

economic

818 Director's Law

Quy lut Director

819 Dirty float

Th ni (kiu) bn; Th ni khng

hon ton

820 Disadvantaged workers

Cng nhn (c v th) bt li; Nhng

cng nhn khng c li th.

821 Discharges

Nhng ngi b thi vic

822 Discounted cash flow (DCF)

823 Discounted cash flow yield

Dng tin chit khu; Lung tin

chit khu
Li tc lung tin chit khu

824 Discount house

Hng chit khu

825 Discounting

Chit khu

826 Discount market

Th trng chit khu.

827 Discount rate

T l chit khu; sut chit khu

828 Discouraged Worker Hypothesis Gi thuyt v cng nhn nn lng.

Bin gin on
829 Discrete variable

830 Discretionary profits

Nhng mc li nhun vt tri

832 Discriminating monopoly

S n nh c can thip
c quyn phn bit i x; c
quyn c phn bit.

833 Discrimination
834 Discriminatory pricing

S phn bit i s.
nh gi c phn bit

835 Diseconomies of growth

836 Diseconomies of scale

Tnh phi kinh t do tng trng

Tnh phi kinh t do quy m.

831 Discretionary stabilization

Tin b k thut ngoi ti; Tin b k

837 Disembodied technical progress thut tch ri.

Page 52

Mt gi thuyt do Aaron Director a ra, cho

rng trong mt h thng dn ch, chnh ph
c xu hng theo ui nhng chnh sch
phn phi li thu nhp t nhng ngi kh
giu v ngi ngho sang nhng nhm thu
nhp trung bnh.
Mt loi hnh T GI HI OI TH NI
nhng khng c hon ton t do, bi v
cc NGN HNG TRUNG NG thnh
thong li can thip nhm lm cho t gi
lch khi t gi ca th trng t do.
Nhng ngi cng nhn m xt v tay ngh
h a ra th trng lao ng hoc cc "tn
hiu" h chuyn ti nhng ngi ch tng
lai tnh th tng i bt li.
Tng s ngi ri b cng vic mt cch
khng tnh nguyn trong bt k mt thi k
no.
Mt phng php nh gi cc d n da
trn tng CHIT KHU chi ph v li
nhun tng lai xung gi tr hin ti ca
chng.
Xem RATE OF RETURN.
Mt TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH trong th
trng tin t London thu v cc ti sn
ngn hn cng vi tin s tr khi c thng
bo ngn hn
Qu trnh p dng mt li sut i vi khon
vn.
Theo ngha hp l th trng London m ti
HI PHIU THNG MI v HI
PHIU B TI CHNH c mua bn .
T l m li nhun hay chi ph tng lai s
c chit khu do S THCH HIN TI
HN TNG LAI hoc v s tn ti ca LI
SUT DNG.
Nhng cng nhn ri b th trng lao ng
khi tht nghip tng ln.
Mt bin ch nhn mt s gi tr nht nh.
Li nhun vt qu mc ti thiu cn thit
t c s chp nhn ca cc c ng.
S can thip trc tip ca chnh ph thng
dng CHNH SCH TI CHNH hay
CHNH SCH TIN T nhm n nh tng
trng hay mc THU NHP QUC DN.
(Ngc li vi AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS).
Xem PRICE DISCRIMINATION.
i s khng cng bng i vi nhng th
nh nhau.
Xem PRICE DISCRIMINATION.
Nhng rng buc mnh m pht sinh khi tc
tng trng cao hn mt mc no v
lm mt tnh hiu qu ca cc hot ng ca
hng.
Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE.
Tin b k thut t c m khng tn km
tin u t, nh mt dng "lc tri cho",
hon ton khng ph thuc tch lu vn hay
bt k bin no khc trong h thng kinh t.

economic

838 Disequilibrium
839 Disguised unemployment
840 Disincentive

Trng thi bt cn; Trng thi khng

cn bng
Tht nghip tr hnh.
Tr ngi

841 Disinflation

Qu trnh gim lm pht.

842 Disintermediation

843 Disinvestment

844 Displacement effect

Disposable income
Dissaving
Distance cost
Dirigiste
Discount rate
Discouraged worker /
850 unemployment
845
846
847
848
849

Qu trnh lm mt dn hay gim LM PHT.

Qu trnh theo vn m t trc i t
ngi cung cp cui cng n ngi s
dng cui cng thng qua TRUNG GIAN TI
CHNH, c bit l cc ngn hng v cc l
do lin quan n li sut tng i hay kim
sot kh nng m rng cc khon tin gi
Qu trnh xo b trung gian; Phi trung ca cc ngn hng, by gi oc tin hnh
gian.
trc tip.
Vic c gim mt phn DUNG LNG
VN hay s tht bi c d nh hoc khng
d inh v u t thay th trang tri khu
Gim u t.
hao.
Xu hng quan st c v tng chi tiu
cng cng trong sut mt cuc chin tranh
hay cuc khng hong quc gia khc nhng
Hiu ng chuyn di; Hiu ng thay
khng tr v mc ban u sau khng
i trng thi.
hong.
Thu nhp kh dng; thu nhp kh tiu; Thu nhp cn li sau khi tr thu. Xem
Thu nhp kh dng.
PERSONAL INCOME.
Gim tit kim.
Tiu dng vt thu nhp hin ti.
Ph vn chuyn.
Xem TRANSFER COSTS.
Chnh ph can thip.
Sut chit khu.
Ngi tht nghip do nn lng.

851 Distributed lags

tr c phn phi.

852 Distributed profits

Li nhun c phn phi.

853 Distribution, theories of

854 Dispersion
855 Distortions

Cc l thuyt phn phi.

Phn tn.
Bin dng
Cc bin dng v tht bi ca th
trng.
Phn phi.
Phn phi lin tc
Phn phi tt nh
Phn phi ri rc
Phn phi chun
Phn phi xc sut
Phn phi bc thang
Phn phi tam gic
Phn phi u.

856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865

Distortions and market failures

Distribution (stats)
Continuous distribution
Deterministic distribution
Discrete distribution
Normal distribution
Probability distribution
Step distribution
Triangular distribution
Union distribution

Mt trng thi khng cn bng.

Xem HIDDEN UNEMPLOYMENT.
Xem TAX DISINCENTIVE.

866 Distributional equity

Cng bng trong phn phi.

867 Distributional wage

Trng s phn phi

Page 53

S xc nh v cc mi quan h kinh t
lng thng i hi rng mt bin gii
thch khng ch tn ti di gi tr hin ti m
cn di dng mt chui trc (tr).
Phn li nhun rng do hng phn phi
di dng tr li c tc cho nhng ngi s
hu vn c phiu cng ty. Xem DIVIDEND
PAY.
Cc l thuyt lin quan n c ch theo
THU NHP quc dn c phn phi gia
cc c nhn v cc nhm trong nn kinh t.

S ng mc hay cng bng theo cch m

sn phm ca mt nn kinh t c phn
phi gia cc c nhn.
Mt h s bng s p dng i vi nhng
thay i trong thu nhp ca cc c nhn hay
nhm c nhn v bao gm s BIN MINH
PHN PHI no vi mc ch nh gi
hiu qu ng gp ca mt chnh sch hay
d n.

economic

868 Distribution function

869 Distributive judgement

870 Distributive justice

871 Disturbance term

872 Disutility
873 Divergent cycle
874 Divergence

875 Diversification

876 Diversifier
877 Dividend
878 Dividend cover
879 Dividend payout ratio
880 Dividend yield

881 Division of labour

882 Dollar certificate of deposite

883 Domar, Evsey D.

884 Domestic credit expansion

885 Dominant firm price leadership

Mt phn ca chnh sch chi tiu v thu

ca chnh ph lin quan ti iu chnh phn
Chc nng phn phi.
phi thu nhp hoc ca ci trong x hi.
Khi cc nh kinh t nh gi cc chnh sch
hay d n, h gp phi nhng kh khn nh
cc chnh sch nh hng khng ch i vi
tng sn lng ca nn kinh t m c cch
S xem xt kha cnh phn phi; BIN thc sn lng v li ch c phn phi
MINH PHN PHi.
gia c c nhn.
Mt khi nim hay nguyn tc nh gi cc
phng n phn phi thu nhp hoc ca ci
gia cc c nhn. Xem Distributive
Cng bng v kha cnh phn phi
judgement.
Sai s trong mt phng trnh hi quy (hay
Sai s.
cn gi l nhiu ngu nhin).
S khng tho mn hoc khng hi lng do
mt sn phm hay "hng xu" gy ra.Xem
bt tho dung.
Utility.
Chu k phn r; Chu k bng n.
Xem EXPLOSIVE CYCLE.
Phn r; phn k; Sai bit.
Hoc c nhiu ngnh trong mt khu vc
hoc c mt lot sn phm do mt hng bn
a dng ho.
ra.
Mt nh u t gi mt phn ca ci ca
mnh di dng tin v phn cn li l cng
Ngi u t a dng.
tri hp nht.
Phn tr cho c ng di dng tin hay c
C tc.
phiu.
T s li nhun trn c phiu thng thng
Mc bo chng c tc.
so vi tng li tc trn c phiu.
T s tr c tc
Phn li tc thanh ton C TC.
Li c tc cho thy t l % li tc m nh
Li c tc.
u t c th thu ti mc gi hin hnh.
Qu trnh phn b lao ng cho hot ng
no c nng sut cao nht, tc l vo
hot ng s dng tt nht cc k nng ca
Phn cng lao ng.
n.
Giy chng nhn tin gi (CD) ghi bng ola
v c pht hnh c pht hnh
Giy chng nhn tin gi la.
i ly tin gi bng la.
Nh kinh t ngi M gc Ba Lan, ni ting
v cng trnh ca ng v THUYT TNG
TRNG KINH T. ng nhn mnh rng
chi tiu u t c hai hiu ng, c th l
hiu ng to thu nhp v hiu ng tng
nng lc. Kinh t hc KEYNES ch cng
nhn hiu ng th nht v Domar a ra
khng nh v nhng iu kin cn tng cu
v tng nng lc pht trin mt cch cn
i. Kt qu m ng thu c ging vi
nhng g HARROD thu c mt cch c
lp n ngy nay chng c bit n
nh nhng iu kin ca Harrod/Domar.
Tc phm chnh ca ng l Cc tiu lun v
(1914-)
thuyt tng trng kinh t (1957).
Mt ch s v thay i tin t trong mt nn
kinh t, do QU TIN T QUC T a ra
v ng h trong nhng nm 1960, nh mt
thc o hin hnh ng hn v cc tc
nhn m rng trong h thng tin t so vi
nhng thay i tnh c trong dung lng
Tn dng trong nc (DCE).
tin.
Gi ca hng khng ch.
Xem Price leadership.

Page 54

economic

886 Doolittle method

887 Double-coincidence of wants

888 Double counting

889 Double factorial terms of trade

890 Double switching
Double taxation and double
891 taxation relief.

892 Dow Jones index

893 Dual decision hypothesis

894 Dualism, theory of

895 Duality

896 Dual labour market hypothesis

897 Dollar standard
898 Domestic absorption
899 Domestic - oriented growth
900 Domestic resources cost

901 Dummy variable

Mt cch tip cn c h thng gii cc h

phng trnh c 4 phng trnh hoc c 4
Phng php Doolittle
phng trnh tr ln do M.H.Doolittle a ra.
Nu vic mua bn c tin hnh theo
PHNG PHP HNG I HNG th cn
S hi t lp v nhu cu; S trng hp thit phi c s trng hp hai ln nhu cu
nhu cu.
gia hai bn tham gia trao i.
Vic tnh mt yu t chi ph hay li ch nhiu
hn mt ln trong PHN TCH CHI PH- LI
Tnh hai ln; Tnh lp
CH.
T gi ngoi thng c tnh n gi
ca cc yu t sn xut ca c hai
bn.
Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
Chuyn i tr li.
Xem RESWITCHING.
Mt c nhn hay t chc c thu nhp
nh thu hai ln v trnh nh thu nc ngoi c th phi chu THU thu nhp
hai ln.
c nc ngoi v nc bn a.
S CH BO gi c phiu trn S GIAO
DCH CHNG KHON PH WALL. l
thut ng tng ng ca M cho CH S
C PHIU THNG CA THI BO TI
Ch s Dow Jones.
CHNH.
Trong nhng pht trin hin i ca KINH
T HC KEYNES c lp lun cho rng hm
cung v cu thng thng khng cho thy
nhng tn hiu xc ng v im cn bng
Gi thuyt quyt nh kp
trn th trng.
Thuyt ny ban u do Mathus xng,
ng xem nn kinh t gm 2 khu vc chnh:
nng nghip v cng nghip; chia nn kinh
t thnh 2 khu vc v xem xt s tc ng
qua li gia chng c coi l lm tng s
L thuyt nh nguyn
hiu bit v qu trnh pht trin.
Phng ph dn xut cc h phng trnh
cu phi sinh ph hp vi hnh vi ti u ho
ca ngi tiu dng hay sn xut bng cch
n gin l vi phn ha mt hm thay th
cho vic gii mt bi ton ti u c rng
Phng php i ngu.
buc.
Gi thuyt cho rng th trng lao ng
c phn thnh 2 cp: Cp mt v cp
hai.Nhng cng vic c lng cao, c trin
vng v bt, an ton v tr cp cao, to
thnh khu vc cp mt ca mt nn kinh t
lng cp. Trong khu vc cp hai, tin
lng c hnh thnh do cnh tranh, cng
vic nhiu c th s dng ht tt c
cng nhn, tuy nhin nhng cng vic ny
c lng thp, khng n nh v ni chung
l khng hp dn. Nhng cng nhn trong
khu vc cp hai do phi chu tnh trng
Gi thit th trng lao ng hai cp.
hu nghip phim dng.
Bn v la
S hp thu trong nc.
Tng trng hng ni; Tng trng
hng vo th trng ni a.
Chi ph ti nguyn trong nc.
Mt bin nh phn (c - khng) c a ra
xem xt nhng dch chuyn (dch chuyn
gi) hay thay i ngoi sinh ca dc (
c gi) trong mi quan h kinh t lng.

Bin gi.

Page 55

economic

902 Dumping

Bn ph gi.

903 Duopoly

Lng c quyn bn.

904 Duopsony

Lng c quyn mua.

905 Duration of unemployment

Thi gian tht nghip

906 Durbin h - statistic

S thng k Durbin - h

907 Durbin- Watson

S thng k (d hoc D.W.).

908 Dynamic economics

909 Dynamic model
910 Dynamic peg

Kinh t hc ng.
M hnh kinh t ng.
T gi hi oi neo ng.

911 Dynamic programming

Quy hoch ng.

Dynamic theories of comparative

Cc l thuyt ng v li th so snh.
912 advantage.

913 Earmaking

Dnh cho mc ch ring.

914 Earning

Thu nhp.

915 Earnings driff

Khuynh hng tng thu nhp.

916 Earnings function

Hm thu nhp.

917 Easy money

Tin d vay.
Chnh sch tin t v ti kho
lng/cht; Chnh sch ni lng / tht
cht tin t hay thu chi ngn sch.

Easy / tight monetary or fiscal

918 policy

919 EC Agricultural Livies

920 ECGD

Thu nng nghip ca EC

Xem EXPORT CREDITS
GUARANTEE DEPARTMENT

Page 56

Vic bn mt hng ho nc ngoi mc

gi thp hn so vi mc gi th trng
trong nc.
Mt c cu th trng ch c 2 hng. Cc m
hnh l gii c gii thch s xc nh sn
lng v gi c trn c cu th trng ny
t c s phn tch ca mnh ln nhng gi
nh xem xt n vic a ra quyt nh
trong c s ph thuc ln nhau c
thy r.
Mt th trng ch c hai ngi mua cng
mt loi sn phm hay dch v em trao i.
Khong thi gian trung bnh m mt c nhn
tri qua khi ng k tht nghip.
S thng k d bo bi ton TNG QUAN
CHUI hay cc h s sai s trong php hi
quy, bao gm mt bin ni sinh tr hon
trong trng hp s thng k Durbin Watson-d thng dng hn khng th p
dng c.
Mt s thng k d bo v bi ton TNG
QUAN CHUI ca cc h s sai s trong
php hi quy.
Phn tch lin thi gian v h thng kinh t.
Nn kinh t c th i t mt im cn bng
ny sang im cn bng khc (tc l hai
im CN BNG TNH SO SNH) hoc c
th lin tc khng t n im cn bng
tnh no.
Xem Dynamic economic.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
Mt tp hp cc k thut ton hc gii
cc loi bi ton chui ra quyt nh.
Cc l thuyt mi v thng mi quc t,
nhn mnh vai tr ca tnh r rng v s
truyn b thnh tin trong vic gii thch hnh
thi thng mi quc t v sn xut.
Vic gn nhng yu t c th trong CHI
TIU CNG CNG vi cc khon thu nhp
huy ng t mt s c th. Xem BENEFIT
PRINCIPLE.
Cn thut ng c s dng theo hai cch:
mt miu t phn li tc i vi n lc
ca con ngi, th lao cho u vo ca yu
t lao ng sn xut v ngha th hai
miu t thu nhp ca mt doanh nghip.
Tng thu nhp hng tun vt mc tng
MC LNG tho tho thun.
Mi quan h hm s gia cc mc thu nhp
v cc yu t quyt nh chng.
Tnh trng chung ca vic vay tin d dng
v r trong h thng ti chnh.

Thu do cc thnh vin ca CNG NG

CHU U (EC) nh vo hng nng phm
nhp khu t cc nc khng phi l thnh
vin.

economic

921 Econometric model

M hnh kinh t lng.

922 Econometrics

Mn kinh t lng.

923 Economic base

C s kinh t.

924 Economic base multiplier

Nhn t c s kinh t.

925 Economic community

Cng ng kinh t.

Economic Co-operation
926 Administration

C quan Hp tc kinh t.

927 Economic development

Economic development
928 Committee
929
930
931
932
933

Economic development Institute

Economic dynamics
Economic efficiency
Eclectic Keynesian
Economic cost

Pht trin kinh t.

U ban Pht trin kinh t.
Vin Pht trin kinh t.
ng hc kinh t.
Hiu qu kinh t.
Ngi theo thuyt Keynes chit trung.
Chi ph kinh t.

934 Economic growth

Tng trng kinh t.

935 Economic good

936 Economic imperialism

Hng ho kinh t.
quc kinh t.

937 Economic liberialism

Ch ngha t do kinh t.

938 Economic man

Con ngi kinh t.

939 Economic planning

Hoch nh kinh t.

940 Economic policy

941 Economic price
942 Economic profit

Chnh sch kinh t.

Gi kinh t.
Li nhun kinh t.

Mt M HNH ton hc ca mt nn kinh t

hay mt b phn ca mt nn kinh t m cc
tham s ca n c c tnh bng phng
php kinh t lng.
Mt nghnh ca thng k hc lin quan ti
kim nghim cc gi thuyt kinh t v c
tnh cc tham s kinh t ch y thng qua
phng php HI QUY BI S, mc d i
khi thng qua vic s dng phng php
lun phc tp hn.
Nhng hot ng kinh t m s tng trng
v pht trin ca chng c coi l c vai
tr quyt ng i vi tng trng kinh t
ca mt vng hay ca mt th trn.
Mt dng ca NHN T KHU VC c tnh
nh hng ca nhng thay i trong mt
C S KINH T vng i vi ton b nn
kinh t ca vng.
Mt lin minh kinh t gia cc nc c biu
thu quan v chnh sch thng mi chung
d b cc hn ch i vi thng mi
gia cc nc thnh vin.
Mt c quan vin tr kinh t, thnh lp nm
1948 do o lut Tr gip nc ngoi ca
M, qun l K HOCH MARSHALL i vi
vic phc hi kinh t Chu u sau chin
tranh th gii th hai.
Qu trnh ci thin mc snngs v s sung
tc ca dn chng ca cc nc ang pht
trin bng cch tng thu nhp trn u
ngi.
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
Xem INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR
RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Xem DYNAMIC ECONOMICS
Xem ALLCATIVE EFFICIENCY

Thng ch mc tng sn lng thc t

ca SN PHM QUC DN RNG, mc d
thc o ny s nhy cm vi cch tnh sn
phm quc dn. Xem GROWTH THEORY
Mt mt hng khan him v mt hng m
ngi ta s la chn nhiu hn nu c th.
Xem FREE GOOD.
Xem IMPERIALISM
Hc thuyt ng h kh nng s dng nhiu
nht cc th trng v cc tc nhn cnh
tranh iu phi hot ng kinh t.
Tn t cho "vt oc c sng to" trong
kinh t hc, bng cch , cc c nhn
c gi nh l c s nh th h ti a ho
tho dng, chu chi phi bi nhng rng
buc, trong hin nhin nht l thu nhp.
S phi hp mt cc c t chc cc hot
ng kinh t.
S iu hnh ca nh nc i vi nn kinh
t ca mt quc gia.

Page 57

economic

943 Economic rent

944 Economic rate of return

945 Economics

946 Economic surplus

947 Economies of scale

948 Economic theory of polities

949 Economic union
950 Economic welfare
951 Economies of learning

952 Economy of high wages

953 ECSC
954 ECU

955 Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro

956 EEC

957 Effective demand

958 Effective

959 Effective rate of protection

960
961
962
963

Effective rate of tax

Effective protection
Effective rate of return
Efficiency

Efficiency coefficient of
964 investment

965 Efficiency earnings

Tin thu kinh t, t kinh t, c li

kinh t.
T sut li nhun kinh t.

Khon tri tr cho mt yu t sn xut vt

mc cn thit gi yu t mc s
dng hin ti.

Mt ngnh nghin cu v cch thc con

ngi t t chc gii quyt vn c
Kinh t hc.
bn v s khan him.
Chnh lc gia sn lng ca mt nn kinh
t v chi ph cn thit sn xut ra sn
lng , m chi ph cn thit l TIN
CNG, KHU HAO VN, chi ph nguyn vt
Thng d kinh t.
liu.
Tnh kinh t nh qui m; Li th kinh t Gim chi ph trung bnh ca mt sn phm
nh quy m.
xt trong di hn nh tng sn lng.
Mt m hnh v hnh vi chnh tr gi nh
rng l c tri l nhng ngi ti a ho
THO DNG v cc ng phi chnh tr l
L thuyt chnh tr da trn kinh t.
nhng T CHC TI A HO PHIU BU.
Cng ng kinh t.
Xem ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Phn phc li ca con ngi xut phts t
Phc li kinh t.
vic tiu dng hng ho v dch v.
Tnh kinh t nh hc hnh; Li ch kinh
t do hc tp
Xem LEARNING
Mt nhn nh rng, tin cng cao s dn
n nng sut cao; tin cng v sn phm
lao ng bin c coi l c lin h thun
Nn kinh t c tin cng cao.
vi nhau.
Xem EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL
COMMUNITY
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
Gio s kinh t chnh tr hc trng i
hc Oxford 1891-1922 v l ngi theo ch
ngha v li, l ngi pht minh ra cng c
v ng bng quan v ng hp ng
m s dng trong thuyt hng i hng. ng
cng ni ting vi cng trnh v cc phng
php thng k v c bit l quy lut chung
ca sai s, ch s v hm s. ng m
rng QUY LUT LI TC GIM DN t
nng nghip sang ch to nh mt nguyn
(1845-1926).
l chung.
Xem EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
COMMUNITY
Tng cu i vi hng ho v dch v c
h tr bi cc ngun lc mua chng.
Cu hu hiu.
Xem DUAL DECISION HYPOTHESIS.
Hiu dng, hiu qu.
c nh ngha l phn gi tr gia tng, do
T l bo h hu dng; Thu bo h
c cu thu quan mang li, l mt phn gi
hu hiu.
tr gia tng ca thng mi t do.
Mc thu hu dng; Thu sut h hu
hiu.
Xem AVERAGE RATE OF TAX
Bo h hu dng; Bo h hu hiu.
Sut sinh li hiu dng.
Tnh hiu qu; Tnh hiu dng.
Mt cm thut ng c cc nh kinh t
ng U s dng ch T S SN
H s hiu qa u t.
LNG/ VN GIA TNG.
Thu nhp trn mt N V HIU QU. Khi
cc nh kinh t hc ni v khuynh hng
cnh tranh cn bng thu nhp trn cng
mt TH TRNG LAO NG TRONG
NC ngha l h mun ni n thu nhp
Thu nhp hiu qu.
hiu qa.

Page 58

economic

966 Efficiency units

967 Efficiency wages

n v hiu qu.
Tin cng hiu qu; tin lng hiu
dng/ hiu qu.

969 Efficient asset market

L thuyt tin cng hiu qu.

Th trng ti sn c hiu dng/ hiu
qu.

970 Efficient market hypothesis

971 Efficient resource allocation

Gi thuyt v th trng c hiu qu.

S phn b ngun lc c hiu qu

972 Effort aversion

Ngn n lc; Khng thch n lc.

Xem EUROPEAN FREE TRADE
ASSOCIATION
Xem EUROPEAN INVESTMENT
BANK.

968 Efficiency wage theory

973 EFTA
974 EIB

975 Elastic and unit elastic demand Nhu cu co gin v co gin mt n v.

976 Inelastic and unit elastic demand

977 Elasticity

co gin

978 Elasticity of demand

co gin ca cu.

979 Elasticity of input substitution

980 Eligible asset ratio

co gin ca s thay th u vo.

T s ti sn d tr.

984

985
986

987

Theo hc thuyt ny, SN PHM BIN ca

ngi lao ng v tin cng m h c tr
c lin quan vi nhau.
Mt quan im cho rng gi c phiu trn
th trng chng khon l nhng c tnh
tt nht v gi tr thc ca c phiu v th
trng chng khon c c ch nh gi tt
nht.
Mt khi nim chnh thc dng biu th
gi nh rng s n lc l mt bin s c tc
ng m trong HM THO DNG ca cc
c nhn, tc l s n lc to ra trong s PHI
THO DNG BIN.

Mt thc o t l phn trm thay i ca

mt bin s i vi mt t l % thay i ca
mt bin s khc. Xem PRICE ELASTICITY
OF DEMAND.
Thng dng ch CO GIN CA
CU THEO GI, nhng cn phi xc nh r
ca gin ca cu no ang c cp
n.
Mt thc o s phn ng ca s kt hp
lao ng TI U i vi thay i gi tng
i ca hai u vo ny (hoc ch hai yu
t u vo bt k).
Xem RESERVE ASSET RATIO.
Cc TI SN ti chnh m NGN HNG
TRUNG NG sn sng mua (ti chit
khu) hay chp nhn lm vt th chp cho
cc khon vay, trong mt s trng hp c
bit, v thng l khi giao dch vi cc c
quan oc nh r.
Xem Luxury

Giy t tiu chun chit khu.

Hng xa x
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY
EMA
AGREEMENT
Tin b k thut ni hm; Tin b hm Tin b k thut m khng th c c nu
Embodied technical progress
cha k thut.
khng hm cha ngun vn mi.
c nh ngha l mt phn tin lng ca
ban qun l v cc li ch PHI TIN T m
Khon th lao; Th lao ngoi lng
li ch ny khng phi l mt phn gi cung
Emoluments
chnh
cp ca doanh nghip (lng chnh ).
Endogeneous consumption
Tiu dng ni sinh.
Mt k hoch cho php cc nhn vin trong
cc hng ca M c hng li nhun v
s tng trng ca doanh nghip bng cch
Employee Stock Ownership plan K hoch S hu c phn cho ngi s hu cc c phn trong c phn chung
(ESOP)
lm.
ca cng ty.

981 Eligible paper

982 Elitist good
983

Mt phng php o lng lc lng lao

ng thng qua u vo dch v lao ng
c s dng.

Page 59

economic

988 Employment Act of 1946

o lut Vic lm nm 1946

989 Employment Service

990 Employment subsidies
991 EMS

Dch v vic lm.

Tr cp vic lm.
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY
SYSTEM

992 Encompassing test

Php kim nghim vy; Php kim

nghim vng bin.

993 Endogenous income hypothesis

Gi thit thu nhp ni sinh

994 Endogenous money supply

Cung tin t ni sinh.

995 Endogenous variable

Bin ni sinh.

996 Endowment effect

Hiu ng hng c.

997 Energy intensity

Cng s dng nng lng.

Enfranchisement of the
998 nomenklatura

c quyn ca gii chc.

999 Engagements

Tuyn dng (hay thu mi).

1000 Engel curve

ng Engel.

1001 Engel's Law

Quy lut ca Engel.

1002 Engineering method

Phng php k thut.

Page 60

Tit mt ca o lut ny quy nh rng,

trong quyn hn ca mnh, chnh ph lin
bang M lm mi vic to ra v duy tr c
hi v vic lm, tng trng bn vng v
sc mua n nh cho ng tin ca M.
Cc vn phong nh nc hay t nhn c
gng sp xp nhng ngi xin vic vo cc
ch trng hin c.
Xem JOB CREATION
Php kim nghim khng tp trung ny da
trn nguyn tc cho rng mt m hnh nn
c cc c im ni bt ca cc m hnh
khc nhau v c th l cc m hnh
nghch.
Mt gi thit cho rng tho dng l mt
hm ca chi tiu TIU DNG v CA CI.
Theo quan im ny, mc cung tin c
quyt nh bi cc tc nhn bn trong nn
kinh t, chng hn nh li sut v mc
hot ng kinh doanh.
Mt bin s m gi tr ca n c xc nh
trong khun kh ca mt m hnh kinh t
hay kinh t lng.
Cc c nhn i hi nhiu hn c th li
ko h t b mt hng ho m h c so
vi s tin m h sn lng tr c c
hng ha tng t.
Mt ch bo v tnh hiu qu trong vic s
dng nng lng c bn trong sn xut mt
n v tng sn phm quc ni.
Mt cch tip cn khng chnh thc v
khng r rng i vi qu trnh T NHN
HO nhanh chng ti sn nh nc cc
nc x hi ch ngha trc y (v mt vi
nc khc), qua cc nh hot ng ng
phi trc y v quan chc nh nc c
th mua ti sn nh nc vi gi thp hn
gi th trng. Thut ng nomenklatura ch
nhng ngi c la chn vo cc chc
v cao, nhng khng phi do cng trng m
do s phn quyt ca ng cm quyn.
Tng s ngi tham gia i ng c vic l
trong bt c thi k no.
Mt ng biu th mi quan h gia thu
nhp v tiu dng ca mt c nhn v mt
hng ho c th.
Mt "quy lut" tiu dng thc nghim do
Ernst Engel xng. tng y l
phn thu nhp quc gia c chi tiu cho
lng thc l mt ch s tt v phc li ca
quc gia .
Mt phng php c dng trong PHN
TCH CHI PH THNG K, trong nhng
c tnh ca ngi k s v mi lin h u
vo- u ra l c s tnh ton chi ph sn
xut ti thiu ti cc mc sn lng khc
nhau.

economic

1003 Entitlement principle

Nguyn tc c quyn.

1004 Entrepreneur

Ch doanh nghip.

1005 Entrepreneurial supply price

Gi cung ng ca doanh nghip.

Kh nng, s lm ch ca doanh
nghip.
Ro cn nhp nghnh.
Nhp nghnh v xut ngnh.
Gi ngn chn nhp ngnh.

1006
1007
1008
1009

Entrepreneurship
Entry barriers
Entry and exit
Entry forestalling price

Mt nguyn tc v s cng bng trong phn

phi cho rng, cc c nhn c coi l "c
quyn" i vi nhng vt s hu chng no
s hu c c nh, do trao i t
nguyn hay do qu biu.
Mt nhn t t chc trong mt qu trnh sn
xut. Ch doanh nghip chu trch nhim v
cc quyt nh kinh t nh sn xut ci g,
sn xut bao nhiu v phng php sn
xut no c p dng.
Li tc va gi mt ngi iu hnh
vi mt s phm cht no li vi cng
vic hin ti ca ngi .
Xem Entrepreneur.
Xem BARRIERS TO ENTRY.
Xem LIMIT PRICING.
Gi m cc hng thit lp trong mt
ngnh nh ra mc khng s nhng
doanh nghip m nhp ngnh.
Mc d trnh hiu bit khoa hc v k
thut ca th gii ang gia tng, vn cn
chnh lch ln v kin thc ny, c bit
lin quan n iu kin mi trng CC
NC ANG PHT TRIN.
Gi thuyt cho rng mi trng vt cht l
yu t chnh quyt nh ti trnh pht trin
kinh t ca mt quc gia.
Mt phn tch tm cch xc nh r rng
nhng nh hng ln ton b mi trng
ca mt d n u t.
Xem EUROPEAN PAYMENTS UNION.

1010 Entry preventing price

Gi ngn chn nhp ngnh.

1011 Environmental conditions

Nhng iu kin mi trng.

1012 Environmental determinism

Quyt nh lun do mi trng.

1013 Environmental impact analysis

1014 EPU

Phn tch tc ng mi trng.

1015 Equal advantage

Li th bnh ng, Li th ngang bng. Xem COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.

Mt o lut m rng vi phm ca mc VII
ca o lut Quyn dn s ca M nm
1964 sang cc chnh quyn tiu bang v a
phng v cho php U ban c hi vic lm
o lut v c hi vic lm /bnh
ngang nhau lp h s kin tng cho bn
ng/ngang bng nm 1972.
thn h.
Mt u ban c thnh lp gii quyt
nhng khiu ni bt ngun t s thng qua
o lut Quyn dn s ca M nm 1964.
U ban C hi vic lm bnh
o lut ny nghim cm hnh ng phn
ng/ngang bng.
bit i x ca cc ng ch.
Cc qu do mt chnh ph cp cho cc
chnh quyn a phng vi mc ch gim
mc khng cn bng trong thu nhp hay
doanh thu do chnh quyn a phng thu
Cc khon tr cp cn bng.
c.

Equal Employment Opportunity

1016 Act of 1972

Equal Employment Opportunity

1017 Commision

1018 Equalization grants

Equalizing differences, the theory
Lhuyt cn bng chnh lch
1019 of

1020 Equal pay

1021 Equal sacrifice theories
1022 Equation of exchange

Xem NET ADVANTAGES.

S cng bng gia cc gii v iu khon
v iu kin vic lm: mt khi nim v tr
lng ngang nhau cho cng vic c gi tr
ngang nhau, mc d nh ngha v "tr
Tr lng ngang nhau; tr lng bnh lng" v "cng vic ngang nhau" khng
ng.
ging nhau gia cc nc.
L thuyt hy sinh ngang nhau; l thuyt S hy sinh cng THO DNG ca
hy sinh bnh ng.
nhng ngi tr thu.
Phng trnh trao i.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.

Page 61

economic

1023 Equilibrium

1024 Equilibrium error

Equilibrium level of national
1025 income
1026 Equilibrium price

1027 Equilibrium rate of inflation

1028 Equities
1029 Equity
1030 Equity capital

1031 Equivalance scale

1032 Equivalent commodity scale

1033 Equivalent income scale

1034 Equivalent variation
1035 ERM

1036 Error correction models (ECMs)

1037 Error learning process

Mt cm thut ng mn t mn vt l
miu t tnh hung, trong cc tc nhn
kinh t hay tng tc nhn kinh t nh th
trng, khng c ng lc g thay i
Cn bng
hnh vi kinh t ca mnh.
Khi mt nhm cc bin s c lin kt vi
nhau trong mt m hnh HI QUY l ng
lin kt (xem COINTEGRATION) th thnh
Sai s cn bng
phn nhiu c gi l sai s cn bng.
Mc cn bng ca THU NHP QUC GIA
Mc cn bng ca thu nhp quc gia khng biu hin cc xu hng thay i.
Gi ti TH TRNG trng thi CN
Gi cn bng
BNG.
T l LM PHT c hon ton d bo
trc. T l lm pht gi c m ti cc k
T l lm pht cn bng.
vng c th tr thnh hin thc.
Cn c gi l c phiu thng, l nhng
c phiu dng vn pht hnh ca mt
C phn
cng ty.
Cng bng
Cng l hay l phi.
Vn c phn
Xem EQUYTIES.
Mt h s hoc mt "quyn s" c dng
nh gi mc thu nhp hoc tiu dng
Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui i mc m cc gia nh bt buc phi c trong cc
sng tng ng; Quy m tng
hon cnh khc nhau t c mt "mc
ng.
sng" nht nh.
Mt h s biu th bng s p dng cho mc
tiu dng cc hng ho nht nh ca cc
gi nh trong cc hon cnh khc nhau
Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui i hng ch ra mc tiu dng m mi gia nh cn c
ho tiu dng tng ng.
t c mc sng nht nh.
Mt h s bng s p dng i vi mc thu
Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui i thu
nhp ca cc gia nh cn c t ti mc
nhp tng ng
sng nht nh.
Mc bin ng tng ng
Xem CONSUMER'S SURPLUS.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE MECHANISM.
Trong phn tch v hi quy mt ECMs kt
Cc m hnh hiu chnh sai s; Cc m hp cc s tc ng qua li ngn hn v di
hnh sa cha sai s.
hn gia cc bin s,
Qu trnh nhn bit sai s.
Xem ADAPTIVE EXPECTATIONS.

1038 Errors variables

Sai s trong bin s (hay sai s trong

cc php o).

1039 Escalators

iu khon di ng gi.

1040 Estate duty

Thu di sn (thu ti sn tha k).

1041 Estate economy

Nn kinh t n in.

Page 62

Mt bi ton kinh t lng, theo cc bin

gii thch trong phn tch HI QUY c o
mt cch khng hon ho do gi tr thc t
ca chng khng th quan st c, hay do
s khng chnh xc khi ghi chp.
Cc iu khon v ph sinh hot trong cc
ghi tho thun thng lng tp th. Cc
iu khon l mt c ch iu chnh nh k
mc lng da trn nhng bin ng ca
mt ch s gi c nht nh.
Dng ch yu ca thu ca ci Anh trc
khi n c thay th bng thu CHUYN
GIAO VN nm 1974. Thu ny c dnh
gi theo sut lu tin vo cc ti sn ca
ngi ch khi ngi ny qua i. Thu lu
tin c p dng cho ton b ti sn ch
khng ch cho lng gia tng ca ci.
Thut ng ni v mt khu vc hay ton b
nn kinh t mt nc chm pht trin
c s dng sn xut i quy m ln
nng sn xut khu, thng do cc th lc
nc ngoi s hu hoc qun l; nn kinh
t ny rt ph bin trong thi k thuc a.

economic

1042 Estimation

S c lng.

1043 Estimator
1044 EUA
1045 Euler's theorem

Phng thc c lng; c lng.

Xem EUROPEAN UNIT OF
nh l Euler

1046
1047

1048

1049

1050

1051
1052

1053
1054

1055

1056

S xc nh mang tnh nh lng cc tham

s trong cc m hnh kinh t thng qua cc
s liu thng k.
Mt cng thc hay mt quy trnh c lng
cc con s thng k (chng hn nh
TRUNG BNH hay PHNG SAI ca mt
bin s) hoc cc tham s ca mt phng
trnh nhn c t s liu.

Mt th trng quc t nc ngoi ca cc

ng tin ca cc nc cng nghip ln
Eurocurrency market
Th trng tin t Chu U.
(phng Ty).
Eurodollars
ola Chu u.
Xem EUROCURRENCY MARKET.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU
U c thnh lp nm 1962 nhm ti tr
European Agricultural Guidance Qu Bo m v Hng dn Nng
vn cho chnh sch nng nghip chung ca
and Guaranted Fund
nghip Chu u.
cng ng.
c thnh lp nm 1991 vi s vn 10 t
European Bank for
Ngn hng ti thit v Pht trin Chu n v tin t Chu u nhm thc y s
Reconstruction and Development U.
pht trin cc nc thuc khi ng u.
T chc thc hin v qun l TH TRNG
European Coal and Steel
CHUNG v than & thp gia 6 nc thnh
Community
Cng ng Than v thp Chu u.
vin sng lp ca CNG NG CHU U.
Mt ngn sch do cc nc thnh vin ca
cng ng Chu u ng gp nhm ti tr
cho cc hot ng ca cng ng. Cc
khon ng gp t cc thnh vin dng
90% l doanh thu t thu NNG NGHIP v
BIU THU QUAN CHUNG v di 1%
doanh thu t thu GI TR GIA TNG c
tnh cho mc ch lm hi ho thu gia cc
European Community Budget
Ngn sch Cng ng Chu u.
nc thnh vin.
European Commom Market
Th trng chung Chu u.
Xem European Economic Community.
Mt tn gi chung ca 3 t chc: Cng ng
Than v thp Chu u, Cng ng kinh t
chu u v cng ng nng lng nguyn
European Community
Cng ng Chu u.
t Chu u.
European Currency Unit
n v tin t Chu u.
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM.
Mt qu c bit do CNG NG KINH T
CHU U thnh lp cung cp vin tr ti
chnh v k thut cho cc nc lin kt vi
Cng ng Chu u theo Hip c ROME,
cc hip nh YAOUND v LOM. Xem
European Devolopment Fund
Qu pht trin Chu u.
EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK.
Cng ng Kinh t Chu u c cnhthwcs
thnh lp ngy 25-3-1957 theo hip c
Rome do chnh ph cc nc B, H Lan,
Cng ho lin bang c, Italia, Lucxmbua.
Hip c ny a li s pht trin t do lin
minh thu quan, loi b mi ro cn i vi
s vn ng t do ca VN, LAO NG v
DCH V v hnh thnh cc chnh sch vn
ti v nng nghip gia cc nc thnh
European Economic Community Cng ng Kinh t Chu u.
vin.

Page 63

economic

H thng tin t chu u.

c thnh lp nm 1960 sau Hip nh

Stockholm, c o, an mch, Nauy. B
o Nha, Thu in, Thu S, Anh thng
qua. Hip hi t c cc mc tiu ban
u ca mnh l thit lp bun bn hng ho
cng nghip t do gia cc mc tiu ban
u ca mnh l thit lp bun bn hng ho
cng nghip t do gia cc thnh vin v
m phn mt hip c thng mi ton
din vi cng ng chu u (EC).
HIP C TIN T CHU U c hi
ng OEEC thng qua vo nm 1955, cho
php qu Chu u gip ti tr thm ht CN
CN THANH TON tm thi pht sinh t
quyt nh ca cc nc thnh vin lm cho
ng tin ca mnh c kh nng chuyn i
vi ng la.
Mt ngn hng pht trin c thnh lp
nm 1957 theo HIP C ROME, cho ra
i CNG NG KINH T CHU U.
Chc nng c bn ca ngn hng ny l
thc y s pht trin ca h trng chung
Chu u bng cch cp cp cc khon vay
di hn, bo lnh cc khon vay to iu
kin ti tr u t cho cc vng km pht
trin, cc k hoch hin i ho cng nghip
v cc d n cng nghip.
Hip nh c Hi ng T CHC HP
TC KINH T CHU U thng qua nm
1955. Hip nh l quyt nh ca cc nc
Chu u nhm lm cho ng tin ca cc
nc dn dn chuyn i c i vi ng
la, bng cch thay th LIN MINH
THANH TON CHU U bng mt h thng
thanh ton quc t mi, trong mi giao
dch phi c tin hnh bng vng hoc
cc ng tin c th chuyn i.
Mt qu c bit ca EC hnh thnh nm
1973 nhm p dng HIP NH BASLE
1972, hip nh ny quy nh cc mc dao
ng trong trao i ca cc ng tin c
qun l, oc bit n nh "con rn tin t"
chu u.
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY FUND.
c p dng vo thng 3-1979, h thng
ny (EMS) l mt n lc nhm to nn mt
khu vc n nh v t gi hi oi gia cc
nc thnh vin, v hu ht cc thnh vin
u tin hnh vic hn ch bin ng t gi
hi oi ca mnh mc (+) hoc (-) 2,25%
gi trung tm, thng nht cho ng tin
ca h.

n v K ton Tin t Chu u.

Xem EUROPEAN UNIT OF ACCOUNT.

European Free Trade

1057 Association

Hip hi Mu dch t do Chu u.

1058 European Fund

Qu Chu u.

1059 European Investment Bank

Ngn hng u t Chu u.

1060 European Monetary Agreement

Hip nh tin t Chu u.

European Monetary Co-operation

Qu hp tc Tin t Chu U.
1061 Fund
Qu Tin t Chu U.
1062 European Monetary Fund

European Monetary System

1063 (EMS)
European Monetary Unit of
1064 Account

Page 64

economic

1065 European Payments Union

Lin minh Thanh ton Chu u.

1066 European Recovery Programme. Chng trnh Phc hng Chu u.

European Regional Development

Qu Pht trin Khu vc Chu u.
1067 Fund.

1068 European Social Fund.

Qu X hi Chu U.

1069 European Unit of Account

1070 Eurostat

n v K ton Chu u.

1071 Exact test

Kim nghim chnh xc.

1072 Ex ante

T trc; D tnh; d nh

1073 Excess capacity

Cng sut d; cng sut tha; Tha

nng lc, tha cng sut.

Page 65

Nm 1950, T CHC HP TC KINH T

CHU U thnh lp Lin minh Thanh ton
Chu u, thay th cho h thng cc t chc
thanh ton Chu u do cc hip nh thanh
ton trong Chu u nm 1948 v nm 1949
a vo p dng. Mc ch ca lin minh
ny to iu kin choa thanh ton thng d
hay thm ht a phng gia cc nc
Chu u (v cc khu vc tin t nc
ngoi tng ng ca chng) v khuyn
khch cc chnh sch t do ho mu dch
bng cch a ra cc phng tn tn dng
t ng cho cc thnh vin gp phi thm
ht cn cn thanh ton.
Nm 1947, B trng ngoi giao M, tng
George Marshall pht biu trong mt bi
din vn ti trng i hc Harvard, ngh
gip ca M i vi chng trnh phc
hi nn kinh t Chu u do cc nc Chu
u iu phi. Sau bi din vn ny, cc i
din ca 16 nc Ty u thnh lp U
ban v Hp tc Kinh t Chu u, T CHC
HP TC KINH T CHU U c thnh
lp nm 1948 iu hnh mt chng
trnh phc hng chu u cng vi U BAN
HP TC KINH T CA M. Chng trnh
ny thng c gi l VIN TR
MARSHALL.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU
U, thnh lp nm 1975, nhm lm gim s
chnh lch v pht trin kinh t gia cc khu
vc trong cng ng.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU
U, nhm mc ch tng cng c hi tm
kim vic lm trong cng ng bng cch
m bo h tr ti chnh o to li cng
nhn, c bit l nhng ai b thu hp cng
vic do hot ng ca Th trng chung
Chu u.
L n v k ton c s dng trong
CNG NG CHU U cho cc mc ch
nh chun b ngn sch cng ng v nh
gi sn phm nng nghip thng qua
CHNH SCH NNG NGHIP CHUNG. V
cc nc thnh vin ca C dng cc
ng tin khc nhau, nn cn thit phi to
ra mt n v k ton chung trao i bun
bn cng ng.
Cc Thng k ca CNG NG CHU U.
Khi PHN PHI XC SUT ca mt thng
k kim nh c bit mt cch chnh xc,
thay cho vic mt phn phi ch bit dng
gn ng, nh vy vng ti hn c th xc
nh c th kim nh y c gi l kim
nh chnh xc.
L mc c d tnh, d nh hay
mong mun ca mt hot ng no .
Ni mt cch cht ch, khi mt doanh
nghip c coi l sn xut tha nng lc l
khi mc SN LNG c sn xut ra
thp hn mc sn lng ti chi ph trung
bnh thp nht.

economic

1074 Excess capacity theory

1075 Excess burden

L thuyt cng sut d/tha; Thuyt

tha cng sut.
Gnh nng thu qu mc.

Mc cu d; D cu.
1076 Excess demand
Excess productive capacity (Idle
T liu sn xut nhn ri.
1077 Excess goods)

1078 Excess reserves

Khon d tr d; D tr d.

1079 Excess supply

1080 Excess profit
1081 Excess wage tax
1082 Exchange

Mc cung d; D cung
Li vt.
Thu chng lng vt; Thu chng
tng lng
Trao i

1083 Exchange control

Qun l ngoi hi.

1084 Exchange Equalization Account

Qu bnh n Hi oi.

1085 Exchange rate

T gi hi oi.

1086 Exchange rate Mechanism

1087 Exchange reserves

C ch t gi hi oi.
D tr ngoi hi.

1088 Exchequer

Kho bc, ngn kh Anh.

1089 Excise duty

Thu tiu th c bit.

1090 Exclusion
1091 Excludable

Loi tr
C th loi tr.

1092 Exclusion principle

Nguyn tc loi tr.

1093 Executive
1094 Exempt goods

Ngi iu hnh.
Hng ho c min thu gi tr gia
tng.

1095 Exhaustive voting

Cch b phiu thu o.

Page 66

c dng miu t d bo m hnh

CNH TRANH C QUYN, trong cc
hng trong iu kin cn bng di hn sn
xut trn on xung dc ca NG CHI
PH TRUG BNH di hn, do sn xut
mc chi ph cao hn chi ph ti thiu.
L tnh trng CU vt CUNG mt mc
gi no .
Mc chnh lch gia tng s d tr m
ngn hng gi tin M ang gi v D
TR BT BUC do lut php yu cu tr
n.
L tnh trng CUNG vt CU mt mc
gi no .
L thu a ra chng vic tng lng
qu cao nhm lm gim lm pht.
Xem TRADE.
L mt h thng m nh nc s dng
kim sot cc giao dch bng ngoi t v
vng.
L mt h thng hay dn xp c NGN
HNG hnh thnh nm 1932, nhm qun l
nhng bin ng khng mong mun trong t
gi hi oi ca ng bng, sau khi Anh b
CH BN V VNG vo nm 1931.
L gi ca ng tin mt nc c tnh
bng ng tin ca mt nc khc.
C ch t gi hi oi (ERM) l mt h
thng m theo cc thnh vin ca H
THNG TIN T CHU U (ENS) buc
phi duy tr t gi hi oi ca h trong
nhng mc nht nh.
Xem EXTERNAL RESERVES
L ti khon trung ng ca chnh ph Anh
c B ti chnh gi trong ngn hng Anh.
Xem CONSOLIDATED FUND.
Xem CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND
PROTECTIVE DUTIES.
L mt tnh trng m ngi tiu dng "b loi
tr" khng c mua mt loi hng ho no
v gi m ngi sn sng tr thp hn
gi th trng.
Xem EXCLUSSION PRINCIPLE.
L mt tiu chun chng ta phn bit
HNG HO CNG CNG v hng ho phi
cng cng. Khi mt ngi sn xut hay mt
ngi bn c th ngn cn mt s ngi
no khng cho h mua hng ca mnh ni chung l nhng ngi khng tin
mua hng - th hng ho c cung cp
theo cch ca th trng.
L mt c nhn chu trch nhim i vi mt
mt hay kha cnh no trong cc hot
ng ca mt hng.
Xem VALUE - ADDED TAX
L hnh thc la chn tp th m trong
ngi b phiu th hin phng n t thch
nht ca mnh.

economic

1096 Existence, theorem of

1097
1098
1099
1100

Exit-voice model
Excise taxes
Exchange rate speculation
Effective exchange rate

1101 Exogeneity
1102 Exogeneity of money supply

1103 Exogenous

1104 Exogenous variable

1105 Expansionary phase

1106 Expansion path

1107 Expatriate
1108 Expectations
1109 Expectations, augmented

1110 Expectations lag

1111 Expected inflation

1112 Expected net returns

1113 Expected utility theory

nh l v s tn ti.

M hnh ni rt lui.
Cc mc thu trn tng mt hng.
S u c t gi hi oi.
T gi hi oi hiu dng

Bt k mt nh l no tm cch lp lun
rng, trong bi cnh cn bng tng th, tn
ti mt lot gi v lng cn bng. Xem
EQUYLIBRUM, GENERAL EQUIBRIUM.
L s phn loi cc h thng, m cc c
nhn s dng by t thch ca h
phn bit nhng ngi mun tham gia vo
hay rt lui khi nhng th cn s giao tip
bng li ni.

Nu cc bin s gii thch trong mt phng

trnh M HNH KINH T LNG c th
c coi l c nh trong cc mu c lp
Yu t ngoi sinh.
li, chng c coi l cc bin ngoi sinh.
S ngoi sinh ca cung tin t.
Xem MONEY SUPPLY.
L mt cm thut ng miu t bt k ci g
c quy nh hoc cho trc ca mt phn
(thuc) ngoi sinh.
tch kinh t.
L mt bin s m gi tr ca n khng c
xc nh trong m hnh kinh t, nhng li
ng vai tr quan trong trong vic xc nh
Bin ngoi sinh.
gi tr ca cc bin ni sinh.
L mt giai on trong CHU K KINH
DOANH tip theo sau mt im thp nht
Giai on bnh trng; Giai on tng ca chu k v ko di n im tip theo
trng.
cao nht ca chu k.
Lin quan n HNG, y l ng ni cc
la chn yu t u vo mi mc sn
lng nh trong th, ngha l qu tch ca
cc tip im gia NG NG PH v
ng bnh trng; ng m rng NG NG LNG.
L thut ng chung ch ngi mang quc
tch nc ngoi, thng dng ch nhng
ngi t CC NC PHT TRIN n lm
Chuyn gia (t cc nc pht trin)
vic ti CC NC KM PHT TRIN.
L cc quan im hay s tin tng vo cc
K vng; d tnh.
gi tr tng lai ca cc bin s kinh t.
L cc bin i i vi mt m hnh kinh t
Bin b sung v d tnh.
tnh n hiu ng ca cc d tnh.
tr trong vic xem xt li gi tr k vng
ca mt bin s do cc thay i trong gi tr
hin ti ca n. tr d tnh thng c
gii thch bng GI THIT K VNG
tr k vng; tr d tnh
PHNG THEO.
Mc lmp pht k vng; Lm pht d T L LM PHT no c d tnh trong
tnh
tng lai.
L tng cc thu nhp d tnh tr i cc chi
Mc li tc rng k vng; Li tc rng ph d tnh, tc l li nhun d tnh ca mt
d tnh.
d n u t.

L thuyt tho dng k vng;

Thuyt tho dng d tnh.

Page 67

L thuyt v cc hnh vi c nhn trong iu

kin KHNG CHC CHN ca VON
NEUMANN v MORGENSTERN. Thuyt
a ra s m t logic rng mi ngi duy l
c th c x nh th no trong mt th gii
khng chc chn. Phn chnh ca thuyt ny
cho thy rng mt c nhn c nhng s
thch tho mn mt s nh (thng l v
trt t, tip tc v dc lp) s la chn ti
a ho tho dng d tnh.

economic

1115 Expenditure approach

Gi tr k vng; gi tr d tnh.
Phng php da vo chi tiu ( tnh
GDP).

1116 Expenditure-switching policies

Cc chnh sch chuyn i chi tiu.

1114 Expected value

1117 Expenditure tax

1118 Expenditure-variation controls

1119 Expense preference

1120 Explanatory variable

1121 Explicit function

1122 Exploitation

1123 Explosive cycle

1124 Exponential

1125 Export

1126 Export-import bank

1127 Export-led growth

1128 Export promotion

Cn c gi TRUNG BNH, k vng ton

hc.Gi tr k vng ca mt BIN S NGU
NHIN l gi tr trung bnh ca phn phi
ca bin y.

L mt trong cc chnh sch cn thit loi

b s khng cn bng thng mi quc t.
L loi thu nh vo chi tiu ca ngi tiu
dng.N l hnh thc thay th cho THU
THU NHP v c th c nh mc da
Thu chi tiu
trn c s lu tin.
iu chnh li s mt cn bng kinh doanh
bng cch thay i mc v thnh phn ca
Kim sot mc bin ng trong chi
ngn sch v bng cch kim sot quy m
tiu; Kim sot s thay i ca chi tiu. v chi ph ca tn dng.
L mt khi nim ni v s hi lng ca cc
nh qun l tc trong vic chi tiu cho
mt s cng vic ca hng nh chi tiu cho
u tin chi tiu.
vic Marketing v cho i ng nhn vin.
L bin s ng vai tr trong vic "gii thch"
s bin i ca mt bin c lp trong phn
tch hi quy, bin s gii thch xut hin bn
Bin gii thch
phi ca phng trnh hi quy.
Dng thng thng nht ca mt hm s
trong bin s PH THUC c vit bn
tri ca du bng v cc BIN C LP
vit bn phi, thng ch mi lin h
Hm hin
nhn qu hoc xc nh.
Trong kinh t hc, thut ng ny c hai
ngha. Th nht, l vic s dng ti nguyn
thin nhin hay nhn lc. Th hai, mt cng
nhn c gi l b bc lt nu s tin chi
tr cho cng vic lm t hn gi tr ca
Khai thc; bc lt.
cng vic .
L chu k c trng bi vic bin tng
theo hm m, v d, qua thi gian. N c
Chu k bng n.
xem nh chu k phn k.
Hm s m l mt HM LU THA, thng
ch s lin quan gia bin s c lp v s e
tng ln mt lu tha cha BIN S C
LP khi e = 2,718, v l c s ca LOGARIT
Thuc s m, thuc hm m.
T NHIN.
Mt hng ho hoc dch v sn xut ti mt
nc c bn v tiu dng nc khc.
Xut khu hu hnh l xut khu hng ho,
cn xut khu v hnh l xut khu dch v
Xut khu, hng xut khu.
cho ngi nc khc mua.
Ngn hng do chnh ph M thnh lp nam
1937, nhm thc y ngoi thng ca M
bng cch cung cp vn di dng cc
khon tin cho vay trc tip c bo m cho
Ngn hng xut nhp khu.
cc cng ty nc ngoi.
L s tng trng c thc y bi s gia
Tng trng da vo xut khu.
tng hng xut khu.
L s pht trin ca nhng ngnh m
thtng chnh l nc ngoi. y l mt
chin lc thay th chnh i vi CHIN
LC THAY TH NHP KHU cc nc
Khuyn khch xut khu.
km pht trin.

Page 68

economic

Export Credit Guarantee

1129 Department.
1130 Export-oriented industrialization

Cc Bo m tn dng xut khu.

Cng nghip ho theo hng xut
khu.

1131 Ex post

t sau; sau

1132 Extensive margin

Mc cn bin qung canh.

1133 External balace

1134 External deficit
1135 External diseconomy

External economies &

1136 diseconomies of scale
1137 External economy

Cn bng i ngoi; Cn bng bn

ngoi.
Thm ht i ngoi; Thm ht bn
ngoi.
nh hng phi kinh t t bn ngoi;
Tnh phi kinh t t bn ngoi
nh hng kinh t v phi kinh t t
bn ngoi theo quy m.
nh hng kinh t t bn ngoi; Tnh
kinh t t bn ngoi

1138 External finance

(Ngun) ti chnh t bn ngoi.

1139 External financial limits

1140 External growth

Mc gii hn ngun ti chnh t bn

ngoi.
Tng trng ngoi ng; Tng trng
do bn ngoi.

1141 Externalities

Cc ngoi hng; Cc ngoi ng

1142 External labour market

Th trng lao ng bn ngoi.

1143 External reserve

1144 Dynamic externalities

D tr ngoi hi.
Cc ngoi hng ng; Ngoi ng
ng.

1145 Extraneous information

Thng tin khng lin quan

Page 69

L mt t chc c chnh ph Anh thnh

lp nm 1930, a ra cc hnh thc BO
HIM khc nhau nhm chng li nhng ri
ro m cc nh xut khu Anh pha chu
ng.
Sau khi xy ra mt s kin no hoc sau
mt quyt nh thc hin mt vic g .
Xem EX ANTE.
L tnh trng LI TC GIM DN i vi
t ai.
Thng c nh ngha l mt tnh trng
trong CN CN THANH TON ca mt
nc l CN BNG, theo ngha lung tin
vo t nh bng vi lung ra t nh m
khng cn iu chnh cc lung b sung vo
hoc rt ra t d tr NGOI HI hay d tr
vng.
Thm ht CN CN THANH TON.
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Nhng nh hng c li hay c hi m cc
hot ng sn xut ca mt hng ny gy ra
cho cc hot ng sn xut ca hng khc.
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Qu c huy ng bi cc hng bng cch
pht hnh C PHIU (vn c phn) hoc i
vay ti tr cho cc hot ng ca hng.
Chnh ph Anh t gii hn i vi cc
NGUN TI CHNH T BN NGOI m
cc cng ty quc doanh c th huy ng
trong nc.
S m rng ca mt hng c mang li do
SP NHP hay thu mua.
c bit n vi nhng tn khc nhau,
nh tc ng ngoi lai, nh hng t bn
ngoi, bt li t bn ngoi,nh hng tro
ra bn ngoi v NH HNG N VNG
LN CN. Ngi ta phn bit ngoi ng
bin v ngoi ng trong bin.
Mt th trng cho mt s ngi lao ng
nht nh, hoc l sn ngay hoc tim tng
cho cc cng vic mi.
Thng ch mc nm gi cc phng
tin thanh ton ca mt nc c quc t
chp nhn, vi mc ch trang tri lm thm
ht ngn hn v trung hn ca CN CN
THANH TON VI BN NGOI, ng thi
nhm mc ch kim sot s thay i T
GI HI OI ng tin ca nc ny.
Nhng thng tin ban u (c th l c
lng v tham s trc ) c kt hp
vi thng tin mu vi mc ch suy lun
thng k hay c tnh tham s trong phn
tch hi quy thng ci thin d bo hay
khc phc nhng vn nh A CNG
TUYN TNH.

economic

1146 Extrapolative expectation

K vng ngoi suy; Nhng d tnh

ngoi suy.

1148 Extrema
1149 Extrema Keynesian

Cc cc tr.
Ngi theo thuyt Keynes cc oan.

Factor augmenting technical

1150 progress

Tin b k thut gia tng nh hng

ca yu t.
Ngun lc sn c; Ngun ti nguyn
sn c; S s hu cc yu t sn
xut; tnh sn c, lng cc yu t sn
xut.

1152 Factor endowment

1153 Factor incomes

1154 Factoring

1155 Factor-price equalization

1156 Factor-price frontier

1157 Factor intensity
1158 Factor proportion

1159 Factor reverals

1160 Factors of production
1161 Factor substitution effect
1162 Factor utilization
1163 Factorial

1164 Fair comparisons

1165 Fair rate of return

1166 Fair trade law

Cc gi tr thp nht v cao nht ca mt

hm s.
Tin b k thut dn n vic gia tng mc
sn lng khi VN v LC LNG LAO
NG KHNG I.

Mc sn c cc yu t sn xut trong mt
vng hay mt nc thng l t ai, lao
ng, vn v k thut.
Thu nhp trc tip c c nho sn xut
Thu nhp t yu t sn xut.
hng ho v dch v hin ti.
Phng php gii thot s n thng mi
thng qua mt cng ty c th "bn" c
Bao thanh ton; mua n; Gii thot n. s n ny cho mt th ch ti chnh.
Mt nh ny sinh t CCH TIP CN
HECKSCHER - OHLIN V THNG MI
QUC T cho rng vi mt s gi thit hn
ch, THNG MI T DO l s thay th
hon ho cho vic di chuyn yu t sn xut
v s c tc dng san bng mc thanh ton
cho bt k mt yu t sn xut no trn
phm vi ton th gii, chng hn nh mc
tin cng ca tt c cc nc phi bng
S cn bng yu t sn xut - gi c. nhau.
Thut ng ny do PAUL SAMUELSON a
ra, ch mi quan h t l nghch gia mc
tin cng v li nhun trong l thuyt tng
Gii hn yu t sn xut - gi c.
trng.
Mc / cng huy ng (s dng)
cc yu t sn xut.
T l kt hp cc YU T CA SN
T l cc yu t sn xut.
XUT.
Mt trong cc gi thit caCCH TIP CN
HECKSCHER - OHLIN V THNG MI
QUC T l cc hm sn xut hng ho
khc nhau t s, cng s dng cc
S o ngc cc yu t sn xut.
yu t sn xut v mt hng ho s dng.
Cc ngun lc ca x hi c s dng
Cc yu t sn xut.
trong qu trnh sn xut.
Tc ng thay th yu t sn xut.
Lng cc yu t c th s dng trn thc
S s dng yu t sn xut.
t.
Giai tha.
So snh tin cng da trn c s cho rng
cng nhn lm nhng cng vic gn tng
t nh nhau phi c tr cng mc tin
So snh cng ng.
cng.
Nguyn tc ch o trong vic iu tit
ngnh cng ch M l t l thu li hp l
i vi gi tr ca vn c s dng trong
T sut li tc cng bng.
vic sn xut cc dch v dn dng.
M c mt s n lc nhm thit lp cc
mc gi bn l ti thiu theo khun kh
php lut (cc tho thun c duy tr mc
gi bn li) i vi cc hng ho c nhn
Lut thng mi cng bng.
hiu v tn gi.

Page 70

economic

1167 Fair trading Act 1973

o lut thng mi cng bng 1973

1168 Fair trading, Office of

Vn phng thng mi cng bng.

1169 Fair wages

1170 Fallacy of composition

Tin cng cng bng.

Ngu bin v hp th; 'Khi nim "sai
lm do gm gp/ tng hp".

1171 False trading

Thng mi la di.

1172 Family expenditure survey

1173 Family credit
1174 Family-unit agriculture
1175 FAO
1176 FASB
1177 FCI

1178 Featherbedding
1179 Fed., the

Federal Deposit Insurance

1180 Corporation (FDIC)

Hot ng thng mi theo mc gi phi cn

bng.
Mt cuc iu tra chn mu hng nm v xu
hng chi tiu ca cc h gia nh do chnh
iu tra chi tiu gia nh.
ph Anh tin hnh.
Tn dng gia nh.
XemBEVERIGDE REPORT
(kinh t) nng nghip theo h gia nh; H thng nng nghip ph bin cc vng
Nng nghip theo n v gia nh.
chm pht trin da trn c s gia nh.
Xem FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATION.
Xem FINANCIAL ACCOUNT
STANDARDS BOARD
Xem FINANCE FOR INDUSTRY.
Nhng cch to vic lm bng cch dng
Bo h, bo v; To vic lm (nhi
qu nhiu sc lao ng v/ hoc khng
lng nm).
dng cng ngh tin tin.
T vit tt ca h thng d tr lin
bang.
Mt cng ty M c trch nhim bo him
cc khon tin gi trong cc NGN HNG
THNG MI v cc hip hi tit kim v
cho vay ln ti 100.000 la trong mt ti
Cng ty bo him tin gi Lin bang. khon ti mt th ch.

1181 Federal Fund Market

Th trng Tin qu lin Bang.

Federal Home Loan Bank

1182 System (FHLBS)
1183 Feasibility study

H thng ngn hng cho vay ni b

ca lin bang.
Nghin cu kh thi.

Federal Nation Mortgage

Hip hi Cm c Quc gia lin bang
1184 Association (FNMA)
1185 Federal Open Market Committee U ban Th trng m Lin bang.

1186 Federal Reserve Note

o lut ny ca Anh m rng chnh

sch cnh tranh i vi cc th trng c
quyn, v trch nhim tp trung trong vic
thc hin lut c qun v hot ng hn
ch vi vn phng mi ca Tng gim c
Vn phng Thng mi Cng bng.
c ra i theo o lut thng mi bnh
ng 1973, vn phng ny c trch nhim
thu thp thng tin lin quan n c cu ca
cc nghnh v vic tin hnh kinh doanh.
NHn chung, tin cng cng bng l tin
cng c c nh theo LUT TIN CNG
TI THIU quc gia.

Chng n ca Cc d tr Lin Bang

Page 71

Th trng M, trong "nhng khon tin

c th c s dng ngay lp tc" c
em cho vay hay i vay, ch yu l qua m
gia cc Ngn hng thnh vin ca H
THNG D TR LIN BANG, cc th ch
ti chnh ch yu khc cc chi nhnh v c
quan ca cc ngn hng khng phi ca M.
C quan ca chnh ph M s dng quyn
lc ca mnh trn th trng tin t cung
cp cc khon thanh khon cho Hip hi tit
kim v cho vay.
Mt t chc do chnh ph M thnh lp nm
1938, nhm tr gip th trng i vi cc
ti sn cm c c chnh ph ti tr
Xem FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM.
Mt cng c chng n do H THNG D
TR LIN BANG pht hnh di nhiu hnh
thc khc nhau.

economic

1187 Federal Reserve System

1188 Federal Trade Commission Act

H thng ny c thnh lp M nm
1913 thc hin chc nng ca mt NGN
HNG TRUNG NG v xy dng mt
khun kh mnh nhm kim sot h
thng ngn hng thng mi. H thng ny
c cu trc quy m lin bang, gm c 12
Ngn hng d tr Lin bang, mi ngn hng
c trch nhim v cc hot ng hng ngy
trong khu vc v hot ng ging nh knh
lin h hai chiu gia h thng ny v cng
H thng D tr Lin bang.
ng lin doanh.
o lut ny c ban hnh M vo nm
1914, nhm thit lp mt hi ng (FTC) c
kh nng trong cc cng vic kinh doanh
iu tra "vic t chc, ch o kinh doanh,
th tc v qun l" ca cc cng ty hot
ng thng mi gia cc tiu bang v
chng li "cc phng php cnh tranh
khng cng bng". FTC cng c nhim v
chng li "cc hot ng hoc th tc khng
o lut v Hi ng thng mi Lin cng bng, di tr hoc c lin quan n
bang.
thng mi".

1189 Feedback/entrapment effects

Tc ng phn hi/by.

1190 Feudalism
1191 Fiat money

Ch ngha phong kin.

Tin theo lut nh

1192 Fiduciary issue

Tin khng c bo lnh.

1193 Filter

B lc.

1194 Filtering

Qu trnh lc.

1195 FIML

1196 Final goods

Hng ho cui cng.

1197 Final offer arbitration

(Phng n) trng ti ra quyt nh

cui cng.

Page 72

Gi thit cho rng nhng iu kin trong th

trng lao ng th cp (cp hai) lm cho
cng nhn c nhng thi quen lao ng xu.
Mt dng h thng chnh tr v kinh t thng
tr Chu u thi k trung c. Ch ngha
phong kin c c trng bi mt thp x
hi bt u t ngi nng dn l thuc
thng qua cc cha t v tc hu "thi
p" ln n tn nh vua.
Tin c v th c lut php quy nh.
Mt b phn ca tin do ngn hng Anh
pht hnh theo O LUT QUY CH NGN
HNG ca Hun tc Robert Peel nm
1844, c kh nng i ly tri phiu ca
chnh ph, v khc vi tin vng (v tin bc
trn mt phm vi nht nh) v thoi vng.
Tn gi ca mt cng thc hay mt phng
thc nhm loi b nhng bin ng khng
mong mun ca s liu.
Mt cm thut ng c s dng trong
KINH T HC TH m t qu trnh
thay i v cht lng nh , nhn chung l
din ra thng qua vic chuyn nh ca
nhm ngi c thu nhp cao sang nhm
ngi c thu nhp thp hn.
Xem FULL INFORMATION MAXIMUM
LIKELIHOOD.
Nhng hng ho c s dng cho mc
ch tiu dng ch khng dng nh l U
VO trong qu trnh sn xut cc cng ty.
Do hng ho cui cng khc vi SN
PHM TRUNG GIAN.
S can thip vo TRANH CHP LAO NG
ca mt bn th ba c lp v cng bng,
bn th ba ny xem xt cc l l ca hai bn
v xut kin cui cng, quan im cui
cng ca mt trong cc bn tranh chp s
c thc hin.

economic

(Cn c gi l tng sn phm quc ni)

Tt c cc loi hng ho v dch v c
ngi cui cng mua. Tng sn lng ca
mt nn kinh t sau khi tr i SN PHM
Sn phm cui cng.
TRUNG GIAN.
1198 Final product
Theo ngha hp, n c ngha l VN di
dng tin, tc l di dng s tin cho vay
hoc i vay nhm mc ch to vn thng
qua cc thi trng hay th ch ti chnh.
Theo cch ni thng thng th cm thut
ng ny dng ch s tin t bt k mt
ngun no c s dng cho bt k mt
Ti chnh
khon chi tiu no.
1199 Finance
Mt tng cng ty c phn c lp vo nm
1973 t Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip
(FCI) v Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip v
Thng mi (ICFC), FCI v ICFC c
thnh lp nm 1946 bi Ngn hng Anh, cc
ngn hng thanh ton b tr London v cc
Ngn hng Scotland nhm cung cp cc
khon vay cho trung v di hn cho cc
cng ty ang gp kh khn trong vic tng
s vn t cc ngun khc.
1200 Finance Corporation for Industry Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip.
Mt t chc trung gian ti chnh, khng phi
Ngn hng, c th huy ng cc ngun tin
t vn ca ring mnh, thng qua vic tip
nhn tin gi (thng l trong khong thi
gian c nh), hay thm ch bng cch vay t
cc th ch khc, ri cho vay vi nhiu mc
ch khc nhau, c bit l cp tin cho
Nh cung cp ti chnh; Cng ty ti
cc hp ng thu mua v cng c th l
chnh.
cho thu.
1201 Finance house
Mt nhm Th trng tin t c lin quan vi
Th trng cc nh cung cp ti chnh; nhau v xut hin London vo nhng nm
Th trng cng ty ti chnh.
1960.
1202 Finance houses market
Ti sn c kh nng chuyn hon khc vi
Vn ti chnh.
ti sn vt cht ca mt cng ty.
1203 Financial Capital
Bt k mt loi giy t no c s dng
vi t cch l bng chng n v vic bn v
chuyn nhng n cho php ngi bn c
Cng c ti chnh.
c mt ngun ti chnh.
1204 Financial instrument
Nguyn tc ti chnh; K thut ti
chnh.
1205 Financial displine
Theo mt ngha rng, l bt k mt ngi
no c vai tr phi hp ngi cung cp c
bn v ngi s dng c bn ngun vn
Trung gian ti chnh.
TI CHNH.
1206 Financial intermediary
Gi ti chnh.
1207 Financial price
T s ti chnh.
1208 Financial ratios
Ri ro ti chnh.
Xem CORPORATE RISK
1209 Financial risk
Tp hp cc ch s gi v thu nhp trung
Financial Times Actuaries Share Ch s gi c phiu thng k ca bo bnh v tin li ca cc chng khon Anh
Financial Times.
trong s giao dch chng khon.
1210 Indices
Trc khi xut hin ch s FT - SE 100 vo
nm 1984, th ch s ny l ch s gi c
phiu c s dng ph bin nht vi t
Financial Times Industrial
Ch s cng nghip ca bo Financial cch l ch tiu tng qut v tnh hnh ca
Times.
Th trng chng khon ca Anh.
1211 Ordinary Index
Cc c quan khc nhau s dng cc nm
ti chnh khc nhau hch ton ti chnh
v khng cn phi trng hp vi nm lch s
Nm ti chnh.
tiu chun.
1212 Financial year
Bo co ti chnh.
1213 Financial statement
Sut sinh li ti chnh.
1214 Financial rate of return

Page 73

economic

1215 Finite memory

B nh xc nh (hu hn).

1216 Firm

Hng sn xut.

1217 Firm, theory of the

1218 Finite horizon
1219 Firm-specific human capital
Fist-best and second-best
1220 efficiency

L thuyt v hng.
Tm nhn/ khung tri hu hn.
Vn nhn lc c th i vi hng.
Tnh hiu dng / hiu qu tt nht v
tt nh.

1221 First difference

Vi phn bc I.

1222 First order condition

1223 Fiscal policy

1224 Fiscal decentralization
1225 Fiscal drag

1226 Fiscal federalism

1227 Fiscal illusion

1228 Fiscal multiplier

1229 Fiscal walfare benefits
1230 Fisher, Irving

1231 Fisher equation

1232 Fisher open

1233 Fixed asset

Fixed coenfficients production
1234 function

1235 Fixed cost

1236 Fixed exchange rate

Mt tnh cht ca QU TRNH XU TH

TNH.
Trong kinh t hc tn c in, l tn gi
c tnh cht phn tch ca mt th ch thc
hin nhim v chuyn cc u vo thnh
u ra.
L thuyt v hng l ch quan trng trong
KINH T HC VI M cp n vic gii
thch v d on hnh vi ca hng, c bit
l trn phng din cc yu t quyt nh
gi c v sn lng.

Hiu s gia mt bin v gi tr tr mt bc

v thi gian ca n.
Nhn chung, iu kin ny ni rng cc o
hm bc nht ca HM MC TIU theo
BIN LA CHN phi bng 0 xc nh
iu kin o hm bc I.
GI TR CC TR.
Ni chn cp n vic s dng thu v
Chnh sch thu kho; Chnh sch thu chi tiu chnh ph iu tit tng mc cc
chi ngn sch.
hot ng kinh t.
S phn cp thu kho; S phn cp
ngn sch.
Xem FISCAL FEDERALISM.
nh hng ca Lm pht i vi thu sut
Sc cn ca thu kho.
hu hiu hay trung bnh.
Mt h thng thu v chi tiu cng cng
trong nhng khi kh nng thu nhp tng
v quyn kim sot chi tiu c giao cho
cc cp khc nhau trong mt quc gia, t
Ch ti kho theo m hnh lin
chnh ph n cc n v nh nht chnh
bang.
quyn a phng.
Tnh hung trong nhng li ch ca chi
tiu chnh ph c nhng ngi hng chi
tiu ny xc nh mt cc r rng nhng chi
ph khng xc nh r c, nhng chi ph
ny b phn tn theo thi gian v trong cng
o gic thu kho.
ng dn c.
H s cho bit mt mc gia tng ca chi tiu
ti chnh tc ng n mc thu nhp cn
Nhn t thu kho.
bng nh th no.
Li ch phc li thu kho.
Xem TAX EXPENDITURES
(1867-1947)
Nh kinh t
Xem Fisher, Irving; CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL,
FRIEDMAN, QUANTITY THEORY OF
Phng trnh Fisher
MONEY.
Xem UNCOVERED INTEREST
PARITY.
Bt k ti sn vn phi ti chnh no ca cng
ty c tui th kh di, chuyn dng cho cc
qu trnh sn xut nht nh v chi ph ca
n thn c trang tri ch sau mt thi k
hot ng tng i di, v d nh my
Ti sn c nh.
mc, nh xng.
Hm sn xut, trong cc u vo phi
Hm sn xut c cc h s c nh.
c kt hp theo cc t l c nh.

Chi ph c nh; nh ph.

T gi hi oi c nh.

Page 74

i vi mt hng ngn hn c nh ngha

l mt khong thi gian trong mt s YU
T SN XUT khng th thay i c.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.

economic

1237 Fixed factors

1238 Fixed labour costs

1239 Fixed-price mdel

1240 Fixed / floating exchange rates

Cc yu t sn xut c nh; cc sn t Nhng yu t sn xut khng th thay i v

c nh.
s lng.
Bao gm cc chi ph v vic lm v thay i
Chi ph lao ng c nh.
theo t l t hn so vi s gi lm vic.
Cc m hnh gi thit rng cc giao dch
c thc hin ti nhng mc gi khng
cn bng v nhng mc gi ny c gi
Cc m hnh mc gi c nh.
c nh.
T gi hi oi c nh / th ni.

1241 Fixed proportions in production

T l c nh trong sn xut.

1242 Fixprice and flexprice

Gi bt bin v gi linh hot.

1243 Flat yield

1244 Flexible exchange rate

Tin li ng lot.
T gi hi oi linh hot.

1245 Flexitime

Thi gian lm vic linh hot.

1246 Flight from cash

B tin mt.

1247 Float

Tin tri ni.

1248 Floating capital

Vn lun chuyn.

1249 Floating charge

Ph linh ng

1250 Floating debt

1251 Floating exchange rate
1252 Floating pound

N th ni
T gi hi oi th ni.
ng bng Anh th ni.

1253 Floor

Sn.

1254 Flotation

Pht hnh.

1255 Flow

Dng, lung, Lu lng.

1256 Flow of funds analysis

Phn tch lung tin qu

1257 FOB

Gi khng tnh ph vn ti, gi FOB.

Page 75

Phn nh qu trnh trong , t s VN/

LAO NG l c nh, ngha l chng ch c
th c s dng theo nhng t l c nh.
S phn bit ln u tin do J.R.HICKS a
ra gia nhng gi khng phn ng vi
nhng thay i c bn trong cung v cu.
Mt khon tin hng nm c tnh vo tin
li ca mt chng khon biu hin bng t l
% ca gi mua.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
L thuyt kinh t ch ra rng nu thc hin
thi gian linh hot s c li v cc cng nhn
khc nhau c nhng khu v v s thch
khc nhau.
Ch s chuyn CA CI t tin mt thnh
cc ti sn sinh li.
S chnh lch gia khon tin cha thu
c hay khon tin ang trong qu trnh
thu v khon tin phi n nhng chm.
Cm thut ng c cng ngha c cng ngha
nh vn lu ng, ch s tin c u t
vo cng vic ang c thc hin, tin
cng cn tr hay bt k mt loi u t no
khc khng phi l ti sn c nh.
Mt dng m bo ca ngi i vay i vi
cc khon vay hay cc khon n khc, v d
nh c phiu cng ty.
Mt phn N QUC GIA c vay di
dng cc CHNG KHON ngn hn thng
thng dng ch b phn c th hin
bi HI PHIU B TI CHNH. S n ny l
"th ni" theo ngha l n lin tc gim cho
qu trnh thanh ton n.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
Gii hn s i xung ca sn lng theo l
thuyt CHU K KINH DOANH.
Hot ng pht hnh c phn cho cng
chng nhm huy ng VN mi.
Lng ca mt bin kinh t c o lng
trong mt khong thi gian.
S phn tch trn cc gic tng hp khc
nhau, lung tin qu t cc khu vc thng
d v ti chnh ti cc khu vc thm ht.
Cm thut ng ny ch gi hay gi tr ca
mt hng ho c tnh trn c s qu trnh
sn xut v khng bao gm chi ph vn
chuyn hng ho n ngi tiu dng.

economic

1261 Forced riders

Ngi hng li bt buc.

1262 Forced saving

Tit kim bt buc.

1263 Forecast error

Sai s d on.

1264 Forecasting

D on

1265 Foreign aid

1266 Foreign balance

Vin tr nc ngoi.
Cn cn thanh ton quc t.

1267 Foreign exchange

Ngoi hi.

1268 Foreign exchange market

1269 Foreign exchange reserve

Th trng Ngoi hi.

D tr ngoi hi.

1270 Foreign investment

u t nc ngoi.

1271 Foreign payments

Thanh ton vi nc ngoi.

1272 Foreign trade mutiplier

1273 Forward contract

Nhn t ngoi thng.

Hp ng nh trc; Hp ng k
hn.

1274 Forward exchange market

1275 Forward intergration

Th trng hi oi nh trc; Th
trng hi oi k hn.
Lin kt xui.

c thnh lp nm 1954, FAO c tr s

Rome. Vi nh ci tin vic sn xut v
phn phi lng thc v cc sn phm
nng nghip, t chc ny c giao nhim
v thu thp v nghin cu cc s liu thch
hp v thc y cc hip nh trao i hng
ho quc t v tr gip k thut.
Nhng ngnh khng b rng buc vo mt
ni nht nh nhm p ng yu cu v v tr
a l v do vy c th b tr bt c ni
no.
Tn gi thng dng ca CH S C PHIU
FT-SE 100.
Hnh nh ngc ca NGI XI CHA
(free-rider). Ngi hng li bt buc l
nhng ngi nh gi li ch bng tin v
khng phi bng tin ca vic tr thnh
thnh vin ca mt t chc thp hn chi ph
bng tin v chi ph khng phi bng tin.
Mt dng tit kim pht sinh do ngi tiu
dng khng c kh nng tiu tin ca mnh
vo nhng hng tiu dng m mnh mun,
n thun l v nhng hng ho ny khng
c.
Chnh lch gia gi tr d on ca mt
bin thu c bng cc phng php d
on kt qa t thc t.
Mt phng php c h thng nhm c
c c lng v gi tr tng lai ca mt
bin, thng l da trn vic phn tch cc
quan st v bin ng qu kh ca n.
Mt lung vn vo hoc mt s tr gip
no cho mt nc khng do cc tc nhn
th trng t nhin cung cp.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENT.
TIN hoc cc TRI PHIU sinh li ca mt
nc khc.
Th trng quc t trong cc ng tin
c chuyn giao gia cc nc.
Xem EXTERNAL RESERVE.
Thng ch l u t ca mt nc khc do
cc cng ty hay c nhn tin hnh v khc
vi vin tr chnh ph.
Bt k khon thanh ton no c tin hnh
vi nc ngoi d i ly hng ha v
dch v, hay thanh ton n; vic thanh
ton ny phi c thanh ton bng tin
mnh. Xem Foreign aid.
T s phn nh s thay i ca thu nhp c
c t s thay i ca xut khu so vi s
thay i ca thu nhp.
Cn gi l hp ng tng lai. Xem Forward
market.
Th trng trong cc ng tin c mua
v bn theo nhng t gi hi oi c c
nh t by gi v giao vo mt thi gian
nht nh trong tng lai.
Xem VERTICAL INTERGRATION.

Lin h xui.

Mi h gia mt ngnh hay mt cng ty v

cc ngnh hay cng ty v cc ngnh hay cc
cng ty khc s dng u ra ca mt ngnh
hay cng ty ny nh l U VO ca mnh.

Food and Agriculture

1258 Organization (FAO)

T chc Lng thc v Nng nghip

ca Lin hp quc.

1259 Footloose industries

Ngng rng cng; Ngnh khng c

nh.

1260 "footsie"

1276 Forward linkage

Page 76

economic

1277 Forward market

Th trng nh trc; Th trng k

hn.

1278 Forward rate

1279 Forward and contingent market
Forward markets and spots
1280 markets

T gi hi oi nh trc; t gi hi
oi k hn.
Cc th trng nh trc v bt trc.
Cc th trng nh trc v th trng
giao ngay.

1281 Foundation grant

Tr cp c bn.

1282 Fourier analysis

Phn tc Fourier

1283 Fractional reserve banking

Hot ng ngn hng bng cch d

tr theo t l.

1284 Franked investment income

1285 Free exchange rates

Thu nhp u t c min thu.

T gi hi oi t do

1286 Freedom of entry

1287 Freed good

T do nhp ngnh.
Hng min ph; Hng khng phi tr
tin

1288 Free market

1289 Free market economy
1290 Free on board

Th trng t do.
Nn kinh t th trng t do.
Giao hng ti bn.

1291 Free reserves

D tr t do.

1292 Free rider

Ngi xi cha; ngi n khng.

1293 Free trade

Thng mi t do.

1294 Free trade area

Khu vc thng mi t do.

1295 Frequency distribution

Phn b theo tn sut.

1296 Frictional unemployment

Tht nghip do ch chuyn ngh

Page 77

Bt k mt giao dch no c lin quan n

mt hp ng mua hay bn hng ho, hoc
chng khon vo mt ngy c nh theo
mc gi c tho thun trong hp ng, l
mt b phn ca th trng k hn.
T gi hi oi theo mt ng tin c th
c mua hay bn c giao trong
tng lai trn th trng k hn.

Mt dng tr cp gia cc chnh quyn

c s dng rng ri M nhm mc ch
san bng chi ph i vi tng cng ng a
phng (v phng din thu sut t ra
cho tng a phng) trong vic cung cp
mt mc dch v cng cng ti thiu.
Mt phng php c th chuyn s liu
CHUI THI GIAN thnh khong tn s.
Hot ng m cc ngn hng THNG
MI thc hin duy tr d tr cc ti sn c
kh nng chuyn hon cao mt mc no
, thng l mc thp nht trong tng
danh mc ti sn ca h.
Nhn chung l ch thu nhp chu thu
cng ty v v vy khng l i tng tnh
thu cng ty na, thu nhp ny l thuc v
cng ty nhn n.
Xem EXCHANGE RATES.
Kh nng ca mt cng ty mi gia nhp mt
th trng hng ho v dch v. Nu hon
ton khng c cc HNG RO GIA NHP
th vic gia nhp l t do.
Mt hng ho m cung ca n t nht l
bng cu ti mc gi bng khng.
Th trng khng c s can thip ca chnh
ph v ti cc tc nhn cung v cu
c php hot ng t do.
Xem MARKET ECONOMY.
Xem FOB.
Tng d tr php nh ti mt th ch nhn
tin gi tr i lng d tr yu cu v tr i
lng d tr vay c t Qu D tr Lin
bang.
Mt hin tng ny sinh t c im ca
HNG HO CNG CNG.
Chnh sch khng can thip ca chnh ph
trong thng mi gia cc nc nhng
nc m thng mi din ra theo PHN
CNG LAO NG quc t v l thuyt LI
TH SO SNH.
Mt s phn nhm khng cht ch gia cc
nc loi b THU QUAN v cc hng
ro thng mi khc.
Th hin tm tt thng l di dng bng
s hoc BIU TN SUT, th hin s
ln m mt BIN NGU NHIN nhn mt
gi tr nht nh hay khong gi tr trong mt
mu quan st.
Thng c hiu l THT NGHIP TM
KIM, ngha l s lng tht nghip tng
ng vi ch khuyt vic lm trn cng mt
loi vic lm v TH TRNG LAO NG
A PHNG.

economic

c phong l gio s kinh t ti trng i

hc Chicago nm 1948 v l ngi lnh o
ca TRNG PHI CHICAGO.ng c
tng gi Nobel kinh t nm 1976. Cc tc
phm ch yu ca ng v kinh t h gm:
nh thu phng nga lm pht (1953),
L thuyt v yu t tiu dng (1957), L
thuyt v gi c (1962), Lch s tin t ca
M 1867-1960, Nhng nguyn nhn v hu
qu ca lm pht (1963). Friedman l ngi
i tin phong trong vic pht trin t tng
v VN NHN LC v cng trnh ca ng
v hm tiu dng a n vic hnh
thnh GI THIT THU NHP SUT I.
Lp trng phng php lun KINH T
HC THC CHNG, h t tng t do v
vic xy dng nn T L THT NGHIP T
NHIN ca ng gp phn ch ra cc hn
ch ca cc chnh sch N NH HO ca
trng phi Keynes. Cng vi Anna
Schwartz, ng vit nn mt lch s tin t
s ca M gp phn cung cp c s cho
vic pht trin L THUYT NH LNG
TIN T v lm sng li s tin tng vo
cc hc thuyt trc Keynes vo s n nh
t ng ca h thng kinh t. ng m
rng PHNG TRNH FISHER bao hm
cc bin nh ca ci, li sut v t l lm
pht, gi c d kin v iu ny dn n
s pht trin ca vn chng theo ch
ngha trng tin v kinh t hc v m.
Tt c cc yu t phi tin cng hay tin
lng trong tng li ch bng tin m mt
ngi i lm nhn c t cng vic ca
mnh.

1297 Friedman, Milton (1912-)

1298 Fringe benefit

Phc li phi tin t.

Page 78

economic

1299 Frisch, Ragnar

(1895-1973)

1300 F-statistic

Thng k F.

1301 FT-SE 100

1302 Full bodied money

Tin quy c.

Nh kinh t hc ngi Na uy v l ngi

chung gii Nobel kinh t ln u tin vo
nm 1969 cng vi Jan Tinbergen nh
nhng kt qu ca ng trong vic din t L
thuyt kinh t chnh xc hn v ton hc v
a ra dng th hin ca n to kh nng
nghin cu thc nghim bng s lng v
tin hnh kim nh thng k. Vo u
nhng nm 1930, Frisch i u trong
nghin cu s hnh thnh dng ng cc
chu k thng mi, trong ng chng
minh mt h thng ng vi mt s c tnh
ton hc to ra mt bin ng c tnh chu
k tt dn vi chiu di bc sng l 4 n
8 nm. Khi h thng ny gp phi nhng c
scngu nhin th nhng dao ng hnh
sng tr thnh hin thc v lu di. Cc
thnh tu ca Frisch l ch ng l ngi
tin a ra cc phng php kim nh
cc gi thuyt thng k. Trong lnh vc
chnh sch kinh t, ng a ra h thng
hch ton quc gia rt c ch cho cc chnh
sch n nh ho v k hoch ho kinh t,
gii thiu cc phng php quy hoch ton
hc s dng trong cc k thut my tnh
in t hin i. Nhng cng trnh ch yu
ca ng l Phn tch hp lu thng k bng
cc h thng hi quy hon chnh (1943),
Cc i v cc tiu (1966), L thuyt v sn
Thng k tun theo phn phi F. Thng
c s dng kim nh ngha chung
ca mt tp hp cc bin gii thch trong
phn tch hi quy.
Mt ch s gi ca 100 c phiu quan trng
nht c nim yt ti S giao dch chng
kon London, Ch s ny c a ra vo
nm 1984 vi ch s gi gc l 1000, bi v
lc ngi ta c cm gic rng Ch s
cng nghip ca bo Financial Times b
thin lch qu nhiu v pha cc cng ty
thuc nghnh ch to.
Xem TOKEN MONEY.
Ti bt k mc sn lng no, chi ph y
l tng chi ph kh bin trung bnh, chi ph
c nh trung bnh v phn li nhun rng.
Quy tc nh gi theo cc cng ty tnh
thm phn li nhun rng vo chi ph n v
trong khi vic tnh chi ph n v th bao gm
tt c cc chi ph.

1303 Full cost

Chi ph y .

1304 Full cost pricing

1305 Fractional reserve system
1306 Free-rider problem
Frictional and structural
1307 unemployment

nh gi theo chi ph y .
H thng d tr mt phn.
Vn ngi "xi cha".
Tht nghip do ch chuyn ngh v
do ch chuyn ngh.
Ngn sch mc nhn cng ton
dng; Ngn sch khi c vic lm.
Thng d ngn sch mc nhn cng S o tc ng ca chnh sch ti chnh,
ton dng; Thng d ngn sch khi c khng ch n thun da vo quy m ca
vic lm.
thng d ngn sch.

1308 Full-employment budget

1309 Full-employment budget surplus

Page 79

economic

Thu nhp quc dn mc nhn cng

ton dng; Thu nhp quc dn khi c
1310 Full-employment national income vic lm.
T l tht nghip t nhin mc nhn
Full-employment unemployment cng ton dng; T l tht nghip t
nhin khi c vic lm.
1311 rate
Full information maximum
1312 likehood (FIML)

Xem NATURAL RATE OF

UNEMPLOYMENT.
Mt k thut c lng h thng cc
c lng kh nng cc i khi c phng trnh ng thi, tuyn tnh hay phi
thng tin.
tuyn tnh. Xem maximum likehood.

1313 Function
1314 Fuctional costing
1315 Function of function rule

Hm s.
Lp chi ph theo chc nng.
Quy tc hm ca mt hm s.

1316 Funded debt

1317 Funding
1318 Function income distribution

N v thi hn; N c ti tr.

i n, o n; cp vn, ti tr.
Phn phi thu nhp theo chc nng.

1319 Futures contract

1320 Futures market
1321 Future value
General Arangement to borrow
1322 (GAB)

Hp ng k hn
Th trng k hn
Gi tr tng lai.

1323 Gains from trade

1324 Galbraith, John Kenneth
1325 Galloping inflation

Li ch ca thng mi.
(1908-)
Lm pht phi m.

1326 Game theory

L thuyt tr chi.

1327 GATT
1328 Gauss- Markov Theorem
1329 GDP

L s o cc gi tr thc t ca hng ho v
dch v c th c sn xut ra khi cc yu
t sn xut ca t nc c s dng ht,
khi nn kinh t mc tht nghip t nhin.

Mt cng thc ton hc c th ho mi lin

h gia cc gi tr ca mt tp hp cc bin
c lp xc nh gi tr cc bin ph thuc.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING.
Xem CHAIN RULE.
Thng thng n ca chnh ph khng nh
ngy tr li theo hp ng. Lc u, cm
thut ng ny ch hot ng ca thay th n
c ti tr cho n vi mt ngy tr nht
nh. Gi y, n c s dng rng ri hn
ch s thay th ca cc khon n di hn
cho cc khon n ngn hn.
Nh Forward contract. Nhng c kh nng
chuyn nhng hoc hu b. Xem Forward
contract.
Xem Forward market.

Hip c vay n chung.

1330 Gearing

inh l Gauss- Markov.

Tng sn phm quc ni.
S n khp, t s gia vn n v vn
c phn

1331 Gearing ratio

T s n khp

General Agreement of Tariffs

1332 and Trade (GATT)
1333 General Agreement to Borrow

Hip nh chung v thu quan v

thng mi.
Tho thun Chung v i vay.

Page 80

Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.

Phc li tng ln ca nn kinh t th gii ni
chung hay i vi mt nc ring, tu thuc
vo quan im, do kt qu ca vic tham gia
vo thng mi quc t.
Xem HYPER INFLATION.
L thuyt v vic ra quyt nh hp l ca c
nhn c thc hin trong nhng iu kin
khng thnh tin lin quan n nhng kt
qu ca cc quyt nh ny.
Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS
AND TRADE.
Xem GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
Ch tiu th hin t l tng i ca vn n
v vn c phn.
T s ca ti chnh n vi tng s ca n v
ti chnh vn c phiu thng thng.
Hip nh c k ti Hi ngh Geneva nm
1947 v c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/1948. y l
mt hip nh thng mi a phng ra
cc quy tc tin hnh cc quan h thng
mi quc t v cung cp mt din n cho
s m phn a phng v cc gii php
cho cc vn thng mi v gim dn
THU QUAN v cc rng buc khc i vi
thng mi.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.

economic

General Classification of
1334 Economic Activities in t

1335 General equilibrium

1336 General grant

1337 Generalized least square (GLS)

1338 General linear model (GLM)

Generalized System of
1339 Preferences (GSP)
1340 General price level
General Theory of Employment,
1341 Interest and Money
1342 General human capital

1343 General union

1344 Geneva Conference

1345 Geneva Round

1346 Geographic frontier

1347 Geometric lag

Gilbrat's law of proportionate

1348 growth

S phn loi cng nghip ca cc hot ng

kinh t trong Cng ng chu u l cch
S phn loi chung v cc hot ng khc ca s phn loi cng nghip theo tiu
kinh t trong Cng ng chu u.
chun quc t.
Tnh hung trong tt c cc th trng
trong nn kinh t ng thi trng thi cn
Cn bng chung; Cn bng tng th. bng, ngha l gi c v s lng khng i.
Tr cp chung.
Xem GRANT.
Cn gi l c lng Aitken. Mt dng c
lng theo kiu BNH PHNG NH
NHT p dng cho cc trng hp trong
Ma trn phng sai - Hip phng sai ca
Thnh phn nhiu ca phng trnh hi quy
khng c s 0 trong cc v tr ngoi ng
cho, v/ hoc khng c cc phn t thuc
Bnh phng nh nht tng qut.
ng cho ging nhau.
Dng hm s c s dng ph bin nht
trong phn tch kinh t lng, n c bit coi
bin ph thuc l mt hm tuyn tnh ca
M hnh tuyn tnh tng qut.
tp hp cc bin c lp.
Theo GSP, c ngh ti hi ngh ca
Lin hp quc v thng mi v pht trin
ln u tin nm 1964 v c chp thun
ti hi ngh ln th hai vo nm 1968, cc
nc cng nghip ng khng nh thu
nhp khu t cc nc ang pht trin,
trong khi vn nh thu nhp khu i vi
cc nc cng nghip khc, do to ra
H thng u i ph cp; H thng u mt chnh lch u i cho cc nc ang
i chung.
pht trin.
Mc gi chung ca tt c hng ho trong
Mc gi chung.
nn kinh t.
L thuyt tng qut v Vic lm, Li
sut v Tin t.
Xem Keynes.
Vn nhn lc mang c im chung;
vn nhn lc chung chung.
Nghip on l t chc tp hp cng nhn
cc ngnh v bao gm nhiu ngh nghip
Cc nghip on.
khc nhau.
Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS
Hi ngh Geneva.
AND TRADE.
Tn thng gi cho c vng m phn th
nht (1947) v ln m phn th t (195556) trong khun kh v Hip nh chung v
Vng m phn Geneva.
thu quan v thng mi.
Cm thut ng c s dng trong l thuyt
pht trin kinh t m t mt khu vc trong
s vi s dn, kh nng k thut, s thch
v khu v nht nh, s xut hin li tc
Gii hn a l.
tng dn t lao ng v t bn.
tr cp s nhn.
Cn gi l tr gim dn theo s m.
R.Grilbrat (cc nn kinh t khng cn i,
Paris, 1931) c cng xy dng mt m
hnh m t qu trnh tng trng ngu nhin
bng cch no c th to ra c phn
Lut Gilbrat v tng trng theo t l. b chun LOG quy m hng.

Page 81

economic

1349 Giffen good

1350 Gifts tax

1351 Gilt- edged securities

1352 Gini coefficient

1353 Giro system

Mt hng m cu v n c xu hng gim

khi gi gim, v vy, r rng l mu thun vi
quy lut cu. Hng ho ny mang tn ca
Robert Giffen (1937-1910), ng quan st
thy rng ngi ngho mua bnh m nhiu
hn khi gi tng. Tnh hung ny xy ra khi
tr s tuyt i ca NH HNG THU
NHP (so vi gi) ln hn nh hng thay
th. Co gin ca cu i vi thu nhp i vi
Hng ho Giffen
hng ho th cp l m.
Thu qu tng.
Xem CAPITAL TRANSFER TAX.
Tt c s n chnh ph, khng tnh tri phiu
B ti chnh, di dng cc chng khon c
Chng khon vin vng; Chng khon th trao i c, (ngha l c th bn c
ho hng.
trn th trng chng khon).
Ch s v mc bt bnh ng (thng l)
H s GINI.
ca phn phi thu nhp.
Mt h thng thanh ton thng qua chuyn
khon cc khon tin gi "ghi s", c th
thng thch vi h thng SEC ngn hng
H thng chuyn khon Giro
truyn thng nhng khc v c cu.

1354 Glejser test

1355 GNP

Kim nh Glejser.
Tng sn phm quc dn.

1356 Gold bricking

Hot ng la di.

1357 Gold certificate

Giy chng gi vng.

1358 "gold age" growth

Tng trng "thi k hong kim".

1359 Golden rule

Nguyn tc vng; Quy tc vng.

1360 Golden rule of accumulation

Nguyn tc vng v tch lu; Quy tc

vng ca tch lu.

1361 Gold exchange standard

1362 Gold export point
1363 Gold import point

Bn v trao i bng vng.

im xut khu vng.
im nhp khu vng.

1364 Goldfeld - Quandt

Kim nh Goldfeld - Quandt.

1365 Gold market

Th trng vng.

1366 Gold points

Cc im vng.

Page 82

Php kim nh c s dng nhn dng

vn phng sai KHNG THUN NHT
trong S d ca mt phng trnh hi quy.
Xem GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT.
S hn ch sn lng do cng nhn gy ra
trong khun kh H THNG THANH TON
KHUYN KHCH trnh vic p dng cc
tiu chun n lc lm vic cao hn trn mt
n v thanh ton.
Mt phng tin ghi n hay giy bc do B
ti chnh pht hnh th hin mun ca B
ti chnh bin mt lng vng nht nh
thnh tin.
Trong l thuyt tng trng, l mt tnh
hung TNG TRNG CN I trong
T L TNG TRNG C BO M bng
vi T l tng trng t nhin khi c vic
lm.
Con ng tng trng ti u a ra mc
tiu dng u ngi l bn vng v ti a
trong mt nn kinh t.
Con ng tng trng cn i trong
mi mt th h tit kim th h mai sau phn
thu nhp m cc th h trc tit kim
c.
Mt dng BN V VNG, theo mt nc
neo gi tr ng tin ca mnh theo gi tr
ng tin ca mt nc trung tm.
Xem Gold point.
Xem Gold point.
Tn ca mt php kim nh c s dng
nhn dng vn Phng sai khng
thun nht trong S d ca mt phng
trnh Hi quy.
Th trng bun bn vng kim loi, tin vng
hay vng nn.
Cc mc t gi trao i m ti khi mt
ng tin mt BN V VNG, th vic mua
vng t Ngn hng trung ng v xut khu
vng (im xut khu vng) hay nhp khu
v bn n cho ngn hng trung ng (im
nhp khu vng) l c l nhun.

economic

1367
1368
1369
1370
1371

GDP and nation income

GDP at factor cost
GDP at market prices
GDP deflator
Gold reserve

GDP v thu nhp quc dn.

GDP theo chi ph sn xut.
GDP theo gi th trng.
H s kh lm pht cho GDP.
D tr vng.

1372 Gold standard

1373 Goldbugs

Bn v vng.
Nhng con mt vng.

1374 Goodhart's law

Lut Goodhart.

1375 Goodness of fit

Mc ph hp.

1376 Goods

Cc hng ho tt.

1377 Goodwill

Thin ch.

1378 Gosplan
1379 Government deficit

U ban k hoch (Lin X).

Thm ht ca Chnh ph.

1380 Government expenditure

Government Nation Mortgage
1381 Association (GNMA)
1382 Government regulation

Chi tiu ca chnh ph.

Hip hi cm c quc gia ca Chnh
ph.
S iu tit ca chnh ph.

1383 Government securities

Government spending and net
1384 taxes
Government spending on goods
1385 and services

Chng khon ca chnh ph.

1386 Gradualism
1387 Gradualist monetarist

Chi tiu ca chnh ph v thu rng.

Chi tiu ca chnh ph cho hng ho
v dch v.

H thng t chc tin t theo gi tr tin ca

mt nc l c xc nh theo lut bng
mt lng vng c nh, v ng tin trong
nc c dng tin vng v/ hoc tin giy
khi cn c th chuyn i thnh vi t l
c xc nh theo lut.
Mt quy lut mang tn nh kinh t Goodhart
cho rng bt c tng lng tin no c
chn lm bin mc tiu th cng u b bp
mo bi chnh nhng hnh ng vo mc
tiu .
Mt cm thut ng chung m t mc ph
hp s liu ca mt phng trnh kinh t
lng c c lng.
Cc hng ho hu hnh c ng gp tch
cc vo PHC LI KINH T. Phn bit vi
hng xu.
Mt thut ng c s dng trong hch
ton ti sn v hnh thng c o bng
s chnh lch gia gi tr cho mt cng
vic ang tin hnh v gi tr trn giy ca
n.
Mt thut ng ting Nga ch U ban k
hoch nh nc trc y Lin X. N c
trch nhim ra cc k hoch sn xut v
chuyn cho cc t chc thch hp thi
hnh.
Xem BUDGET DEFICIT.
Mun tm hiu chi tit hn, xem CHI TIU
CNG CNG. Nhng chi tiu ny to nn
mt phn quan trng ca TNG CHI TIU
v may mc d c coi l ngoi sinh trong
M HNH CHI TIU THU NHP n gin,
vn chim gi mt vai tr quan trng trong
m hnh Keynes trong vic xc nh MC
THU NHP QUC DN CN BNG.
C quan ca chnh ph M tr gip th
trng cm c nh .
Mt cm thut ng chung ch s n c th
trao i c ca chnh ph trung ng, t
thi hn ngn nht, ngha l HI PHIU B
TI CHNH ti thi hn rt di v nhng
khon n khng xc nh ngy.

Mt quan im ca chnh sch pht trin

kinh t cho rng qu trnh pht trin kinh t
l mt hin tng tng trng t t, chc
chn, chm chp v do vy cc bin php
Trng phi tun tin; Ch ngha tun chnh sch cn thit cng phi mang c
tin; thuyt tun tin.
trng nay.
Ngi theo thuyt trng tin tun tin.

Page 83

economic

1388 Graduate tax

1389 Grand factor price frontier

1390 Grandfather clause

1391 Granger causality

1392 Grant
1393 Grant in aid

1394 Gravity model

Mt k hoch ti tr cho gio dc i hc

thng qua sinh vin c vay tin p
ng cc chi ph v gio dc v/ hoc cuc
sng trong khi nghin cu v s thanh ton
li mt phn bng thu nhp trong tng lai.

Thu i hc

Mt khi nim do P.SAMUELSON S

DNG nhm khi phc li vic s dng tng
Gii hn gi c nhn t chnh.
t bn trong cc m hnh kinh t tn c in.
Mt s dn xp qua cc thnh vin hin
hnh thuc mt ngh nghip c min p
iu khon dnh cho nhng ngi c dng cc bn v CP BNG NGH NGHIP
chc.
cao hn t ra cho ngh nghip ny.
Tnh nhn qa Granger.
Xem CAUSALITY.
Khon tin do mt t chc hay c nhn cp
cho cc t chc v cc c nhn khc m n
khng to thnh mt b phn trao i no
, nhng ch l mt thanh ton chuyn
Tr cp.
khon mt chiu.
Tr cp di dng vin tr.
Xem INTER-GOVERNMENTAL GRANTS.
Mt cch tip cn c s dng rng ri
nhm gii mt s bi ton trong Kinh t hc
khu vc v nghin cu vn ti, th hin
c s lng quan h tng tc ln nhau
gia 2 v tr v c xc nh bi quy m
tng tc hoc tm quan trng ca cc v tr
ny v khong cchgia chng. Mt dng
tng tc ny l s di chuyn v dn s.
Cc quan h tng tc khc l i li bng
M hnh lc hp dn.
t hay i li bng my bay.

1395 "Great Leap Forward"

i nhy vt

1396 Green pound

ng bng xanh

1397 Green revolution

Cch mng Xanh.

1398 Gresham's Law

1399 Gross barter terms of trade
Gross domestic fixed capital
1400 formation
1401 Gross domestic product (GDP)

Lut Gresham.
Tng t l hng i hng.
Tng t bn c nh trong nc.
Tng sn phm quc ni.

1402 Gross domestic product deflator

Ch s kh lm pht cho tng sn

phm quc ni.

1403 Gross investment

Tng u t.

Page 84

Tn gi ca mt chnh sch pht trin c

pht ng Trung Quc vo cui nm 1957
nhm y nhanh qu trnh pht trin vi t l
tng trng cng nghip l 20-30%. Rt kh
nh gi thnh cng ca chnh sch mo
him ny do c nhng s kin khc xut
hin ng thi vo qung thi gian ny.
T gi hi oi ca ng bng Sterling s
dng chuyn i gi c nng nghip
c chp thun bi chnh sch nng
nghip chung tnh theo n v tin t chu
u thnh gi c nc Anh.
Mt cm thut ng c s dng trong
trng hp c s tng mnh trong nng
sut nng nghip cc nc ang pht
trin bng cch a vo p dng cc loi
ging chng c bnh tt, c nng sut
cao.
Mt quy lut do Hun tc Thomas
Gresham (1591-1579), nh kinh doanh v
vin chc ngi Anh a ra.
Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
Xem GROSS INVESTMENT
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
Mt ch s gi c s dng iu chnh
gi tr bng tin ca tt c hng ho v dch
v tham gia vo tng sn phm quc ni khi
gi c thay i.
Tng u t ny sinh trong nn kinh t trong
mt khong thi gian nht nh.

economic

1404 Gross margin

1405 Gross national income
1406 Gross profit

Mc chnh gi gp.
Tng thu nhp quc dn.
Tng li nhun

1407 Gross trading profit

1408 Group of Ten

Tng li nhun thng mi.

Nhm G10.

1409 Group of Seven

Nhm G7.

1410 Group of 77
1411 Growth-gap unemployment

Nhm 77.
Tht nghip do chnh lch v tng
trng.

1412 Growth path

ng tng trng.

1413 Growth-profitability function

Hm li nhun - tng trng.

1414 Growth-stock paradox

Nghch l c phn tng trng.

1415 Growth theories of the firm

Cc l thuyt v s tng trng ca

hng.

1416 Growth theory

1417 Growth rate

L thuyt tng trng.

Tc tng trng.

1418 Growth-valuation function

1419 G.7

Hm gi tr - tng trng.
Xem GROUP OF SEVEN

Page 85

Mc chnh lch gia gi tr cho ngi bn

bun cung cp v gi nhn c ca ngi
bn l.
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
Xem PROFIT.
Li nhun kim c t nhng nghip v
trc khi tr i KHU HAO v li i vi ti
chnh n v mc tng gi c phn.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
By nc cng nghip ch yu (Canada,
Php, c, Italia, Nht, Anh v M), nhng
ngi ng u chnh ph cc b trng
kinh t ca nhng nc ny thng xuyn
gp nhau nhm phi hp chnh sch kinh t
v m, c bit l v t gi hi oi ph hp
gia cc nc. Hin nay c thm Nga gia
nhp thnh cc nc G8.
Mt lin minh lng lo ca hn 100 nc
ch yu l ang pht trin, lc u l do 77
nc thnh lp ti HI NGH LIN HP
QUC THNG MI V PHT TRIN vo
nm 1964 biu th hn na mi quan tm
tp th ca h v s pht trin th ch ca
h thng kinh t th gii.
Tht nghip do thiu ht cu di hn.
y l mt hnh thi thay i ca mt bin
theo thi gian.
cp n T sut li nhun ti a m mt
hng c th duy tr c cc t l tng
trng khc nhau.
cp n mt tnh hung trong do T l
chit khu hin hnh nh hn t l tng
trng ca c tc hng nm khng i d
kin ca mt hng, gi tr c phn s tin
n v hn.
Nh cng trnh i u ca E.T. Penrose (l
thuyt tng trng ca hng, Blackwell,
Oxford,1959) v R.L.Marris (l thuyt kinh t
ca ch ngha t bn "qun l", Macmillan,
London, 1964) cc l thuyt tng trng tr
thnh mt ngnh ca cc l thuyt v QUN
L HNG v c coi l ph hp i vi
mt nn kinh t hng trong cc nh qun
l ca cc hng c quyn t do trong vic
ra cc mc tiu m h mun theo ui.
Cc m hnh ny sinh t vic nghin cu
nn kinh t khi c s thay i v lng t
bn, quy m dn s v ko theo p lc v s
lng v c cu tui ca lc lng lao ng
v tin b k thut. C 2 nhm l thuyt
chnh: 1)L thuyt tng trng tn c in.
2)L thuyt tng trng ca Keynes (v
Keynes mi).
Hm ny to ra T S GI TR cc i m
mt hng c th duy tr c ti cc mc t
l tng trng khc nhau v l mt c im
chung ca cc L THUYT TNG
TRNG CA HNG.

economic

1420
1421
1422
1423

Guaranteed week
Guidelines
Guidepost following behaviour
Guideposts

Tun l bo m.
Nguyn tc ch o.
Hnh vi theo hng ch dn.
Cc ch dn.

1424 Haavelmo, Trygve

(1911-)

1425 Haberler, Gottfried

(1900-)

1426 Habit-creating demand function

Hm cu do thi quen.

1427 Halesbury Committee

U ban Halesbury.

Page 86

Thanh ton tr cho nhng cng nhn ch

lm vic trong thi gian ngn m khng phi
do li ca h.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Xem NORM FOLLOWING BEHAVIOUR.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Nh kinh t ngi Nauy, c gii thng
Nobel kinh t nm 1989 v cng trnh nghin
cu v c s mn kinh t lng. ng gp
quan trng nht ca ng th hin trong bn
lun n lm ti trn i hc Harvard, sau
c xut bn di nhan : "Nghin
cu xc sut trong kinh t lng". Tp ch
Econometrica tp 12, tr.118 (1944). Tc
phm cho thy trong vic lp cng thc l
thuyt kinh t bng ngn ng xc sut c th
s dng cc phng php suy lun thng k
rt ra cc kt lun chnh xc v cc quan
h c bn t mt "mu ngu nhin" trong
nhng quan st theo thc nghim. iu ny
cho php rt ra nhng m hnh kinh t, kim
nghim v s dng chng trong d bo.
Lun n ca ng cng a ra nhng tin b
trong vic gii bi ton v s ph thuc ln
nhau gia cc bin s kinh t, v ng
ngh cc phng php xc nh r vic
nhn dng v nh giaccs quan h kinh t
khi c s ph thuc ln nhau. Phng php
ca ng c cc nh kinh t lng khc
cng nhn v pht trin. Ngoi cng trnh v
l thuyt kinh t lng, Haavelmo cn c
nhiu ng gp quan trng v l thuyt u
t v tng trng kinh t. Ngoi bn lun
n, nhng sch xut bn ca ng l:
Nghin cu v l thuyt pht trin kinh
t(1954), Nghin cu v l thuyt u t
Nh kinh t hc ngi M sinh ra o, ni
ting v nghin cu thng mi quc t.
Trong cun L thuyt thng mi quc t
(1936), ng a ra mt cch chng minh
khc v li ch thng mi bng chi ph c
hi ca sn xut cc hng ho v xem nh
hng ho khc khng c s xut. iu
ny b qua trng hp gi thc t trong
nghin cu ca Ricardo. Mt tc phm khc
ca ng l Thnh vng v nh n (1935),
trong c xem xt ti liu v chu k kinh
doanh. Cc tc phm ln khc ca ng l
Thng mi quc t; Cc chuyn kho gy
ting vang; Nghin cu v l thuyt thng
mi quc t (1961) v Tin t trong nn kinh
t (1965).
Mt HM CU i vi hng ho khng lu
bn, cho thy rng cu trong bt k giai on
no cng c th b nh hng bi vic mua
hng t trc.
U ban t vn ca chnh ph Anh c lp
ra t vn v t chc mt h thng TIEN
T BI S MI. Thnh lp nm 1961 v
ngng hot ng nm 1963.

economic

1428 Hammered
1429 Hedgers

1430 Hard-core unemployed

1431 Hard currency
1432 Harmony of interests

1433 Harrod, Sir Roy, F.

1434 Harrod-Domar growth model

Harrod Neutral Technical
1435 Progress
1436 Havana Charter

1437 Hayek, Friedrich A.Von

B g ba.
Nhng ngi t bo him.

Trc s kin Big Bang nm 1986, khi mt

cng ty mi gii chng khon khng o kh
nng tr n cho khch hng hoc NHNG
NGI MI GII CHNG KHON th
quyn kinh doanh trn th trng chng
khon ca cng ty b nh ch.

Nhng ngi tht nghip c ng k cm

thy do cc iu kin v th cht v tinh
Nhng ngi tht nghip kh tm vic thn, do thi i vi cng vic hoc do
lm.
tui tc nn rt kh tm vic lm.
Mt loi tin t c mc cu cao lin tc so
Tin mnh.
vi cung trn trn th trng hi oi.
Hi ho quyn li.
Xem INVISIBLE HAND.
Sau khi dy trng dng Oxford t nm
1922, ng c b nhim lm ph gio s
Vin kinh t quc t nm 1952. ng l biien
tp t Economic Journal t nm 1945-1961.
Cc sch xut bn ca ng bao gm:
Chu k thng mi (1936), Tin ti kinh t
hc ng (1948), Cuc i ca John
Maynard Keynes (1951), Mt b sung vo
thuyt kinh t ng (1952), Chnh sch
chng lm pht (1958), Tham lun th hai
v l thuyt kinh t ng (1961) v ng lc
(1900-1978).
kinh t (1973).
M hnh tng trng mt khu vc do
R.F.Harrod v E.Domar pht trin vo
nhng nm 1940, v c bn xut pht t
cc cuc cch mng Keynes, v n c lin
quan ti s n nh kinh t v tht nghip
cng nh nhng gi thit cng nhc dng
M hnh tng trng Harrod-Domar.
cho phn tch ngn hn.
Mt loi tin b k thut c lp so snh cc
im trong qu trnh tng trng t l
Tin b k thut trung tnh ca Harrod. sn lng so vi vn khng thay i.
Xem INTERNATIONAL TRADE
iu l Havana.
ORGANIZATION.
Sinh ra v hc ti Vin, Hayek l ngi lnh
o mt s c s ca trng kinh t London
v cc trng i hc Chicago, Freiburg
v Salzburg. Nm 1974, ng c trao gii
Nobel kinh t cng vi G.MYRDAL. Li dn
khi trao gii Nobal cng nhn cng hin
m ng ca ng v l thuyt tin t v lao
ng, v hiu qu lao ng ca cc h thng
kinh t khc nhau, v lnh vc nghin cu
ca ng bao gm c c cu lut php trong
h thng kinh t. Trong cun Gi c v sn
xut (1931), ng kt hp l thuyt tin t vi
l thuyt ca trng phi o v vn. Vi tc
phm The Road to Serfdom (ng Xung
Kip Lao T) (1944), ng chuyn sang lnh
vc trit hc chnh tr v lut php, trong
ng phn tch vn t do, mt ch
c nng ln trong (Constitution of Liberty)
Hin Php T do (1960). Ngoi ra, Hayek
c nhiu ng gp trong lch s t duy tr tu
nh trong tc phm John Stuart Mill v
Harriet Taylor (1951) v trong phng php
lun nh Cuc phn cch mng khoa hc.
(1899-1992).
(Xem AUSTRIAN SCHOOL)

Page 87

economic

Heckscher-Ohlin approach to
1438 international trade

Phung php Heckscher-Ohlin v

thng mi quc t.

1439 Hedging

Lp hng ro.

1440 Hedonic price

Gi n.

1441 Hedonism

Ch ngha khoi lc.

1442 Herfindahl index

Ch s Herfindahl.

1443 Heterogeneity

Tnh khng ng nht.

1444 Heterogeneous capital

Vn khng ng nht.

1445 Heterogeneous product

Sn phm khng ng nht.

1446 Heteroscedasticity

Hip phng sai khng ng nht.

Page 88

Nghin cu ny do nh kinh t ngi Thu

in Heckcher khi xng, sau c
ngi ng hng ca ng l Ohlin pht
trin (trong Thng mi quc t v gia cc
vng, 1935), cng nhn rng thng mi
quc t da trn s khc nhau ca chi ph
tng i nhng c gng gii thch cc yu
t to ra s khc nhau trong gi tng i
ny.
Mt hnh ng do ngi mua hoc ngi
bn thc hin t bo v thu nhp ca
mnh khi c s tng gi xy ra tong tng
lai.
Gi n hay GI BNG l tnh cht ca mt
hng ho. Mt phn gi ca loi hng ho
c lin quan n mi tnh cht ca n v
do vy c th nh gi s thay i v cht
lng.
Trit l cho rng hnh vi ca con ngi b
chi phi bi su tm kim th vui. Tuy nhin,
vi t cch l mt trit l, ch ngha khoi
lc b thay i rt nhiu bi khi nim v
ngha v, trch nhim
Mt thc o tp trung ca th trng
cng nghip.
Cht lng ca hng ho, dch v hoc cc
yu t to ra s khc nhau trong quan nim
ca ngi tiu dng v ngi sn xut.
VN vt cht thuc nhiu loi c trng
ring cho tng qu trnh sn xut v khng
c chuyn sang qu trnh khc. Khi nim
ny tr nn lng lo vi tng rng mt
hng ho vn d chia nh c th s dng
cho sn xut nhiu hng ho trong nhiu
qu trnh.
Cc hng ho hay dch v do cc i v kinh
t a ra trn mt th trng nht nh m
c t hp thuc tnh khng ging nhau di
con mt ca ngi mua sn phm .
Mt bi ton kinh t lng trong phng
sai ca sai s trong mt m hnh hi quy
khng ng nht gia cc quan st.

economic

1447 Hicks. Sir John R.

1448 Hicks-Hansen diagram

(1904-1989).
Biu Hicks-Hansen.

1449 Hicks Neutral Technical Progress Tin b k thut trung tnh Hicks.

1450 Hidden unemployment

Tht nghip n.

1451 High-powered money

1452 Hiring rate

Tin mnh.
T l thu.

1453 Hiring standards

Cc tiu chun thu ngi.

1454 Histogram

Biu tn xut.

1455 Historical costs

Chi ph lch s.

Page 89

Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, ng gii Nobel

kinh t 1972, cng vi Kenneth ARROW
ng dy ti trng Kinh t London v cc
trng i hc: Cambridge, Manchester v
Oxford. ng nhn c gi Nobel do nghin
cu v l thuyt CN BNG TNG TH
trong Gi tr v t bn (1939), c bit v
vn n nh h thng cn bng tng th
trc cc c sc t bn ngoi; v nghin
cu trong KINH T HC PHC LI,
THNG D CA NGI TIU DNG. Tuy
nhin, Hicks cn nghin cu nhiu lnh vc
khc. L tuyt tin lng (1932) ca ng nu
ra phng php NNG SUT BIN ng
dng trong xc nh tin lng theo quan
nim c in. Trong bi Keynes v cc
phng php c in (1937), ng khc
phc c vn bt nh ca thu Keynes
v qu c th cho vay v LI SUT bng
cch a vo cc ng IS/LM, cc ng
IS/LM tr thnh cng c dng trong phn
tch l thuyt Keynes. Nm 1950, ng tng
hp cc tng Keynes (Phng php
QU TRNH S NHN) ca cc nh kinh t
lng ( tr) ca qu trng gia tc v ca
Harrod (tng trng v h thng khng n
nh) vo m hnh ca chu k kinh doanh
trong Mt ng gp vo l thuyt vo chu k
kinh doanh. ng cng xut bn cc cun
sch v L thuyt cu v hin trng ca kinh
Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM.
Mt phn loi ca tin b k thut pht trin
c lp so snh cc im trong qu trnh
tng trng m t l VN/ LAO NG
l khng i.
Cn gi l tht nghip tr hnh. V lc lng
lao ng bin i tun hon, nn ngi ta
lp lun rng s ngi tht nghip c
thng bo phn nh khng ht lng ngi
tht nghip thc s do khng tnh nhng
cng nhn chn nn.
Trong l thuyt truyn thng v s nhn tn
dng, ti sn d tr m da vo h thng
ngn hng to ra tin gi ngn hng rng
buc cc hot ng cho vay ca ngn hng
v dn n to ra tin gi gp chung c
gi l "tin mnh".
Xem ACCESSION RATE.
Kh khn trong tuyn ngi i vi ngi
ch khng phi l tip xc vi nhiu ng c
vin nht, m vn l tm s ng c
vin xng ng dnh thi gian xem xt.
Mt minh ho bng th ca phn phi
theo tn xut ( hay PHN PHI XC SUT),
trong tn sut (hay xc sut) l mt bin
ly gi tr gia cc gii hn c tnh bng
chiu cao ca mt ct trn trc honh gia
cc gii hn .
Chi ph xy ra vo thi im mt yu t u
vo hoc ngun liu c mua vo v v vy
khng bng chi ph thay th u vo (chi
ph thay th) nu gi tng ln vo thi im
.

economic

1456 Historical model

Cc m hnh lch s.

1457 Historical school

1458 Historicism
1459 Hoarding

Trng phi lch s.

Ch ngha lch s.
u c tch tr.

1460 Hoarding company

Cng ty nm gi.

1461 Homogeneity

Tnh thun nht, tnh ng nht.

1462 Homogeneous functions

Cc hm ng nht.

1463 Homogeneous product

1464 Homogeneous product functin

Sn phm ng nht.
Cc hm sn xut ng nht.

1465 Homoscedasticity

Hip phng sai ng nht.

1466 Horizontal equity

Cng bng theo phng ngang.

1467 Horizontal intergration

Horizontal / vertical /
1469 conglomerate merger

Lin kt theo phng ngang.

Hp nht theo tuyn ngang/ dc/ kt
khi.

1470 Hot money

Tin nng.

1471 Hotelling's Rule

1472 Housing benefit

Quy tc Hotelling.
Li nhun nh .

1473 Human capital

Vn nhn lc.

Cc m hnh kinh t c kh nng phn tch

cc bin i vtnh hnh trong th gii hin
thc, i lp vi cc m hnh CN BNG
thng nng tnh l thuyt.
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t c th k XIX
m phng php lun v phn tch ca h
c nh hng ln trong cc nc ni ting
c.
Xem Historical school.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Mt cng ty kim sot mt s cng ty khc
thng qua s hu mt t l trong vn c
phn chung ca cc cng ty .
Tnh cht ca hng ho dch v hoc cc
yu t ging nhau theo cch suy ngh ca
nh phn phi v ngi tiu dng.
Mt hm c coi l ng nht bc n nu
nhn tt c cc bin C LP vi mt hng
s Lamda c kt qu bng BIN PH
THUC nhn vi Lamda.
Khi cc n v kinh t a ra trn mt th
trng nht nh mt lot cc sn phm v
dch v ging nhau di con mt ca ngi
mua th sn phm c gi l ng nht.
Xem PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
Mt tnh cht ca phng sai ca thnh
phn nhiu trong cc phng trnh hi quy
khi n c nh trong tt c cc quan st.
Tnh cng bng hoc cng l p dng vi
cc c nhn trong cng mt hon cnh.
Lin kt theo phng ngang xy ra khi hai
hng cng mt giai on trong qu trnh
sn xut st nhp vi nhau lp ra mt
doanh nghip duy nht. Xem MERGER.
Mt quc gia c li sut cao s thu ht tin
t nc ngoi vo.
Mt quy tc v s dng ti u cc ti nguyn
thin nhin khng ti to c do
H.Hotelling a ra nm 1931 (Kinh t hc v
ti nguyn c th b cn kit, Tp ch kinh t
chnh tr , tp 39, trang 137-175).
Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.
Ct yu ca vn nhn lc l ch u t
co ngun nhn lc s lm tng nng sut
lao ng.

Page 90

economic

1474 Hume, David

(1711-1776)

1475 Hunt Commission

U ban Hunt.

1476 Hunt Report

1477 Hiperbola

Bo co Hunt.
Hypecbn

1478 Hyperinflation

Siu lm pht.

1479 Hypothesis testing

Kim nh gi thuyt.

1480 Hysteresis
1481 Human wealth
1482 ICOR

Hin tng tr.

Ca ci ca con ngi.
T l bin t gia vn v sn lng.

1483 IBBD
1484 ICFC

Ngn hng Ti thit v Pht trin.

Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip v
Thng mi.

1485 IDA

Hip hi Pht trin quc t.

1486 Identification problem

Bi ton nhn dng.

1487 Identity

ng nht thc.

1488 Identity matrix

Ma trn n v.

Page 91

Nh t tng ln ngi Scotland. ng c

nhiu ng gp i vi kinh t chnh tr trong
tc phm Thuyt trnh chnh tr (1752). ng
nhn mnh (theo sau LOCKE) rng khi
lng tin t trong nc khng c vai tr g
i vi ca ci thc t ca nc v
hon thin THUYT TIN T NH
LNG. ng b sung v cng ph nhn
l thuyt ca LOCKE rng mt quc gia c
th cao thng d hoc thm ht thng mi
thng xuyn. C CH CHY VNG m
bo rng thng mi quc t lun cn bng.
L thuyt cung cu ca ng rt c quan
tm. Nhu cu v vay tin thng b nh
hng mt phn bi cc k vng v kinh
doanh v do vy t l li nhun v li sut c
quan h mt thit vi nhau. ng cho rng
phng php lun khoa hc x hi l mt
ngnh ca tm l hc ng dng. Trit l ny
v quan im ca ng v li ch ring v nhu
cu tch tr vi t cch l ng lc thc y
cho cc hot ng kinh t c nh hng
quan trng n A.SMITH v cc nh kinh t
hc tip theo.
U ban ca tng thng v c cu v lut l
ti chnh a ra bo co nm 1972, ku
gi ci t dn dn cc nghnh dch v ti
chnh M.
Kt qu lm vic ca u ban Hong gia Anh,
c lp ra xem xt kh khn ca a
phng nc Anh c gi l trung gian tc l nm gia cc vng thnh vng v
cc vng tr tr v c nhn tr cp nh
CHNH SCH A PHNG U ban hong
gia (HMSO) v cc vng trung gian Cmnd,
3998, London, 1969.
Tnh trng lm pht tng nhanh khi c siu
lm pht, gi c tng ln 10 ln, thm ch
100 ln ch trong vng 1 thng.
Mt cm thut ng chung miu t cc th
tc thng k xc nh tnh ng n ca
mt gi thuyt.
Cc nh khoa hc s dng thut ng ny
miu t mt trng thi trong cn bng ca
mt h thng ph thuc vo lch s ca h
thng .

Xem INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR

RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT.
Xem INVESTOR OF INDUSTRIES.
Xem INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATION.
Bi ton kinh t lng ny sinh trong qu
trnh c lng cc tham s ca cc
phng trnh ng thi.
Mt phng trnh ng theo nh ngha hay
c tc dng xc nh mt bin no .
Thng k hiu l I. L mt ma trn c cc
phn t nm trn ng cho bng 1 cn
cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho bng 0.

economic

1489 National Income Identities

ng nht thc ca thu nhp quc

dn.

1490 Idiosyncratic exchange

Trao i tnh cht ring; trao i t

cht.

1491 Idle balances

Tin nhn ri.

1492 Illiquidity
1493 Ilo

Khng tnh chuyn hon.

Vn phng Lao ng Quc t.

1494 Imaginary number

1495 IMF

S o.
Qu tin t quc t.

1496 Imitative growth

Tng trng m phng.

1497 Immiserizing growth

Tng trng lm khn kh.

1498 Impact analysis

Phn tch tc ng.

1499 Impact multiplier

S nhn tc ng

1500 Impact of taxation

Tc ng ca vic nh thu.

1501 Imperfect competition

Cnh tranh khng hon ho.

Page 92

Bn cht c o ca cc nhim v v do
vy cc k nng ca tng cng nhn gip
cho cc cng nhn v cc ng ch c c
cc t do nht nh khi ra mc tin
cng.
Tin c rt ra khi lu thng v c lu
di dng tin tch tr ca ci.
Vic thiu tnh chuyn hon ca mt ti sn
nht nh hoc ca mt danh mc ti sn do
mt ngi giao dch nm gi.
Xem INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE.
Con s c cn bc hai ca m mt, v
thng k hiu l i. Xem COMPLEX
NUMBER.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
Mt hng tng trng ca HNG thng
qua A DNG HO chi mt qu trnh
tng trng c kch thch bng cch a
vo nhng sn phm c c tnh sao cho
ngi tiu dng khng nhn thc c sn
phm ny l mi; ngha l chng khng thc
tnh v tho mn CC NHU CU TIM N.
Mt trng hp c th xy ra nhng khng
chc chn, trong mt s gia tng sn
lng kinh t trong mt nc thng qua tc
ng phn hi ca thng mi s dn n
mt tnh hung trong PHC LI KINH T
b gim st.
Mt tn gi chung cho nhng k thut dng
o lng nh hng ca mt thay i
nht nh trong hot ng kinh t n mt
nn kinh t cp vng hay cp a phng.
Tc ng ngay tc th ca mt thay i trong
BIN NGOI SINH ln BIN NI SINH,
tng phn vi tc ng tng hp hay di
hn ca s thay i ny.
cp n mt ngi, mt cng ty hay mt
giao dch b nh thu.
Mt cm thut ng chung c th c s
dng theo 2 cch. 1)Dng ch bt k mt
dng c cu th trng no khng pah l
cnh tranh hon ho v do vy n bao gm
CNH TRANH C QUYN, C QUYN
NHM v C QUYN. 2)Dng ch bt
k mt c cu th trng no khng phi l
CNH TRANH HON HO v C
QUYN.

economic

L th trng trong cc iu kin sau y

ca mt th trng hon ho khng c
tho mn: 1)Sn phm ng nht. 2)Mt s
ln ngi mua v ngi bn. 3)Ngi mua
v ngi bn c quyn t do nhp v ra
khi th trng. 4)Tt c ngi mua v
ngi bn u c thng tin hon ho v thy
c trc tp hp cc mc gi hin ti v
tng lai. 5)Lng mua v lng bn ca
tng thnh vin th trng l khng ng k
so vi tng khi lng giao dch. 6)Khng c
s kt cu gia ngi bn v ngi mua.
7)Ngi tiu dng cc i ho tng
THO DNG v ngi bn cc i ho
TNG L NHUN. 8)Hng ho c kh nng
chuyn nhng.
Theo t tng Mac-xt hay t tng X hi
ch ngha th Ch ngha quc l mt
chnh sch ca nc ngoi nhm tm cch
p dng s kim sot v chnh tr v kinh t
i vi khu vc lc hu m bo cho
nc ch c c mt th trng tng i
vi nhng khon tin tit kim nhn ri v
cc hng ho ch to d tha nhm i ly
cc nguyn vt liu chin lc.
Thi gian cn c thc thi CHNH SCH
TIN T, v cn c gi l tr bn
trong.
Khi nim hp ng n c s dng nhm
cung cp mt c s cho vic tn ti tin
cng v gi c t bin i v c da trn
nhng c tnh KHNG THCH RI RO
khc nhau ca chu doanh nghip v ngi
lm thu.
Chi ph c hi ca vic s dng cc yu t
sn xut m mt nh sn xut khng phi
mua hay thu m li s hu chng.
Hm s c biu din di dng khng c
BIN PH THUC.
Mt ch s gi c s dng gim pht
mt hay nhiu thnh phn ca ti khon thu
nhp quc dn.
Gi c m ngi ch mt yu t sn xut
di dng vt cht chng hn nh t bn,
tnh i vi mt hng cho vic s dng yu
t ny. Xem USER COST OF CAPITAL.
Hng ho hay dch v c tiu dng mt
nc nhng mua t nc khc.
Xem TARIFFS.
Xem QUOTA.
Cc hn ch v s lng hoc chng loi
hng ho c nhp khu vo mt nc
thng qua vic s dng thu quan hay hn
ngch.
Mt trong nhng chin lc pht trin ch
yu c cc nc ang pht trin la
chn.
Xem TARIFFS.

1502 Imperfect market

Th trng khng hon ho.

1503 Imperialism

Ch ngha quc.

1504 Implementation lag

tr thc hin.

1505 Implicit contracts

Cc hp ng n.

1506 Implicit cost

Chi ph n.

1507 Implicit function

Hm n.

1508 Implicit price deflator

Ch s gim pht gi n.

1509 Implicit rental value

Gi tr tin thu n.

1510 Import
1511 Import duty
1512 Import quota

Hng nhp khu.

Thu nhp khu.
Hn ngch nhp khu.

1513 Import restrictions

Cc hn ch nhp khu.

1514 Import substitution

1515 Import tariff
Import substitution
1516 industrialization

Thay th nhp khu.

Thu quan nhp khu.
Cng nghip ho bng thay th hng
nhp khu.
nh l v tnh bt kh th; nh l v
iu khng th c.
Xem SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION.
Hng ho cng cng khng thun tu. Xem MIXED GOOD.

1517 Impossibility Theorem

1518 Impure public good

Page 93

economic

1519 Imputed rent

1520 Inactive money
1521 Incentive payment systems

Tin thu khng quy i.

Tin nhn ri.
H thng thanh ton khuyn khch.

1522 Incidence of taxation

Phm vi tc ng ca vic nh thu,

i tng chu thu.

1523 Income
1524 Income, circular flow of

Thu nhp
Lung lun chuyn ca thu nhp.

Khi nim tin thu do doanh nhip t tr

cho mnh trong vic s dng t ai m
doanh nghip s hu. Xe, IMPLICIT COST.
Xem IDLE BALANCES.
Xem PAYMENT BY RESULTS.
Ch s phn phi cui cng gnh nng ca
mt khon thu. Cm thut ng ny cp
n nhng ngi c thu nhp thc t b
gim do vic nh thu.
S lng tin, hng ho hoc dch v do
mt c nhn, hay cng ty hay mt nn kinh
t nhn c trong mt khong thi gian
nht nh.
Xem Circular flow of Income.

ng tiu dng thu nhp.

Xc nh thu nhp.

Tip im ca ng BNG QUAN ca

ngi tiu dng v NG NGN SCH
xc nh v tr cn bng ca ngi tiu dng.
Xem INCOME - EXPENDITURE MODEL.

1525 Income consumption curve

1526 Income determination

1527 Income differentials

S khc bit v thu nhp.

1528 Income effect

1529 Income distribution

Hiu ng thu nhp, nh hng thu

nhp.
Phn phi thu nhp.

1530 Income elasticity of demand

Co gin ca cu theo thu nhp.

1531 Income - expenditure model

M hnh thu nhp - chi tiu

1532 Income maintenance

1533 Income effect of wages
1534 Income approach

Duy tr thu nhp.

nh hng thu nhp ca lng.
Phng php da theo thu nhp (
tnh GDP).

1535 Income-sales ratio

T s thu nhp / doanh thu.

1536 Incomes policy

Chnh sch thu nhp.

nh hng ca thu nhp v nh
hng ca thay th.
Tr gip thu nhp.

1537 Income and substitution effect

1538 Income support

1539 Income tax

1540 Income statement
1541 Income terms of trade

Thu thu nhp

Bo co thu nhp / Bn thu nhp.
T gi thng mi theo thu nhp

1542 Income velocity of circulation

Tc lu thng ca thu nhp.

Page 94

S khc nhau v mc thu nhp gia nhng

ngi khc nhau. S khc nhau ny thng
l do cc loi cng vic nh s khc bit v
k nng lm vic, v v tr a l trong mt
s vng c th c mc tin cng cao hn
vng khc, hay c th c s khc nhau gia
mc tin cng thnh th v nng thn.
Mt s thay i gi c ca mt hng ho s
lm gim hay tng thu nhp thc t ca
ngi tiu dng.
o lng mc phn ng ca lng cu
v mt hng ho i vi mt mc thay i
v mc thu nhp ca nhng ngi c yu
cu v hng ho ny.
M hnh mt khu vc dng Keynes n gin
cho php xc nh c MC THU NHP
QUC DN CN BNG.
Cc chnh sch c ra nhm nng mc
thu nhp ca mt s nhm ngi hay c
nhn no .

T s gia gi tr gia tng v tng doanh thu

ca mt doanh nghip hay mt ngnh.
nh ca chnh ph mun kim sot tin
cng bng mt hnh thc can thip no
vo qu trnh thng thuyt v tin cng.

Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.

y l mt loi thu quan trng nht Ah v
ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc ch
ti chnh ca tt c cc nc phng Ty.
Xem TERM OF TRADE.
S o tc lu thng ca tin c ngun
gc t s phn tch ca trng phi
Cambridge (xem QUANTITY, THEORY OF
MONEY ), trong s lng tin mt trung
bnh c quan h vi mc thu nhp trong mt
thi k nht nh.

economic

1543 Increasing returns to scale

1544 Incremental capital-output ratio

Li tc tng dn theo quy m.

T s vn/ sn lng tng thm
(ICOR).

1545 Independent variable

Bin c lp.

1546 Indexation

Phng php ch s ho.

Indexation of tax allowances and Ch s ho vic tr cp thu v vic

nh thu.
1547 taxation.
1548 Index number

S ch s.

1549 Index number problem

Vn ch s.

1550 Indicative planning

1551 Index of distortion

K hoch ho ch dn.
Ch s bin dng / bp mo / sai lch.

1552 Indifference
1553 Indifference curve

Bng quan
ng bng quan, ng ng dng.

1554 Indifference map

1555 Indirect least squares (ILS)

1556 Indirect taxes

1557 Indirect utility function

1558 Indivisibilities

1559 Industrial action

Industrial and Commercial
1560 Finance Corporation

1561 Industrial bank

Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS

TO SCALE.
S n v VN tng thm cn thit sn
xut ra mt n v sn lng tng thm.
Bin xut hin v phi ca du phng
trnh, gi l bin khng ph thuc bi v gi
tr ca n c xc nh "mt cch c lp"
hoc c xc nh ngoi phng trnh ny.
Mt c ch iu chnh theo tng thi k gi
tr danh ngha ca cc hp ng theo s
bin ng ca CH S GI c xc
nh.
Ch s ho cc khon tr cp thu l qu
trnh gi cho s lng tr cp thu khng
i tnh theo gi tr thc t.
Con s th hin gi tr ca mt i lng
no .
Vn ch s c th ny sinh khi mun so
snh hai tp hp bin s ti hai thi im
khc nhau nhng s dng mt ch s thi v
c nhiu cch khc nhau tng hp cc
bin s vo cng mt s o.
Vic s dng cc mc tiu c xc nh t
trung ng phi hp cc k hoch sn
lng, U T CA KHU VC CNG
CNG v u t t nhn.
Mt nhn nh cho rng mt HNG HO,
mt s kin hay mt d n va c a
thch hn va khng c a thch hn mt
hng ho khc

Tp hp cc ng BNG QUAN, trong

mi ng k tip nm pha ngoi ng
trc theo hng ng bc. Cc ng
H ng bng quan, bn ng bng quan cao hn ch mc tho dng cao
ng dng.
hn.
Mt cch c lng cc tham s ca cac
PHNG TRNH NG THI trnh c
S CHCH CA CC PHNG TRNH
Bnh phng ti thiu gin tip.
NG THI.
Thng thng, y c coi l nhng loi
thu nh vo hng ho v dch v v do
Thu gin thu.
vy, vic tr thu ch l gin tip.
Hm tho dng biu hin tho dng thu
c t mt tp hp hng ho c xc
nh bi gi c ca nhng hng ho ny v
Hm tho dng gin tip.
mc thu nhp.
c tnh ca mt yu t sn xut hay mt
Tnh bt kh chia; Tnh khng th phn hng ho khng cho php s dng n di
chia c.
mt php ti thiu no .
Hnh pht do mt s c nhn hay cc nhm
ngi mu toan gii quyt BT NG V
Trng pht lao ng.
LAO NG trong doanh nghip ca h.
Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip v
Thng mi.
Xem INVESTORS INDUSTRY.
Mt tn gi khc ca mt CNG TY TI
CHNH, chng hn nh mt t chc to tn
Ngn hng cng nghip.
dng THU MUA.

Page 95

economic

1562 Industrial complex analysis

Phn tch t hp cng nghip.

1563 Industrial democracy

Dn ch cng nghip

Industrial Development
1564 Certificate

Chng ch Pht trin cng nghip.

1565
1566
1567
1568

Industrial dispute
Industrial concentration
Inductive reasoning
Industrial policy

Tranh chp lao ng

S tp trung cng nghip.
Lp lun quy np.
Chnh sch cng nghip.

1570 Industrialization

Tnh cng nghip.

Cng nghip ho ( cc nc ang
pht trin).

1571 Industrial organization

T chc cng nghip

1572 Industrial relation

Cc quan h lao ng.

Industrial Reorganization
1573 Corporation

Cng ty ci t cng nghip.

1574 Industrial unions

Nghip on theo ngnh.

1575 Industrial wage differentials

Chnh lch v tin cng gia cc

ngnh.

1576 Industrial wage structure

C cu tin cng theo ngnh.

1569 Industrial inertia

Page 96

Mt k thut c s dng trong k hoch

ho vng lnh th, n tp trung vo phn
tch mi quan h tng tc gia cc hot
ng cng nghip c thc hin trn cng
mt vng a l.
Mt s m rng qu trnh ra quyt nh trong
phm vi mt x nghip t mt nhm nh theo
hng cho ton th lc lng lam vic.
Mt s kim sot trc y v xy dng
cng nghip c hnh thnh theo o lut
K hoch ho qun v th x nm 1947, i
hi phi c mt chng ch (IDC) trc khi
xy dng hay m rng mt khu cng nghip
qu mt quy m nht nh. Sau khi thng
qua Lut Cng nghip nm 1972, IDCS
khng cn cn cho s pht trin trong CC
KHU VC CN PHT TRIN hay cc KHU
VC C BIT CN PHT TRIN v IDCS
thc t b b t nm 1982.
Mi s bt ng hay s bt ho hoc l gia
ch v ngi lm thu hoc l gia nhng
ngi lm thu v thi hn v iu kin lm
vic ca mt ngi, mt nhm ngi hay l
tnh trng khng c vic lm ca mt ngi.

Mt cm thut ng c s dng m t
mt hin tng, cc doanh nghip khng
thay i c v tr a l khi v tr hin ti
khng cn l mt v tr mang li nhiu li
nhun nht na.
S pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip
c coi l chin lc pht trin chung.
Thng thng, y l lnh vc ca L
THUYT GI C NG DNG. N quan tm
n s vn hnh ca nn kinh t th trng
v nhn chung l n tip cn theo c cu th
trng, s iu hnh v kt qu ca th
trng.
Nghin cu v thc hnh cc quy tc chi
phi vic lm.
Mt t chc c lp c mt chnh ph
Anh lp ra vo nm 1966 ri sau b mt
chnh ph Anh khc gii tn vo nm 1971.
Mc ch ca t chc l tng hiu qu ca
khu vc cng nghip trong nn kinh t thng
qua vic khuyn khich hp l ho v hp
nht cc doanh nghip "nh" thnh cc n
v ln hn v hy vng c hiu qu ln hn.
Nghip on l t chc ca tt c cc cng
nhn trong mt ngnh bt k chuyn mn
ca h l g. Xem GENERAL, UNION AND
CRAFT UNIONS.
Cc chnh lch v mc tr cng trung bnh
ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn loi
theo ngnh m h lm vic.
Vic xp hng mc tr cng trung bnh ca
cc nhm cng nhn khc nhau c phn
loi theo ngnh m h lm vic.

economic

1577 Industry
1578 Industry-wide bargaining
1579 Inelastic

Ngnh cng nghip.

Thng lng trong ton ngnh.
Khng co gin.

1580 Inequality

Bt ng thc.

1581 Infant industry

Infant industry argument for

1582 protection
1583 Infant industry tariff argument
1584 Inference

1585 Inferior good

1586 Infinite memory

1587 Inflation

1588 Inflation, suppressed

1589 Inflation accounting

1590 Inflationary gap

1591 Infinitely elastic
1592 Inflationary spiral

1593 Inflation subsidy

1594 Inflation tax

1595 Informal sector

1596 Information

1597 Information matrix

1598 Inflation rate
1599 Inflation-adjusted budget
1600 Informative economy analysis

Mt ngnh trong khun kh C CU TH

TRNG CNH TRANH HON HO c
th c nh ngha l mt s ln doanh
nghip cnh tranh vi nhau trong vic sn
xut MT SN PHM NG NHT.
Xem NATIONAL BARGAINING
Xem Elasticity.
Quan h ni ln mt hm s ca mt bin
(hay mt tp hp cc bin) ln hn hay nh
hn mt s no .

Ngnh cng nghip trong thi k u pht

trin, th phn ni a ca n hin cn nh do
Ngnh cng nghip non tr.
s cnh tranh ca cc i th nc ngoi.
Mt trong nhng l l bo h lu i nht
cho rng mt ngnh cng nghip l mi i
vi t nc v nh hn quy m ti u c
Lun im bo h ngnh cng nghip th khng c kh ng ng vng trong cnh
non tr.
tranh vi nc ngoi trong thi k non tr.
Lun im v lp thu quan bo h
ngnh cng nghip non tr.
Suy lun
Xem STATISTIC INFERENCE.
Hng c nh thu nhp m, ngha l khi thu
nhp tng ln, cc yu t khc khng i,
Hng ho h ng; hng ho th cp lng cu i vi hng ho gim.
Mt C TNH CA QU TRNH TNH SAI
B nh v hn.
PHN .
S gia tng ng k trong mc gi chung
hay t l tng ca mc gi chung trn mt
Lm pht.
n v thi gian.
Lm pht b nn ny sinh nu vic kim sot
gi gi gi c mc thp trong khi nn kinh
t ang c xu hng lm pht ni chung.
Lm pht b nn.
Xem Inflation.
Ch cc k thut xc nh tc ng ca lm
pht n cc ti khon v cc th tc hch
Hch ton lm pht.
ton.
Tng chi tiu vt qu mc sn lng ti a
H cch / khong trng lm pht,
c th t c dn n kt qu gy sc p
chnh lch lm pht.
lm cho gi c tng ln.
Co gin hon ton.
Vng xoy c ca lm pht.
Xem HYPERINFLATION, INFLATION.
Do tnh khng linh hot v th ch m li
sut v thanh ton n c th khng cng
tng vi lm pht, do LI SUT THC
Tr cp lm pht.
T v gi tr thc t ca n gim xung.
Tnh hung khi chnh ph thc hin chnh
sch tng lm pht thay cho vic tng thu
thanh ton cho cc khon chi tiu ca
Thu lm pht.
mnh.
Ch mt s lng ln nhng ngi t lm
vic cho mnh trong mt nc ang pht
trin, nhng ngi ny tham gia vo cc
cng vic quy m nh, chng hn ch may
v, dch v n ung, bun bn, sa cha
Khu vc khng chnh thc.
giy dp.
Thng tin
Xem PERFECT INFORMATION.
Ma trn gm cc o hm bc hai ca HM
XC SUT trong c lng xc sut ln
Ma trn Thng tin.
nht ca m hinh kinh t lng.
T l lm pht.
Ngn sch c iu chnh theo lm
pht.
Phn tch thng tin kinh t.

Page 97

economic

1601 Infra-marginal externality

Ngoi ng bin.

1602 Infrastructure

H tng c s.

1603 Inheritance tax

Thu tha k.

1604 Initial claims series

Nhm ngi yu cu u tin.

1605 Injections

S bm tin.

1606 In-kind redistribution

Phn phi li bng hin vt.

1607 Inland bill

Hi phiu ni a.

1608 Innovations
1609 Input

Pht kin; sng kin

u vo.

1610 Input orientation

1611 Innocent entry barrier

nh hng theo u vo.

Cn tr v tnh i vi vic nhp
ngnh; Cn tr ngu nhin i vi vic
nhp ngnh.

1612 Input - output

u vo - u ra (I-O), bng cn i
lin ngnh.

1613 Inside lag

tr bn trong.

1614 Inside money

1615 Insider - outsider

Tin bn trong.
Ngi trong cuc - ngi ngoi cuc.

1616 Insider - outsider model

M hnh Ngi trong cuc - ngi

ngoi cuc.

1617 Insolvency

Tnh trng khng tr c n.

1618 Instalment credit

Tn dng tr dn.

1619 Institutional economics

Kinh t hc th ch.

1620 Institutional training

o to th ch.

Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Cc yu t c cu ca mt nn kinh t to
iu kin thun li cho vic lun chuyn
hng ho v dch v gia ngi mua v
ngi bn.
y l mt loi thu nh vo ca ci Anh
v n tn nm 1986 vn c coi l THU
CHUYN NHNG VN, thu ny thay
th cho THU BT NG SN nm 1974.
Bo co thng k s ngi ln u tin xin
tr cp tht nghip M.
S b sung ngoi sinh vo s thu nhp ca
cc doanh nghip v h gia nh.
Bao gm tt c cc dng phn phi li
khng phi bng chuyn tin mt hay thu
nhp.
Mt hi phiu c rt nhm ti tr cho sn
xut v bun bn trong nc.
Thng c s dng thay cho t "pht
minh" v ch nhng tin b v cng ngh
trong qu trnh sn xut cng nh vic to ra
nhng thuc tnh khc nhau v kt hp cc
thuc tnh trong cc sn phm c th trao
i c.
Xem FACTOR OF PRODUCTION.
Xu hng ca mt s phng thc sn xut
v ch to mun gn ngun nguyn vt
liu hay u vo.

Mt phng php phn tch trong nn

kinh t c th hin bng mt tp hp cc
HM SN XUT TUYN TNH m t mi
quan h tng tc gia cc ngnh.
S chm tr gia vic nhn thc ra nhu cu
phi c hnh ng chnh sch v s thc
hin chnh sch.
Cc dng tin da trn s n ca khu vc
t nhn , v d quan trng nht l tin gi
ngn hng thng mi ng vi s tin ngn
hng cho khu vc t nhn vay.
Cc m hnh phn bit nhng ngi hin
ang lm vic, gi l nhng ngi bn trong
- nhng ngi ny c coi l c mt t sc
mnh i vi th trng - vi nhng ngi
khng c vic lm nhng ang mun lm
vic, gi l nhng ngi bn ngoi.
Mt ngi hay cng ty khng tr c n,
sau khi qua cc khu xem xt v lut php,
c th c tuyn b Ph sn hay h c th
dn xp vi nhng ngi cho vay xo
n.
Cm thut ng chung ch ti chnh cho vay
theo cc iu kin v vic tr gc v li lm
nhiu ln.
Mt loi phn tch kinh t nhn mnh n vai
tr ca cc t chc x hi, chnh tr v kinh
t trong vic hnh thnh cc s kin kinh t.
Thng c s dng m t s o to
vic lm do chnh ph trc tip cung cp.

Page 98

economic

1621 Instrumental variables

Cc bin cng c (IV).

1622 Instruments

Cc cng c.

1623
1624
1625
1626

Insurance
Insurance premium
Intangible assets
Intangible capital

Bo him
Tin ng bo him.
Ti sn v hnh.
Vn v hnh.

1627 Integer

S nguyn

1628 Integerated economy

1629 Integerated time series

Nn kinh t lin kt.

Chui thi gian c ly tch phn.

1630 Integration

Tch phn ho.

1631 Intended inventory investment

u t vo hng tn kho c ch

1632 Intensive margin

Gii hn thm canh.

1633 Inter-Bank Market

Th trng Lin ngn hng.

1634 Intercept

H s chn.

1635 Interdependent utility

tho dng ph thuc ln nhau.

Interdistrict Settlement Account

1636 (or Fund)
1637 Interest

Ti khon (hay qu) Thanh ton lin

vng.
Tin li, li sut.

1638 Interest equalization tax

1639 Interest sensitivity

Thuu san bng li sut.

nhy theo li sut.

1640 Intergenerational equity

Cng bng gia cc th h.

1641 Intergovernmental grants

Cc tr cp lin chnh quyn.

Page 99

Bin s thay th BIN GII THCH THC

T lm trng s trong phn tch hi quy.
Cn gi l cc CNG C CHNH SCH.
Thut ng ny xut pht t vic phn loi
cc bin trong qu trnh n nh ho kinh t
thnh cc cng c chnh sch, mc tiu
chnh sch v cc bin ngoi sinh.
Bo him cho php mi ngi i ri ro ca
vic thua thit ln ly s chc chn ca
vic thua thit nh.
Xem INSURANCE.
Xem TANGIBLE ASSETS, GOODWILL.
Mt s trn, khng c phn thp phn hay
phn s.
Cm thut ng ch tnh hung khi m cc
khu vc t nhn khc nhau ca mt nn
kinh t, thng l cc khu vc cng nghip
v nng nghip, hot ng phi hp vi
nhau mt cch c hiu qu v ph thuc ln
nhau.
y l qu trnh ngc li ca vi phn. Xem
DERIVATIVE.
S gia tng d tr c ch tm. Xem
INVESTORIES.
Trng hp gim li tc vt cht i vi vn
v lao ng khi t ai l c nh.
Mt trong cc nhm TH TRNG TIN T
c quan h ln nhau London. Th trng
ny pht trin vo nhng nm 1960 v l
mt th trng trong CC NGN HNG
KHNG THANH TON B TR cho vay ln
nhau, nhng ri n tr thnh mt th
trng tin ln c rt nhiu th ch ti
chnh s dng trong vic cho vay v i vay.
Trong HM TUYN TNH h s chn l mt
hng s, ngha l s hng khng cha BIN
C LP.
Nu tho dng ca mt nhi b tc ng
bi s lng hng ho v dch v m nhng
ngi khc tiu dng th ny sinh trng
hp tho dng ph thuc ln nhau.
Mt ti khon c bit ca s thanh ton b
tr c s dng iu tit s chuyn tin
gia 12 Ngn hng vng thuc H THNG
D TR LIN BANG.
Xem RATE OF INTEREST.
Vo u nhng nm 1960, nc M tri qua
mt thi k cn cn thanh ton lin tc thm
ht vi s lng ln do vn chay khi t
nc. Thu san bng li sut l mt nh
nhm ngn lung vn i ra ny bng cch
nh thu vo vic cng dn M mua tri
phiu v ti sn nc ngoi.
Tnh cng bng trong vic s dng cc
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin gia cc th
h khc nhau.
S tin do mt cp chnh ph mt nc (v
d chnh ph trung ng) cp cho mt chnh
ph nc khc.

economic

1642 Interlocking directorates

1643 Intermediate areas

Cc ban gim c chung, cc ban

gim c kt hp.
Cc vng trung gian.

1644 Intermediate goods

Hng ho trung gian.

1645 Intermediate lag

tr trung gian.

1646 Intermediate technology

Intermediate Technology
1647 Development Group
1648 Intermediate variables

Ch tnh hung trong mt hay nhiu ngi

tham gia vo ban gim c ca hai hay
nhiu cng ty.
Xem HUNT REPORT, ASSISTED AREAS.
Hng ho c s dng vo mt thi im
no trong qu trnh sn xut cc hng
ho khc ch khng phi cho tiu dng
cui cng.
y l mt phn tr ca tr hot ng c
lin quan vi CHNH SCH TIN T.

Tp hp cc k thut v qu trnh cng ngh

nm gia cng ngh DNG NHIU VN
ca th gii phng Ty v cc k thut ni
Cng ngh trung gian.
sinh, th s ca cc nc ang pht trin.
Nhm do E.F.Schumacher thnh lp vo
nm 1965 London. C 3 hot ng chnh.
1)K hoch thu thp v th mc ho s liu
v cc k thut DNG NHIU LAO NG
c hiu qu ph hp vi vic p dng quy
m nh. 2)Xut bn cc tng v CNG
NGH TRUNG GIAN thng qua cc bi bo,
sch, bi ging, tp ch ring v thng qua
c n lc gy nh hng i vi chnh sch
vin tr ca cc chnh ph v cc t chc
quc t. 3)C mt chng trnh cung cp
vin tr cho cc d n c bit cc nc
chm pht trin, cc d n ny nhn mnh
n qu trnh t gip thng qua vic s
dng cng ngh thch hp cho cc cng
Nhm Pht trin Cng ngh trung gian. ng dn c nh.
Bin trung gian
Xem Intermediate lag.

Internal convertibility of soft

1649 currencies

Kh nng chuyn i trong nc ca

tin yu.

1650 Internal drain

S x tin trong nc.

1651 Internal growth

Tng trng nh ni ng.

1652 Internalization

Ni ho.

1653 "internal" labuor market

Th trng lao ng ni vi.

1654 Internal finance

1655 Internal rate of return

Ti chnh bn trong.
Ni sut sinh li

Page 100

iu kin d dng cho cng dn mt nc

mun i ni t vi khi lng tin khng
hn ch ly ngoi t theo mt t gi do ngn
hng trung ng quy nh nhng ni v
vic s dng ngoi t c hn ch trong
cc giao dch thuc TI KHON VNG LAI.
S vn ng ca tin mt, tc l mt
phng tin lu thng, t cc ngn hng
vo lu thng trong nc.
Phn m rng ca mt doanh nghip c
to ra bi u t trong ni b doanh nghip
ch khng phi u t c c thng qua
thu mua ca cc doanh nghip khc v hot
ng hp nht, ngha l TNG TRNG
T BN NGOI.
Mt tnh hung trong mt ngoi ng,
thng l ngoi ng phi kinh t, c tnh
ton n v SN LNG ca hng ho gy
ra tc ng khng tt c gim xung mc
ti u, ng thi vn tn ti mt lng ngoi
ng ti u, ngha l chi ph ca vic gim
ngoi ng i thm mt n v na ln hn
li ch thu c t vic lm nh vy.
Mt dn xp qua lao ng c cung v
cu trong phm vi mt doanh nghip m
khng c s tham gia trc tip vo TH
TRNG LAO NG BN NGOI.
Khon tin gi li t LI NHUN RNG
s dng cho vic ti tr cc hot ng ca
mt doanh nghip. Xem External finance.
Xem RATE OF RETURN.

economic

1656 Internal wage differentials

1657 Internal balance
1658 External balance

Cc mc chnh lch tin cng ni ti.

Cn bng bn trong
Cn bng bn ngoi.

Xem RELATIVITIES.

Mt ngn hng pht trin quc t c

thnh lp vo nm 1945 cng vi Qu tin t
quc t IMF theo cc iu khon ca hip
nh c k trong Hi ngh v Ti chnh v
Tin t ca Lin hp quc t chc ti
International Bank for
Ngb hng Ti thit v Pht trin Quc BRETTON WOODS, New Hampshire thng
7 nm 1944.
1659 Reconstruction and Development t.
Mt hip nh gia cc nh sn xut, khi s
lng sn xut ca h cn nh, phn
chia vi nhau th trng th gii v mt loi
hng ho nhm thu c li nhun trn
mc cnh tranh v khi suy thoi th li trnh
Cartel quc t.
c cnh tranh khc lit.
1660 International cartel
Cc lin minh thanh ton quc t.
Xem KEYNES PLAN
1661 International clearing unions
Cc hip nh gia cc nc sn xut v
tiu dng, nhng i khi ch l hip nh ca
International commodity
cc bn sn xut, nhm bo m n nh gi
Cc hip nh hng ho quc t.
c cc hng ha s ch.
1662 agreements
Mt c quan chuyn mn ca Lin hp quc
c thnh lp vo nm 1960 vi t cch l
mt phn hiu ca NGN HNG TI THIT
International Development
V PHT TRIN QUC T hay Ngn hng
Hip hi pht trin quc t
th gii.
1663 Association

International Development Co1664 operation Agency (ID)

T chc hp tc pht trin quc t.

1665 International division of labour

S phn chia lao ng quc t.

1666 International economics

Kinh t hc quc t

1667 International Finance Corporation Cng ty Ti chnh Quc t.

Khng hong n quc t.
1668 International debt crisis

1669 International Labuor Office

Vn phng Lao ng quc t.

1670 International liquidity

Thanh khon quc t.

Page 101

Mt t chc hnh chnh c thnh lp nm

1970 nhm gim st tt c cc hnh thc tr
gip ca M i vi cc nc chm pht
trin, bao gm tin vin tr nc ngoi, cc
khon cho vay u i, vin tr lng thc,
thc phm theo Lut cng chng 480, tr
gip k thut v chuyn giao nhn lc (v d
nh cc i qun gn gi ho bnh).
Chuyn mn ho trong sn xut trn c s
quc gia.
B phn ca kinh t hc nghin cu cc
giao dch gia cc nc trong lnh vc hng
ho v dch v, lu thng ti chnh v di
chuyn cc yu t sn xut.
Mt t chc pht trin quc t c thnh
lp vo nm 1956 v sau tr thnh mt
c quan chuyn mn ca Lin hp quc vo
nm 1957.
Mt t chc lin chnh ph c thnh lp
nm 1919 theo hip c Versaille, sau
tr thanh mt c quan chuyn mn ca Lin
Hp Qucvo nm 1946. T chc ny mong
mun xc tin s hp tc quc t theo cc
chnh sch c ra mhm mc ch t
c mc tiu vic lm, ci thin iu
kin lm vic, m rng bo him x hi v
nng cao mc sng ni chung.
Phn tch n cng, cc khon n gia cc
nc khc nhau c gii quyt bng cch
chuyn giao cc phng tin thanh ton
c quc t chp nhn nh: vng, mt
hoc nhiu NG TIN D TR ch yu,
hoc trong phm vi hp hn l cc QUYN
RT TIN C BIT (SDRs).

economic

1671 International monetarism

Ch ngha trng tin quc t.

1672 International monetary Fund

(IMF) - Qu tin t quc t.

1673 International payments system

H thng thanh ton quc t.

International Standard Industrial

1674 Classification

(ISIC)-Phn loi Ngnh Cng nghip

theo C1683Tiu chun Quc t.

1675 International trade

Thng mi quc t.

1676 International Trade Organization (ITO) - T chc thng mi quc t.

1677 International Wheat Council

Interpersonal comparisons of
1678 utility

Hi ng la m Quc t.
So snh tho dng gia cc c
nhn.

1679 Interquartile range

Khong cch gia cc t v phn v.

1680 Interstate Commerce Act

1681 Intersection

o lut thng mi gia cc tiu

bang.
Giao

1682 Interval estimation

c lng khong.

1683 "In the bank"

"ti Ngn hng".

1684 Inventories

Hang tn kho, d tr.

1685 Inventory cycle

Chu k hng tn kho.

Page 102

Mt trng phi t tng cho rng nhng

thay i ca MC CUNG TIN th gii l
ngun gc c bn to ra sc p lm pht v
gim pht trong nn kinh t th gii.
(IMF) - Qu tin t quc t c thnh lp
vo 12/1945 theo s ph chun cc iu
khon ca Hip nh v qu, c lp ra ti
Hi ngh Ti chnh v Tin t ca Lin hp
quc t chc ti BRETTON WOODS, New
Hampshire, 1944. Mc ch ca qu l
khuyn khch s hp tc v tin t quc t,
to iu kin cho vic m rng tng trng
cn i trong THNG MI QUC T, gip
cc nc thnh vin trong vic khc
phc CN CN THANH TON v xc tin
vic n nh NGOI T.
Mt cm thut ng chung ch cch thc tin
hnh cc giao dch ti chnh quc t, ngha
l cc thanh ton gia cng dn ca cc
nc ang gi cc ng ni t khc nhau.
S phn loi cng nghip v cc hot ng
kinh t c ra nhm tng cng kh
nng so snh quc t ca cc s liu thng
k do Lin hp quc tp hp v xut bn.
Trao i bun bn hng ho v dch v gia
cc quc gia.
Nm 1947, Hi ng Kinh t v X hi ca
Lin hp quc nhm hp Havana, Cuba,
mt hi ngh quc t v Thng mi v Pht
trin "nhm mc ch thc y sn xut, trao
i v tiu dng hng ho".
Mt t chc hnh ho quc t c thnh
lp nm 1979 theo Hip nh v la m
Quc t ln th nht nhm iu hnh Cng
c Bun bn la m theo Hip nh v la
m quc t nm 1971.
Xem WELFARE ECONOMICS.
Mt thc o s phn tn ca s liu mu
hoc phn phi, thut ng ny c nh
ngha nh s chnh lch gia gi tr cao
nht v thp nht ca cc t phn v, v v
vy n cha 50% gi tr trung tm cc quan
st ca cc bin s lin quan.
o lut ny thit lp U ban Thng mi
gia cc Bang (ICC) M nm 1887. ICC l
t chc iu tit lin bang u tin.
c lng mt khong trong gi tr ca
THAM S thc t c kh nng ri vo.
TH TRNG CHIT KHU LONDON
c gi l "ti Ngn hng" khi tt c hay
mt s TR S CHIT KHU buc phi vay
hay gim chit khu hi phiu ti Vn phng
Chit khu ca NGN HNG ANH do cc
ngn hng rt tin THEO YU CU ca
chng.
D tr hay mc duy tr hnh ho ca cc
doanh nghip p ng nhng dao ng
tht thng tm thi trong sn xut hay kinh
doanh.
Nhng dao ng ca mc sn lng do
nhng thay i ca LNG TN KHO.

economic

1686 Inventory investment

u t tn kho

1687 Inverse function rule

Quy tc hm ngc.

1688 Investment

u t.

1689 Investment criteria

Cc tiu chun u t.

1690 Investment grants

Tr cp u t.

1691 Investment trust

T-rt u t.

1692 Investors in Industry

Cc nh u t trong Cng nghip.

1693 Invisible hand, the

Bn tay v hnh.

1694 Invisibles

Khon v hnh

1695 Involuntary unemployment

Tht nghip khng t nguyn.

Quy lut st v tin cng.

1696 Iron law of wages
Lng cho vay khng tr c.
1697 Irredeemable loan stock
1698 Irredeemable preference shares Cc c phiu u tin khng tr c.

1701 ISIC

Tnh bt kh o; Tnh khng th o

ngc c.
ng IS
Phn loi Ngnh Cng nghip theo
tiu chun Quc t.

1702 Islamic Development Bank

Ngn hng pht trin Hi gio.

1699 Irreversibility
1700 IS curve

1703 IS- LM diagram

Lc IS - LM.

1704 Iso-cost curve

ng ng ph.

S tch lu hng tn kho khi sn xut vt

qu sn lng bn thc t.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm
s, trong bin s m chng ta mun ly
o hm c biu din di dng bin ph
thuc.
Thut ng ny c s dng ph bin nht
m t lu lng chi tiu c dng
tng hay duy tr DUNG LNG VN thc
t.
(i vi cc nc ANG PHT TRIN).
Cc tiu chun c ra nhm lm c s
cho vic phn b cc ngun lc u t.
Cc khon tin do chnh ph hay cc t
chc khc cung cp nhm mc ch khuyn
khch cc doanh nghip chi tiu mua VND
vt cht.
Mt cng ty vi chc nng u t vo cc t
chc khc.
Mt cng ty ti chnh pht trin c ngn
hng Anh v Ngn hng thanh ton London
v Scotland thnh lp nm 1946 gi l HIP
HI TI CHNH CNG NGHIP V
THNG MI (ICFC) vi s tr gip ca
chnh ph Anh nhm lp mt trong nhng
"l hng" ca th trng vn Anh do u ban
MACMILLAN xc nh.
Mt cm thut ng ch mt qu trnh phi
hp khng trng thy c nhm m bo
cho s nht qun ca cc k hoch c nhn
trong nn kinh t th trng phi tp trung.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BALANCE
OF TRADE, CURRENT ACCOUNT,
EXPORTS.
Tht nghip s c loi b khi tng cu
tng ln, tng cu lm cho gi c tng ln v
tin cng thc t thp i.
Gi thit rng, vi bt k kh nng tng tin
cng trong ngn hn, tin cng chc chn
s tr li mc va sng trong di hn.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Xt v phng din TI NGUYN THIN
NHIN v mi trng, thut ng ny ch mt
hnh ng no c nhng tc ng khng
th o ngc c mt cch tuyt i
hoc do chi ph lm nh vy l qu ln.
Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM
Xem INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
INDUSTRAL CLASSIFICATION
Mt ngn hng pht trin khu vc c T
chc Hi ngh o hi thnh lp nm 1974
nhm khuyn khch tng trng kinh t
cc nc v cng ng hi gio.
Lc m t vic xc nh ng thicc
gi tr cn bng ca li sut v mc thu nhp
quc dn do kt qu thc hin cc iu kin
trong th trng hng ho v tin t.
ng cong hay ng thng m t t hp
ca hai u vo bt k c th mua c vi
mt s tin c nh.

Page 103

economic

1705 Iso-outlay line

ng ng chi.

1706 Iso-product curve

ng ng sn phm.

1707 Iso-profit curve

1708 Isoquant

Cc ng ng nhun.
ng lng.

1709 Iso-revenue line (curve)

ng ng thu.

1710 Issued capital

Vn pht hnh.

1711 Issue department

Cc pht hnh.

1712 Issuing broker

Ngi mi gii pht hnh.

1713 Issuing house

Nh pht hnh.

1714 Issuing House Association

Hip hi cc Nh pht hnh.

1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722

ITO
Inverse relation
Invention and innovation
Intra-industrial trade
Invention and official financing
Investment demand schedule
IOU money
IS and LM schedule

T chc thng mi Quc t.

Tng quan nghch bin.
Pht minh v pht kin.
Thng mi trong ngnh.
Can thip v ti tr chnh thc.
Biu nhu cu u t.
Tin da theo n.
Biu IS v LM.

1723 J curve

ng ch J

1724 "jelly" capital

Vn "mm do".

Page 104

(Cn c gi l ng cong ng chi).

Xem ISO-COST CURVE.
(Cn c gi l ng bng quan ca
ngi sn xut hay ng ng lng). Mt
ng ng sn phm l tp hp cc t hp
ca hai hay nhiu U VO to ra cng mt
mc SN LNG.
Qu tch cc t hp ca hai hay nhiu bin
ph thuc ca HM LI NHUN to nn
mt mc li nhun nh nhau.
Xem Iso-profit curve.
Qu tch cc t hp SN LNG v ph tn
tip th to nn mt mc TNG DOANH
THU nht nh.
Khi mt cng ty c hn ch v c phn c
thnh lp, cng ty ny c php tng vn
bng cch pht hnh c phiu vi mt s
lng nht nh.
Mt cc thuc Ngn hng Anh c trch
nhim trong vic pht hnh giy bc ngn
hng.
Mt s loi chng khon pht hnh mi ca
cc cng ty v cc t chc khc c
nhng ngi mi gii chng khon iu
khin v trn phng din ny th h hot
ng ging nh nh pht hnh.
Mt t chc, thng l mt ngn hng
thng mi, bn cnh cc hot ng khc
cn chuyn mn ho trong qun l vic pht
hnh c phn mi, tri phiu cng ty hoc
tri phiu nhn danh cc cng ty hoc cc t
chc khc c nhu cu v ti chnh, v d
nh chnh ph v cc cp chnh quyn a
phng.
Mt hip hi c thnh lp vo nm 1945
t chc mt din n nhm tng cng
nhng li ch ca cc ngn hng thng
mi v cc t chc khc hot ng vi t
cch l cc nh pht hnh.
Xem INTERNATIONAL TRADE
ORGANIZATION.

Thi k ngay sau khi ng tin ca mt quc

gia b mt gi hay ph gi, quc gia c
th tri qua mt thi k thm ht CN CN
THANH TON.
Cm thut ng miu t vn khi phng
din l thuyt ngi ta gi nh rng T S
VN - LAO NG c th c thay i
ngay lp tc.

economic

1725 Jevon, W.Stanley

(1835-1882)

1726 Jobber

Ngi bun bn chng khon.

1727 Job cluster

Nhm ngh.

1728 Job competition theory

Thuyt v cnh tranh vic lm.

1729 Job creation

To vic lm.

1730 Job acceptance schedule

Biu s ngi chp nhn cng vic.

1731 Job dublication

Vic lm kp.

1732 Job evaluation

nh gi vic lm.

Mt cng chc v sau l mt gio s u

tin ti trng i hc Owens, Manchester
v sau ti trng i hc tng hp
London, Jevon l mt nh kinh t y nng
lc c tng ban u rt v i, mc du
ng khng pht trin ht nhng tng
ca mnh mt cch rt y . Trong cc tc
phm chnh ca mnh, Hc thuyt kinh t
chnh tr (1871), Jevon ch yu vit v
nhng tng ca TRNG PHI O v
phn tch gi tr tho dng bin v l thuyt
v vn v li. L mt trong ba nh sng lp
phng php tho dng bin, (nhng
ngi khc l Merger v Walras), Jevon l
ngi u tin cng b hc thuyt ny vo
nm 1862. ng cng a ra khi nim
phi tho dng ca lao ng. ng gn thi
gian vo qu trnh sn xut v vo l thuyt
v vn trc Bohm Bawerk. ng coi u t
c hai kha cnh, dung lng vn v thi
gian u t. ng cho rng tng vn ng
ngha vi vic ko di thi gian u t v
rng nng sut ca vn l mt hm s thi
gian. Li sut th ph thuc vo sn phm
bin ca vn. Jevon cng ng gp nhiu
vo vn cc s ch s. ng xy dng ch
s gi c bnh qun gia quyn v thuyt chu
k thng mi vi thuyt "vng nng nng"
ca mnh. Vng nng nng b nh hng
n thi tit v nh hng n ma v cy
trng v do vy nh hng n nn kinh t
Thut ng trc khi c khi nim v n ln
vo nm 1986, ch mt nh lp th trng ti
s chng khon London.
Mt nhm n nh cc ngh nghip hay cng
vic nm trong mt th trng lao ng ni
b lin kt cht ch vi nhau n mc
chng c cng cc c im quy nh v
lng bng.
Mt nh thay th cnh tranh lng bng
chnh thng m trong cng nhn cnh
tranh vi nhau ginh ly vic lm bng
vic thay i mc lng m h sn sng
lm vic.
Hnh ng c hiu theo ngha rng nht
l gim s ngi tht nghip trong thi k
suy thoi, hoc bng cch gim tc
ngi b sa thi do d tha hoc bng cch
tng tc ngi tht nghip tm kim c
vic lm.
iu ny din ra khi mt c nhn ng thi
c hn mt vic lm v do vy khng ph
thuc vo mt ngun thu nhp duy nht.
Mt qu trnh m trong cc yu t khc
nhau ca mt vic lm lm nh k nng,
kin thc tch lu, trch nhim v cc iu
kin lm vic - c nh gi, cho im v
a ra mt im chung cho vic lm .

Page 105

economic

1733 Job search

Tm kim vic lm.

1734 Job search channels

Cc knh tm vic.

1735 Job shopping

Chn vic lm.

L qu trnh thu thp thng tin v nhng c

hi vic lm v mc lng ca mi c hi
c hi vic lm trong th trng lao ng.
Cc phng php tm vic hoc nhn vic
lm c phn loi thnh "chnh quy" v
"khng chnh quy".
Mt xu hng trong gii cng nhn tr, v
c bit trong s nhng ngi v thnh nin
tm kim vic lm thch hp trn c s th
nghim.
L nh kinh t hc ngi Canada c b

1736 Johnson, Harry Gordon

(1923-77)

1737 Joint probability distributions

Cc phn phi xc sut kt hp.

1738 Joint products

Cc sn phm lin kt.

1739 Joint profit maximination

Ti a ho li nhun chung.

1740 Joint stock company

Cng ty c phn.

1741 Joint venture

Lin doanh.

Joint venture in European

1742 Countries

Lin doanh cc nc ng u.

1743 J - test

Kim nh J.

1744 Juglar cycle

1745 Justice as fairness

Chu k Juglar.
Chn l nh l cng bng.

Page 106

nhim l ch nhim cng trnh v thuyt kinh

t ti Manchester nm 1956. nh dy hc ti
Chicago, Trng Kinh t London v
Geneva. ng l bin tp vin ca nhiu thi
bo khc nhau nh Thi bo kinh t, Tp
san Kinh t chnh tr v Kinh t hc quc t.
Cc tc phm ni ting ca ng bao gm
Thng mi quc t v tng trng kinh t,
Nhng nghin cu v l lun thun tu
(1958), cc tiu lun tip theo v kinh t hc
tin t (1972), Kinh t hc v X hi (1975).
L thnh vin ca TRNG PHA
CHICAGO, ngoi nhng ng gp ban u
vo lnh vc cn cn thanh ton, thu quan
v thanh ton cho cc yu t sn xut, ng
tng hp nhiu tc phm ng thi v
kinh t hc quc t v kinh t hc tin t
quc t.
Cc phn phi xc sut m cho bit xc sut
vi hai hay nhiu hn cc bin s nhn ng
thi nhng gi tr nht nh (hoc nm trong
nhng khong nht nh).
Cc hng ho c c tnh l nu c s thay
i trong tc sn lng ca mt sn
phm th s em li s thay i tng t i
vi cc sn phm kia.
Ti a ho li nhun kt hp ca mt nhm
doanh nghip.
Cng ty c phn c thnh lp m khng
phi tun theo nhng i hi phi cam kt
nhiu vn ti chnh.
Mt tnh hung trong c khu vc cng
cng v t nhn hp tc vi nhau trong mt
hot ng kinh t; iu ny c bit ph bin
trong cc nc km pht trin ni m vn
rt khan him trong khu vc t nhn v cc
qu ca chnh ph thng c dng
pht trin cng nghip hay dch v ngn
hng
Mt hnh thc hp tc kinh doanh quc t
gia cc cng ty Phng Ty v cc cng ty
ng u v l m hnh u t nc ngoi
chnh cc nc ng u.
Mt php kim nh c to ra gii
quyt cc gi thit khng c bin chung
trong khun kh ca m hnh hi quy.
Mt chu k trong thng mi trong mc
hot ng kinh t vi thi gian t 9 ti 10
nm.
Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE.

economic

1746 Just price

1747 Junk bonds

Gi cng bng.
Tri phiu li sut cao.

1748 Kahn, Richard F.

(1905-1989)

1749 Kaldor, Nicholas

(1908-1986)

1750 Kaldor - Hicks test

Kim nh Kaldor - Hicks.

Page 107

Mt tiu chun o c v gi tr ca mt
hng ho hay dch v - ngha l mt mc gi
m c coi l "ng v o l".
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, ngi c nh
hng ln ti Cambridge, t nhng nm
1930 ti nhng nm 70. Uy tn v nh
hng ca ng vt xa nhng tc phm
xut bn ca mnh m trong tc phm
Cc tiu lun la chn v vic lm v tng
trng (1973) miu t nhng ng gp ch
yu ca ng.ng c cho l ngi a
ra khi nim s nhn v c ghi nhn v
nhng ng gp quan trng trong nhng
nm 1930 v KINH T HC PHC LI
trong vic xc nh nhng iu kin c
mt S
U VKaldor
X HI.
Sinh
ra TI
Hungary,
hc v dy
Anh t nhng nm 1920. ng ta c mt s
ng gp cho l thuyt kinh t v i khi l
nhn vt quan trng trong vic t vn cho
cc chnh ph v chnh sch kinh t. ng c
ng gp vo l thuyt kinh t trong lnh vc
KINH T HC PHC LI m theo ng
cng vi J.R.Hicks pht trin m hnh KIM
NH N B phc li thu c. ng ta l
ngi ng h chnh i vi cuc tranh ci v
vn v cng vi Joan Robinson v nhng
ngi khc ng tn cng hc thuyt tn
c in v phn phi thu nhp v tin b k
thut da trn phn tch bin thay th chng
vi cc m hnh da trn phn tch ca
J.M.Keynes, David Ricardo v Pireo Sraffa.
Trong khi lm c vn cho b trng b ti
chnh Anh v cc chnh sch thu kho t
nm 1964-1968 v 1974-1976, ng
ngh s dng THU LI VN phn phi
li thu nhp v thu s dng lao ng chn
lc khuyn khch thuyn chuyn lao ng
sang ngnh ch to. L ngi bo v chung
thnh kinh t hc Keynes, ng c nh
hng rt ln trong mt s lnh vc c bit
trong cc tc phm ca Nhm chnh sch
kinh t Cambridge, ch yu l ca Kaldor v
CU HIU LC v s cn thit ca chnh
ph cn phi can thip vo nn kinh t n
nh nn kinh t v c bn trong v bn
ngoi v khuyn khch tng trng. Cc tc
phm chnh ca ng bao gm: Thu chi tiu
Kim nh ny c Kaldor v Hicks a ra
trong cc bi bo c in Tp ch Kinh t
nm 1939. Xem COMPENSATION TESTS.

economic

1751 Kalecki, Micheal

(1899-1970)

1752 Kalman filtering

Php lc Kalman.

Page 108

Nh kinh t hc ngi Balan, trong u

nhng nm 30 ng c lp pht trin
thuyt ca Keynes. Kalecki cng l ngi
a ra khi nim "mc c quyn" c
xc nh bi t l gia mc li sut trn gi
bn, iu ny cho thy khng c s cnh
tranh v gi c. Khi nim ny c dng
gii thch ti sao gi c li khng gim
xung trong thi k suy thoi v cng gii
t trng ca li nhun v lng trong THU
NHP QUC DN. Kelecki cng l ngi
a ra khi nim "ngi cng nhn tiu ci
g m h kim c v cc nh t bn kim
ci g h chi tiu". Nu ngi cng nhn
tiu ton b tin lng ca vo mua hng
ho th phn cn li ca thu nhp quc dn,
li nhun phi c sn cho u t v tiu
dng ca nh t bn. Nu cc nh t bn
tng tiu dng ca mnh th n s tr li vi
h di dng li nhun cao hn. Nm 1943,
Kalecki cng d on chu k ngng tng
trng chnh tr. iu xy ra Anh t
cui Chin tranh th gii th hai. Ti cui
i mnh, Balan, Kalecki quan tm n
NG HC KINH T v s tng trng
cc nc X hi ch ngha. Cc n phm
chnh ca ng bao gm: Cc tiu lun v l
thuyt giao ng kinh t (1939), L thuyt
ng hc kinh t (1945), L thuyt tng
trng mt nn kinh t X hi ch ngha
(1969) v cc tiu lun la chn v ng
hc ca nn kinh t t bn ch ngha (1971).
y l phng php ti u d on CC
BIN S NI SINH v cp nht nhng
THNG S C LNG trong cc
phng trnh d on.

economic

1753 Kantorovich, Leonid

(1912-1986)

1754 Kenedy Round

Vng m phn Kenedy.

1755 Key bargain

1756 Keynes, John Maynard

Thng lng ch cht.

(1883-1946)

1757 Keynes effect

1758 Keynesian cross

Hiu ng Keynes.
im ct Keynes

1759 Keynesian economics

1760 Keynesian Growth Theory

Kinh t hc trng phi Keynes

L thuyt tn trng ca trng phi
Keynes.

1761 Keynes Plan

K hoch Keynes.

1762 Key rates

Cc mc lng then cht.

Page 109

Nh kinh t hc v ton hc ngi Nga l

ngi khi xng QUY HOCH TUYN
TNH trong nhng nm 1930. Kantorovich
ng dng thuyt ny khng nhng i vi
vn kt hp cc yu t sn xut sn c
trong mt nh my ti a sn lng, m
cn p dng thuyt ny vo vn k hoch
ho kinh t v m mt nn kinh t x hi
ch ngha. Kt lun ca ng l c th phi tp
trung ho cc quyt nh sn xut m vn
duy tr hiu qu nu gi c bng (dn xut t
p s ca cc bi ton quy hoch tuyn
tnh) c s dng cc mc thp ca qu
trnh quyt nh. Lun im chnh trong tc
phm ca ng v cc nh kinh t khc
Nga, nhng ngi chu nh hng ca ng
l: mt nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung
thnh cng cn phi s dng h thng gi
c xy dng bao gm t l chit khu x hi
hay li sut x hi. ng ngh ci cch k
thut k hoch ho khi ang c dng
Lin X. ng c tng gii Nobel v kinh
t hc nm 1975 (cng vi T.KOOPMANS).
Cc tc phm chnh ca ng bao gm: Cc
phng php ton hc trong lp k hoch t
chc sn xut (1939), Cc s dng tt nht
cc ngun lc kinh t (1965) v Quyt nh
ti u trong kinh t hc (1972) (vi
A.G.Gorstko).
Vng thng thuyt mu dch a phng
ln th su, tin hnh di s bo tr ca
HIP NH CHUNG V THU QUAN V
MU DCH din ra Geneva t 1964-1967.
Khng ging cc vng thng thuyt mu
dch trc thng khuyn khch gim
hng ro mu dch a phng, vng Kenedy
dn ti vic thng lng gim thu
quan i vi nhng nhm hng ho c th
ch khng thng lng v mt mt hng.
Mt hnh thc ch o tin lng c th m
trong mt khon thanh ton tin lng
c dng lm tham chiu cho ton b
nhng khon lng phi tr sau .
L mt hc tr ca Alffred Marshall.
Mt thay i ca cu i vi hng ho l kt
qu ca s thay i trong mc gi chung.
Xem INCOME - EXPENDITURE MODEL.
Mt cm thut ng dng miu t cc l
thuyt kinh t v m v mc hot ng
kinh t s dng cc k thut do J.M.Keynes
a ra.
Xem HARROD DOMAR GROWTH MODEL.
B ti chnh Anh a ra nhng ngh v
vic thit lp mt lin minh Thanh ton B
tr quc t ti Hi ngh Ti chnh v tin t
ca Lin hp quc BRETTON WOOD,
New Hampshire nm 1944. John Maynard
Keynes l ngi chu trch nhim ch yu
v vic to lp cc ngh nn c gi
chung l K hoch Keynes.
Cc mc lng ca ngh nghip trong th
trng LAO NG NI B lm im tip
xc vi th trng bn ngoi.

economic

1763 Kinked demand curve

ng cu gp khc.

1764 Klein Goldberger model

M hnh Klein Goldberger.

1765 Klein, Lawrence R.

(1920-)

1766 Knife edge

im ta mng manh.

Page 110

Da trn gi thuyt rng trong cc th trng

c c im c quyn nhm, s ph thuc
ln nhau buc cc doanh nghip phi tin
rng gim gi xung di mc hin hnh s
b cc i th lm theo, nhng tnh hnh
s khng din ra i vi trng hp tng
gi.
Mt m hnh KINH T LNG c va ca
nn kinh t M cho giai on 1929-1952
(khng k c giai on 1942-1945) c
nh hng rt quan trng i vi vic xy
m hnh kinh t lng t thi gian xut bn
nm kinh
1955tn
Nh
hcnay.
ngi M v l gio s kinh
t ti trng i hc Pennsylvania; c
tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1980
v tc phm tin phong ca mnh trong vic
pht trin cc m hnh d bo kinh t nh
lng, c th c dng d bo cc bin
s nh tng sn phm quc dn, xut khu,
u t v cc tc ng ca cc bin php
trong cc chnh sch i vi cc bin s
ny. Trong s nhiu m hnh c lin quan
n tn ny th m hnh thnh cng v ni
ting nht l m hnh D bo Kinh t Lng
Wharton i vi nn kinh t M, a ra ti
trng i hc Pennsylvania. Klein quan
tm nhiu n vic p dng cc pht trin l
thuyt trong kinh t lng vo cng vic ng
dng hn l vic a ra thuyt kinh t nh
lng. S nghip ca ng gp phn pht
trin lnh vc ny v nh hng ti vic xy
dng m hnh trn quy m ton th gii.
Thnh tu c mt khng hai ca Klein ni
chung l vic dch chuyn m hnh Keynes
sang lnh vc thng k. Hai cun sch ni
ting nht ca ng l Cuc cch mng
Keynes (1947) v Sch gio khoa v Kinh t
lng (1953).
Trong THUYT TNG TRNG, mt vt
cn i vi tng trng n nh khi Tc
tng trng m bo l khng n nh,
ngoi vn na l liu tc m bo c
ngang bng Tc tng trng t nhin
hay khng.

economic

1767 Knight, Frank

1768 Kondratieff, Nicolai D.

(1895-1973)

L mt nh kinh t hc ngi M, Knight

c b nhim lm gio s kinh t ti
Chicago nm 1928. ng c ng gp quan
trng vo o l v PHNG PHP LUN
ca kinh t hc cng nh i vi vic nh
ngha v gii thch CHI PH X HI. ng
gp ln nht ca ng i vi kinh t tc
phm Ri ro, S khng chc chn v li
nhun (1921). Cc n phm chnh khc ca
ng bao gm T chc Kinh t (1933), Lun
l v cnh tranh (1935), T do v i mi
(1947), Nhng bi lun v lch s v Cc
phng php kinh t hc (1956), v Tnh
bo v Hnh ng dn ch (1960). L mt
nh sng lp trng phi cc nh kinh t
"T DO" CHICAGO, Knight c nh
hng ng k i vi cc thnh vin ca
trng phi , mc du ng ta b ph phn
v quyn hnh ca nh nc, ng ta nghi
ng kh nng ca mt x nghip t do hot
ng hiu qu v theo mt cch thc hp
o l. c bit ng b ph phn v cc tc
ng
cakinh
kinhtdoanh
do c
ing
vi thu
nhp.
Mt nh
ngitNga
gp

(1892-..?)

ng k vo kinh t nng nghip v pht

trin k hoch ho kinh t Lin X. Nm
1952 ng xut bn cun Nhng ln sng di
trong cuc sng kinh t, m nh ng tr
nn ni ting. ng tm ra nhng chu k di
t cui nhng nm 1780 n 1844-51, t
1844-51 n 1914-20. ng cho rng s tn
ti ca cc ln sng di l "t nht c kh
nng" nhng khng a ra thuyt h thng,
ch n thun a ra mt s yu t lin
quan. Cc nghin cu sau ny cho thy
rng cc ln sng tm c c th l do cc
k thut thng k c Kondratieff s dng
to nn. Mong mun phn tch cc iu kin
kinh t mt cch khch quan ca ng v
hnh lm cho ng mu thun vi cc chnh
sch ca Lin X. ng b bt nm 1930, v
khng c a ra x cng khai, v sau
cht trong t khng ai bit ti.

Page 111

economic

1769 Koopmans, Tjalling

1770 Koych transformation

(1910-1985)

Nh kinh t hc ngi M sinh ra Halan.

Koopmans l gio s kinh t ti Chicago
(1948-1955), gim c COWLES
FOUNDATION (1961-1967), v l gio s
kinh t ti Harvard (1960-1961). L ngi c
cng c lp pht trin QUY HOCH
TUYN TNH, Koopmans gn lin quy hoch
tuyn tnh vi thuyt kinh t vi m truyn
thng v pht trin mt m hnh phn b
ngun lc trong mt nn kinh t cnh tranh.
ng cho rng mt m hnh sn xut nh vy
c th lm c s cho vic thit lp nn mt
l thuyt cn bng tng th. Nm 1951, ng
trnh by quan in ny trong phn tch hot
ng v sn xut v phn b, trong ng
a ra cng c phn tch hot ng. Kt
lun ca tc phm ny l vic s dng gi
bng to ra cc kh nng phi tp trung ho
cc quyt nh sn xut trong nn kinh t.
Koopmans c ng gp quan trng vo
thuyt tng trng ti u v thuyt kinh t
lng. ng a ra mt s nh l quan trng
v vic phn chia ti u thu nhp quc dn
gia u t v tiu dng thng qua thi gian
v cho thy kt qu ca nhng la chn
i vi vic phn b phc li gia cc th
h. ng c tng gii thng Nobel nm
1975 (cng vi L.KANTOROVICH). Cc tc
phm chnh khc ca ng bao gm Ba tiu
lun v tnh trng khoa hc kinh t (1957).

Php bin i Koyck

Mt lot cc bin i m trong mt

phng trnh cha mt tr phn phi gim
theo cp s nhn c di v hn c
bin i thnh mt s s lng hu hn cc
bin
s, bao
gmngi
mt tr
ng
nht.
Nh kinh
t hc
Mkhng
gc Nga,
ngi

1771 Kuznets, Simon

(1901-1985)

1772 Labour

Lao ng.

c tng gii thng Nobel kinh t nm

1971 do ng gp vo vic thu thp, c
lng v gii thch cc s liu lin quan n
qu trnh thay i x hi. ng gp ca
ng chiu mt lung nh sng mi vo
tng trng kinh t. ng quan tm n chu
k tng trng di m c v b nh hng
mnh m bi nhng thay i trong tc
tng dn s, s n nh trong hu ht cc
nc cng nghip trong nhiu thp k ca t
l gia tiu dng v thu nhp v vic ng
pht hin ra rng s lng vn thc s cn
sn xut ra mt lng hng ho nht
nh c xu hng i xung. C mt s tranh
ci v vic liu cc chu k m ng tm ra c
th khng phi l v k thut thng k m
ng s dng. Xem Fishman, G.S, Nhng
phng php ph bin trong kinh t lng.
Harvard University press (1969). Cc n
phm chnh ca Kuznuts l Thu nhp quc
dn v Thnh phn ca n (1941), Sn
phm quc dn t nm 1869 (1946) v S
tng trng kinh t ca cc dn tc (1971).
Ton b ngun nhn lc sn c trong x hi
dng vo qu trnh sn xut.

Page 112

economic

Labour augmenting technical

1773 progress

Tin b k thut lm tng sc lao

ng.

1774 Labour economics

Kinh t hc lao ng.

1775 Labour force

Lc lng lao ng.

1776 Labour force participation rate

T l tham gia Lc lng lao ng.

1777 Labour hoarding

1778 Labour force schedule
1779 Labour intensive

Tch tr lao ng.

Biu v lc lng lao ng
S dng nhiu lao ng, thm dng
nhiu lao ng.

1780 Labour market

Th trng lao ng.

1781 Labour power

Sc lao ng.

1782 Labour - saving techniques

Cc k thut tit kim lao ng.

1783 Labour's share

T trng ca lao ng.

1784 Labour standard

1785 Labour supply
1786 Labour surplus economy

Tiu chun lao ng.

Cung lao ng.
Nn kinh t tha lao ng.

1787 Labour theory of value

L thuyt lao ng v gi tr.

1788 Labour turnover

1789 Laffer curve

Mc thay lao ng.

ng Laffer.

1790 Lagged relationship

Quan h tr.

1791 Lagrangean technique

Phng php nhn t Lagrange.

Page 113

Tin b k thut lm tng sn lng ging

nh kiu tng sn lng nh tng LC
LNG LAO NG m khng c s thay
i thc s no v s lng ngi trong lc
lng lao ng tham gia thc hin.
S nghin cu bn cht v cc yu t quyt
nh tin lng v vic lm.
Lc lng lao ng bao gm nhng ngi
ang lm vic v ang tm vic, n bao gm
nhng ngi c vic lm v c nhng ngi
tht nghip.
i vi ton b dn s hay i vi mt b
phn ca dn s tnh theo tui tc, gii tnh
hay chng tc, t l tham gia lao ng c
nh ngha l t l gia s dn (c vic hay
tht nghip) c kh nng hot ng kinh t
so vi tng s dn cng loi.
Khi cc hng u t mnh vo vic thu v
o to mt cng nhn, h s khng mun
sa thi ngi trong thi k kinh t suy
thoi.

Mt th trng lao ng bao gm cc hot

ng thu v cung ng lao ng nht nh
thc hin nhng cng vic nht nh, v
l qu trnh xc nh s tr bao nhiu cho
ngi lm vic.
Mt cm thut ng c C.Mc dng
miu t hng ho m ngi cng nhn bn
cho cc nh t bn.
Cc quy trnh cng ngh hay phng php
sn xut thin v hng c gii ho v s
dng t lao ng hn.
T trng tin lng trong THU NHP QUC
DN.
Mt cm thut ng do J.H.HICKS pht trin
th hin cch gii thch c bit ca ng
v cch thc m tin lng (v do vy, gi
c) c n nh.
Xem SUPPLT OF LABOUR.
Xem LEWIS-FEI - RANIS MODEL
Mt hc thuyt c CC NH KINH T
HC C IN, nh RICARDO v c bit
l C.Mc s dng gii thch vic n nh
cc gi c tng i trn c s s lng lao
ng, hin ti v tch dn, c bao hm
trong hng ho.
Mt cm thut ng p dng cho cc doanh
nghip miu t s vic lm thay i,
nhng ngi thi lm vic v nhng ngi
mi c thu mn.
Mi quan h gia cc bin m trong gi
tr hin ti ca BIN PH THUC c quan
h vi cc gi tr trc ca mt hay nhiu
BIN C LP.
Mt phng php gii quyt cc bi ton ti
u ho c rng buc, trong cc rng
buc c vit thnh HM N gp cng vi
HM MC TIU to ra phng trnh gi
l "phng trnh Lagrange".

economic

1792 Laissez - faire

1793 Laissez - faire economy

1794 Land
1795 Land intensive

1796 Land reform and tenure

1797 Land tax

1798 Lange, Oscar

1799 Laspeyres price index
Latin American Economic
1800 System

Latin American Free Trade

1801 Association (LAFTA)

1802 Lausanne School

Mt hc thuyt cho rng cc vn kinh t

ca x hi c nh hng tt nht bi
quyt nh ca cc c nhn m khng c s
Hc thuyt v nn kinh t t vn hnh. can thip ca cc c quan chnh quyn.
Nn kinh t t vn hnh (chnh ph t
can thip).
Mt thut ng s dng trong kinh t hc
miu t khng ch phn b mt tri t
khng tnh n bin m cn bao gm ton
b ti nguyn thin nhin nh rng, khong
sn, ngun lc bin, mu ca t c
t ai.
th c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut.
S dng nhiu t.
Mt cm thut ng rng thng thng m
ch cc kh nng tng s phn thnh cc
vng nng thn (thng l cc nc ang
pht trin) thng qua cc thay i v th ch
Bo h v ci cch rung t.
trong khu vc nng nghip.
Mt loi thu nh vo gi tr hoc kch
Thu t.
thc
catmnh
Nh kinh
ngit.
Balan dy mt vi
trng i hc M v gi v tr cao trong
trng i hc Chicago. ng l mt trong
nhng nh sng lp kinh t lng v l
ngi ng h kinh t hc Keynes (Gi linh
hot v ton dng cng nhn, 1944), mc d
vn coi kinh t hc Keynes l mt trng
hp c bit ca Walras. Tuy ng c ng
gp ng k vo nhiu lnh vc nhng ng
c ngi ta nh n nhiu nht trong
cuc tranh lun trong nhng nm 1930 v
vn liu rng cc tnh ton kinh t hp l
c th xy ra trong nn KINH T HOCH
HO hay khng. ng cho rng iu ny c
th xy ra, v gi c cn tnh ch s khan
him c th c tnh ton bn ngoi H
THNG TH TRNG m khng cn bt k
hnh ng trao i no, mc du trong thc
t c c h thng gi c ca mnh,
Lange i hi to ra mt th ch v th ch
ny ging mt th trng. Tc phm Kinh t
chnh tr ca ng, mc d khng hon chnh
(bn dch ting Anh nm 1963), nhng l
tng hp ln u tin v KINH T HC
(1904-1965)
MC XT.
Mt ch s bnh qun gia quyn so vi nm
Ch s gi Laspeyres.
gc.
Mt t chc lin chnh ph c thnh Lp
nm 1975 khuyn khch hp tc v hi
H thng kinh t M Latinh.
nhp kinh t trong khu vc M Latinh.
Hip hi thng mi t do c thnh lp
nm 1961 cn c vo s chun y ca Hip
c Motevideo nm 1960, nh du s kt
thc hng lot cuc hi tho s b di s
bo tr ca U BAN KINH T M LATINH,
Hip hi thng mi t do M latinh.
LIN HP QUC.
Mt trng phi t duy kinh t c ngun gc
ti trng i hc Lausanne Thu s nhn
mnh vo vic s dng cc k thut ton
hc th hin s ph thuc ln nhau trong
Trng phi Lausanne.
mt th trng.

Page 114

economic

1803 Law of demand

Quy lut ca cu.

1804 Law of diminishing returns

Law of diminishing marginal
1805 utility
1806 Law of variable proprerties
1807 Law of one price

Quy lut li tc gim dn.

Quy lut tho dng cn bin gim
dn.
Quy lut v cc c tnh bin i.
Quy lut mt gi.

1808 Layfield Report

1809 Layoffs

Bo co Layfield.
Sa thi tm thi

1810 Leading links principle

Nguyn tc u mi hng u.

1811 Leading sector

1812 Leakages

Ngnh dn u.
Nhng khon r r.

1813 Leap - frogging

S nhy cc.

1814 Learning
learning by doing

Hc hi
Hc qua hnh

1815 Lease

Thu
Phng sn xut da trn gi thnh
1816 Least cost method of production thp nht.

1817 Least squares

Phng php bnh phng nh nht.

1818 Le Chatelier principle

Nguyn tc Le Chatelier.

1819 Lender of last resort

Ngi cho vay cu cnh cui cng.

Page 115

Mt quan im c cng nhn rng ri,

nu mi yu t khc khng i th hng ho
s c mua nhiu hn nu gi c thp
hn, v hng ho s c mua t hn nu
gi c tng ln.
Khi s lng ngy cng nhiu ca mt yu
t kh bin c thm vo s lng c nh
ca mt yu t no khc, th trc hts l li
tc bin, v sau l li tc trung bnh i
vi yu t bin i s, sau mt im no
gim dn

Xem Law of diminishing returns.

Mt bn bo co ca chnh ph Anh v thu
v chi tiuu ca cc chnh ph a phng
Anh xut bn nm 1976 (HMSO, Ti chinh
chnh quyn a phng, bo co theo yu
cu U ban iu tra, London, 1976).
Xem TEMPORARY LAYOFFS.
Trong nn kinh t k hoch ho, chnh
quyn c th gn tm quan trng c bit
cho mt mc tiu c th no .
Mc thanh ton lng bng chung trong
mt ngnh kinh t c coi l im tham
kho v lng cho cc khu vc khc (v d
nghip on trong mt khu vc cng cng
c th ly mc thanh ton lng bng trong
khu vc t nhn tham kho).
Xem Withdrawals.
Mt qu trnh c coi l s xoy trn c
lng/ lng v c cho l mt l do c
lp dn n lm pht lng v gi c bi
nhng ngi to lp thuyt LM PHT DO
CHI PH Y.
Mt cch gii thch v TIN B K THUT
(nh thy trong s gim dn u vo lao
ng trn mi n v u ra) xt theo kinh
nghim thc hin cng vic .
Mt tho thun trong mt bn c quyn
s dng ti n no thuc v quyn s
hu ca ngi khc trong mt thi gian nht
nh, i li ngi s dng ti sn ny phi
tr mt khon ph c nh tho thun,
thng tr thnh nhiu ln theo nh k.
Xem COST MINIMIZATION.
Mt cm thut ng chung miu t c s ca
mt nhm cc k thut c lng kinh t
lng.
Mt m hnh ton hc c s dng rng ri
trong kinh t hc, gii quyt cc tc ng
ca cc rng buc i vi vic ti a ho
hnh vi.
Mt trong nhng chc nng, v l mt trong
nhng l do tn ti ca mt NGN HNG
TRUNG NG HIN I.

economic

Sinh ra Lin X, Leontief tr thnh gio s

kinh t ti Harvard nm 1946. Tc phm
chnh ca ng l mt bi phn tch v ph
thuc ln nhau bn trong mt nn kinh t, v
c bit l bn trong khu vc sn xut, s
dng mt k thut m ng ta gi l phn tch
u ra - u vo. Trong cc tc phm nh
Cc nghin cu v c cu kinh t M (1953)
v Kinh t hc u vo - u ra (1966), ng
m rng m hnh tc ng qua li ca
QUESNAY v cnhngx ngi kc thnh
mt m hnh ton cao cp cho thy mi
quan h gia cc thnh phn ca mt h
thng kinh t. Leontief p dng k thut
vo nn kinh t M, v to ra cc kt
qa l th trong lnh vc thng mi quc t
v kinh t ti nguyn thin nhin. K thut
tr thnh c s ca k hoch ho trong
nhiu nn kinh t phi th trng. Leontief
c tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm
1973.

1820 Leontief, Wassily W.

1821 Leontief inverse

(1906-)
S nghch o Leontief.

1822 Leontief paradox

Nghch l Leontief.

Xem HECKSCHER - OHLIN APPROACH

TO
SinhINTERNATIONAL
ra Nga v hc TRADE.
Anh, s nghip

(19031983).

nghin cu ca ng din ra mt s trng

i hc M. Tc phm ban u ca ng
bao gm vic miu t bng th v m
rng thuyt gi tr ca Marshall bao gm
nhng nghin cu v cnh tranh khng
hon ho ca Joan ROBINSON v
CHAMBERLIN. Tc phm ny tp trung vo
vic tm kim mt khi nim y v
quyn lc c quyn v bo v ch ngha
bnh qun bng cch s dng quy lut li
tc bin gim dn. Tc phm chnh ca ng
l Kinh t hc kim sot (1944) s dng
nhiu nhng phn tch ca Marshall to
ra mt tnh hung ng h CH NGHA X
HI TH TRNG. ng cng a ra nhng
iu kin m theo mt s thay i v t
gi hi oi ca mt quc gia s ci thin
c cn cn thng mi ca n. iu kin
ny thng c gi l IU KIN
MARSHALL - LERNER. Ngoi ra, Lerner
cn l ngi ng h v bo v kinh t hc
KEYNES.

1823 Lerner, Abba P.

1824 Lerner case

Tnh hung do Lerner phn tch trong thuyt

v thu quan trong vic p dng mt loi
thu quan vo mt mt hng nhp khu c
nhu cu trong nc khng co gin theo gi
th kt qu s dn ti cn cn thng mi ti
t hn v cu i vi sn phm tng ln.
Khi CNH TRANH HON HO tn ti th gi
bn chi ph bin; do vy ch s ny s c gi
tr bng 0.

Tnh hung Lerner.

Ch s Lerner
Phng tin thanh ton hp php (lut
nh).
1826 Leger tender
Xem DEVOLOPING COUNTRIES.
1827 Less devoloped countries (LDCs) Cc nc chm pht trin.
1825 Lerner index

Page 116

economic

Mt vn bn do mt ngn hng pht hnh

thay mt khch hng bo m rng ngn
hng s thanh ton cc sc do khch hng
rt, hay ph bin hn ngy nay gi l cc
hi phiu do cc bn m khch hng mua
hng rt theo tn ca khch hng.
Mt khi nim s dng trong kim nh gi
thuyt xc nh cc gi tr ti hn nhm
so snh thng k kim nh vi chng.

1828 Letter of credit

Th tn dng.

1829 Level of significance

Mc ngha.
Sn chi cng bng / cng mt sn
chi?
T phn vn vay; n by v ti chnh; Mt ch s v mi quan h gia n di hn
T l vn vay so vi tng vn.
v vn
stdng.
Nh
kinh
hc Ty n v l ngi cng
c tng gii thng Nobel vi Theodore
Schultz v kinh t nm 1979. Hun tc
W.Athur c o to ti trng kinh t
London v l trng khoa kinh t ti trng
i hc Manchester v Princeton. Mi quan
tm chnh ca ng l chnh sch cng cng
v kinh t ca cc nc km pht trin v
m hnh pht trin ca Lewis, trong gi
nh mt nn kinh t hai khu vc hin i
ang pht trin, trong li nhun c ti
u t, v hp th s lao ng khng hn
ch t khu vc nng nghip truyn thng,
c chp nhn rng ri. Tc phm chnh
ca ng l L thuyt v tng trng kinh t
(1955), trnh by nhng phn tch tng hp
v pht trin kinh t cho n thi gian .
Trong k hoch pht trin: s ct yu ca
chnh sch kinh t (1966), ng a ra nhng
hng dn v cch thc to lp v nh gi
mt k hoch kinh t. Cc n phm khc
ca ng l Kho st kinh t, 1948 - 1935
(1949), phn tch v xem xt cc s kin v
chnh sch ca giai on , Chi ph c nh
(1949) v Cc nguyn tc k hoch ho kinh
(1919-1991).
t (1949).
Mt m hnh kinh t v tht nghip cc
nc ang pht trin c A.Lewis gii
thiu nm 1954 v 1958 v sau ch
M hnh Lewis - Fei - Ranis.
chn thc ho bi Fei v Ranis nm 1964.
Tng vay bng cch thay c phn
Ti tr n by.
S thch ca mt c nhn i vi mt nhm
hng ho ny so vi mt hng ho khc,
nu n cha nhiu hn mt hng ho c th
no v bt k s lng ca cc hng ho
Th hiu thin lch.
khc trong nhm nh th no.
Mi tri quyn, thc ti hay tng lai, i vi
N.
mt c nhn hay t chc.
Ch ngha t do.
Xem ECONOMIC LIBERALISM.
Li sut cho vay lin ngn hng London
London l li sut khc nhau trong nhng
hon cnh khc nhau m cc ngn
hng c th cho vay nhng loi tin no
vi s lng v thi hn no , trong th
Li sut lin ngn hng London.
trng tin t Chu u.

1830 Level field

1831 Leverage

1832 Lewis, Sir W.Arthur

1833 Lewis - Fei - Ranis model

1834 Leveraged buy out (LBO)
1835 Leveraged financing

1836 Lexicographic preferences

1837 Liabilities
1838 Liberalism

1839 LIBOR

Page 117

economic

1840 Licensed deposit takers

1841 Life-cycle hypothesis

1842 Life-cycle oriented expectation

1843 "Lifeboat"

1844 Likehood function

1845 Likehood ratio test (LD)

1846 Limited company

1847 Limited dependent variables

1848 Limited information (LI)

1849 Limited liability

1850 Limit pricing

1851 Lindahl model

1853 Linder thesis

1854 Linear combination

1855 Linear dependence

1856 Linear estimator

Theo Lut ngn hng ca Anh nm 1979,

mt loi t chc tn dng c php nhn
tin gi. B lut nhm thit lp mt h thng
quy nh v kim sot bo v cng chng
c tin gi, v c tc dng lm hn ch cc
hot ng nhn tin gi hai loi t chc tn
C quan c cp giy php nhn tin dng, "cc ngn hng c cng nhn" v
gi.
"cc c quan c php nhn tin gi".
Gi thit cho rng c nhn tiu dng mt t
Gi thuyt v vng i, thu nhp theo l c nh gi tr hin ti ca thu nhp ca c
vng i / Chu k tui th sn phm. i h trong mi thi k.
K vng nh hng theo chu k i
ngi.
T lng ch nghip v vo thng 12/1973
ca ngn hng trung ng Anh, cng vi
s gip ca cc ngn hng thanh ton b
tr London v Scotland, gii quyt ci gi
l khng hong NGN HNG CP HAI,
"Thuyn cu sinh".
din ra trong thng 12/1973.
Trong kinh t lng, mt trung bnh m theo
m hnh c kh nng thc nht c th
c suy ra t mt tp hp hu hn cc
quan st i vi cc s kin c cho l do
Hm hp l
m hnh to ra.
Kim nh t s hp l.
C hai loi cng ty trch nhim hu hn
Anh: Cng ty trch nhim hu hn cng
cng v cng ty trch nhim hu hn t
Cng ty trch nhim hu hn.
nhn.
Xy ra trong m hnh hi quy theo bin
ph thuc b hn ch mt s khong gi tr
Cc bin s ph thuc hn ch.
no .
Mt cm thut ng miu t mt nhm k
thut c tnh kinh t lng s dng trong
vic c tnh cc bin s ca cc hm ng
Thng tin hn ch.
thi.
Trch nhim hu hn.
Cc cch thc m cc hng thit lp cho
mt nghnh cng nghip c th nh gi vi
mc ch ngn cn nhng i th cnh tranh
nh gi gii hn.
mi mun thm nhp vo th trng.
M hnh Lindahl.
Xem VOLUNTARY EXCHANGE MODEL.
Thuyt ca nh kinh t Thy in c tn l
Linder cho rng cc nc cng c thu nhp
bnh qun u ngi ging nhau th lng
bun bn v hng ch to gia cc nc
cng cao v ngoi thng c coi l vic
Thuyt Linder.
m rng tiu dng v sn xut trong nc.
Tng ca mt dy bin s (hoc cc
VECT) c nhn vi mt s hng s
T hp tuyn tnh.
no .
Mt tnh cht ca mt tp hp cc vect
trong mt trong cc vect c th c
biu din bng mt t hp tuyn tnh ca
Ph thuc tuyn tnh
cc vect khc.
Mt cng thc c tnh cc tham s ca
phng trnh hi quy, trong cc c tnh
c tm ra nh l cc hm tuyn tnh ca
cc gi tr bin ph thuc c lng OLS l
c lng tuyn tnh.
mt cch c lng tuyn tnh.

Page 118

economic

Trong cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh, cc

HM CU c din t i vi cc nhm
hng ho, chc khng phi vi cc hng
ha n l.
Mt mi quan h ton hc trong cc bin
s xut hin nh l cc yu t cng, khng
c cc thnh phn s m hay nhn.
Xem HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION.
Cng gi l m hnh PROBIT - m hnh xc
sut n v. Mt m hnh trong bin ph
thuc l mt bin gi hay bin nh nguyn v
c biu din bng mt hm tuyn tnh ca
mt hay nhiu bin c lp.
Mt k thut to lp v phn tch cc bi
ton ti u hc rng buc trong hm
mc tiu l mt hm tuyn tnh v c ti
a ho hay ti thiu ho tu thuc v s
lng cc bt ng thc rng buc tuyn
tnh.

1857 Linear expenditure systems

Cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh.

1858 Linear function

1859 Linear nomogenous

Hm tuyn tnh.
ng nht tuyn tnh.

1860 Linear probability model

M hnh xc sut tuyn tnh.

1861 Linear programming

Quy hoch tuyn tnh.

Ti sn d hon chuyn; Ti sn lng;
ti sn d thanh tiu .
Xem LIQUIDITY.
T l ti sn d hon chuyn.
y l qu trnh chm dt s tn ti ca mt
cng ty, ti sn ca n c pht mi v
phn chia cho cc ch n ca n v trong
trng hp cn d tha th c chia cho
Pht mi.
cc thnh vin trong cng ty.
Tnh cht ca ti sn "gn" ti mc mua t
do, TIN c nh ngha l c kh nng
Kh nng chuyn hon.
chuyn hon cao nht.
Tnh thanh ton, thanh tiu.
S a thch ti sn d thanh tiu
Xem MONEY, DEMAND FOR.
Anh, cc ngn hng phi tun th mt t
l chuyn hon ti thiu l 30%, sau li
gim xung cn 28%. Xem MONEY
T s v kh nng hon chuyn
MULTIPLIER, FUNDING.
Tnh hung m trong vic tng cung tin
khng dn ti vic gim li sut m n
thun ch dn n vic tng s d tin nhn
ri; co gin cu v tin i vi li sut tr
By tin mt; By thanh khon.
thnh v hn.
Tn ch cc chng khon c bun bn
Cc chng khon yt gi.
trn s giao dch chng khon Anh quc.
Mt k thut nh gi d n trong cc
NC ANG PHT TRIN c ch
Phng php Little - Mirrlees.
rng ri.
ng LM.
Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM.
Mt khon tin do ngi cho vay ng cho
Khon cho vay.
ngi vay.
Cm thut ng ny c ngha l cc khon
tin sn c cho vay trn th trng ti
chnh, nhng thng n ny sinh trong vn
Cc qu c th cho vay.
cnh l thuyt li sut.
Vn vay.
Xem DEBENTURES.
S vn vay.
Xem DEBENTURES, FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Chng trnh cho vay.
TH TRNG TIN T bn bun London,
gn b cht ch vi cc th trng cng ty
ti chnh, tin t Chu u v Lin ngn
hng, trong ngi ta cho cc c quan
chnh quyn a phng vay cc khon vay
Th trng ca chnh quyn a
ngn hn, thng qua cc cng ty mi gii
phng.
tin t.

1862 Liquid asset

1863 Liquid assets ratio

1864 Liquidation

1865 Liquility
1866 Liquidity
1867 Liquidity preference

1868 Liquidity ratio

1869 Liquidity trap

1870 Listed securities

1871 Little - Mirrlees method

1872 LM curve
1873 Loan

1874
1875
1876
1877

Loanable funds
Loan capital
Loan stock
Loan facility

1878 Local authorities' market

Page 119

economic

1879 Local finance

Ti chnh a phng.

1880 Local labour market

1881 Local mutiplier

Th trng lao ng a phng.

S nhn a phng

1882 Local public good

Hng ho cng cng a phng.

1883 Locational integration

Lin kt theo v tr.

1884 Locational interdependence

S ph thuc ln nhau v v tr.

1885 Location quotient

Thng s v tr.

1886 Location theory

L thuyt v v tr.

1887 Locking - in effect

1888 lockout

1889 Logarithm

1890 Logistic function

1891 Logit analysis
1892 Log-linear

1893 Logolling
1894 Lombard Street

1895 Lom Convention

1896 Long-dated securities

1897 Long-haul economies

Thu nhp v chi tiu ca chnh quyn khu

vc (a phng).
S phn chia nh theo a l ca TH
TRNG LAO NG ch yu l hu qu
ca cc chi ph v tm l v c bit ca
vic i li nhiu n ch lm.
Xem REGIONAL MUTIPLIER
Hng ho cng cng ca mt cng ng,
chng hn h thng n ng.
Mt tp hp nhng u mi quan h tn ti
gia mt s ngnh va gn nhau v mt v
tr a l va lin quan vi nhau do sn
phm ca mt s ngnh l u vo ca
ngnh khc.
Mi quan h tng h gia cc hng trong
quyt nh ca mt loi hng v vic la
chn v tr cho mt nh my ca n b tc
ng bi nhng la chn v v tr ca cc
i th cnh tranh.
Thc o thng k v mc chnh lch m
mt lot hot ng kinh t c th c nh
gi trong mt vng ca nn kinh t so vi
ton b nn kinh t ni chung.
Hc thuyt phn tch nhng tc ng quyt
nh n v tr ca hot ng kinh t, gii
thch v on trc hnh thi v tr ca cc
n v kinh t.

Hiu ng lm cho mt ngi c mt ti sn

khng bn ti sn na v gi tr th trng
Hiu ng kt
ca n gim xung v s gy ra thua l.
Vic ngi ch ng ca ni lm vic
S ng ca gy p lc (i vi cng buc cng nhn tha nhn cc iu khon
nhn).
tuyn dng ca ban lnh o.
Lgart ca mt s l mt s m khi c s
ca n nng ln s m l gi tr ca lgarit
Lgart
th bng s .
th ca hm ny c hnh ch S, v n
c s dng biu din mi quan h
gia gi tr ca mt bin s kinh t v thi
Hm Lgistic
gian.
Php phn tch lgit
Mt mi quan h ton hc m nu biu din
Tuyn tnh lgarit
bng lgarit th l mt hm tuyn tnh.
L t tn cho qu trnh "trao i l phiu"
trong mt ngi ng ng h mt
ngi khc i vi mt vn nht nh i
S trao i phiu bu; b phiu gian
li ngi kia s ng h anh ta i vi mt
ln.
vn khc.
L ph trung tm ca ngn hng v ti chnh
Ph Lombard.
ca thnh ph London.
Cng c hp tc kinh t v thng mi
c k kt nm 1975 Lom, th ca
Togo, gia cc nc thnh vin ca Cng
ng Chu u (EC) v 46 nc ang pht
trin Chu Phi, Caribe v Thi bnh Dng
Cng c Lom.
(ACP).
Cc chng khon dng n ch khng
phi dng c phn - v d nh chng khon
vin vng hay tri khn cng ty - c ngy
Cc chng khon di hn.
o hn di, thng l hn 10 nm.
Xu hng chi ph vn ti tng t hn v t l
Tnh kinh t theo qung ng.
so vi qung ng chuyn ch.

Page 120

economic

1898 Longitudinal data

D liu dc.

1899 Long rate

Li sut di hn.

1900 Long run

Di hn.

1901 Long run average cost (LAC)

Chi ph trung bnh di hn.

1902 Long run comsumption function

Hm tiu dng di hn.

1903 Long run marginal cost

Chi ph cn bin di hn.

1904 Long term capital

Vn di hn.

1905 Lorenz curve

1906 Losch model

ng Lorenz
M hnh Losch

1907 Loss aversion

S khng thch mt mt.

1908 Loss function

Hm thua l.

1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914

Loss leader pricing

Long run competitive
Lon run total cost curve
Long run Phillips curve
Short run Phillp curve
Lump - sum tax

Bn h gi trc.
Cn bng cnh tranh di hn.
ng tng chi ph di hn.
ng Phillips di hn.
ng Phillips ngn hn.
Thu gp / khon.

1915 Loss offsetting provisions

Cc iu khon b l.

1916 Low - level equilibrium trap

By cn bng mc thp.

1917 Low wage trade

Thng mi lng thp.

1918 Lucas critique

Lun im ph phn ca Lucas

1919 LUS

S d tuyn tnh v hng khng

chch.

1920 Luxury

Hng xa x (cng coi l hng thng

lu).

Page 121

Mt kiu d liu PANEL, trong cc thng

tin trong giai on trc thi im thu thp
c a vo.
Mt lot cc li sut c th thu c t cc
chng khon di hn, v do c th tr
cho cc khon vay di hn mi.
Khong thi gian lin quan n qu trnh
sn xut trong c thi gian thay i tt
c cc yu t sn xut, nhng khng thi
gian thay i quy trnh cng ngh c bn
c s dng.
Trong di hn tt c cc chi ph c xu hng
l chi ph kh bin.
Mi quan h hm s gia tiu dng v thu
nhp trong giai on hn 50 nm.
Chi ph tng thm khi sn sut thm mt
n v sn phm trong di hn.
Vn di dng ti chnh (tin) nu c vay
theo cc iu khon vay n, c k hn tr
n di, thng trn 10 nm; hoc theo cch
khc nu ai huy ng bng cch pht hnh
c phn th s khng c hon tr, tr khi
cng ty ng ca.
Mt th dng tnh mc bt bnh
ng.
Xem LOCATION THEORY.
Mt gi thit cho rng PHI THO DNG
do b mt mt hng ho nhiu hn so vi
tho dng ca hng ho y.
Mt hm phi tho dng m mt nh lp
chnh sch mun ti thiu ho.
Khi cc doanh nghip c hng ho a dng
cho bn mt phn trong lot sn phm ca
h mc gi thp hn chi ph, v tin rng
iu ny s thc y vic tiu th cc sn
phm c chnh lch li nhun cao hn.

Thng ni n tho thun, theo cc

khon l ca mt d n c th c b li
bi thu nhp t cc ngun khc.
Xem POPULATION POLYCY,
POPULATION.
Xem DYNAMIC THEORIES OF
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.
Bi ph bnh v vic s dng m hnh kinh
t lng nh gi kt qu ca cc quyt
nh chnh sch v cc tham s c lng
ngm bao hm nh hng ca chnh sch.
Tnh t dng m t cc s d tuyn tnh
(L), khng chch (U) v c ma trn hip
phng sai cho v hng (S)>
Mt thut ng khng c s dng rng ri
trong kinh t hc hin i, nhng nu c
dng th ch mt hng ho c co gin
cu theo thu nhp ln hn 1, do khi thu
nhp tng th hng chim mt t l cao
hn trong thu nhp ca ngi tiu dng.

economic

1921 Luxury taxes

1922 M1 and M0

Thu hng xa x.
Mc cung tin M1 v M0.

1923 Macmillan Committee

1924 "Macmillan" gap

U ban Macmillan.
L hng Macmillan.

1925 Mc Guire Act

o lut Mc Guire.

1926 Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics demand
1927 schedule

Kinh t hc v m.

1928 Majority rule

Quy tc a s.

1929 Malleable capital

Vn uyn chuyn

Tng thu cho ngn sch chnh ph c th

rt rc ri cc nc km pht trin, nhiu
ngi t hnh ngh hoc c tr bng
hin vt v khng th nh thu thu nhp
c.
U ban iu tra ca Anh c thnh lp
nm 1929 vi tn gi "U ban Ti chnh v
Cng nghip", do H.P Macmillan (sau ny l
Hun tc) lm ch tch, nhm nghin cu
h thng ti chnh v ngn hng trong cc
nghip v trong nc v quc t ca n, v
nhm a ra nhng khuyn ngh v vic lm
th no h thng ny c th thc y
"vic pht trin ni thng v ngoi thng
v vic tuyn dng lao ng".
Xem Macmillan Committee.
S sa i vo nm 1952 i vi o lut
v U ban thng mi Lin bang Hoa k,
o lut Mc Guire c ban hnh nhm
cng ch cc nh bn l khng k kt cc
tho thun v cch nh gi cng nh nhng
ngi c k kt tho thun phi nh gi trn
nguyn tc "thng mi cng bng".
L khoa hc nghin cu hnh vi ca ton b
nn kinh t ni chung.

Biu cu mang tnh kinh t hc v m.

Page 122

L mt hnh thc LA CHN TP TH

hoc QUY TC QUYT NH X HI m
theo bt k ngh no c s ng h
ca hn mt na s "ngi biu quyt" s
c chn.
L mt gi nh v bn cht ca vn hin vt
thng s dng trong kinh t hc c in,
theo cc vt liu hnh thnh nn mt c
my c th c th c thay i ngay lp
tc v khng h tn km thnh mt c my
khc.

economic

1930 Malthus, Rev. Thomas Robert

1931 Malthus's law of population

(1766-1834).
Quy lut dn s ca Malthus.

1932 Management

Ban qun l.

1933 Management buyout

1934 Management board
1935 Managed or dirty floating

Thu mua bng nghip v qun l.

Ban qun l / Hi ng qun tr.
S th ni c qun l hay khng thun
khit.

1936 Management science

Khoa hc qun l.

1937 Manager controlled firm

Hng do nh qun l kim sot.

1938 Managerial capitalism

Ch ngha t bn thin v qun l.

1939 Managerial discretion

S tu tin trong qun l.

1940 Managerial revolution

Cuc cch mng qun l.

Page 123

Malthus l mt mc s v cng l mt gio

s mn lch s hin i v kinh t chnh tr
(l ngi u tin c cp danh hiu ny
ti Anh). Tuy nhin, ng cng c nhng
ng gp cho vic phn tch tin t v cho
"hc thuyt v tnh trng d tha" v tham
gia v mt cuc tranh lun ni ting vi
ngi bn ca ng lad Ricardo, ng c
bit n nhiu nht vi t tng l tc gi
ca Tiu lun v nguyn tc dn s (1798).
Trong tc phm nay, ng thch thc quan
im truyn thng ca cc nh kinh t hc
dn s cho rng dn s ng v ng cng
gia tng ng ngha vi s giu c v ng
lp lun rng dn s s tng ln cho n khi
t ti mc rng buc v cung cp lng
thc. ng cho rng dn s c xu hng gia
tng theo cp s nhn v ngun lng thc
li tng theo cp s cng. S tng dn s c
th c km hm hoc l mt cch tch cc
(ngha l qua s t vong tng ln) thng qua
nhng hnh thc nh chin tranh, bnh dch
hoc mt cch tiu cc (ngha l qua vic
sinh t i) thng qua cc hnh thc nh
hn ch bng o c, kt hn mun Hc
thuyt ny ca Malthus v tin lng t ra
mt mc lng khng thay i mt mc
tn ti. Tri vi d on ca ng, c dn s
v mc lng u c xu hng gia tng
cc nc cng nghip pht trin; s d nh
vy l do tin b khoa hc k thut, m
Malthus nh gi thp vai tr ca n i
Xem IRON LAW OF WAGE.
L nhng nhn vin trong mt hng c
quyn thay mt cho cc ch s hu kim
sot cc hot ng ca hng.
L vic ban qun l thu mua cc ti sn ca
mt cng ty.

Trong khun kh ca vic nghin cu doanh

nghip, mn hc ny p dng cc nguyn
tc khoa hc nhm h tr cho vic t c
hiu qu hot ng trong vic thc hin cc
mc tiu kinh doanh.
L mt cng ty khng c mt c ng hoc
mt nhm c ng no chim c t l
biu quyt cao nm quyn kim sot
cc chnh sch ca cng ty.
Vic t chc nn kinh t thnh cc tp on
ln, trong quyn nh ot cc ngun lc
nm trong tay mt tng lp qun l c th
xc nh c tch bit khi gii ch s hu
ti sn v hu nh khng chu s kim sot
ca h.
L kh nng ca cc nh qun l ca mt
cng ty thc hin nhng mc tiu m h t
thy l c li hn cho h.
L mt khi nim gn vi tng ca
Galbraith cho rng quyn lc kinh t
chuyn t vn sang ch s hu ca cc b
quyt k thut, tc l tng lp qun l.

economic

1941 Managerial slack

S lng lo trong qun l.

1942 Managerial theories of the firm

Cc hc thuyt v hng thin v qun

l.

1943 Managerial utility function

Hm tho dng trong qun l.

1944 Marginal cost

1945 Marginal cost of labor

Chi ph cn bin.
Chi ph cn bin cho lao ng.

1946 Marginal cost pricing

1947 Marginal firm

nh gi theo chi ph cn bin.

Xut bin?
Mc thu sut cn bin nh vo thu
nhp.
Nguyn l cn bin.
Sn phm cn bin ca lao ng.

1948 Marginal income tax rate

1949 Marginal principle
1950 Marginal product of labors
Marginal propensity to comsume
Thin hng tiu dng cn bin.
1951 (MPC)
1952 Marginal propensity to import
Marginal propensity to save
1953 (MPS)

Thin hng nhp khu cn bin.

Thin hng tit kim cn bin.

Marginal rate of substitution

1954 (MRS)

T l thay th cn bin.

1955 Marginal rate of transformation

T l chuyn i cn bin.

1956 Marginal revenue

1957 Marginal revenue product of

1958 Managing director

1959 Manoilescu argument

1960 Manpower policy

1961 Manual workers

1962 Margin, at the

1963 Marginal
1964 Marginal analysis

Xem X - EFFICIENCY.
L cc hc thuyt bt ngun t quan nim
cho rng CH NGHA T BN ng thi
c c trng bi s khng ch trong khu
vc sn xut ca cc tp on ln, ni m
quyn s hu v quyn kim sot c
phn tch r rng gia cc c ng v cc
nh qun l.
Mi quan h ny quy nh c th nhng lun
chng m th t u tin ca cc nh qun
l ca doanh nghip ph thuc vo .
L chi ph tng thm cho vic sn xut thm
mt n v sn lng.
L mt phng php nh gi ca cc hng
t nhn hoc cc cng ty nh nc theo
c xc nh bng chi ph bin.

L mc thay i trong tiu dng do tng

thm mt n v thu nhp.
L mc thay i nhp khu do thay i mt
n v thu nhp.
L mc thay i tit kim do thay i mt
n v thu nhp.
Trong hc thuyt v cu ca ngi tiu
dng, t l thay th bin cp n s
lng ca mt loi hng ho, b p cho
ngi tiu dng i vi vic t b s lng
mt loi hng ho khc sao cho vn c
c mc phc li (tho dng ) nh trc.
L gi tr biu hin bng s ca dc ca
ng GII HN KH NNG SN XUT.

L mc thay i trong tng doanh thu pht

Doanh thu cn bin.
sinh t vic bn thm mt n v sn lng.
Mc doanh thu cn bin ca lao ng.
L mt ngi c b nhim l gim c
mt cng ty trch nhim hu hn, c trch
nhim chnh l iu hnh cc hot ng
Gim c iu hnh.
hng ngy ca cng ty.
L mt phin bn, do nh kinh t Manoilescu
a ra, v lun chng v NGNH CNG
NGHIP NON TR, da vo nhn nh rt
ra t thc t rng mc lng trung bnh
trong khu vc ch to mt nc chm
pht trin cao hn mc lng trung bnh
trong khu vc nng nghip mc d nng
Lp lun Manoilescu.
sut lao ng c th nh nhau.
L mt n lc nhm tng cng hot ng
ca th trng lao ng, v nu c th, l s
Chnh sch v nhn lc.
nh i gia tht nghip v lam pht.
L nhng nhn vin lm cc cng vic chn
Lao ng chn tay.
tay v c tr tin cng theo tun.
Trong kinh t hc, "ti bin" c ngha l ti
im m n v sn phm cui cng c
ti bin
sn xut hoc tiu th.
Mt n v bin l n v tng thn\m ca
mt ci g , chng hn nh vi CHI PH
Cn bin, gia lng.
BIN, THO DNG BIN..
Phn tch cn bin.
Xem NEO - CLASSICAL ECONOMICS

Page 124

economic

L biu xc nh chi tit chi ph thc s

ca vn ti chnh ca doanh nghip.
L chi ph tng thm cho mt thit hi pht
sinh, thng do nhim gy ra, t mt n
Chi ph thit hi cn bin.
v tng thm ca hot ng gy hi.
1966 Marginal damage cost
L phi tho dng tng thm pht sinh t
phi tho dng cn bin.
mt thay i nh trong mt bin s no .
1967 Marginal disutility
L T L CHIT KHU c nht c th
khin cho gi tr hin ti ca li ch rng d
kin t mt ti sn vn bng ng vi gi
cung cp n khi gi cung cp ti sn
Hiu sut cn bin ca vn.
khng h tng.
1968 Marginal efficiency of capital
Marginal efficiency of capital
L biu trnh by chi tit mi quan h cn
Biu hiu sut bin ca vn.
bng di hn gia s vn cn c v li sut.
1969 schedule
Cn gi l t st li tc ni hon. L t l
chit khu lm cho gi tr hin ti ca li tc
rng d kin t mt ti sn vn bng ng
gi cung cp ca n trong trng hp mc
gi ny c cng nhn s tng ln trong
ngn hn.
1970 Marginal efficiency of investment Hiu sut cn bin ca u t.
L ng cu v u t. L biu trnh
Marginal efficiency of investment
by chi tit mi quan h gia hiu sut bin
Biu hiu sut cn bin ca u t. ca u t v t l li sut.
1971 schedule
L mt tiu chun v u t vi mc tiu ti
Marginal per capita reinvestment Tiu chun v thng s ti u t
a ho thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ti
cn bin theo u ngi.
mt thi im trong tng lai.
1972 quotient criterio
L mc tng thm tng sn lng nh vic
s dng thm mt n v lao ng v c th
dn xut t hm sn xut, vi iu kin cc
Sn phm vt cht cn bin.
yu t khc khng i.
1973 Marginal physical product
L sn lng tng thm do s dng thm
Sn phm cn bin.
mt n v u vo.
1974 Marginal product
Hc thuyt ny cho rng mt ch s dng
lao ng mong mun ti a ho li nhun
ca mnh s chu s chi phi ca quy lut v
nng sut bin gim dn, theo cc n v
lao ng ln lt c s dng s to ra
cc n v SN LNG gim dn tng
Hc thuyt v nng sut cn bin.
ng.
1975 Marginal productivity doctrine
L mc thay i trong thu nhp v thu do
Thin hng nh thu cn bin.
thay i mt n v thu nhp.
1976 Marginal propensity to tax
L mc thay i nhng khon rt tin do
thay i mt n v thu nhp.
1977 Marginal propensity to withdraw Thin hng rt tin cn bin.
L mc thu i vi mt n v thu nhp
tng thm, nhng khi nin ny cng c
p dng tng ng vi vic tng thm
Thu sut cn bin.
ca chi tiu, ca qu tng.
1978 Marginal rate of tax
Marginal rate of technical
T sut thay th k thut cn bin; th L t l thay th k thut bin ca hai yu t
sut k thut cn bin.
u vo.
1979 substitution
L sn phm vt cht bin nhn vi doanh
thu bin t vic bn thm mt n v sn
phm nh vic s dng thm mt n v
Sn phm doanh thu cn bin.
u vo.
1980 Marginal revenue product
Trong kinh t hc ti nguyn, l li ch
rng (vic nh gi mt n v ti nguyn,
tc l gi ca n tr i chi ph khai thc) m
th h tng lai khng c c do th h
hin ti s dng mt n v ti nguyn
Chi ph s dng cn bin.
hu hn.
1981 Marginal user cost
L tho dng ph thm c c t vic
thm mt n v ca bt k loai hng ho
tho dng cn bin.
no.
1982 Marginal utility
tho dng cn bin ca thu nhp. Xem Marginal utility of money.
1983 Marginal utility of income
1965 Marginal cost of funds schedule

Biu chi ph cn bin ca vn.

Page 125

economic

tho dng cn bin ca tin.

1984 Marginal utility of money
1985 Marginal value product of capital Sn phm gi tr bin ca vn.
Sn phm gi tr bin ca lao ng.
1986 Marginal value product of labor

1987 Margin requirement

Yu cu v mc chnh lch.

1988 Market

Th trng.

1989 Market classification

1990 Market clearing

Phn loi th trng.

im th trng bn sch.

1991 Market demand curve

ng cu ca th trng.

1992 Market demand curve for labour

ng cu ca th trng i vi lao
ng.

1993 Market economy

Nn kinh t th trng

1994 Market failure

S khim khuyt ca th trng; S

trc trc ca th trng.

1995 Market forces

Cc tc nhn th trng.

1996 Market imperfection

1997 Market mechanism

S khng hon ho ca th trng.

C ch th trng.

1998 Marketing

Marketing

1999 Marketing boards.

Cc ban Marketing.

2000 Market maker

Hng lp th.

2001 Market orientation

2002 Market oriented reform

nh hng theo th trng.

Ci cch theo nh hng th trng.

Page 126

L t l gia tng tho dng ca mt c nhn

khi ngn sch ca ring ngi (thu nhp)
tng thm 1 n v.
L t l gi tr th trng ca 1 chng khon
m ngi mua c th vay c khi mua
chng khon .
Thng thng, l bt k khung cnh no
trong din ra vic mua bn cc loi hng
ho v dch v.
C rt nhiu cch khc nhau phn loi th
trng.
L tng hp ca mt lot cc ng cu
ring r i vi mt loi hng ho.
Vi mt mc gi bn sn phm khng i,
ng cu ca th trng hay ca mt
nghnh sn xut chnh l s tng hp theo
chiu ngang cc ng DOANH THU SN
PHM BIN ca cc doanh nghip tham gia.
L mt h thng kinh t trong cc quyt
nh v vic phn b ngun lc v sn xut
c din ra trn c s cc mc gi c
xc nh qua nhng giao dch t nguyn
gia cc nh sn xut, ngi tiu dng,
cng nhn v ch s hu cc yu t sn
xut.
L vic mt h thng cc th trng t nhn
khng c kh nng cung cp mt s mt
hng nht nh cho d l mt phn nh hay
vi mc hp l nht nh hoc ti u
nht.
L nhng tc nhn pht sinh t quan h t
do gia cung v cu ca th tng dn n
vic phi iu chnh gi bn v/hoc s
lng c giao dch.
L bt k s sai lch no khi cc iu kin
cn thit c c cnh tranh hon ho.
L mt thut ng dng ch nhng hot
ng ca cc doanh nghip lin quan n
vic bn v phn phi sn phm.
Cc ban ny c thnh lp ti mt s nc
chu Phi, v chng p ng c nhiu
mc ch khc nhau. Chng mang li cho
cc tiu nng mt th trng chc chn v
n nh i vi cc sn phm ca h v v
sau hng ha c bn trn quy m ln
trn cc th trng quc t nn cc nh
chc trch c c c s hp l hn
mc c gi bn hp l.
L tn gi xut hin ti S GIAO DCH
CHNG KHON London k t nm 1986,
t cho hng to ra c mt th trng
mua bn cc loi chng khon khc nhau
thng qua vic lun sn sng mua hoc bn
nhng loi chng khon ny.
L vic cc nh sn xut c xu hng t
nh my ca h gn th trng tiu th sn
phm ch khng phi ni khc, chng hn
nh gn ngung nguyn liu.

economic

2005 Black market premium rate

Quyn lc th trng; Sc mnh i

vi th trng.
T l chnh lch gi.
T l chnh lch gi trn th trng
ch en.

2006 Market share

Th phn

2007 Market socialism

Ch ngha x hi theo c ch th
trng.

2008 Markov process

Qu trnh Markov.

2009 Markowitz, Harry

2010 Parallel market premium rate
2011 Market structure

(1927-)
T l chnh lch gi ca th trng
song hnh.
C cu th trng.

2012 Mark-up

Phn thm vo gi vn; Phn thm

vo chi ph kh bin.

2003 Market power

2004 Market premium rate

Page 127

L vic nhm ngi mua hoc bn c kh

nng tc ng n gi c ca sn phm
hoc dch v m h ang mua bn.

L t trng ca tng s hng ho bn trn th

trng ca mt doanh nghip.
L mt h thng kinh t x hi ch ngha
nhng li nhng quyn iu hnh cc hot
ng hng ngy ca nn kinh t cho c ch
th trng.
L mt qu trnh lin kt gi tr hin ti ca
mt bin s vi nhng gi tr trc ca
chnh n v mt sai s ngu nhin.
L mt nh kinh t ngi M ng ot gii
Nobel v kinh t nm 1990 (cng vi
M.Miller v W.F.Sharp). Cng vic quan
trng m ng thc hin trong nhng nm
1950 t nn mng cho hc thuyt hin
i v DANH MC U T. Hc thuyt ban
u ca ng v s la chn danh mc u
t c da trn m hnh chun tc dnh
cho cc nh qun l u t. ng gp quan
trng ca ng l vic pht trin thuyt nghip
v c tnh ton chnh xc v s la chn
danh mc u t trong iu kin khng chc
chn. Markowitz ch ra rng trong nhng
iu kin nht nh, s la chn danh mc
u t ca mt nh u t b hn ch vic
cn bng gia li tc d kin thu t
danh mc u t vi sai s ca n. V
mt nguyn tc, s la chn phc tp gia
nhiu ti sn vi nhng thuc tnh khc
nhau ca chng c xem nh mt bi ton
khng gian hai chiu, thng gi l php
phn tch phng sai trung bnh. Cc n
phm ln trung bnh ca Markowitz bao
gm: S la chn danh mc u t: S a
dng ho c hiu qu u t, Wiley (1959),
v Php phn tch phng sai - trung bnh
trong vic la chn danh mc u t v cc
th trng vn, Blackwell (1987)>

L mt phn cng thm vo cc chi ph kh

bin trung bnh hnh thnh gi bn do
ngi bn xc nh nhm trang tri cc chi
ph c nh v c c li nhun.

economic

2013 Marshall, Alfred

(1842-1924)

2014 Marshall Aid

Vin tr Marshall.

2015 Marshallian demand curve

ng cu Marshall

2016 Marshall - Lerner condition

iu kin Marshall - Lerner.

2017 Marshall plan

K hoch Marshall

2018 Marx, Karl

(1818-1883)

2019 C.mcist economics

Kinh t hc Mac xt.

2020 Materials balance principle

Nguyn l cn bng vt cht.

2021 Material forces of production

2022 Mathematical expectation
2023 Matrix

Lc lng sn xut vt cht.

K vng ton hc.
Ma trn.

2024 Maturity

n hn, ht hn.

2025 Maximax

Ti a ho cc i.

2026 Maximin

Ti a ho cc tiu.

L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh m c s

nghip ca mnh dnh cho cng vic ca
mt gio s kinh t ti aih hc Cambridge
(1885-1908).ng coi yu t gi thnh sn
xut quan trng khng km g tho dng
trong hc thuyt v gi tr ca ng. tng
c bn trong cng vic ca ng l kh nng
ca cung v cu trong vic to ra nhng
mc gi cn bng trn th trng. Marshall
c v nh cu ni gia hc thuyt kinh t
c in vi hc thuyt tn c in ca Jevon
v hc thuyt v cn bng tng qut ca
Walras. Cc tc phm ca Marshall khng
ch c nh hng ng k n chnh sch
kinh t cho n hin nay m cn gy nh
hng ng k n cc th h nh kinh t
ca Anh.
L vin tr ca M v Canada cho Anh v
cc nc khc tr gip h phc hi nn
kinh t sau chin tranh th gii th hai.
L ng cu c s dng rng ri nht
trong phn ng ca lng cu i vi
mc gi chu nh hng ca c hiu ng
thu nhp ln hiu ng thay th.
Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, vic ph
ga ng tin c th ci thin c cn cn
thanh ton. iu kin Marshall - Lerner l
mt iu kin ging nh vy.
Xem EUROPEAN RECOVERY
PROGRAMME.
L nh trit hc, X hi hc, s hc, l lun
chnh tr hc, kinh t hc ngi c. T
1849, sng ti Anh vi s gip ca ngghen, mt nh t bn cng nghip. Chu nh
hng su sc t tng H-ghen v t
a ra lun thuyt v x hi t bn, v lun
im tng hp v ch ngha cng sn.
Nhng tin on ca C.Mc v ch ngha t
bn vn cha tr thnh hin thc nhng
nhng thnh tu ca Mc l ht sc to ln
khin chi Mc t ti nh co ca mt
nh phn tch kinh t.
L mt trng phi t duy kinh t c mc
ch phn tch s pht trin kinh t v x hi
ca h thng kinh t t bn ch ngha.
L mt nguyn tc trong kinh t hc mi
trng, theo khi lng cht thi ra mi
trng t qu trnh sn xut c coi l xp
x khi lng cc ti nguyn c s dng
sn xut ra hng ho.
L cm thut ng c C.Mc s dng
xc nh nn tng kinh t thc t ca mt x
hi.
Xem EXPECTED VALUE.
L ngy m khon n ca ngi pht hnh
tri phiu n hn phi thanh ton hoc l
ngy n hn thanh ton tin n gc.
L mt quy tc trong l thuyt RA QUYT
NH gip cho vic la chn trong nhng
iu kin khng chc chn.
L mt quy tc trong l thuyt RA QUYT
NH gip cho vic la chn trong nhng
iu kin khng chc chn.

Page 128

economic

2027 Maximum

Gi tr cc i.

2028 Maximum likelihood

Hp l cc i.

2029 Meade, James Edward

(1907- )

2030 Mean

Trung bnh

2031 Means tested benefits

Tr cp theo mc trung bnh.

2032 Mean-variance analysis

2033 Measurement error
2034 Median

Phn tch trung bnh - phng sai.

Sai s o lng.
Trung v.

2035 Median location principle

Nguyn l nh v trung bnh.

2036 Median Vote Theorem

nh l c tri trung dung.

Page 129

L gi tr ln nht ca mt hm s hoc ca
bin s.
L mt cm thut ng m t k thut c
lng kinh t lng chung bao gm vic ti
a ho hm hp l ca nhng quan st mu
v cc gi tr ca cc tham s ca cc
phng trnh ang c c tnh.
L trng phng kinh t thuc vn phng
ni cc Anh t nm 1940 n nm 1945,
gio s kinh t hc thuc trng Kinh t
London t nm 1947 n nm 1957, gio s
kinh t chnh tr thuc trng i hc
Cambridge t nm 1957 n nm 1969.
ng c trao tng gii thng Nobel v
kinh t hc vo nm 1977. Nhng tc phm
ni ting ca ng l: Hc thuyt v chnh
sch kinh t: Cn cn thanh ton (1951), H
thng thng mi quc t (1952); Hc
thuyt v chnh sch quc t.v cc h
thng khc nhau v kinh doanh v tr lng
cho cng nhn (1986). Tc phm ni ting
nht ca ng thuc v lnh vc chnh sch
v hc thuyt thng mi quc t. Nhng
vn ca cc chnh sch N NH HO
trong NN KINH T M l trng tm ca
nhng tc phm u tin ca ng, c bit
l nhng iu kin c c mt s cn
bng trong nn kinh t trong nc v trong
giao dch vi nc ngoi. ng nhn mnh
n nhng mu thun v chnh sch c th
xy ra gia cn cn thng mi quc t vi
cn cn tng cung v tng cu trong nc
trong mt h thng t gi hi oi c nh.
ng cng tin hnh phn tch v kinh t hc
phc li ca lin minh thu quan v thu
quan trong nhng iu kin m s cnh
tranh hon ho s khng dn n kh nng
Mt s o thng c s dng tnh xu
hng tp trung ca mt bin s, c th
dng tnh cho mt mu nht nh hoc
ton b tn th.
L nhng tr cp m ch c th nhn c
nu nh thu nhp ca ngi xin c
hng tr cp thp hn mt gi tr nht
nh.
L phng php tm ra DANH MC cc ti
sn c hiu qu cao.
Xem ERRORS IN VARIABLES.
Mt s o xu hng tp trung.
L mt quy tc dng tm ra a im m
ti tng khi lng vn chuyn cn phi
thc hin phc v cho mt nhm cc th
trng phn tn v v tr a l c gi tr ti
thiu.
L mt nh l lin quan n s LA CHN
TP TH trong mt x hi dn ch, n d
on rng cc chnh tr gia hu ht u s
i din cho quan im ca nhng c tri
trung tm ca ph chnh tr hoc x hi .

economic

2037 Mediation

Ho gii.

2038 Medium of exchange

2039 Median Voter

Phng tin trao i.

C tri trung dung.

Medium term financial strategy

2040 (MTFS)

Chin lc ti chnh trung hn.

2041 Menger, Carl

(1840-1921)

2042 Mercantilism

Ch ngha trng thng.

2043 Merchant bank

Ngn hng nh bun

2044 Merger
2045 Menu cost of inflation

St nhp.
Chi ph thc n ca lm pht.

2046 Merit goods

Hng khuyn dng; Hng c li.

2047 Merit bad

Hng khng khuyn dng.

Page 130

L s can thip vo CUC TRANH CHP

LAO NG bi mt bn th ba c lp
khch quan, l bn xem xt lp lun ca c
hai pha v a ra khuyn ngh gii quyt
tranh chp.
L bt k ti sn hoc phng tin no c
chc nng trung gian trong qu trnh trao
i, ngha l mt vt m ngi bn hang
hoc cung cp dch v chp nhn thay
th, khng phi cho bn thn n m l v
thc rng n c th s dng trong nhng
cuc trao i mua bt k ci g m anh ta
cn.
L mt chnh sch do chnh ph Anh
xng trong k hoch ngn sch nm 1980
theo cc t l tng mc cung tin gim
dn hng nm c n nh nhm kim ch
lm pht. Vo thng 10/1985, chin lc ny
trn thc t b t b khi mc tiu t ra
cho ng Sterling M3, bn v tin c a
chung b nh li.
L nh kinh t ngi o, ngi sng lp ra
trng phi o. ng l mt trong nhng tc
gi ca hc thuyt v gi tr THO
DNG BIN, cn nhng ngi khc c lp
nghin cu hc thuyt ny l Jevons v
Walras. Menger lp lun rng gi tr mc gia
tng ca mt hng ho khi c cung, c
th hin bi cng dng km quan trng nht
m mc gia tng c s dng. ng
cng xy dng nn mt hc thuyt quy trch
nhim v phn phi (tc l th lao cho yu
t sn xut) theo gi tr v a c ca
phng tin sn xut bt ngun t vai tr
ca chng trong vic sn xut cc mt hng
cn mua trc tin ngha l hng tiu dng.
Gi tr pht sinh t tho dng v t cc
chi ph sn xut cho php; gi tr khng bt
ngun t cc chi ph sn xut, c bit l lao
ng ch khng theo quan im, chng hn
nh KINH T HC C IN ANH. Tc
phm ln ca ng mang ta Grundsatze
Der Volkwirtschaftslehre.
Trit l kinh t ca cc nh bun v cc
chnh khch th k XVI v XVII. T tng
ny ph thuc vo mt nh nc mnh v
can thip su vo hot ng kinh t.
L mt nhm trong s cc th ch ti chnh
Anh tin hnh mt lot cc hot ng a
dng v ti chnh hoc lin quan n ti
chnh.
L vic hai doanh nghip sat nhp li vi
nhau, trong cc c ng ca hai bn
cng ty ng kt hp gp vn ca mnh li
hnh thnh mt cng ty mi.
L mt mt hng m xt v bn cht c
coi l ng tiu dng.
L mt loi hng ho m ngi ta lp lun
rng khng nn khuyn khch tiu dng hoc
cm tiu dng cho d nhiu ngi vn thch
th hng ho .

economic

2048 Methodology

2049 Metzler case

2050 M-form enterprise

2051 Microeconomics

2052 Microfoundations

2053 Miller - Tydings Act of 1937

2054 Minimax regret

2055 Minimum

2056 Minimum efficient scale

2057 Minimum employment target

2058 Minimum lending rate (MLR)

2059 Minimum wage

2060 Minimum wage legislation

2061 Minority control

2062 Mint
2063 Mis-specification

L mt thut ng thng c s dng mt

cch khng cht ch trong kinh t hc m
t cch thc m cc nh kinh t s dng
Phng php lun.
trong cch phn tch vn .
L tnh hung trong hc thuyt THU QUAN
c nh kinh t Metzler phn tch, theo
vic nh thu vo mt hng nhp khu s
ci thin t gi thng mi theo hng
khng ch t gi trao i ngoi nc m
ngay c t gi trao i trong nc tnh c
Tnh hung Metzler.
thu quan cng c ci thin.
L hnh thc t chc ni b rt ph bin
c cc cng ty ln p dng nhm phi
hp nhm i ph vi tnh trng QUN L
Doanh nghip dng M
LNG LO.
L thut ng s dng m t nhng phn
trong phn tch kinh t quan tm n hnh vi
ca nhng n v n l, c th l nhng
Kinh t hc vi m.
ngi tiu dng v cc doanh nghip.
L n lc tm ra c nhng mi qun h v
hnh vi ca kinh t hc v m t nhng m
hnh hnh vi ca cc c th m kinh t hc vi
Cc c s vi m.
m bn n.
L o lut v "bun bn cng bng", nh
ra quyn ca mt nh sn xut M trong vic
quy nh nhng mc gi bn l ti thiu cho
cc mt hng c nhn hiu thng mi v
c ng k vo nm 1972, quc hi
o lut Miller - Tydings nm 1937.
tuyn b nhng o lut trn u v hiu.
L mt quy tc trong l thuyt v qu trnh ra
Quy tc ti thiu ho mc ng tic quyt nh trong nhng diu kin khng
ti a.
chc chn.
Gi tr ti thiu.
Gi tr nh nht ca mt bin hay mt hm.
L: quy m ca mt nh my hoc doanh
nghip m ti cc chi ph trung bnh di
Quy m hiu qu ti thiu.
hn t c mc ti thiu.
Trong cc k hoch pht trin ca ccc
nc chm pht trin thng xc nh
Mc tiu ti thiu v vic lm.
nhng mc ch tiu ti thiu v vi lm.
Cm thut ng c a vo thng 10/1971
thay th cho cm thut ng "li sut ngn
hng", tn gi ca li sut m ngn hng
Anh s h tr bng cc khon tin vay hoc
bng cch ti chit khu cc hi phiu cho
cc NGN HNG CHIT KHU do thiu vn
trn th trng tin t buc phi ti ngn
hng trung ng nh l NGI CHO VAY
CU CNH CUI CNG. Vo thng 8/1981
MLR b xa b, d vn cn quy nh s
s dng n trong nhng trng hp khn
Li sut cho vay ti thiu.
cp.
Tin lng ti thiu.
Cc lut nhm vi thin iu kin sng ca
ngi cng nhn bng cch n nh mt
mc thp nht i vi lng theo gi m
Lut v mc lng ti thiu.
cc doanh nghip tr cho cng nhn.
L kh nng ca mt c nhn hoc mt t
chc nm c quyn kim sot mt cng
ty, mc d s hu t hn 51% s c phiu
thng thng c quyn b phiu ca
Quyn kim sot ti thiu.
cng ty.
Nh my c tin.
L ni tin kim loi c sn xut ra.
Thng s sai lch.
Xem Specification error.

Page 131

economic

2064 Mixed estimation

Phng php c tnh hn hp.

2065 Mixed good

Hng ho hn hp.

2066 Mixed market economy

Nn kinh t th trng hn hp.

2067 Mode

Mt.

2068 Model

M hnh

2069 Modern quantity theory of money Thuyt nh lng tin t hin i.

L phng php c tnh trong c s

dng thng tin ph.
L loi hng ho m li ch c c t vic
tiu dng n khng ch thuc v mt c nhn
m cn c san s cho nhiu ngi.
L mt h thng kt hp cc doanh nghip
t nhn mang tnh cnh tranh vi mt mc
kim sot nht nh t trung ng.
L thc o xu hng tp trung ca mt
bin s.
LA mt khung mu chnh quy hoc khng
chnh quy ca php phn tch nhm rt ra t
nhng hin tng phc tp ca th gii
thc ti nhng c im ca mt h thng
kinh t c ngha quan trng trong vic gip
nm gi c nhng mi quan h v hnh
vi, th ch v k thut l nn tng ca h
thng .'
Xem MONETARISM, MONEY, THE
DEMAND FOR.
Mt tn gi khc ca khu vc cng nghip,
hoc i khi dng gi khu vc chnh ph.
L cm thut ng m C.Mc dng ch c
s kinh t ca x hi, l yu t m ng cho
rng c nh hng ln nht trong vic quyt
nh c cu x hi.
L nh kinh t hc ngi M gc Italia c
trao gii thng Nobel kinh t vo nm 1985
chnh nh tc phm v hm tiu dng, trong
sng to ln nht ca ng l gi thit v
chu k sng. Modigliani cng c nhng ng
gp quan trng vo hc thuyt t bn, c
bit l v chi ph t bn trong hc thuyt
MODIGLIANI - MULLER. Xem CAPITAL
STRUCTURE.

2070 Modern sector

Khu vc hin i.

2071 Mode of production

Phng thc sn xut.

2072 Modigliani, Franco

Modigliani-Miller theory of cost of
2073 capital
2074 Modulus

(1918-)
Hc thuyt v chi ph t bn ca
Modigliani-Miller.
Gi tr tuyt i.

2075 Moments

M men

2076 Monetarism

Ch ngha trng tin.

2077 Money multiplier

2078 Mixed economy

S nhn tin t.
Nn kinh t hn hp.
S kt hp gia chnh sch thu kho
v tin t.
Gi ca tin.
Xem PRICE.
Dung lng tin.
L mt cch gi khc ca cung tin.
Tnh lun chuyn ca lao ng.
Nhng ngi theo thuyt trng tin.
S iu tit tin t.
Cung tin (M1,M2,M3).
C s tin t.
S s dng qu nhiu tin mt.
Bn v tin t.
Lin minh tin t.

2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089

Mix of fiscal and money policy

Money price
Money stock
Mobility of labor
Monetarists
Monetary accommodation
Monetary aggregate
Monetary base
Monetary overhang
Monetary standard
Monetary Union

Page 132

Xem CAPITAL STRUCTURE.

Xem ABSOLUTE VALUE.
L mt thut ng m t THNG K tng c
tc dng biu th c im hnh dng v
v tr ca mt PHN PHI XC SUT, hoc
mt mu s liu.
L mt trng phi t duy kinh t lp lun
rng nhng xo trn trong lnh vc tin t l
nguyn nhn ch yu ca s bt n trong
nn kinh t.
1)Xem CREDIT MULTIPLIER. 2)L h s
ca mc cung tin thc t trong phng
trnh thu nhp dng n gin rt gn trong
m hnh kinh t v m.

economic

2090 Money supply

2091 Money terms

2092 Monoculture

Monopolies and Merger Act

2093 in1965.

Monopolies and Merger

2094 Commission

Monopolies and Restrictive

2095 Practices (Inquiry and

2096 Monopolistic Competition

2097 Monopoly

2098
2099
2100
2101
2102

Monopoly power
Monetized economy
Money illusion
Money market equilibrium
Monopoly profit

2103 Monopsony

2104 Monte Carlo method

2105 Moonlighting

L s lng tin trong mt nn kinh t, c

nhiu nh ngha khc nhau lin quan n
cc ti sn c kh nng chuyn hon m
Cung tin.
c coi l tin t.
L vic biu hin nhng gi tr ca mt loi
hng ho theo tin trn danh ngha - hay n
cch khc l bao gm c nhng thay i
(Biu th gi tr) bng tin.
trong mc gi chung.
L tp qun canh tc mt loi hoa mu trn
mt din tch t ai nht nh, tp qun ny
xut hin ti Anh trc cch mng rung t
v hin vn cn ph bin cc vng nhit
c canh
i.
o lut ny c hai quan im mi quan
trng trong chnh sch cnh tranh ca Anh.
Th nht, CC CUC ST NHP ln u
phi chu s iu tra ca c quan hu trch
lc c tn l U ban v c quyn. Th
hai l quy nh cho U ban v c quyn c
quyn iu tra chung v cc v vic lin
o lut v c quyn v st nhp
quan n cung cp cc dch v cng nh
nm 1965.
cung cp hng ho.
Tng gim c v thng mi cng bng v
B thng mi v cng nghip l nhng
ngi c th a cc HNG C QUYN
V CC V ST NHP ra iu tra ti U
ban v c quyn v st nhp, mt t chc
xt x hnh chnh c lp c thnh lp
vo nm 1973 thay th cho U ban v c
quyn trc c thnh lp vo nm
U ban v c quyn v St nhp.
1948.
o lut ny nh du s ra i mt chnh
sch v cnh tranh ca Anh vi vic thnh
o lut c quyn v nhng thng l lp U ban v c quyn v nhng thng l
hn ch (iu tra v Kim sot) 1948. hn ch.
L mt hc thuyt do E.H.Chamberlin
(THUYT V CNH TRANH V C
QUYN, nh xut bn Harvard University,
1933) v J.Robinson (Kinh t hc v cnh
tranh khng hon ho, Macmillan,1933) khi
Cnh tranh c quyn.
xng.
Theo ngha chnh xc nht ca cm thut
ng ny th mt doanh nghip c coi l
c quyn nu n l nh cung cp duy nht
mt lot sn phm ng nht m khng c
mt hng no c th thay th v c rt nhiu
c quyn.
ngi mua.
L kh nng ca mt doanh nghip hoc
mt nhm cc doanh nghip trong vic tc
ng n gi c th trng ca mt loi hng
Quyn lc c quyn.
ha hoc dch v m h bn.
Nn kinh t tin t ho.
o tng v tin.
S cn bng ca th trng tin t.
Li nhun c quyn.
Xem SUPER-NORMAL PROFITS
Theo ngha cht ch th mt nh c quyn
mua l ngi mua duy nht i vi mt yu
c quyn mua.
t sn xut.
L mt k thut nhm khm ph ra nhng
tnh cht nh ca mu ca cc c tnh kinh
Phng php Monte Carlo.
t lng.
S lm thm
Xem UNDEREMPLOYED WORKERS.

Page 133

economic

2106 Moral hazard

Mi nguy o c; S lm tn.

2107 Mortgage

Th chp.

2108
2109

2110

2111

2112

2113

2114
2115

2116
2117
2118

2119

2120

L nh hng ca mt s loi hnh nht nh

ca cc h thng bo him trong vic gy ra
s chnh lc gia chi ph bin c nhn ca
mt hnh ng v Chi ph bin x hi ca
hnh ng , do vy dn n vic phn b
cc ngun lc khng ti u.
L mt s thu xp v mt php l theo
mt hnh thc s hu mt loi ti sn no
c ngi i vay chuyn cho ngi cho
vay nh mt s bo m i vi khon vay
.

L iu khon trong mt hp ng thng

mi quc t quy nh rng cc bn tham gia
hp ng c ngha v phi dnh cho nhau
s i x m h dnh cho bt k nc no
khc trong lnh vc thu XUT NHP KHU
Most favoured nation clause
iu khon ti hu quc.
v trong cc quy nh khc v thng mi.
L mt phng php nhm loi bt nhng
Moving average
Trung bnh ng.
bin ng s liu.
L mt bi ton kinh t lng trong hai
hoc nhiu BIN S GII THCH trong mt
phn tch hi quy c tng quan mt thit
Multicollitnearity
Tnh a cng tuyn.
vi nhau.
L vin tr bng tin hoc hin vt do mt
nhm cc nc cng nhau cung cp hoc
thng qua mt t chc quc t cho mt
Multilateral aid
Vin tr a phng
nhm cc nc khc.
L mt thnh vin ca Ngn hng th gii.
MIGA c hnh thnh lp vo nm 1988
vi chc nng chuyn trch l khuyn khch
Multilateral Investment
u t c phn v cc u t trc tip vo
Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
C quan bo him u t a phng. cc nc ang pht trin.
L hnh thc thng mi gia mt s nc
vi nhau, nhng lng hng xut v nhp
ca cc nc ny khng cn bng gia
tng cp nc vi nhau, mc d nc no
cng c xu hng cn bng trong tng chi
Multilateral trade
Thng mi a phng
ngoi thng v tng thu ngoi thng.
L mt doanh nghip ln ng tr s ti mt
nc nhng li iu hnh cc cng ty con
thuc s hu hon ton hoc mt phn ca
Multinational corporation
Cng ty a quc gia.
hc cc nc khc.
Tnh kinh t nh vn hnh nhiu nh L vic gim c tng chi ph trung bnh
Multiplant economies
my.
nh vn hnh nhiu hn mt nh my.
Nhng yu t thng thng khuyn khch
hnh thc hot ng ni trn l cc th
trng phn tn v mt a l cng vi chi
ph vn chuyn cao, tnh kinh t v chi ph
vn cho s hot ng a nh my v mc
linh hot cao hn trong vic p ng
nhng i hi ca nhu cu m hnh thc
hot ng a nh my c th c c. Xem
Multiplant operations
S vn hnh a nh my.
Multiplant economies.
Multiple correlation coefficient
H s a tng quan.
Xem Coefficient determi-nation.
Multiple regression
Hi quy bi s.
Xem REGRESSION ANALYSIS.
L t s thay i trong thu nhp vi thay i
ban u trong chi tiu m to ra thay i thu
Multiplier
S nhn.
nhp ni trn.
Mt phng php dng gii thch nhng
bin ng trong mc pht trin ca hot
ng kinh t - CHU K KINH DOANH - vn
Tc ng qua li gia s nhn - gia
ph thuc vo nhng tc ng qua li gia
Multiplier - accelerator interaction tc.
S NHN v GIA TC.

Page 134

economic

2121 Multiplier - accelerator model

M hnh gia tc theo tha s / h s

nhn.

2122 Multiproduct firm

2123 Multiplier coefficient

Hng sn xut a sn phm

H s khuych i.

2124 Multisector growth model

M hnh tng trng a ngnh.

2125 Multivariate analysis

Phn tch a bin s.

2126 Mundell - Fleming model

M hnh Mundell - Fleming.

2127 Mutually exclusive projects

2128 Mutually exclusive
2129 Naive accelerator

Cc d n loi t ln nhau.
Loi t ln nhau.
Gia tc dng n gin.

2130 Nash solution

Gii php Nash.

2131 National accounts

H thng ti khon quc gia.

2132 National bargaining

Thng lng mang tnh quc gia.

National Bureau for Economic

2133 Research

Phng nghin cu kinh t quc gia.

2134 National debt

N quc gia.

National Economic Development

Hi ng pht trin kinh t quc gia.
2135 Council (NEDC)

2136 National Enterprise Board (NEB) Ban doanh nghip quc gia.

2137 National income

Thu nhp quc dn.

Page 135

L mt doanh nghip kt hp cc yu t sn
xut vi nhau sn xut ra nhiu loi sn
phm.
L m hnh c s dng trong l thuyt
tng trng theo cho php sn xut
nhiu loi hng ho.
L mt phn tch (thng l mang tnh thng
k) trong c t hai bin s tr ln.
L mt M hnh do hai nh kinh t hc
Mundell v Fleming xy dng mt cch c
lp, n cho thy tc ng m rng ca cc
bin s chnh sch, CHNH SCH TI
CHNH v CHNH SCH TIN T u bin
i tu thuc vo ch t gi hi oi c
gi nh.
y l ni ti tnh hung trong c hai
hoc nhiu d n khng th cng thc thi v
chng cn c mt u vo m ch c th
c dng cho mt d n.
Xem ACCELERATOR PRINCIPLE
Trong L THUYT TR CHI khi nim
ny c p dng trong nhng iu kin
nht nh tm ra cch gii quyt cho
nhng tr chi hai ngi hp tc vi nhau.
L vic son tho cc ti khon nhm a
ra c nhng c tnh v THU NHP
QUC DN.
L s thng lng tp th gia nhng
ngi lm cng n lng v i din ca
gii ch ra mc lng v nhng iu
kin lm vic trong mt ngnh hoc mt
nhm ngnh trn ton quc.
L mt t chc t nhn phi li nhun ca M
c thnh lp nm 1920 di hnh thc
mt trung tm nghin cu c lp v khch
quan.
Theo nh ngha thng thng th khi nim
ny phn nh tng s ngha v n cn tn
ng ca chnh quyn trung ng v c
chia l hai loi: n c th bn c, tc l
CHNG KHON c trao i ; v n
khng th bn c, v d nh giy chng
nhn tit kim quc gia.
L mt hi ng Anh, ch tch ca hi
ng l B trng Ti chnh, l mt din n
cho cc i din ca chnh ph, cc doanh
nghip nh nc v t nhn, cc nghip
on v gii hc gi nhm ra v nh gi
cc chnh sch lin quan n hot ng v
s tng trng nn kinh t Anh vo nm
1962.
L mt t chc ca nh nc c thnh
lp bi o lut cng nghip nm 1975.
Chc nng chnh ca NEB l tng cng
hiu qu sn xut cng nghip v tnh cnh
tranh quc t, tip qun cc c phn hin c
ca chnh ph m bo mc sinh li.
L thc o gi tr tin t v hng ho v
dch v c cung cp trn ton quc t
hot ng kinh t.

economic

2138 National income accounting

2139 National Girobank

Hch ton Thu nhp quc dn.

Ngn hng Giro quc gia.

National Institute for Economic

2140 and Social Research

Vin Nghin cu Quc gia v Kinh t

v X hi.

2141 Myrdal, Gunnar K.

(1898-1987)

Cc khon ng gp bo him quc

2142 National Insurance Contributions gia.

2143 National Insurance Fund

Qu bo him quc gia.

2144 National Labor Relation Act

o lut quan h Lao ng Quc gia.

2145 Nationalized industry

Ngnh b quc hu ho.

Page 136

Xem GIRO SYSTEM.

L mt t chc phi li nhun c lp ca
Anh c thnh lp vo nm 1938 nhm
mc ch nng cao kin thc v cc iu
kin kinh t v x hi ca x hi ng thi.
L mt nh kinh t hc, chnh tr gia v nh
hot ng quc t ngi Thu in, Myrdal
kin nh thch thc t duy kinh t chnh
thng trn mt lot cc ch . Trong cc
lnh vc, Myrdal u by t quan im rng
cc yu t v th ch quan trng hn cc
quan h th trng trong vic quyt nh
nhng s kin kinh t. Myrdal cng c
nhng ng gp cho hc thuyt kinh t
"thun tu", v nhng tc phm trc
ca ng, c bit l cc tc phm Cn bng
tin t (1931) pht trin thm kinh t hc
ca Knut Wicksell v d bo c phn ln
nhng nghin cu sau ny ca J.M.Keynes.
Trong phm vi vn ny, Myrdal l ngi
a ra nhng khi nim EX ANTE V EX
POST. ng s dng nhng tng ny
bn v nhng quyt nh u t ch cht
v mi quan h ca chng vi tng sn
lng quc dn im cn bng theo cch
thc m ngi ta cho l ging ca Keynes.
Nhng tc phm quan trng khc ca ng
bao gm: Mt nn kinh t quc t: Nhng
vn v trin vng (1956); Hc thuyt kinh
t v cc khu vc km pht trin (1957);
Thch thc vi s phong lu (1963); v Li
ngc dng (1973). Myrdal c trao gii
thng Nobel kinh t (cng vi F.A.von
HAYEK) vo nm 1974 do c nhng n lc
m rng phm vi nghin cu kinh t hc.
L mt hnh thc thu lao ng ti Anh,
nh vo c gii ch ln ngi lao ng.
Cc khon np trn c dnh ring
dng vo vic chi tr cho tr cp bo him
quc gia nhng chng khng to ra c
ton b ngun thu cn thit thc hin
vic chi tr ny.
L mt qu tip nhn cc khon ng gp
bo him quc gia v thc hin thanh ton
tr cp bo him x hi.
"o lut Wager" c quc hi M thng
qua vo nm 1935. N l kt qu ca mt
Lch s lu di trong vic gia tng sc p
ca chnh quyn lin bang nhm ng h
nguyn tc thng lng tp th. Ch yu
nh ao lut m s thnh vin ca cc
nghip on ca M tng mt cch
nhanh chng t 3,9 triu nm 1935 ln ti
15 triu nm 1947 khi m a lut Wagner
c sa i theo cc quy nh ca o lut
Taft-Harley.
Ngnh sn xut ra cc sn phm bn cho
ngi tiu dng v cc nh sn xut khc
thng qua cc th trng nhng li thuc s
hu duy nht ca chnh ph v chu s kim
sot ca chnh ph.

economic

2146 National product

Sn phm quc dn.

Xem NATION INCOME.

L mt cng ty nh nc c lp c
National Research Development Cng ty nghin cu pht trin quc
thnh lp vo nm 1949 nhm khuyn khch
gia.
vic trin khai v khai thc cng ngh mi.
2147 Corporation
y l mt ngn hng tit kim ca nh
nc Anh hot ng thng qua mng li
Ngn hng tit kim quc gia.
bu in.
2148 National Saving Bank
L mt tp hp cc quy tc t nhin t ra
i vi con ngi v do khng bao gi
Quy lut t nhin.
thay i c.
2149 Natural law
Lgarit t nhin.
Xem LOGARITHM.
2150 Natural logarithm
L mt cm thut ng c Adam Smith
dng m t gi tr ca mt loi hng ho
m cc mc gi th trng dao ng xung
Gi t nhin.
quanh gi tr ny.
2151 Natural price
L t l tng trng ca lc lng lao ng
c lm vic trong m hnh tng trng
T l tng trng t nhin.
HARROD - DOMAR.
2152 Natural rate of growth
L t l tht nghip c ngm hiu theo c
cu hin i ca nn kinh t. T l tht
nghip ny c xc nh bi cc tc nhn
c cu v tc nhn dai dng trong nn kinh
t, nhng tc nhn nay khng h gim bt
khi tng tng cu ng Philips thng ng
cho ta thy rng bt k n lc no trong vic
gi cho vic gi cho mc tht nghip thp
hn t l t nhin ca n s lm gia tng
T l tht nghip t nhin.
lm pht.
2154 Natural rate of unemployment
L nhng hin tng vt cht ca thin
nhin ny sinh mt cch t do trong phm v
nhng ranh gii ca hot ng ca con
Ti nguyn thin nhin.
ngi.
2155 Natural resources
Gi thit ny cp n lun im cho rng
cc th trng vn hoc cc th trng sn
phm mang tnh cnh tranh m bo hnh vi
ti a ho li nhun thay cho cc doanh
Gi thuyt v s la chn t nhin.
nghip.
2156 Natural selection hypothesis
L ca ci c nm gi di mt hnh
thc m c th chuyn i mt cch nhanh
Tin cn; Chun t.
chng v d dng thnh tin.
2157 Near money
y khng phi l mt thut ng c s
dng rng ri trong kinh t hc hin i,
nhng nu s dng, l cp ti mt
loi hng ho c co gin thu nhp ca
Hng thit yu.
cu nh hn 1.
2158 Necessity
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC
U ban pht trin kinh t quc gia.
DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
2159 NEDC
L tn gi khng chnh thc ca c hi ng
pht trin kinh t quc gia cng nh Vn
phng pht trin kinh t quc gia.
2160 "Neddy"
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC
Vn phng pht trin kinh t quc gia. DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
2161 NEDO
i khi ngi ta lp lun rng trong mt th
trng t do, cc c nhn s khng c cu
i vi mt s hng ho no nhiu n
mc m "x hi" hay "cng ng" cho l h
Nhu cu.
cn phi tiu dng.
2162 Need

Page 137

economic

2163 Negative income tax

Thu thu nhp m.

2164 Neighborhood effects

Nhng hiu ng n xung quanh.

2165 Neo-classical economics

Kinh t hc tn c in.

2166 Neo-classical growth theory

Hc thuyt tng trng tn c in.

2167 Neo-classical synthesis

Hp tn c in.

2168 Neo-imperialism

Ch ngha quc kiu mi.

2169 Neo-orthodoxy

Trng phi tn chnh thng.

2170 Nested hypotheses

Cc gi thuyt lng nhau

ng nht thc ca thu nhp quc
dn.
c quyn t nhin.

2171 Nationalized indentities

2172 Natural monopoly

Net advantages, the equalisation

S cn bng ho nhng li th rng.
2173 of
T gi trao i rng.
2174 Net barter terms of trade
2175 Net book value
2176 Net economic welfare

Gi tr rng theo s sch.

Phc li kinh t rng.

Page 138

L mt chng trnh h tr thu nhp trong

cc c nhn hoc h gia nh c thu nhp
thp hn mc "ho vn" nht nh s nhn
c cc khon thanh ton, mc thanh ton
lin quan n mc thu nhp. Do vy, nhng
ngi khng c khon thu nhp no khc s
nhn c mt khon tin ti thiu c
bo m.
L mt cm thut ng khc dng thay cho
thut ng NHNG NGOI NG, khi ngoi
ng c tnh khng gian.
L mt phn ca hc thuyt kinh t trong
c s dng nhng k thut v phng php
tip cn tng hp ca cc nh kinh t hc
u tin theo trng phi bin th k XIX.
L cm thut ng tng hp cp n
nhng m hnh tng trng kinh t c
xy dng trong khun kh hc thuyt tn c
in, trong ch trng n vic thc y
kh nng thay th gia vn v lao ng
trong hm sn xut m bo s tng
trng n trng thi bn vng, cho nn
tnh trng mt n nh c pht hin ra
trong m hnh tng trng HARROD DOMAR do gi nh v h s c nh gia
vn v lao ng gy ra.
Lun chng cho rng s tn ti ca CN
BNG THT NGHIP pht sinh t gi nh
v mc lng cng nhc ca Keynes. y
l s kt hp gia mt bn l vic lng ghp
ca Keynes i vi cc khu vc thc t v
khu vc tin t ca mt nn kinh t, nhm
chng minh cho s quyt nh cng mt lc
ca thu nhp danh ngha v li sut vi pha
bn kia l cc quan im c in cho rng
xu hng t ti im cn bng ton dng
nhn cng ch c th b cn tr bi tnh cng
nhc trong h thng kinh t.
Theo cc tc phm ca phi MC XT v X
HI CH NGHA th l s kim sot nn
kinh t ca cc nc chm pht trin bi
cc tp on t bn khng l c tr s ti
cc nc t bn pht trin.
L tn gi c t cho nhng ngi phn
i phi CHNH THNG MI trong cuc
tranh lun v vic kim sot cung tin t.
Trong M HNH HI QUY, CC GI THIT
c coi l "lng nhau trong" nu CC BIN
GII THCH trong mt gi thit l mt tp
hp con ca cc bin s gii thch trong cc
bin khc.

L gi thuyt cho rng s cnh tranh trong

CC TH TRNG LAO NG s m bo
rng ton b nhng li th v bt li ca cc
cng vic khc nhau s hoc l hon ton
ngang bng nhau hoc lin tc c xu hng
ngang bng nhau.
Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
L bo co v gi tr ca cc ti sn c nh
c dng trong k ton.

economic

2177 Net export

Xut khu rng.

2178 Net present value

Gi tr hin ti rng.

2179 Net investment

u t rng ( Cn gi l s to vn
rng) .

2180 Net material product (NMP)

2181 Net national income
2182 Net national product

Sn phm vt cht rng.

Thu nhp quc dn rng
Sn phm quc dn rng.

2183 Net profit

Li nhun rng.

2184 Net property income from abroad Thu nhp ti sn rng t nc ngoi.

2185 Neutrality of money

2186 Neutralizing monetary flows

Tnh cht trung lp ca tin.

Trung ho cc lung tin t.

2187 "New classical macroeconomics" "Kinh t hc v m c in mi"

2188 New Economic Policy (NEP)

Chnh sch kinh t.

2189 New industrial state

Tnh trng cng nghip mi.

2190 New inflation

Lm pht kiu mi

Page 139

L kt qu thu c khi ly gi tr trit

khu ca cc khon li nhun d kin tr i
gi tr chit khu ca cc chi ph u t
d kin.
L vic b sung thm vo tng ngun vn
ca nn kinh t, hay ni cch khc l gi tr
ca vn u t tr khu. Xem
INVESTMENT.
L thc o c s dng ti cc nc x
hi ch ngha (ch yu l Khi ng u)
nh gi sn lng hng nm ca ci gi l
"lnh vc sn xut", bao gm nng nghip,
lm nghip, ng nghip, ngnh ch to, xy
dng, vn ti v mt s "dch v mang tnh
sn xut" nh du lch, n ung v ngn
hng.
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
L phn cn li ca tng s li nhun sau
khi tr i thu v khu hao.
L mc chnh lch gia LI NHUN, C
TC v LI SUT nhn c t cc ti sn
nc ngoi ca cc c dn trong nc v
li nhun, c tc v li sut thanh ton ra
nc ngoi cho cc TI SN ca cc c
dn ngi nc ngoi nn kinh t TRONG
NC.
nh l ny cho rng nh cc tc ng S
D THC T TRN TH TRNG TIN
T m c mi khi cung tin t tng ln mt
mc bao nhiu th gi tin t ti im cn
bng cng tng ln mt mc by nhiu.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARISM
V c bn th y l s trnh by li di
mt hnh thc t m hn v KINH T HC
C IM chnh thng.
L mt thut ng c s dng m t c
ch hot ng ca h thng kinh t Lin X
trong nhng nm 20.
Cm thut ng ny c lin quan n cng
trnh nghin cu ca J.KGALBRAITH, ngi
lp lun rng cc nn kinh t t bn ch
ngha pht trin hin i tri qua mt s
chuyn i trong quyn lc kinh t v chnh
tr t nhng nh s hu vn sang ci m
ng gi l C CU CNG NGH.
L quan nim cho rng lm pht hin ti m
kinh t cc nc phng Ty tri qua k
t sau Chin tranh th gii th hai c bn
cht hoc ngun gc khc so vi cc kiu
lm pht trc y trong lch s.

economic

2191 New issues market

2192 New microeconomics

2193 New-new microeconomics

New-orthodoxy
New quantity theory of money
New international economic
New protectionism
Newly industrilizing countries
2198 (NICs)
2194
2195
2196
2197

L th trng s cp, khng xc nh c

r rng lm, trong ngi ta bn cc loi
CHNG KHON mi c to ra, hoc l
cc chng khon trc cha c nim
yt chnh thc v do vy cha c trao i
ti s giao dch chng khon: bng cch
cho cng khai ti dn chng, ti cc c
ng c c phn trong trng hp "pht
hnh c phiu c quyn", hoc bn ring
cho mt s c nhn v t chc c la
chn c kh nng mua vi s lng ln i
vi cc chng khon ca cc cng ty t
Th trng cc chng khon mi pht nhn hoc ca cc cng ty nh nc khng
hnh.
c nim yt chnh thc.
L tn gi c t cho cc ti liu kinh t
thc hin vic phn bit kinh t hc v
m; c th l a mt c s kinh t hc
vi m vng chc cho nhng c cu lm nn
tng cho mi quan h tng hp gia nhng
Kinh t hc vi m mi.
thay i v gi v tht nghip.
L tn gi c t cho nhng phng
php xy dng m hnh trong tm cch
gii thch nhng hp ng v lng v gi
trn c s xem xt hnh vi ti u ho ca
Kinh t hc vi m mi-mi.
kinh t hc vi m.
S tch ri khi quan im chnh thng cho
rng cc nh chc trch khng kim sot
Trng phi chnh thng mi.
c cung tin.
L thuyt nh lng mi v tin t.
Xem Quantity theory of money.
Trt t kinh t quc t mi.
Ch ngha bo h mi.
Cc nc mi cng nghip ho.

2199 New view of investment

Quan nim mi v u t.

2200 "New view" on money supply

"Quan im mi" v cung tin.

2201 New York Stock Exchange

S giao dch chng khon New York

2202 Nominal
2203 Nominal balances

Danh ngha.
S d tin mt danh ngha

2204 Nominal value

Gi tr danh ngha.

Li tc danh ngha.
2205 Nominal yield
Non-accelerating inflation rate of T l tht nghip khng lm tng lm
pht.
2206 unemployment
2207 Nominal and real interest rates
Nominal and real money
2208 balances
2209 Nominal and exchange rate

Li sut danh ngha v li sut thc t.

S d tin mt danh ngha v thc t.
T gi hi oi danh ngha v thc t.

Page 140

L quan nim v u t trong cc M HNH

TNG TRNG THEO GIAI ON trong
ghi nhn rng TIN B K THUT
lm gim tui th trung bnh ca ngun vn
v tng t l ca NGUN VN m c hm
cha yu t cng ngh mi.
L hc thuyt v bn cht ca tin t v s
to ra tin, trong bc b phn ln hc
thuyt truyn thng v s to ra tn dng v
v S NHN TN DNG, nh l mt l do
c gi tr gii thch cc thc xc nh s
lng cc khon tin gi ngn hng - yu t
c bn ca lng tin.
L th trng chng khon chnh M, ti
c nim yt hn 1000 loi chng khon.
L tnh t m t s anh gi v mt i
lng kinh t trong cc mc gi hin ti.
Xem MONEY BALANCES.
L gi tr c ghi trn mt t chng khon
hoc mnh gi ca n, tri vi gi tr danh
ngha l gi th trng.
Trong trng hp mt c phiu thng, c
tc c cng b v c tnh theo t l
phn trm ca MNH GI ca n.
ng ngha vi t l tht nghip t nhin.

economic

2210 Nominal variables

2211 Non-market

Cc bin s danh ngha.

Phi th trng.

Non-bank financial
2212 intermediaries

Cc t chc trung gian ti chnh phi

ngn hng.

2213 Non-competing groups

Non-cumulative preference
2214 shares

Cc nhm khng cnh tranh.

2215 Non-excludability

2216 Non-labor income

2217 Non-linear

2218 Non-linear function

2219 Non-manual workers

2220 Non-nested hypotheses

2221 Non-pecuniary goals

2222 Non-price competition

2223 Non-profit institutions

2224 Non-renewable resource

2225 Non-rival consumption

C phiu u i phi tch lu.

L nhng t chc trung gian ti chnh m

cc ti sn n ca chng khng c tnh
vo trong cung tin theo nhng nh ngha
thng thng.
c c nhng mc chnh lch v ngh
nghip c tc dng cn bng, m bo rng
cc c nhn c th t do la chn ngh
nghip.

Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.

Mt loi hng ho c coi l khng th khu
bit c nu vic cung cp hng ho
cho bt k ngi no s t ng khin cho
nhng ngi khc cng c c hng ho
Tnh khng th khu bit; tnh khng th . Tnh khng loi tr l mt c im ca
ngn cn.
HNG HO CNG CNG.
L khon thu nhp pht sinh ngoi th
trng lao ng, c th l t cc khon u
t hay quan trng hn l t cc khon
Thu nhp phi lao ng.
THANH TON CHUYN NHNG.
L thut ng thng c gn vi mt hm
s m th ca n khng phi l mt
Phi tuyn.
ng thng.
L mi quan h ton hc gia cc bin s
m mi quan h ny li khng phi l mt
Hm phi tuyn.
hm tuyn tnh.
L nhng ngi lao ng v ch s dng
lao ng lm cng n lng v cng vic
ca h l lao ng tr c ch khng phi l
Lao ng phi th cng; Lao ng tr c. lao ng chn tay.
Trong m hnh hi quy, hai gi thit c ci
l khng lng trong nhau nu cc bin s
gii thch trong mt gi thit khng phi l
mt tp hp con ca cc bin s gii thch
Cc gi thit khng b lng nhau.
trong gi thit kia.
L nhng mc tiu m mt c nhn hay t
chc anh theo ui, nhng mc tiu nay
khng th c xc nh mt cch trc tip
Nhng mc tiu phi tin t.
thnh nhng n v tin t.
L vic p dng bt k chnh sch no ngoi
tr chnh sch gim gi, nhm mc ch li
ko nhng khch hng mi t cc i th
Cnh tranh phi gi c.
ca mnh.
L cc t chc khng tn ti v mc ch
kim li nhun d l tuyn b mt cch cng
khai hay ngm hiu nh vy, v d nh
nhiu t chc chm sc sc kho v gio
Cc t chc phi li nhun
dc.
L bt k ngun ti nguyn no tn ti di
mt hnh thc c hn - hay ni cch khc l
vi mt s lng hn ch m khng c
Ti nguyn khng ti to c.
b sung thm ngoi cch ti ch.
Khi s tiu dng ca mt c nhn i vi
mt loi hng ho khng h lm gim i
ngun cung cp hng ho cho nhng c
S tiu dng khng b kn ca; S
nhn khc th hng ho c coi l
tiu dng khng b cnh tranh.
khng cnh tranh trong tiu dng.

Page 141

economic

2226 Non-tariff barriers

Cc hng ro phi thu quan.

2227 Non-uniqueness

Tnh phi c nht.

L nhng hn ch i vi thng mi quc

t nh hn ngch, cc chnh sch thu mua
trong nc ca chnh ph v cc tiu chun
v k thut v an ton nhm gip cho cc
nh sn xut trong nc c li th hn so
vi cc nh sn xut nc ngoi.
Trong l thuyt cn bng b phn v cn
bng tng th, y l mt tnh hung trong
tn ti t hai mc gi ti im cn bng
tr ln.
L cc c im phi tin t ca mt quan h
hp ng lao ng, chng hn nh cc iu
kin lm vic, uy tn v c hi thng tin.
L nhng chi ph lao ng m doanh nghip
phi tr ngoi mc thu nhp tnh theo gi.
L mc tng lng thng thng c xc
nh ti tng thi im trong chnh sch thu
nhp.
L gi thit cho rng qu trnh nh gi c
cn c trn chi ph ca mc sn lng gi
thit ch khng da trn nhng chi ph hin
ti hay mc d cu.
L mt hm phn ph xc sut i xng
hnh chung, vi cc thng s l trung bnh
v phng sai.
L mt nhm cc phng trnh ng thi,
nhm phng trnh nay c gii c
c c lng bnh phng nh nht ca
cc thng s trong mt phn tch hi quy,
bao gm tng ca cc bnh phng v tch
cho ca cc bin s trong phng trnh hi
quy.
L loi hng ho m cu i vi n s gim
i khi thu nhp gim xung.
L mc li nhun ti thiu m mt doanh
nghip phi t c khin cho doanh
nghip cn c th tip tc hot ng c.
Xem NATURAL RATE OF
UNMENPLOYMENT.
L mt bin ngu nhin c phn phi chun.
L nhng chi ph c tnh, dn sut t
nhng c s cng nghip n l c cc
nh k honh ho tp trung cc nc X
hi ch ngha (trc y) s dng lm c s
cho vic n nh mc li nhun v mc thu
ca doanh nghip trong vic hon thnh k
hoch.
L phn tch kinh t a ra nhng quy
nh hoc nhng tuyn b v vic iu
"cn phi nh th no" ch khng phi iu
"l nh th no".
Lp lun cho rng trong mt giai on ca
chnh sch thu nhp khi tn ti mt nh mc
lng do lut nh hoc c p dng mt
cch t nguyn th inh mc ny trn thc
t s tr thnh ci ch cho mi tho thun
v lng, hay ni cch khc n s tr thnh
mc lng c bn.

2228 Non-wage attributes

Cc thuc tnh phi tin lng.

2229 Non-wage labour costs

Cc chi ph lao ng phi tin lng.

2230 Norm

nh mc tng lng.

2231 Normal cost pricing

'nh gi theo chi ph nh mc; nh

gi theo chi ph thng thng.

2232 Normal distribution

Phn phi chun.

2233 Normal equations

Cc phng trnh chun.

2234 Normal good

Hng ho thng thng.

2235 Normal profits

Cc khon li nhun thng thng.

2236 Normal unemployment

2237 Normal variable

T l tht nghip thng thng.

Bin thng thng.

2238 Normative costs of production

Cc chi ph sn sut chun tc.

2239 Normative economics

Kinh t hc chun tc.

2240 Norm following behaviour

Hnh vi theo nh mc lng.

2241 Notional demand

Cu tm tnh; Cu nim; cu t bin. Xem EFFECTIVE DEMAND.

Trong nhng kim nh gi thuyt, l gi
thit m trong thng k kim nh s da
Gi thit Khng.
vo mt hm phn phi xc sut cho trc.

2242 Null hypothesis

Page 142

economic

2243 Numbers equivalent index

Ch s ng lng.

2244 Numeraire

n v tnh ton.
T chc cc nc A-rp xut khu
du

2245 OAPEC

Xem HERFINDAHL INDEX.

L mt n v hch ton, hoc l mt biu
thc ca tiu chun gi tr.

L mt hm s lin h mc tiu (bin s cn

ti u ho) vi bin s la chn trong mt
Hm mc tiu.
bi ton ti u ho.
2246 Objective function
L mt s tho thun trong nhng ngi
hnh ngh thuc mt lnh vc ngh nghip
no cp bng hnh ngh trong lnh vc
ni trn bng cch quy nh v tiu chun
Cp bng hnh ngh.
gia nhp v quyn hn.
2247 Occupational licensing
L chnh lch trong tin lng trung bnh
Nhng chnh lch v mc lng theo ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn loi
theo ngh nghip m h ang lm.
2248 Occupational wages differentials ngh nghip.

2249 Occupational wages structure

C cu lng theo ngh nghip.

2250 OECD

T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t.

2251 OEEC

T chc hp tc kinh t Chu u.

2252 Offer curve

ng cho hng.

2253 Offer for sale

Cho bn.

2254 Office of Fair Trading

Vn phng thng mi cng bng.

Office of Management and

2255 Budget (OMB)

Vn phng qun l v ngn sch.

2256 Offshore investment centres

Cc trung tm u t hi ngoi.

Page 143

L vic phn hng nhng mc lng trung

bnh tr cho cc nhm cng nhn khc nhau
c phn loi theo ngh nghip m h lm.
Xem ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT,
trc y l OEEC.
Hin nay c gi l OECD. Xem
ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC COOPERATION.
L mt k thut th do EDGEWORTH to
ra nhm minh ho cho nhng tc nhn ca
cu tng h.
L phng thc tin hnh mt t pht
hnh chng khon mi, theo chng
khon c mt nh pht hnh mua li t
ngi pht hnh, sau c cho bn cho
cng chng.
L mt c quan chnh ph ca Anh, ng
u l mt tng gim c v thng cng
bng, chu trch nhim thc thi mt lot
chc nng khc nhau v chng c quyn .
c thnh lp nm 1921 vi tn gi lc
l vn phng ngn sch M, OMB l mt b
phn trong vn phng iu hnh ca tng
thng v h tr tng thng trong vic vhun
b mt bn ngn sch lin bang tng hp
trnh ln quc hi.
L nhng ni m ti , do thu nh vo
thu nhp v ti sn rt thp hoc khng c,
v ti c cc o lut hon chnh v c
quyn, nn vic gi ti sn ti l c bit
c li; hoc l t ni cc cng vic kinh
doanh, c bit l kinh doanh ti chnh c
th c tin hnh vi nhng li th v
thu.

economic

2257 Ohlin, Bertil

(1899-1979)

2258 Okun's 'law'

"lut" Okun.

2259 Oligopolistic

Hnh vi c quyn nhm bn

2260 Oligopoly

(Th trng) c quyn nhm bn

2261 Oligopsony

(Th trng) c quyn nhm mua.

2262 One sector growth model

M hnh tng trng mt khu vc.

2263 One tail tests

Kim nh mt ui.

2264 On-the-job training

2265 OPEC

o to ti ch.
T chc cc nc xut khu du m.

2266 Open access resource

Ti nguyn c t do tip cn.

2267 Open economy

Nn kinh t m.

2268 Opening prices

Gi m ca.

2269 Open market operations

Cc nghip v th trng m, th
trng t do.

2270 Open unemployment

Tht nghip m.

Page 144

Nh kinh t hc Thu in, c nhn

chung gii thng Nobel v kinh t hc nm
1977. ng gp ch yu ca ng vo kinh t
hc c th hin trong tc phm Thng
mi quc t v lin khu vc (1933), trong
ng pht trin v bn lun v phng
php tip cn thng mi quc t v lin
khu vc do ngi ng hng vi ng l Eli
Heckscher xng. Da trn gi nh v
cc hnh thi cu tng t cc nc c
quan h thng mi vi nhau, m hnh
Heckscher - Ohlin cho thy mt nc s
xut khu nhng mt hng m c s dng
nhiu cc yu t sn xut m nc d
tha v s nhp khu nhng mt hng s
dng nhiu nhng yu t m nc khan
him.
L tnh trng gim st tng sn lng m v
mt thng k c lin quan n t l tht
nghip tng ln mt mc nht nh trong
ngn hn.
L hnh vi ca cc doanh nghip c c
trng bi s ph thuc ln nhau trong vic
ra quyt nh v nhng linh vc chnh sch
ln, chng hn nh nh gi, qung co v
u t.
L mt c cu th trng trong cc doanh
nghip u thc c s ph thuc ln
nhau trong cc k hoch bn hng, sn xut
, u t v qung co.
L mt th trng m ti c t ngi mua
trong khi c rt nhiu ngi bn.
L mt m hnh c s dng trong thuyt
tng trng, trong mt sn phm ng
nht duy nht c sn xut ra v ng thi
c hai tc dng tng ng nhau - tc
dng nh mt loi hng ho tiu dng v tc
dng nh mt loi hng ho u t.
L nhng kim nh gi thit trong php
nh hng c p dng cho gi thit i.
L hnh thc o to chnh quy hoc khng
chnh quy c tin hnh ti ngay ni lm
vic.
L mt ti nguyn thin nhin m khng
thuc quyn s hu ca mt ai.
L mt nn kinh t tham gia vo thng mi
quc t.
L mc gi quy nh cho cc giao dch khi
mt ngy kinh doanh bt u trn mt th
trng.
L vic bn hoc mua li cc loi chng
khon c th bn c, vic ny c ngn
hng trung ng tin hnh ti mt th trng
m v c coi nh mt cng c kim sot
h thng tin t.
L mt cm thut ng thng c s dng
trong bi cnh ca cc nc ang pht trin.
L tnh trng m mt c nhn tha nhn
rng anh ta ang khg c cng n vic lm
v sau anh ta c th ng k vi mt c
s giao dch lao ng.

economic

2271 Operating gearing

T phn chi ph nghip v c nh.

2272 Operating income

Thu nhp kinh doanh.

2273 Operating profit

Li nhun kinh doanh.

2274 Opportunity cost

Chi ph c hi.

Opportunity cost approach to

2275 international trade

Phng ph s dng Chi ph c hi

trong thng mi quc t.

Opportunity cost of money

2276 holding

Chi ph c hi ca vic gi tin.

2277 Opportunity wage

2278 Optimal

Mc lng c hi.
Ti u

2279 Optimal capacity

Cng sut ti u.

2280 Optimal distribution

S phn phi ti u.

2281 Optimal level of pollution

Mc nhim Ti u.

2282 Optimum
2283 Optimum of optimorum

Trng thi ti u.
Trng thi ti u trong ti u.

2284 Optimum plant size

Quy m nh my mc ti u.

2285 Optimum tariff

Thu quan ti u.

2286 Option

Hp ng mua bn trc.

2287 Option value

Gi tr ca quyn la chn.

2288 Ordering

Xp th t.

2289 Ordinalism

Ch ngha th t.

2290 Ordinal utility

tho dng theo th t.

Page 145

L mt s o t l phn trm cc nghip v

ca mt doanh nghip cu thnh nn cc chi
ph c nh, php phn tch im ho vn c
th c s dng xc nh t s ny.
L thu nhp pht sinh t hot ng kinh
doanh bnh thng ca mt doanh nghip.
L khon li nhun m doanh nghip s
kim c nu khng c ngun lc no
dnh cho vic m rng doanh nghip trong
tng lai.
L gi tr ca hnh ng thay th b b
qua khng lm.
Phng php ny coi chi ph sn xut ra
mt hng ho c th khng phi s lng
chi ph thc t nht nh m l hng ho
khc phi t b c c hng ho ni
trn.
Chi ph ny thng c phn nh trong li
sut th trng, theo chi ph c hi ca
vic gi tin l mc li sut m l ra c
c nu nh tin c u t vo cc ti
sn sinh li thay v c gi di dng tin
mt.
L mc lng m mt c nhn c th kim
c nu anh ta chn lm mt cng vic
khc "tt nht" sau cng vic ang lm; l
mc lng cao nht phi t b do vn li
lm cng vic hin ti.
Xem OPTMUM.
L sn lng tng ng vi im ti thiu
ca mt biu ca tng chi ph trung bnh.
L hnh thc phn phi (thng thng l)
thu nhp hoc ca ci "tt nht" hay ng
c mong mun nht cho cc c nhn
trong mt x hi hoc trong mt cng ng.
L mc nhim m bt k chi ph thm no
c b ra l gim thiu nhim li ng
bng vi gi tr thit hi do nhim gy ra.
L tnh hnh hay tnh trng "tt nht" ca
cng vic.
Xem OPTMUM.
L quy m ca nh my m vi quy m ny
mc chi ph trung bnh di hn l mc ti
thiu.
L thu quan c tc dng ti a ho phc li
hay tho dng ca mt quc gia.
L mt hp ng trong mt bn cho php
bn kia c mau hoc bn hng ho hoc
chng khon trong mt thi hn nht nh
vi mt mc gi tho thun.
L gi tr m ngi tiu dng c c trong
vic c quyn chn mua mt loi hng ho.
L vic lit k cc s kin, hng ho, d
n sao cho ci g c a thch nht th
c a ln u danh sch.
L hc thuyt cho rng cc tho dng ch
c th c xp theo s th t.
Hng ha no c tho dng cao nht th
c xp trn hng ho c tho dng
cao nht tip theo v c tip tc nh vy.
tho dng theo th t l nn tng cho hc
thuyt tn c in v cu ca ngi tiu
dng.

economic

2291
2292
2293

2294

2295

2296

2297

2298

2299
2300
2301
2302

2303

2304

2305
2306

L phng php ph bin nht c s

dng c lng nhng thng s trong
Ordinary least square (OLS)
mt phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh.
Ordinary share
Xem EQUITIES, FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
L gi tr trn trc tung ca mt im trn
Ordinate
Tung .
mt th hai chiu.
L thut ng do C.MC dng gi t s
gia vn c nh vi vn kh bin v l khi
nim gn ging nhng khng hon ton
ng ngha vi khi nim hin i v t sut
VN-LAO NG v vn c nh ch th hin
c vn v nguyn liu c s dng
trong qu trnh sn sut ch khong th hin
c tng s vn v nguyn liu sn c cho
Organic composition of capital
Thnh phn hu c ca vn.
lao ng.
L mt t chc lin chinh ph c thnh
lp nm 1961 thay th v m rng t
chc hp tc kinh t chu u (OEEC) theo
cc iu khon ca cong c k ti Paris
Organization of Economic Conm 1960 bi cc nc thnh vin ban u
operation and Development
ca OEEC gm Canada, Ty ban nha v
(OECD)
T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t. M.
Nm 1947, sau khi c s gi ban u ca
Marshall, b trng ngoi giao M v mt
chng trnh h tr ca M nhm phc hi
ca kinh t chu u sau chin tranh, 16
nc chu u thnh lp U ban hp tc
Organization for European
kinh t chu u qun l v iu phi
Economic Co-operation (OEEC) T chc hp tc kinh t chu u.
CHNG TRNH PHC HI CHU U.
L mt t chc hng ho quc t c
thnh lp vo nm 1968, c nhim v iu
phi cc chnh sch kinh t v du m v
Organization of Arab Petroleum (OAPEC) - T chc Cc nc rp
khuyn khch hp tc kinh t gia cc nc
Exporting Countries
xut khu du m.
rp sn xut du m.
L mt t chc hng ho quc t c nhim
v iu phi cc chnh sch sn xut v nh
Organization of Petroleum
(OPEC) - T chc cc nc xut khu gi du m ti cc nc thnh vin ca cc
Exporting Countries
du m.
nc xut khu du m.
L mt thut ng c dng m t mt
im s liu m cch xa mt cch bt
Outlier
Gi tr ngoi lai.
thng trung tm ca quan st.
Outcome
Kt cc, kt qu.
Basic Outcome
Kt cc, kt qu c s.
L sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh chuyn
Output
Sn lng (hay u ra).
i u vo thnh hng ho.
L mt h thng k ton phn loi cc chi
ph theo sn lng c sn xut ra da
Lp ngn sch theo Sn lng (hay
vo qu trnh sn xut ch khng da theo
Output budgeting
u ra).
nhng u vo c mua.
L s tr gia vic thc thi mt chnh sch
(kinh t v m) v tc ng ton b hay hon
Outside lag
tr bn ngoi.
ton ca n.
Cm thut ng ny ni n tin m gi tr
ca n da vo nhng ti sn khng phi l
ti sn n theo ngha l nhng ti sn
khng to ra mt khiu n i vi cc c
Outside money
Tin bn ngoi.
nhn trong nn kinh t.
Outstanding credit
Tn dng cha thanh ton.
Phng php bnh phng nh nht
thng thng.
C phiu thng.

Page 146

economic

2307 Overdraff

Chi di; Thu chi.

2308 Overfunding
2309 Overhead costs
2310 Overidentification

Vay qu mc.
Chi ph duy tu
S ng nht ho qu mc.

2311 Overnight money

2312 Overhead inputs
2313 Overall fit of regression
2314 Overpopulation

Tin qua m.
Nhp lng gin tip.
Mc ph hp tng th ca phng
trnh hi quy.
Dn s qu ng.

2315 Overshooting

Tng qu cao (t gi hi oi).

2316 Over the counter market

Th trng khng ni giao dch.

2317 Overtime

Lm vic thm ngoi gi.

2318 Overvalued currency

Tin c nh gi qu cao.

2319 Owner-controlled firms

2320 Passche price index

Cc hng do ngi ch s hu kim

sot.
Ch s gi Passche.

2321 Paid-up capital

Vn c huy ng

2322 Panel data

D liu Panel

2323 Paper money

Tin giy.

2324 Paper profit

Li nhun trn giy.

Page 147

L h thng cho vay trong ngn hng, do

cc ngn hng ca Xctlen khi xng, theo
ngi i vay c php rt sc vt qu
s d tn dng trong ti khon ca mnh, cho
n mt hn mc c tho thun v ch
phi tr hng ngy tnh trn s tin rt qu
s d.
L mt thut ng m t hnh ng ca
cc c quan qun l tin t ca Anh vo u
nhng nm 80 trong vic bn ra cc khon
n ca chnh ph cho cc t chc v c
nhn khng phi ngn hng nhiu hn so
vi quy nh p ng c yu cu vay
n ca khu vc cng cng trong nhng nm
.
Xem FIXED COSTS
Xem IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM.
Tin cho vay mt th trng no trong
CC TH TRNG TIN T vi thi hn tr
ngn nht.

Di ch T GI HI OI LINH HOT,
l hin tng c thy thng xuyn
phn ng li mt cn sc ca gi tr thc t
ca t gi hi oi vt qu gi tr cn bng
mi khi m gi tr ny c xc nh da
vo cc nguyn tc c bn chng hn nh
s ngang bng sc mua.
L mt th trng c phiu, phn ln ca
cc cng ty loi nh, c phn bit bng
thc t l th trng ny khng c tr s
giao dch; vic mua bn c thu xp bng
vin thng, mc d khch hng c th mua
bn c phiu ngay trn bn lm vic ca
mnh.
S gi lm vic qu tun l lm vic tiu
chun.
Mt loi tin m t gi hi oi c quy
nh vt trn t gi cn bng ca th trng
t do.
NHng cng ty c mt nhm cc c ng r
rng l ng quyn li, chim hu mt t l
c phn c b phiu kh ln, lm cho h
c kh nng kim sot hu hiu chnh sch
cng ty.
Ch s gi gia quyn theo nm hin hnh.
Phn vn pht hnh ca mt cng ty m
nhng ngi gp vn yu cu phi thanh
ton.
Mt kiu d liu trong trong tin cho cc
c nhn c ly mu vi cc khong thi
gian u n.
Thut ng khi qut ch tin dng giy bc
ngn hng.
Khi mt ti sn tng ln v gi tr danh
ngha. iu ny c th biu hin hoc khng
biu hin hoc khng biu hin mt li
nhun thc t, tu thuc vo t l lm pht.

economic

2325 Parabola

Dng Parabn.

2326 Paradox of thrift

2327 Paradigm
2328 Par value of gold

Nghch l ca tit kim.

H thuyt; Lun thuyt.
Gi tr ngang gi ca vng.

2329 Paradox of voting

2330 Paradox of value

Nghch l v b phiu.
Nghch l v gi tr.

2331 Parameter

Thng s.

2332 Paretian Liberal, Impossibility of

Tnh khng th ca t do Pareto.

2333 Pareto, Vilfredo

(1848 - 1923)

2334 Pareto conditions

2335 Pareto criterion

Cc iu kin Pareto.
Tiu chun Pareto.

2336 Pareto improvement

S ci thin Pareto.

2337 Pareto non-comparability

Tnh khng th so snh Pareto.

2338 Pareto-optional redistribution

S phn phi li ti u theo Pareto.

Page 148

Thng thng trong kinh t hc (mc d

khng nht thit) l th hnh ch U hoc
ch U ngc ca mt phng trnh bc hai.
Trong mt nn kinh t khng c vic lm,
cc h gia nh cng tit kim th sn lng
v vic lm cng thp.
Kh nng h thng quy tc a s n gin
c th khng a ra mt s la chn r
rng gia nhiu gii php.
Xem USE VALUE, EXCHANGE VALUE.
Mt lng khng i mt bi cnh no .
Tn t cho mt nh l do A.K.Sen trnh
by. nh l chng minh rng khng th c
QUY TC QUYT NH X HI no c th
ng thi tho mn tiu chun Pareto v
cho php cc c nhn c nhng quyt nh
v mt s vn "ring t" m khng tnh
n (bt k) nguyn vng ca nhng ngi
khc (t do c nhn).
Nh kinh t hc ngi Italia c o to
su v ton hc, l hc v k thut. Pareto l
ngi k tc Leon Walras v tr ch nhim
khoa kinh t hc trng i hc Lausanne
nm 1892. S quan tm n vic ng dng
ton hc v thng k hc vo kinh t ca
ng dn n vic m rng cc iu kin
ton hc cho h thng cn bng tng th
ca Walras, t thnh lp mt trng phi
Lausanne r rng. Trong gio dc kinh t
chnh tr hc, ng nu ln quan nim l cc
iu kin ton hc ca mt h tng cn bng
tng th da trn s ph thuc ln nhau ca
tt c cc i lng kinh t. Ngoi vic nhn
mnh vo bn cht chnh ca mt khoa hc
hc kinh t thc chng loi b mi yu t
o c, Pareto cng bc b ch ngha x
hi trn cc c s chun tc v bin minh
cho s bt bnh ng thu nhp da trn c
s ca mt s bt bin gi nh v phn
phi thu nhp cc nc v qua thi gian.
(nh lut Pareto).
Mt lot cc quy tc t ra trong kinh t hc
phc li, nu thc hin c s a n
mt ti u Pareto.
Xem PARETO OPTIMUM.
Mt s phn phi li cc ngun lc lm cho
t nht mt ngi kh ln m khng lm cho
bt c ai km i.
Mt tnh trng x hi m mt s c nhn
thch tnh trng ny hn v mt s khc li
thch tnh trng kia hn th hai tnh trng ny
c coi l tnh trng khng th so snh
Pareto.
S dch chuyn thu nhp hoc ca ci t
mt c nhn ny sang mt c nhn khc lm
tng tho dng, hoc tho mn ca c
ngi cho ln ngi nhn, do em li s
ci thin Pareto.

economic

2339 Pareto optimum

Pareto efficiency of resource
2340 allocation
2341 Pareto-relevant externality

Ti u Pareto.
Tnh hiu qu Pareto ca phn b
ngun lc.
Ngoi ng lin quan n Pareto.

2342 Paris Club

Cu lc b Paris.

2343 Parity price system

H thng gi tng ng.

2344 Par rate of exchange

T gi hi oi tng ng.

2345 Partial adjustment

iu chnh tng phn.

2346 Partial derivative

o hm ring phn.

2347 Partial equilibrium

2348 Paricipating preference shares

Cn bng b phn.
C phiu u tin tham gia.

2349 Paricipation rate

T l tham gia.

2350 Partly rational expectations

Nhng k vng hp l ring phn.

2351 Par value

Gi tr danh ngha, mnh gi.

2352 Patent rights

Quyn tc gi.

2353 Path independence

S c lp v ng tin trin; c
lp v ng i.

2357 Path of government spending

2358 Patent of trade

Thng lng theo m hnh.

Bn tham gia; Hi chung vn.
Bng sng ch.
M hnh cch thc chi tiu ca chnh
ph.
M thc ngoi thng.

2359 Pauper labour

Lao ng bn cng.

2360 Payback period

Thi k hon vn.

2354 Pattern bargaining

2355 Partnership
2356 Patents

Page 149

Khi cc ngun lc v sn lng ca mt nn

kinh t c phn chia m khng c s
phn chia li no lm cho bt c ai kh ln
m cng khng l cho t nht l bt c mt
ngi no khc km i th lc l c s
hin hu ca mt ti u Pareto.

Xem EXTENALITIES.
Tn t cho din n - ni m cc nc ch
n thng lng vi cc nc vay n v
vic nh li thi gian cho cc khon n
chnh thc.
Mt h thng h tr gi i vi nn nng
nghip M ln u tin c thit lp vi
o lut iu chnh nng nghip nm 1933.
Vic th hin cc t gi hi oi bng vng
hoc ng M.
Mt qu trnh m theo hnh vi c iu
chnh mt cch khng hon chnh hng ti
mt mc mong mun no .
Trong cc hm s c hai bin s c lp hay
c nhiu hn, o hm ny tnh theo mt
trong nhng bin s ny, trong khi coi cc
bin s c lp khc l hng s.
Vic nghin cu th trng cho mt hng
ho trong iu kin tch bit.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Xem LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPA-TION
RATE.
Mt gi nh rng ngi ta k vng mt cch
hp l s cn bng di hn nhng li khng
chc chn v con ng m nn kinh t s
i n v tr , cho nn cc k vng s c
xem xt li tng thi k tnh n s
khng nht qun gia gi tr thc t v gi tr
k vng.
Gi tr danh ngha, mnh gi ca mt c
phiu hoc chng khon.
C quan cp bng sng ch cp c quyn
c bit cho mt sng ch quy trnh.
ni din ra s so snh nhm la chn
mt s cc gii php, s la chn ny c
gi l c lp v ng i khi gii php
c la chn c lp vi mt trt t
xem xt cc gii php ny.
Nhiu khi cc nghip on trong cc nghnh
c quyn nhm s chn mt cng ty c th
lm mc tiu thng lng.

Gii lao ng cc nc giu cho rng vic

nhp khu hng ho t nhng nc c
lng thp s ph dn ph hoi mc lng
v vic lm nhng nc giu.
Mt phng php k ton truyn thng
thm nh cc d n u t. Thi gian cn
thit cho mt d n sinh ra lng tin
tng thm b cc chi tiu v vn ban
u.

economic

2361 Pay ceiling

2362 Pay freeze

2363 Payment - by - results

2364 Payments, balance of
2365 Pay-off
2366 Payout ratio
2367 Pay in kind

2368 Peak-load pricing

2369 Peak period labour demand

2370 Pecuniary external economy

2371 Peg-neo

2372 Pendulum arbitration

2373 Pension

2374 Pension fund

2375 Per capita
2376 Per capita real GDP
2377 Percetile

2378 Perestroika

Mc lng trn; gii hn trn ca tin

lng; Gii hn cao nht ca tin
Mt gii hn cao nht c hiu lc v mc
lng.
tin lng.
C nh tin lng.
Xem INCOMES POLICYM.
Cn gi l h thng tr lng theo khuyn
khch. H thng tr lng theo cng vic
Tr theo kt qa.
ca cng nhn.
Cn cn thanh ton.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENTS.
Li ch rng c c khi thc hin mt qu
Li ch rng.
trnh hnh ng c th.
Phn trm ca li rng m mt x nghip
T l tr c tc.
thanh ton di dng c tc.
Mt loi thu da vo tin lng (thng) v
Tr bng hin vt.
tin cng do ngi ch thanh ton.
Vn tnh gi theo tiu dng im nh
xut pht khi m cu v sn lng (u ra)
nh gi theo mc tiu th nh; nh ca mt x nghip cng cng c th c
gi theo tiu dng cao im.
nhng bin ng ln.
Mc cu v lao ng thi im cao nht,
cm thut ng ny thng c ni n
vic lm trong nng nghip c tnh cht chu
Cu lao ng thi k cao im; Cu k vi nhng nh im xy ra vo thi gian
lao ng k gip ht.
thu hoch.
Miu t mt tnh hung trong li nhun
ca mt doanh nghip ph thuc khng
nhng vo u vo v u ra ca ring
doanh nghip m cn ph thuc vo u
Tnh kinh t tin t bn ngoi.
vo v u ra ca cc doanh nghip khc.
"ct vo"
Xem EXCHANGE RATES.
S phn x trong trng ti vin c yu
cu chn mt trong nhng v tr ca cc bn
tranh chp hn l i n mt v tr tho hip
Trng ti con lc.
trung gian.
C ch lng hu gm hai kiu, c phm vi
rng: 1)H thng vn d tr lin quan n
vic phn phi li sut i mt c nhn, da
vo tit kim ca ngi lao ng tch lu
vn v sau vn c tiu dng trong thi
gian v hu; 2)H thng thanh ton cho
ngi v hu, a n s phn phi li
mt thi im gia cc c nhn sao cho
nhng ngi lm vic h tr nhng ngi
Tin lng hu.
v hu.
Vi s tng trng nhanh chng ca cc c
ch lng hu ca cng nhn vin trong
nhng thp k gn y, qu hu ca cc c
quan ln cc khu vc nh nc v x
nghip khu vc t nhn tr thnh nhng
th ch ti chnh quan trng, u t nhng
Qu hu.
khon tin ln hng nm.
Theo u ngi, chng hn nh THU NHP
Theo u ngi.
QUC DN tnh theo u ngi.
THU NHP QUC DN thc t tnh
theo u ngi.
Mt cch o tnh v tr cc d liu mu hoc
Phn v.
cc phn phi.
Mt thut ng th hin s thay i c cu
Lin bang X vit v gn lin vi Mihail
Gorbachev. Trong giai on u t gia
nhng nm 1980 n 1987, qu trnh ci
cch phn ln ch mang tnh cht trang im
tp trung vo vic ci thin h thng k
hoch ho ch huy ang tn ti v t nhng
i mi, ci t.
kt qu khng gy n tng ln.

Page 150

economic

2379 Perfect competition

2380 Perfect markets

Cnh tranh hon ho.

Cc th trng hon ho.

2381 Permanent comsumption

Mc tiu dng thng xuyn.

2382 Permanent income

Thu nhp thng xuyn.

2383 Permanent income hypothesis

2384 Perpetuity

Gi thuyt thu nhp thng xuyn.

Khon chi tr vnh cu.

2385 Personal income

Thu nhp c nhn.

2386 Personal loan

Khon vay cho c nhn.

2387 Personal rate of substitution

T l thay th c nhn.

2388 Personal saving

Tit kim c nhn.

2389 Perverse migration

Di c ngc.

2390 PESC

U ban iu tra chi tiu cng cng.

2391 Petroleum revenue tax (PRI)

Thu thu nhp du la.

2392 Phillips curve

ng Philips

2393 Physiocrats
2394 Piece rates

Nhng ngi theo thuyt trng nng.

Thu nhp tnh theo sn phm.

2395 Piecework

Vic lm khon.

Page 151

Mt c cu th trng hon ton c tnh

cnh tranh nu c nhng iu sau y duy
tr: vi mt th phn ng k. Cc doanh
nghip ny to ra mt sn phm ng nht
s dng cc qu trnh sn xut ging ht
nhau v c thng tin hon ho.
Xem PERFECT COMPETITION.
Mc tiu dng trung bnh m mt c nhn
hoc h gia nh d nh thc hin trong
mt s nm.
Cng c ngha l thu nhp bnh thng v
thu nhp d kin v trung bnh. Thu nhp
trung bnh m c nhn hoc h gia nh d
kin nhn c trong mt s nm trong khi
vn gi nguyn ca ci ca mnh.
Gi thit cho rng tiu dng ca c nhn
hoc hc gia nh ph thuc vo thu nhp
thng xuyn ca c nhn y hoc h y.
Xem ANNUITY.
Lu lng thu nhp tch lu li ca mt c
nhn hoc h gia nh.
Khon vay do ngn hng v mt s th ch
ti chnh khc quy nh cho nhng ngi i
vay mang tnh c nhn (c ngha l khng
kinh doanh) mua hng tiu dng,
sa cha nh ca. V c th c thanh
ton li trong mt khong thi gian.
Xem MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTITUTION.
Phn ca thu nhp c nhn khng thanh
ton tr thu cng khng chi cho hng ho
v dch v (tiu dng hin ti).
Di c ca c nhn, c bit l cng nhn t
khu vc c iu kin (hiu sut) kinh t
tng i tt n khu vc c iu kin kinh
t thp km hn.
Xem PUBLIC EXPENDITURE SURVEY
COMMITTEE.
ay l loi thu c bit do chnh ph Anh
a ra i vi thu nhp do khai thc du
bin Bc, thu ny cng thm vo tin thu
m v thu li tc.
Mt quan st c tnh thng k ca
A.W.Philips (1958) rng c mt mi quan h
nghch gia t l thay i ca mc lng
bng tin v t l tht nghip Anh trong
giai on 1861-1957
Mt trng phi v k thuyt kinh t c
a ra Php vo th k 18. Trng phi
ny ch yu gn vi tn ca F.QUESNAY v
TURGOT.
Xem COMPENSATION RULES.
Mt h thng thanh ton trong c nhn
c thanh ton theo khi lng sn phm
lm ra.

economic

2396 Pigou, Arthur Cecil

2397 Pigou effect

(1877-1959)
Hiu ng Pigou

2398 Pigovian tax

Thu Pigou.

Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh k tc

Marshall v tr ch nhim khoa kinh t
chnh tr hc ca trng i hc Cambridge
nm 1908. Pigou m rng cng vic ca
Marshall, c bit l s phn tch cc
nghnh m chi ph gia tng v gim st. S
phn bit gia chi ph c nhn v x hi v
liu php sa cha bng cch nh thu do
ng xut to nn c s cho thuyt cc
ngoi ng, v phng php ca ng nhm
loi tr chng c bit n vi tn gi
l thu PIGOU. Cng trnh ca ng v thuyt
tin t v v thu nhp quc dn ch yu l
mt l thuyt C in v vic lm v thu
nhp. Do , Pigou phi chu sc mnh
ca cuc tin cng ca Keynes i vi h
thng ny. Tuy nhin, Pigou a ra mt
c ch t c vic lm y thm
ch c trong h thng ca Keynes. iu ny
c bit n vi ci tn l hiu ng Pigou.
Trong iu kin khng c vic lm, gi c
gim s lm tng thm gi tr ca s d tin
gi. iu ny to ra s gia tng v cu
i vi hng ho v do to ra mt s
gia tng v vic lm. ngha ca c ch ny
ny thm ch n nay vn cn tranh ci.
Xem REAL BALANCE EFFECT.
Mt loi thu nh vo ngi sn xut do
to ra mt ngoi ng theo mt cch m sau
khi thu ny c p dng th cc chi ph c
nhn do bn to ra ngoi ng cm nhn
c bng vi CHI PH X HI ca hot
ng ny.

2399 Pivot effect hypothesis

Gi thuyt v hiu ng quay.

2400 Placing

Nghip v by bn.

Nn kinh t k hoch ho.

2401 Planned economy
Planning programming budgeting H thng lp ngn sch theo chng
trnh k hoch ho.
2402 system (PPBS)

2403 Planometrics

K hoch lng.

Page 152

Lp lun cho rng CHNH SCH THU NHP

khng nhng to nn cc hiu ng dch
chuyn trong qu trnh iu chnh tin lng
m cn c th lm thay i dc ca
ng cong Phillips, hoc ni mt cch
chuyn mn hn, lm thay i ln ca s
phn ng ca t l thay i v lng i vi
cc yu t quyt nh gy ra s thay i .
Mt phng php thc hin mt cuc pht
hnh mi v CHNG KHAN, C PHN
HOC TRI PHIU CNG TY, bng
phng php ny cc chng khon u tin
c mt nh pht hnh mua, sau c
bn thng qua tho thun t nhn, cho cc
th ch, cc ch u t t nhn vcng cho
nhng ngi bun bn c phn s giao
dch chng khon London.
Mt nn kinh t trong cc qu trnh kinh
t ch yu c quyt nh mt mc
ln khng phi do cc tc nhn th trng,
m do mt c quan k hoch ho kinh t, c
quan ny thc hin cc mc tiu kinh t ch
yu ca x hi.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING
Mt nghnh kinh t hc c bit quan tm
n vic xy dng cc k hoch kinh t v
m ti u.

economic

2404 Plant bargaining

S thng lng mt nh my.

2405 Plato

(427-347BC)

THNG LNG TP TH gia ngi

ch ca mt nh my vi cc i din ca
cng nhn vin thit lp cc mc lng
v iu kin lm vic nh my .
Nh trit hc Hy Lp phn ng li thi k
ri ren trc ay v ng cho rng chnh s
tng trng kinh t chu mt phn trch
nhim v s ri ren , nn ng xut
kin rng nh nc l tng phi l mt nh
nc vng vng da trn mt h thng
ng cp v giai cp thng tr thc hin mt
cch sng mang tnh cng ng. Thnh tu
kinh t ca ng bao gm s phn tch s
phn cng lao ng v phn tch vai tr ca
tin quy c.
Mt h thng gia s la chn tp th trong
gii php c chn l gii php xp u
tin do c s ngi b phiu ln nht.
Xem PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND.
S c lng ca gi tr thc t ca mt
thng s, khc bit vi C LNG
KHONG CCH, n bao gm vic tnh ton
cc khong tin cy (thng thng) i vi
gi tr thc ca thng s.
Mt in trn th, hoc hm s m t l
thay i ca dc ca hm s i du.
iu ny cho thy rng khi o hm th hai
ca hm s bng 0.
Mt ng kh nng tho dng im c th
c v cho mi gi hng ho.
Mt h thng la chn tp th trong mi
c nhn bt u vi mt s im bng nhau
m c nhn c t do phn phi theo bt
c cch thc no m h chn gia cc
phng n la chn v nhng vn khc
nhau tho lun.
Cc bin s kinh t v x hi c chnh
ph vn dng tc ng n cc bin s
ca chnh sch, n c gi l cng c v ta
c th phn bit bn hng mc kinh t ch
yu: CHNH SCH TI CHNH; CHNH
SCH TIN T, CHNH SCH T GI HI
OI v CHNH SCH GI C V THU
NHP.
Thi k "c s thng lng tp th t do".
thi k ny khng c s tn ti chnh sch
thu nhp.

2406 Plurality
2407 Point elasticity of demand

Quy tc a s.
D co gin im ca cu.

2408 Point estimation

c lng im.

2409 Point of inflexion

im un.

2410 Point utility possibility curve

ng kh nng tho dng im.

2411 Point voting

B phiu theo im.

2412 Policy instruments

Cc cng c chnh sch.

2413 Policy - off

2414 Policy coordination
2415 Policy targets

Thi k khng p dng chnh sch.

iu phi chnh sch.
Cc mc tiu chnh sch.

2416 Political economy

2417 Political business cycle

Kinh t chnh tr.

Chu k kinh t chnh tr.

2418 Poll tax

2419 Pooled lending / loan

Thu thn.
Cho vay lin hip.

2420 Polluter pays principle

tng cho rng gy nhim phi tr ph

Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim tr ph. cho vic gy nhim mi trng.
Mt hot ng lm nhim mt hoc nhiu
nhim.
mi trng.

2421 Pollution

Xem TARGETS.
Cm thut ng bao hm mi lin quan gia
kha cnh thc tin ca hot ng chnh tr
v l thuyt kinh t hc thun tu.
Thu tnh c gi m s thanh ton khng
lin quan n thu nhp hoc chi tiu.

Page 153

economic

2422 Pollution rights

Cc quyn c gy nhim.

2423 Polynomial

a thc; Biu thc i s.

tr a thc; tr ca biu thc i
s.

2424 Polynomial lag

tng cho rng cn phi cp giy chng

nhn cho ngi ch s hu "quyn c
gy nhim" mt mi trng nht nh,
chng hn mt dng sng.
Mt phng trnh m ni chung nhiu hng
s trong mt bin s c lp c nng ln
nhiu lu tha khc nhau.
Xem ALMON LAG.
D liu kiu hnh thnh khi (a) S LIU
CHO v (b) D LIU CHUI THI GIAN
c sp nhp vo cng b d liu, thng
thng khi khng c d liu kiu (a) hoc
(b) ring, c lng cc thng s ca
mt m hnh do khng cc bc t do.

2425 Pooled data

2426 Population

D liu gp.
Dn s

2427 Population explosion

Bng n dn s.

2428 Population policy

Chnh sch dn s.

2429 Population trap

By dn s.

2430 Porfolio

Danh mc u t.

2431 Porfolio balance approach

Porfolio balance approach to the
balance of payments/ exchange
2432 rate
2433 Porfolio diversification

Phng php cn i danh mc u

t.
Phng php cn i danh mc u
t i vi cn cn thanh ton/ t gi
hi oi.
S a dng ho danh mc u t.

2434 Positional good

Hng ho theo v tr.

2435 Positive economics

Kinh t hc thc chng.

2436 Positivism

Ch ngha thc chng.

2437 Post-Keynesian economics

Kinh t hc Hu-Keynes; Kinh t hc

sau Keynes.

2438 Posterior distribution

Phn phi sau.

Page 154

Tn gi t l tng trng ngy mt ln hn

ca dn s th gii, c bit cc nc
ang pht trin.
Mt chnh ph c th t ra mt chnh sch
c th lin quan n mc dn s do chnh
ph cai qun.
Cng cn gi l by cn bng mc thp. Mt
nn kinh t c mc thu nhp tnh theo u
ngi thp c th thy r rng t l tng
trng dn s vt qu mc t l tng
trng ca thu nhp thc t.
Tp hp cc ti sn ca mt c nhn hoc
t chc.
Mt phng php phn tch tin t nhn
mnh vo ngha cc quyt ca nhng
ngi c ti sn v thnh phn danh mc
u t ca h.
Mt phng n ca phng php tin t i
vi cn cn thanh ton cho rng cc ti sn
l cc vt thay th khng hon ho.
Xem DIVERSIFIER.
Mt thut ng ca F.Hirsch s dng trong
cc gii hn x hi i vi tng trng
(1976) ch mt loi hng ho b gii hn
v kh nng cung cp tuyt i hoc mt
cch t nhin hoc thng qua cc kha cnh
x hi v c th b tc nghn nu s dng
rng ri hn.
B phn khoa hc kinh t quan tm n cc
nh c th kim tra c bng i chiu
vi thc t.
Hc thuyt trit hc cho rng cc nh m
khng th xc minh c khi i chiu vi
bng chng thc tin th ch t phi coi l
khng th chp nhn c nh l mt b
phn ca khoa hc hoc mc cao nht l
v ngha.
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t hc coi s nhn
nhn ca J.M.KEYNES v M.KALECKI l
khi im ca mt s ph bnh phn tch s
cn bng thng thng v l c s cho mn
kinh t hc v m mi.
Phn phi xc sut ca mt bin s hoc
thng k l kt qu ca s phi hp gia
phn phi trc v thng tin mu trong k
thut BAYES.

economic

2439 Postwar credits

Cc tn dng hu chin.

2440 Potential entry

S nhp ngnh tim nng.

2441 Potential national income

Thu nhp quc dn tim nng.

2442 Potential output

Sn lng tim nng.

2443 Potential Pareto improvement

S ci thin Pareto tim nng.

2444 Poverty

S ngho kh.

2445 Poverty trap

By ngho kh.

2446 Power function

Hm lu tha.

2447 Prais - Winsten

Bin i Prais - Winsten.

2448 Prebisch thesis

Lun Prebisch

2449 Precautionary motive

ng c d phng.

2450 Precautionary unemployment

Tht nghip phng nga.

2451 Predatory pricing

2452 Prediction

nh gi bn ph gi.
D bo.

Page 155

Mt hnh thc tit kim bt buc c p

dung Anh trong chin tranh th gii th hai
trong ng sch nm 1941.
i vi mt ngnh c th, l kh nng
cnh tranh mi ca cc hng - cc hng
cha sn xut cc sn phm cnh tranh.
Xem FULL EMPLOYMENT NATIONAL
INCOME.
Sn lng kh thi ti a ca mt doanh
nghip, mt ngnh, mt khu vc ca mt
nn kinh t hoc ton b mt nn kinh t l
mc c xc nh ca cc yu t sn
xut.
Mt s ci thin Pareto tim nng tn ti khi
nhng ngi kim c li do mt s thay
i, th vi tnh cht gi thit c th b p
cho ngi thua thit, v c th khng ai b
km i sau s thay i hoc sao cho t nht
cng c mt ngi c kh ln.
S ngho kh c th c xem xt vi mt
quan nim tuyt i hoc tng i.
Vic tn ti ca nhiu li ch KIM NH
BNG BIN PHP ni ln rng ngi c
tr lng thp c th i u vi mt t l
thu bin hiu lc - tc l mc thu i vi
mt n v thu nhp thm - vt xa t l
34% ca thu thu nhp v s ng gp bo
him quc gia i vi phn ln ngi lm
cng n lng.
Mt hm s trong bin s c lp c
nng ln ti mt lu tha no .
Bin i Prais - Winsten c s dng trong
phng php COCHRANE-ORCUTT
c tnh cc thng s ca mt phng trnh
m s d ca chng tun theo MI TNG
QUAN TO THNH DY.
Mt quan im cho rng tin b k thut
cc nc pht trin thng c kt qa l
lng ca lc lng lao ng cao hn v c
nhng ci thin trong mc sng nhng
khng lm cho mc gi ca cc hng ho
thp hn (mt s hng ho ny c xut
khu n cc nc ang pht trin).
Mt trong nhng ng c gi tin l d
phng chi ph cho cc tnh hung xy ra
ngoi d kin nu khng c khon d phng
th vic chuyn i ca ci t mt dng
khng phi l tin mt c th gy ra ph
chuyn i ln v gy mt nhiu th gi.
Cng cn gi l "tht nghip ch vic". Mt
yu t ca tht nghip dai dng, c xut
hin khi tnh cht ca nhim v cng vic
hoc hnh thc ca hp ng lao ng bt
buc ngi cng nhn khi nhn mt cng
vic no khng tranh th nhn c mt
cng vic m mt thi gian sau mi xut
hin.
Cch y gi xung ti mc khng th c li
trong mt thi k nhm lm suy yu hoc
loi tr cc i th cnh tranh.
Xem FORECASTING.

economic

2453 Pre-emption rights

Cc quyn u tin mua c phiu.

2454 Preference

S thch; S u tin.

2455 Preference revelation

S thch.

2456 Preference shares

C phiu u tin.

2457 Preferential hiring

2458 Preferred ordinary shares
2459 Premium

S thu ngi u tin.

C phiu thng c u tin.
Tin tr thm hay ph bo him.

2460 Premium saving bonds

Tri phiu tit kim c thng.

2461 Present value

Gi tr hin ti.

2462 Price

Gi

2463 Price Commission

U ban vt gi.

2464 Price consumption curve

ng tiu dng theo gi.

2465 Price control

Kim sot gi.

2466 Price-cost margin

Mc chnh lch gi-chi ph.

2467 Price discrimination

Phn bit i x theo gi.

2468 Price/earning ratio

T l gi / Li tc (t l P/E)

2469 Price effect

Hiu ng gi.

2470 Price elasticity of demand

co gin ca cu theo gi.

Page 156

Cc quyn dnh cho ngi c c phiu

thng mua cc t pht hnh mi da trn
c s theo t l.
C quan im cho rng mt th hng ho,
s kin hoc d n no c a chung
hn mt hoc cc hng ho khc l
s sp xp cc s thch.
S bc l thng c dn ra nh mt vn
lin quan ti s cung cp hng ho cng
cng, (n cng c th l mt vn vi
HNG HO T NHN nu con s nhng
ngi c nhu cu rt nh).
C phiu trong mt cng ty xp loi ng
trc c phn nhng ng sau tri phiu
cng ty i vi vic thanh ton c tc.
Mt ngi ch dnh u tin cho vic thu
nhng cng on vin mc d ng ta
khng tho thun ch thu cng on vin
hoc iu khin mt doanh nghip ch dng
thnh vin cng on.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Mt tri phiu tit kim ca Anh, c th mua
bu in, li tc ca n l c hi trng
thng s x hng thng.
Gi tr ca mt lung li tc hoc ph tng
lai tnh bng gi tr hin ti ca chng.
Gi ca mt loi hng ho hoc gi u vo
cho thy ci phi chi c c mt th
hng ho hay dch v.
Mt u ban c lp do Chnh ph Anh thnh
lp nm 1973 thc hin cc chnh sch
kim sot gi c biu hin trong cc b
lut v gi do B Ti Chnh son v Quc
hi thng qua. U ban ny chnh thc c
bi b vo nm 1980.
Cn c bit vi tn NG CHO GI.
Tip im ca ng BNG QUAN ca
ngi tiu dng v ng ngn sch ca h
xc nh s cn bng ca ngi tiu
dng.
Ni chung thng lin quan ti vic quy nh
gi c bng lut php ca nh nc.
Cc s o thc nghim ca CHNH LCH
LI NHUN ni m cc s liu k ton
c s dng v do ta khng th trc
tip quan st c nh ngha kinh t v li
nhun.
C hai hnh thc ch yu v Phn bit i
x theo gi : Th nht, vic cc hng tnh
gi khc nhau cho tng nhm ngi mua
khc nhau v th hai tnh cho cng loi
ngi tiu dng cc gi khc nhau i vi
cc lng khc nhau ca cng mt loi
hng.
T s ca gi mt c phiu bnh thng i
vi mi c phiu bnh thng.
S thay i ca cu i vi mt hng ho
xy ra do c mt thay i ca gi hng ho
.
phn ng ca lng cu ca mt hng
ho i vi gi ca chnh n.

economic

2471 Price fixing agreement

Tho thun c nh gi.

2472 Price index

Ch s gi.

2473 Price leadership

S dn gi.

2474 Price mechanism

C ch gi.

2475 Price-push

Gi y.

2476 Price revolution

Cch mng gi.

2477 Price setter

2478 Price specie mechanism

Ngi t gi.
C ch chy vng.

2479 Price support scheme

K hoch tr gi.

2480 Price taker

2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486

Price theory
Price fixing
Price volatility
Price support
High risk premia
Primary commodities

Ngi chp nhn gi.

L thuyt gi.
S c nh gi
Bin ng gi c.
Tr gi.
Ph thng ri ro cao.
Hng s ch.

2487 Primary goods

Cc hng ho c bn.

2488 Primary market

Th trng s cp.

2489 Primary money

2490 Primary of targeting

Tin s cp.
Nguyn tc hng ch.

Page 157

Mt s tho thun gia hai nh sn xut

hoc nhiu hn bn vi gi quy nh
trc, ni chung nhm thc thi sc mnh
i vi th trng.
Mt s ch s cho thy gi ca mt "tp hp"
hng ho thay i th no t mt thi k
no ti thi k tip theo.
Tnh hung trong mt nghnh m mt hng
c sng kin to ra cc thay i v gi v
cc hng khc sau lm theo.
c dng lin quan n h thng th
trng t do v cch thc m gi hnh ng
nh nhng tn hiu t ng phi hp hnh
ng ca cc n v ra quyt nh.
Tn gi mt dng lm pht ging nh chi ph
y trong cc ch doanh nghip b ch
trch gy ra lm pht bng cch tnh gi
cao mt cch khng cn thit nhm kim li
nhun ln.
Tn t cho dng chy ca vng v bc t
cc nc mi khm ph chu M trong
cc th k 15 v 16 lm cho gi c tng
gp 3 ln.
Mt hng hot ng mt th trng kng
cnh tranh i din vi mt ng cu dc
xung i vi sn phm v do c quyn
c quyt nh gi bn hng ch khng
pah l ngi chp nhn gi.
Xem SPECIE FLOW MECHANISM
Mt phng php nng gi mt hng ho
trn th trng mt cch gi to.
Mt n v kinh t c quy m hot ng
khng ng k so vi quy m ca th trng
cho nn hot ng ca n v y khng gy
nh hng g n gi th trng thnh hnh.
Cc l thuyt bao gm trong t duy c th
c chia lm ba mc chnh: Cc l
thuyt lin quan n s xc nh cc gi
ring l, cc thuyt lin quan n cc thay
i trong mc gi tng hp v cc thuyt p
dng cho vic phn b ngun lc.

Nh c nh ngha trong thuyt v cng

bng do John Rawls a ra, nhng loi
hng ho ny l nhng quyn c bn, cc
quyn t do, thu nhp v ca ci sn c
phn phi trong mt x hi.
Mt s ti sn khi bn ln u th khng
c bn th trng ni m sau chng
c bun bn.
Mt tn gi khc cho tin c bn hoc TIN
C QUYN LC, tc l loi tin do cc nh
chc trch v tin t pht hnh.

economic

2491 Primary securities

Chng khon s cp.

2492 Primary workers

Cc cng nhn s cp.

2493 Principal

Tin gc.

2494 Principal-agent problem

Vn u thc v nhm thc; Vn

ngi c vn v ngi i din.

2495 Prior distribution

Phn phi trc.

2496 Prisoner's dilemma

2497 Private company

Th lng gii ca ngi t; Th tin

thoi lng nan ca ngi t.
Cng ty t nhn.

2498 Private good

Hng ho ring t.

2499 Privatization

T nhn ho

T nhn ho ng u.
Thit hi / ph tn c nhn v x hi
ca tht nghip.
T s gia tin mt v s tin gi ca
2502 Private sector cash-deposite ratio khu vc t nhn.
2500 Privatization in Eastern Europe
Private and social cost of
2501 unemployment

2503 Probability
2504 Conditional Probability
2505 Cumulative Probability

Xc sut
Xc sut c iu kin.
Xc sut tch lu.

2506 Probability density function

Hm mt xc xut.

2507 Probability distribution

Phn phi Xc sut.

M hnh Probit (hay m hnh xc sut
n v).

2508 Probit model

Page 158

Mt cm thut ng c John G.Gurley

v Edward S.Shaw a ra trong tc phm
Tin trong mt thuyt v ti chnh (1960) v
c ngha l mi hnh thc n c th c
em bn hoc pht hnh bi "nhng ngi
vay n" tc l nhng ngi i vay cn
ngun vn ti chnh mua ti sn thc t.
Nhng c nhn vn trong lc lng lao
ng, c thu mn hoch khng thu
mn, bt lun nhng thay i ngn hn v
lng v iu kin th trng.
S tin thanh ton cho mt ngi gi mt
tri phiu khi O HN xo n.
iu ny ni n tnh hung trong l thuyt
hng khi li ch ca ngi qun l v ca c
ng khc bit nhau.
Phn phi xc xut ca mt bin s hoc
thng k, l c trng ca ca thng tin tin
nghim cn kt hp vi thng tin mu trong
cc k thut Bayes.
Cm thut ng ny xut hin t mt s xem
xt cc vn v quyt nh ca nhng ti
phm b bt g v thm vn ring r. Xem
GAME THEORY. M hnh ny cho thy mt
cch x s hp l tng vi m s dn n
mt hu qa v m bt hp l.
Xem COMPANY.
Mt hng ho s th hin s cnh tranh
(Xem RIVAL) trong tiu dng v l loi hng
ho m ngi sn v ngi tiu dng u
c kh nng thc hin c s loi tr.
Chnh sch chuyn i s hu cng cng
ca mt ti sn thnh s hu t nhn hoc
cho php mt t chc kinh doanh khu vc
t nhn hc hin mt hot ng no cho
n lc y vn c tin hnh bi mt t
chc cng cng.
chuyn hot ng t khu vc nh nc
sang khu vc t nhn ng u vi nim
tin rng s kim sot v s hu t nhn s
c hiu qu hn v vic phn b ngun lc
so vi s hu nh nc.

Mt hm s nm gia 0 v 1 (i khi c
biu hin bng mt s phn trm) ch r kh
nng m mt s kin s xy ra.
Mt hm s miu t hnh dng ca mt phn
phi xc sut m khi a vo gia cc gii
hn no s cho xc sut m vi xc sut
ny bin s ca n s c nhng tr s gia
nhng gii hn y.
Mt s tm tt di dng mt dng bng s
hoc di dng mt quan h ton hc a
ra XC SUT m vi xc sut ny mt bin
s ngu nhin c phn phi s nhn
c nhng gi tr no , hoc ri vo
gia mt s gii hn nht nh.
Xem LINEAR PROBABILITY MODEL.

economic

2509 Process

Qu trnh

2510 Process innovation

Pht kin v phung php (sn xut).

2511 Producer's co-operatives

Cc hp tc x ca nh sn xut.

2512 Producer's surplus

Thng d ca nh sn xut.

2513 Product cycle

Chu k sn phm.

2514 Product differentiation

S khc bit ho sn phm.

2515 Product innovation

Pht kin v sn phm.

2516 Production

Sn xut.

2517 Production frontier

2518 Production externalities

2519
2520
2521
2522

Production function
Production incentives
Production Possibility frontier
Production Possibility curve

Gii hn sn xut.
Nhng ngoi tc sn xut.
Hm sn xut.
Cc khuyn khch sn xut.
ng gii hn kh nng sn xut.
ng kh nng sn xut.

Production sphere and budgetary Lnh vc sn xut v lnh vc ngn

sch.
2523 sphere
Lm nut qu trnh sn xut; Vic lm
cho sn xut c tri chy.
2524 Production smoothing
2525 Productivity

Mt s phi hp c bit ca cc u vo
c th thay i v quy m sn xut cc
mc cao hn ca u ra.
Mt thay i trong quan h gia cc t l
u vo ca cc yu t xn xut mt mc
sn lng nht nh.
S hp nht ca cc doanh nghip ring
bit c gng cung cp sn phm chung
ca chng, mc d c bin ng trong sn
xut.
Mt thng d xy ra i vi nhng ngi
ch s hu cc yu t sn xut do mt c
nhn thng nhn c mt ci g c
tho dng trc tip hoc gin tip ln hn
tho dng ca ci m ngi y t b.
Cm thut ng ny miu t hnh thi v qu
trnh i qua ca cc sn phm mi, sau
tri qua giai on ca hon thin v chun
ho sn phm.
iu ny tn ti trong phm vi mt ngnh khi
mi nh sn xut bn mt sn phm m cc
c trng ca n phn bit vi sn phm
ca i th cnh tranh.
S thay i ca mt doanh ghip i vi sn
phm c th bn c ca n v s thay i
c th xut hin do mt s b sung v
cng ngh, hoc mt s thay i v cc gi
tng i c th l s thay i s thch ca
ngi tiu dng.
Hnh ng bin i cc yu t sn xut
thnh hng ho v dch v do yu cu ca
tiu dng v u t.
Cn gi l ng gii hn nng lc sn xut
hoc l hm s ca s bin i. ng ny
cho thy cc kh nng m ra cho vic gia
tng sn lng ca mt hng ho bng cch
gim sn lng ca mt hng ho khc.
Mi lin h gia SN LNG (u ra) ca
mt hng ho v u vo (nhn t sn xut)
c yu cu lm ra hng ho .

Xem Production frontier.

Mt cch phn loi vic lm c s
dng cc nc X hi ch ngha v (vn
cn) s dng mt s nc ng u. Lnh
vc sn xut bao gm vic lm trong nng
nghip, lm nghip, ng nghip, cng
nghip, xy dng, vn ti, thng nghip,
cc nghnh gi l dch v sn xut v trong
khu vc t nhn. Lnh vc ngn sch bao
gm vic lm trong hnh chinh, lc lng v
trang, cng an, to n, trng cng, vin
nghin cu, c quan y t nh nc, thu
quan..
Sn lng ca mt n v u vo c s
dng. Xem AVERAGE PRODUCT.

Nng sut.

Page 159

economic

2526 Productivity bargaining

Thng lng theo nng sut.

2527 Product proliferation

a dng ho sn phm.

2528 Product rule

Quy tc tch s.

2529 Profits

Li nhun.

2530 Profit, falling rate of

T l st gim li nhun.

2531 Profit centre

C im li nhun; Trung tm li
nhun.

2532 Profit constraint

Rng buc v li nhun.

2533 Profit function

Hm li nhun

2534 Profit margin

Chnh lch li nhun

2535 Profit maximization

Ti a ho li nhun.

2536 Profit motive

ng c li nhun

2537 Profit rate

T l li nhun.

2538 Profits-push inflation

2539 Programme budgeting

Lm pht do li-nhun-y.
Lp ngn sch theo chng trnh.

2540 Programming methods

Phng php quy hoch.

2541 Progressive tax

Thu lu tin.

Page 160

Theo truyn thng y l mt tho thun lao

ng theo nhng thun li loi ny hoc
loi khc, chng hn lng cao hn hoc
c ngh nhiu hn dnh cho cng nhn
i ly nhng thay i trong cch lm
vic hoc t chc cng vic nhm to ra lao
ng hiu qu hn.
Mt chin lc ngn chn vic gia nhp
ngnh do mt s doanh nghip thit lp
nhm theo ui lm bo ho th trng vi
mt s ln cc nhn hiu khc nhau n
mc bt k ngi no mi gia nhp cng
thy kh m kim c li trong vic a ra
th trng mt sn phm vi mt t hp
thuc tnh c th phn bit vi lot nhn hiu
c sn.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt
hm theo mt bin, khi hm s bao gm tch
ca hai hoc nhiu hm s ring bit ca
bin s.
Chnh lch gia doanh thu t vic bn hng
sn xut ra v tt c cc chi ph c hi ca
cc yu t c s dng to ra sn
lng .
Mt xu hng i vi t l li tc ca vn
st gim theo thi gian.
Khi mt cng ty c phn tn thnh nhiu
n v nh, th nhng n v ny c gi l
trung tm li nhun nu chng c tnh t
lp tnh c li tc ring cho mi n v
do u t.
Mt khi nim thng c s dng trong
cc thuyt QUN L DOANH NGHIP. N
l li nhun ti thiu i hi m bo s
ng ca c ng i vi chnh sch ca
cng ty.
Mi quan h c trng gia li nhun v cc
bin s nh sn lng v qung co m tc
ng n quy m ca li nhun.
Li nhun ca tng n v sn lng c
biu hin di dng mt s phn trm ca
gi.
Gi thit cho rng cc doanh nghip u
nhm ti a ho li nhun.
S xy ra khi li nhun mang li s thc y
quyt nh
Li nhun c th hin di dng mt t l
ca gi tr ghi trong s sch ca cc ti sn
vn.
Mt bin th ca lm pht chi ph y, quy
ngun gc ca qu trnh lm pht cho cc
nh t bn nh tm mt phn gia tng trong
thu nhp quc dn.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING.
Mt tn chung gi mt lot cc k thut
ti u ho, thng bao gm cc phng
php gii php lp li, mt v d l QUY
HOCH TUYN.
Ni chung cp n mt tnh hung trong
t l ca thu nhp c tnh thu tng ln
t l ca thu nhp c tnh thu tng ln t
l thu cng vi thu nhp hoc sc mnh
chi tiu.

economic

2542 Project appraisal

Thm nh d n.

2543 Property rights

Cc quyn s hu ti sn.

2544 Proportional tax

Thu tnh theo t l.

2545 Propulsive industries

Cc ngnh ng lc.

2546 Prospect theory

L thuyt vin cnh.

2547 Protection
2548 Proxy

Bo h.
Tnh i din

2549 Proxy variable

Bin s i din.

2550 Pseudo-demand schedule

Biu cu-gi.

2551 Public choice

2552 Public company

S la chn cng cng.

Cng ty cng cng.

2553 Public Expediture

Chi tiu cng cng.

2555 Public good

Hng ho cng cng.

2556 Public issue

Public Sector Borrowing
2557 Requirement (PSBR)
Public Sector Debt Repayment
2558 (PSDR)

Pht hnh cng cng.

2559 Public utility

Ngnh dch v cng cng

Nhu cu vay ca khu vc cng cng.

Hon tr n ca khu vc cng cng.

Page 161

Xem CAPITAL BUDGETING, DISCOU-TED

CASH FLOW, NET PRESENT VALUE,
RATE OF RETURN.
Nhng quyn ny ni n vic cho php s
dng ti nguyn, hng ho v dch v.
Trc ht, ni m t l ca thu nhp c
ly ra np thu vn gi nguyn khi thu
nhp tng, th c mt THU SUT BIN
khng thay i bng vi thu sut trung bnh
hoc thu sut hiu lc. nh ngha th hai
l mt th thu t l nu thu sut khng i
khi c s thu tng ln.
Mt ngnh then cht m s tng tc v s
m rng ca chng c th to nn s kch
thch tng trng trong mt nn kinh t.
Mt l thuyt v vic ra quyt nh trong tnh
trng khng chc chn. L thuyt ny gn
vi Kahneman v Tversky.
Xem EFFECTIVE RATE OF PROTEC-TION,
TARIFS , QUOTAS.
Mt bin s c s dng trong vic phn
tch hi quy thay th "thay mt" mt bin
s khc v mt l thuyt tho ng hn
trong nhng trng hp m cc d liu
khng c c i vi bin s ny hoc
bin s ny khng th quan st c (chng
hn mc tiu dng mong mun hoc thu
nhp thng xuyn.
Mi quan h hm s cho bit s tin mt c
nhn mun thanh ton cho mt lot cc n
v k tip ca mt hng ho cng cng hoc
cho cc n v tiu dng k tip ca hng
ho bi cc c nhn khc (nh kt qu
s tn ti ca mt ngoi ng c li).
Mt ngnh kinh t hc lin quan n vic p
dng kinh t hc vo vic phn tch s quyt
nh "Phi th trng".
Xem COMPANY.
Ni mt cch rng ri, chi tiu ca cc c
quan chnh quyn a phng v quc gia
c phn bit vi chi tiu t nhn, nhng
t chc hoc doanh nghip t nhn.
Mt hng ho hoc dch v m nu cung
cp cho mt ngi no th i vi nhng
ngi khc cng c cung cp nh vy
m khng phi chu bt c chi ph no thm.
Phng php thc hin mt s pht hnh
mi v CHNG KHON trong c quan
pht hnh, chng hn mt cng ty hoc mt
chnh quyn a phng bn cc chng
khon mt cch trc tip cho cng chng
vi mc gi n nh.
Tng gi tr m s thu ca cc t chc Khu
vc cng cng thiu ht so vi s chi.
Xem Pulic Sector Borrowing Requirement
(PSBR).
Mt cng ty hay x nghip l ngi cung cp
duy nht mt loi hng ho hoc dch v
thit yu no , do phi chu hnh thc
kim sot ca chnh ph.

economic

2560 Public utility regulation

2561 Public ownership

iu tit ngnh dch v cng cng.

S hu cng cng

2562 Purchasing power parity

Sc mua tng ng.

2563 Purchase tax

2564 Purchasing power of money
2565 Pure competition

Thu mua hng.

Sc mua ca ng tin.
Cnh tranh thun tu.

2566 Pure profit

2567 Pure inflation
2568 Put option

Li nhun thun tu.

Lm pht thun tu.
Hp ng bn trc.

2569 Putty-clay

M hnh putty-clay; M hnh mt tt t st.

2571 Pyramiding

M hnh putty-putty; M hnh mt tt mt tt.

S thp ho; S chp ho; Vic hnh
thnh hnh chp.

2572 Quadratic equation

Phng trnh bc hai

2573 Quadratic utility function

Hm tho dng bc hai.

2574 Qualitative choice models

M hnh la chn nh tnh.

2575 Quantity theory of money

L thuyt nh lng v tin t.

2576 Quartile
2577 Quasi-option value

T phn v.
Gi tr ca hp ng mua bn trc.

2578 Quasi-rent

Tin thu gi.

2570 Putty-putty

Page 162

Quy nh ca chnh ph v vic kim sot

i vi cc Dch v cng cng c nhng yu
t ca sc mnh c quyn; mc ch nhm
hi ho qun l kinh doanh vi li ch cng
cng.
Mt hc thuyt khng nh rng mt n v
tin t phi c kh nng mua cng c mt
gi hng ho mi nc.
Mt loi thu doanh thu.N tn ti nc
Anh trc khi p dng thu gi tr gia tng
vo nm 1973. N l loi thu tnh theo tng
gi tr nh vo mt s hng c bit mc
bn bun.
Xem PERFECT COMPETITION.
Mt s d tin c li khi doanh thu
pht sinh t mt hot ng no c
tr cho tt c cc chi ph c hi ca sn xut
c th xy ra, li nhun thng thng cn
thit duy tr s kinh doanh ca ngi sn
xut.
Xem OPTIONS
Mt hnh thi ca HN SN XUT cho php
thay vn bng lao ng v ngc li trc
khi u t thc t c thc hin, nhng
mt khi my mc c lp t th t s
Vn/ lao ng khng th thay i c.
Mt kha cnh ca hm sn xut trong l
thuyt tng trng cho php vn c lin
tc i hnh dng c trc v sau khi u t
thc hin.
Xem HOLDING COMPANY.
Mt phng trnh cha bnh phng ca
mt bin s nh lu tha cao nht.
Mt HM THO DNG m dng i s ca
n l dng ca mt PHNG TRNH BC
HAI.
y l cc m hnh c a ra gii
quyt nhng d liu phn ng khng lin
tc, chng hn nh quyt nh mua hay
khng mua xe t, thay i vic lm, hoc i
hc i hc.
L thuyt v CU TIN T to nn yu t
quan trng nht ca phn tch kinh t v m
trc ca Keynes: L thuyt tng qut v
vic lm, li sut v tin t (1936).
Mt phng tin xc nh v tr ca d liu
hoc phn phi mu.
Xem OPTION VALUE.
Thu nhp ca mt ngi bn mt loi hng
ho hoc dch v qu mc v trn CHI PH
C HI c th xy ra khi hng ho tm
thi c cung cp vi lng c nh.

economic

2579 Quesnay, Francois

(1694-1774).

2580 Quick assets ratio

T l ti sn d chuyn hon.

2581 Quits

S ngi b vic.

2582 Quota
2583 Import / Export quota

Hn nghch.
Hn nghch xut khu / nhp khu.

2584 Quoted companies

Cc cng ty c nim yt gi.

2585 Quotient rule

2586 R2

Quy tc thng s.
H s xc nh.

2587 Radcliffe Committee

U ban Radcliffe.

Page 163

Nhn vt ch yu trong nhm cc nh kinh

t hc Php th k XVIII c gi l
nhng ngi theo ch ngha TRNG
NNG. L mt bc s phu thut, tc phm
ca ng v kinh t hc xut hin trong BCH
KHOA TON TH nm 1756 v 1757, TP
CH NNG NGHIP, THNG NGHIP V
TI CHNH nm 1765 v 1767, v BIU
KINH T (1758). L ngi chng li trng
phi TRNG THNG, ng sm ng h
cc u im t do cnh tranh trong cng
nghip. Bi Biu kinh t a ra mt m
hnh trao i gia ba giai cp x hi: a ch,
cng nhn nng nghip v ci gi l giai cp
"khng sinh li". Ch nng nghip l c kh
nng sn xut s thng d so vi cc yu
cu tiu dng v do l ng lc thc y
nn kinh t. Biu kinh t a ra m hnh
U VO U RA ca nn kinh t cho thy
thng d hoc sn phm dng c phn
phi th no gia 3 giai cp. Nh vy n l
tin thn ca m hnh ti sn xut ca
C.Mc v m hnh phc tp hn nhiu ca
WASSILY LEONTIEF. Quesnay xut rng
do nng nghip l ngun ca ca cui cng,
cho nn ti chnh cng cng c th n gin
ho rt nhiu bng mt th thu duy nht
nh vo nn nghip. S ng h ca ng
i vi t do kinh doanh v cnh tranh
khng hn ch c nh hng n kinh t
hc c in Anh v c bit n ADAM
y l t s ti sn d chuyn hon vi s
n hin i. Ti sn d chuyn hon l tin
mt, phn ln cc u t c k hn c th
thc hin nhanh chng v ti khon cc
khon phi thu tr n kh i.
Nhng nhn vin t nguyn ri b cng vic
hin ti thay i cng vic hoc rt
khi lc lng lao ng.
Mt gii hn bt buc t ra i vi s
lng hng ho sn xut hoc mua.
Nhng cng ty m vn c phiu c th c
bn t do S GIAO DCH CHNG
KHON. London, vic giao dch c c
quy ch nh vy i hi phi a ra mt
thng bo gi ca U ban nim yt ca S
giao dch chng khon.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt
hm s theo mt bin s, trong hm s
bao gm thng (ngha l t l) gia hai
hm s ring r ca bin s.
Xem COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION.
"U ban v s hot ng ca h thng tin
t" c thnh lp nm 1957, do lut gia,
hun tc Radcliffe lm ch tch, U ban
ny tng trnh nm 1959 (Bo co
Cmnd.827). y ban trong c hai nh kinh
t hc xut sc, gio s Alec Cairncross v
gio s R.S.Sayers tin hnh mt cuc
kho st phm vi rng v c thm quyn v
h thng tin t v ti chnh.

economic

2588 Radical economics

Kinh t hc cp tin.

2589 Raider firm

Hng thu mua.

2590 Ramsey pricing

2591 R and D
2592 Random coefficient models

nh gi Ramsay.
Nghin cu v trin khai.
Cc m hnh h s ngu nhin.

2593 Random sample

Mu ngu nhin.

2594 Random variable

Bin ngu nhin.

2595 Random walk

Bc ngu nhin.

2596 Range

Di, khong.

2597 Range (of a good)

Phm vi (ca mt hng ho).

2598 Rank correlation

Tng quan bc.

2599 Ranking of projects

Xp hng cc d n.

2600 Rank of a matrix

Hng ca ma trn.

Rank-tournament compensation
Quy tc n b theo xp hng thi ua
2601 rule
Hiu ng bnh cc.
2602 Ratchet effect

2603 Rate capping

2604 Rate of commodity
2605 Rate of interest

Hn ch t l chi tiu.
T l thay th hng ho.
Li xut.

2606 Rate of return

2607 Rate of time preference

T sut li tc.
T l u tin thi gian.

Page 164

Tn chung cho cc tc phm theo truyn

thng x hi ch ngha hoc Macxits, lin
quan ch yu n ch ngha Mc nhng
chp nhn v s dng cc ngun t tng
khc, chng hn nh thuyt v chnh ph v
thuyt t do bnh ng. Nhng tc phm ny
thng c gi l "cnh t mi".
L mt cng ty c tim nng cng c a v
nh s thu mua i vi mt cng ty khc.
c s dng rng ri trong thyt ngoi
ng mi trng, mt qui tc c th cn thit
p dng cho mi mc gi trong mt nn kinh
t, khi t nht c mt th hng ho l hng
cng cng khng th cn kit c.
Xem RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
Xem VARIABLE PARAMETER MODELS.
Mt mu m t cch ca cc thnh vin
c xc nh bng xc sut v l ni mt
quan st c thc hin mt cch c lp
i vi tt c cc quan st khc mu ny.
Mt bin chp nhn nhng tr s tu theo
phn phi xc sut ca n.
Mt th d v m hnh dy thi gian trong
gi tr hin ti ca mt bin s bng gi tr
mi nht ca n cng thm mt yu t ngu
nhin.
Mt thc o mc phn tn ca mt mu
cc quan st hoc ca mt s phn phi
c tnh nh chnh lch gia cc gi tr
ln nht v nh nht ca bin s .
Trong kinh t hc, vng khong cch ti a
m ngi ta s i mua mt hng ho c
th no .
Phng php o mc m hai bin s lin
quan vi nhau, khng nht thit theo gi tr
m theo bc.
Xem MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, PROJECTS,
CAPITAL RATIONING.
Con s ti a ca hng hay ct c lp tuyn
tnh ca ma trn.
Mt quy tc theo vic ngi ch thanh
ton cho nhn vin ph thuc vo th hng
ca nhn vin trong cuc ganh ua.
Xem RELATIVE INCOME HYPOTHESIS.
Mt th tc m B trng Mi trng ca
Anh dng hn ch t l gia tng chi tiu
ca nh chc trch a phng. Th tc ny
c coi nh bin php thay th cho cc
phng php truyn thng kim sot s
chi tiu ca chnh quyn a phng chng
hn nh vic iu hnh T L H TR
BNG TR CP.
Xem MARGINAL RATE OF
Gi c ca dch v tin t.
Mt khi nim chung ni n s Tin thu
c t s u t vn, khi tin ny c coi
nh mt phn ca kinh ph.
Xem TIME PREFERENCE.

economic

2608 Rates

Thu a c.

Mt h thu da trn gi tr c th b nh
thu ca t ai v nh , c thay th
bng ph cng ng vo cui nhng nm 80
Anh. Khi p dng PH CNG NG cho
c nhn th mt thu kinh doanh ng nht
c p dng cho mi doanh nghip. Trong
khi m trc mc thu tnh theo ng
bng do cc doanh nghip tr thay i tu
theo tng chnh quyn a phng th loi
thu ng nht c ngha l mi doanh
nghip trong nc s thanh ton cng
mc thu tnh theo ng bng, mc d hin
nay c s thay i gia Scotland, Anh v X
Wales.

2609 Rate support grant

Tr cp nng mc thu.

2610 Rational expectations

K vng duy l.

2611 Rationality

Tnh duy l.

2612 Rational lags

Tr hu t; Tr hp l.

2613 Rationing

Chia khu phn.

2614 Rawlsian justice

2615 R,D and D

Bng ng Rawls
Nghin cu, trin khai v trnh din.

2616 Reaction functions

Cc hm phn ng.

2617 Real balance effect

Hiu ng s d tin.

Real cost approach to

2618 international trade

Phng php chi ph thc t i vi

thng mi quc t.

2619 Real money balances

Cc s d tin thc t.

2620 Real national output

Sn lng quc dn thc t.

Mt c ch chuyn vn t chnh ph
trung ng cho cc chnh quyn a phng
Anh. Ngy nay s tr cp cho cc chnh
quyn ny to nn ngun thu nhp ch yu
ca cc chnh quyn a phng Anh.
l s p dng phn ch yu ca hnh vi
duy l ti a ho vo vic thu thp v x l
thng tin cho mc ch to nn mt quan
im v tng lai.
Hnh vi ca mt tc nhn kinh t (ngi tiu
dng, chnh ph ) nht qun vi mt lot
cc quy tc chi phi cc s thch.
Mt cng thc TR PHN PHI trong ,
cc gi tr k tip ca mt bin s b tr
c xc nh bng t l ca hai m hnh tr
a thc.
Bt c phng php no phn b mt sn
phm hoc dch v khan him khc vi cch
dng ca c ch gi.
Mt cch tip cn vn ca mt x hi
bnh ng, v c bit l BNH NG PHN
PHI c pht trin bi nh trit hc John
Rawls i hc Harvard, ng lp lun rng
bnh ng x hi l x hi m trong c th
la chn nu h b chi phi hon ton bi
quyn li c nhn.
Xem RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
Gip cho doanh nghip xc nh gi tr ti u
cho mt bin s la chn khi bit c gi
tr ny ca cc hng cnh tranh.
Cm thut ng ny thng c s dng
m t trng hp khi cu i vi hng
ho thay i do c s thay i s d tin
thc t.
Hc thuyt v li th so snh ca Ricardo
c da trn mt phng php chi ph
thc t.
L gi tr ca cc lng tin c nm gi
c xc nh bng s lng hng ho v
dch v m chng c th mua c.
Gi tr ca tng sn lng - THU NHP
QUC DN - c tnh theo "gi c nh" tc l tr i t l lm pht chung tnh
c hiu qu thc t ca vic s dng cc
ngun lc.

2621 Real wages

Tin lng thc t.

L tin lng c tnh theo gi tr hng ho

v dch v m s tin c th mua c.

Page 165

economic

2622 Receiver

Ngi tip nhn (ti sn).

2623 Recession
2624 Reciprocal

Suy thoi.
S nghch o.

2625 Reciprocal demand

Cu qua li.

Reciprocal Trade Argreements

2626 Act of 1934 (RTA)

o lut nm 1934 v cc hip nh

Thng mi qua li.

2627 Recognition lag

Tr trong nhn thc.

2628 Recontract

Ti kh c.

2629 Recursive model

2630 Recursive residuals
2631 Redeemable loan stock

M hnh ni phn.
S d ni phn.
C phn vay c th hon tr.

2632 Redeemable securities

Chng khon c th hon tr.

2633 Redemption yield

Tng li tc o hn.

2634 Redistribution

Ti phn phi.

2635 Reduced form (RF)

Dng rt gn.

2636 Redundancies
2637 Redundancy payments

Nhn vin tha.

Tr cp thi vic.

2638 Re-export

Hng ti xut.

L ngi c b nhim tip qun ti

sn ca mt con n, ng thi thu nhn hoa
li t ti sn ni trn nhm thanh ton n.
L giai on gim st ca chu k thng
mi xy ra sau mt nh im v kt thc ti
im thp nht ca chu k.
L mt s c s m m mt.
L cu ca mt nc i vi hng ho ca
mt nc khc trong quan h trao i hng
gia hai nc.
o lut thu quan Smoot-Hawley nm 1930
p t biu thu nhp khu cao n mc
cc hot ng thng mi quc t ca Hoa
K hu nh khng c. n nm 1962, tc
ng ca RTA lm gim mc thu quan
trung bnh xung cn 11,1%. Nm 1990,
mc thu quan trung bnh cho hng cng
nghip ch cn mc 5%.
Lag khong thi gian k t t khi mt yu t
c kh nng gy bt n xy ra cho n khi
n c cc nh hoch nh chnh sch
nhn nh l c kh nng gy bt n.
L tho thun m theo bn mua hoc bn
bn c th thay i s lng hng mua bn
nu biu gi tho thun khng gip cho
hng c tiu th ht trn th trng: s
lng hng s c iu chnh tu thuc
vo vic xy ra tnh trng d cu hay d
cung.
L mt m hnh trong nhng gi tr hin
ti ca mt tp hp cc bin s quyt nh
gi tr hin ti ca mt tp hp khc trong
khi cc gi tr trc (gi tr tr) ca tp
hp sau li quyt nh cc gi tr hin ti ca
gi tr trc.
Xem KALMAN FILTERING.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
C th l chng khon m s c tr li thanh ton - vo mt ngy nht nh, hoc
c th l chng khon m c th c tr li
tu theo hp ng ca ngi vay tin.
Nu mt nh u t mua mt c phiu c k
hn vi gi thp hn gi danh ngha ca n
m gi c phn n khi o hn th s
c hng mt khon li tc ngoi tin li
hng nm tr cho c phn .
L qu trnh iu chnh li s phn phi
(thng l) thu nhp hoc ca ci trong mt
x hi.
L cc dng ca mt tp hp CC
PHNG TRNH NG THI trong cc
bin s ni sinh c biu th nh l cc
hm ca cc BIN S NGOI SINH, ngha
l khng c bin s ni sinh no xut hin
pha bn phi ca cc phng trnh.
Nhng ngi mt vic khng t nguyn do
yu cu v nhn lc ca doanh nghip gim.
Xem SEVERANCE PAY.
L hng c nhp t mt nc sang mt
nc khc nhng khng c tiu th
nc nhp hng m c xut ti mt
nc th ba.

Page 166

economic

2639 Regional development grant

2640 Regional economics

2641 Regional emloyment premium

2642 Regional multiplier

2643 Regional policy

2644 Regional integration

2646 Regional wage differentials

L cc khon tin m trc y chnh ph

Anh cung cp cho cc hng tin hnh u t
vo sn xut ti nhng vng no c coi l
CC KHU VC CN PHT TRIN v VC
KHU VC PHT TRIN C BIT. Cc
khon tr cp pht trin khu vc dn b
Tr cp pht trin vng.
ct b k t thng 3 nm 1988.
Kinh t hc khu vc l chuyn nghnh phn
tch kinh lin quan n vic phn phi hot
ng kinh t theo khng gian v s khc
nhau v khng gian trong kt qu ca hot
Kinh t hc khu vc.
ng kinh t.
L khon tr cp cho cc hng sn xut ti
cc khu vc cn pht trin v cc khu vc
c bit Anh t nm 1967 n nm 1977
da trn c s s cng nhn c tuyn
dng, ban du l 1,5 bng cho mt cng
nhn v sau l 3 bng cho mt cng
nhn, hy vng s khuyn khch cc hng
cc khu vc c t l tht nghip cao thu
Tr cp tuyn dng lao ng khu vc. thm nhiu lao ng.
L mt phin bn ca s nhn c s
dng trong vic phn tch cc nn kinh t
S nhn khu vc.
khu vc.
L mt dng ca chnh sch kinh t ca
chnh ph nhm iu chnh hnh thi hot
ng kinh t hoc kt qu kinh t ca khu
Chnh sch khu vc.
vc.
Hi nhp khu vc.
L nhng chnh lch v mc lng trung
bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn
Nhng chnh lch tin lng gia cc loi theo khu vc m h ang lm vic ti
khu vc.
.

2647 Regional wage structure

C cu tin lng theo khu vc.

2648 Registered unemployed

2649 Regressand

Nhng ngi tht nghip c ng k.

Bin ph thuc (trong phn tch hi
quy).

2650 Regression

Hi quy.

2651 Regressive expectations

K vng hi quy.

2652 Regressive tax

Thu lu thoi.

2653 Regressor
2654 Regret matrix

c tnh hi quy.
Ma trn hi tic.

2655 Regulation Q

Quy ch Q.

Page 167

L vic xp th t cc mc lng trung bnh

ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn loi
theo khu vc m h ang lm vic ti .
L tng s ngi Anh ng k ti cc Vn
phng tht nghip c hng tr cp.
L mt php phn tch bng cch ghp mt
phng trnh hi quy quy (hoc mt quan h
ton hc) vo mt tp hp cc im s liu,
thng l bng phng php BNH
PHNG TI THIU THNG THNG,
thit lp cc mi quan h kinh t lng
(c tnh gi tr ca cc thng s), hoc
kim nh cc gi thit kinh t.
L k vng cho rng s bin i ca gi tr
thc t ca mt bin s tch ra khi gi tr ti
im cn bng ca n, thng l mt gi tr
mi, s c tip ni bi vic quay tr li
gi tr ti im cn bng.
L trng hp thu sut trung bnh gim khi
thu nhp tng ln.
L mt BIN C LP trong mt php phn
tch hi quy.
Xem MINIMAX REGRET.
L mt quy ch ca Hoa K do H THNG
D TR LIN BANG t ra vo nm 1933
i vi cc mc li m cc ngn hng phi
tr cho cc tin gi nh.

economic

2657 Regulatory capture

2658 Regulatory policy
2659 Reintermediation

S iu tit.
S lm quyn iu tit; "iu tit b
tri".
Chnh sch iu tit.
Ti ph trung gian.

2660 Relative deprivation

Cm gic b tc ot.

2661 Relative income hypothesis

2662 Relative price

Gi thuyt v thu nhp tng i.

Gi tng i.

2656 Regulation

2663 Relativities

Chnh lch lng trong mt ngh.

2664 Renewable resource

2665 Rent

Ti nguyn ti to c.
T, li, tin thu.

2666 Rent gradient

Gradient tin thu.

2667 Rentiers

Ch cho thu ti sn; Ch cho thu

vn.

2668
2669
2670
2671

Rent seeking
Rent seeker
Rental on capital
Replacement cost

S tm kim c li; S tm kim tin

thu.
Ngi kim s c li.
Tin thu vn.
Chi ph thay th.

2672 Replacement cost accounting

Hch ton chi ph thay th.

2673 Replacement investment

u t thay th.

2674 Replacement ratio

T s thay th.

2675 Representative firm

Hng i din.

Page 168

Xem DISINTERMEDIATION.
L mt khi nim c cc nh kinh t hc
th ch vay mn t x hi hc to ra
nn tng v hnh vi vi m ca qu trnh
c coi l phi th trng m tin lng
c xc nh trong (Xem SPILLOVER
HYPOTHESIS).
L gi thuyt cho rng tiu dng ca c
nhn v / hoc h gia nh l hm s ca thu
nhp ca c nhn/ h gia nh trong mi
quan h vi thu nhp ca cc c nhn hoc
h gia nh khc, ng thi cng l hm s
ca thu nhp hin ti trong mi quan h vi
mc thu nhp trong cc giai on ngay
trc .
Xem PRICE.
L thut ng c s dng m t nhng
chnh lch gia cc mc lng trung bnh
ca cc nhm cng nhn trong cng mt
ngh, do cc nhm ch khc nhau tr.
L bt c ti nguyn no c kh nng ti to
li, mt phn hoc ton b, mt cch "t
nhin".
Xem ECONOMIC RENT.
L mt mi quan h c s dng trong
KINH T HC TH, biu th mc t phi
tr cho mt n v t ai nh mt hm s
ca khong cch t mt im tham chiu
nht nh - thng l mt thnh ph hoc
trung tm th x.
L nhng ch s hu vn m ton b hoc
hu ht thu nhp ca h c c t ngun
ny nhng h li chn cch khng p t
quyn kim sot ca mnh i vi vic s
dng n.
L vic s dng cc ngun lc thc t nhm
thu c thng d di hnh thc mt
khon c li.

Xem HISTORICAL COST.

L mt phng php k ton c iu chnh
theo nhng thay i v gi c bng cch
tnh li nhun nh l khon chnh lch gia
gi bn mt mt hng v chi ph thay th ca
n ti thi im bn hng.
L khon tin cn thit thay th phn vn
u t c bn c s dng ht trong
qu trnh sn xut.
L t s gia tng thu nhp rng (thu nhp
cng vi phc li tr thu v tin nh ,
cho php hon tr li tin thu) khi tht
nghip v tng thu nhp thun khi ang lm
vic.
L mt hng tiu biu cho mt ngnh hay
mt khu vc ca nn kinh t ang c
phn tch.

economic

2676 Repressed inflation

Lm pht b kim ch.

2677 Required reserves

2678 Required rate of return on capital
Required real rate of return on
2679 capital
2680 Required reserve ratio

D tr bt buc.
Sut sinh li cn c ca vn.

2681 Resale price mainternance

Vic duy tr gi bn l.

2682 Resale Prices Act 1964

o lut nm 1964 v Gi bn l.

Research and development

2683 (R&D)

Nghin cu v trin khai.

2684 Reservation wage

Mc lng bo lu; Mc lng k

vng ti thiu.

Sut sinh li thc t cn c ca vn.

T l d tr bt buc.

2685 Reserve assets ratio

T l ti sn d tr.

2686 Reserve base

C s d tr.

2687 Reserve currency

ng tin d tr.

2688 Reserve ratio

T l d tr.

2689 Residual
2690 Resiliency
2691 Resource

S d.
Tnh nhy bn.
Ngun lc; Ngun ti nguyn.

Page 169

L trng hp vic n nh gi kim sot

c tc thay i ca gi c m khng
tc ng n nhng xu hng lm pht
ang din ra.
Trong ngnh ngn hng M, cc t chc
nhn tin gi phi duy tr mt t l phn trm
nht nh ca s n m cc t chc ny
pht hnh (v c bn gm c sc, s tit
kim v giy chng nhn ti khon tin gi)
di dng s d nhn ri.

L tho thun theo cc nh sn xut xc

nh mt cch c lp hoc tp th nhng
mc gi ti thiu m cc sn phm ca h
c th c bn li ti cc nh bn bun v
bn l.
L o lut ca Anh cm vic duy tr gi bn
l bi mt hng ring l.
L hot ng nhm nng cao trnh khoa
hc hoc k thut v ng dng trnh
vo vic to ra cc sn phm mi v
phng tin sn xut mi cng nh ci tin
cc sn phm v qui trnh sn xut hin ti.
Ngi cng nhn tm vic trn TH
TRNG LAO NG s c mt tng
nht nh v mc lng m anh ta mong
mun hoc xng ng c hng, da
trn mc lng trc y ca anh ta v
nhng ngh tr lng c bit n theo
mt ngha k vng nht nh.
L t l ti thiu m tt c cc ngn hng v
cc CNG TY TI CHNH c quy m ln
hn hot ng ti Anh trong thi gian t
1971 n 1981 phi duy tr gia cc ti sn
c xc nh l hp l v cc khon n
c xc nh bng cch tng t l hp l.
L s lng nhng ti sn trong h thng ti
chnh m xt trn thc t hoc v mt php
l, c th hnh thnh nn d tr ca h
thng ngn hng, v theo l thuyt truyn
thng v S NHN TN DNG, hnh thnh
nn s b nhn gip cho vic s dng s
nhn xc nh tng s tin gi ngn
hng.
L tn gi c t cho mt NG TIN
nc ngoi m mt chnh ph sn sng gi
lm mt phn d tr ca mnh; s tin ny
c s dng ti tr cho thng mi
quc t.
L t l gia mt ti sn, hoc mt nhm cc
ti sn, c gi lm qu d tr so vi tng
s cc khon n hoc cam kt nht nh, v
xt v mt mc no th y l i
tng ca chnh sch hot ng ca cc t
chc c lin quan.
Chnh lch gia mt im s liu trn thc
t vi gi tr c a ra bi mt phng
trnh c tnh.

economic

2692 Restricted least squares (RLS)

2693 Restrictive Practices Court
Restrictive Trade Practices Act
2694 1956

Restrictive Trade Practices Act

2695 1968

2696 Reswitching

2697 Retail

2698 Retail banking

2699 Retail price index (RPI)

2700 Retained earnings
2701 Retention ratio
2702 Retentions
2703 Return on capital employed
2704 Returns to scale

2705 Revaluation

2706 Revealed preference

2707 Revenue
2708 Revenue maximization

2709 Reverse dumping

2710 Reverse yield gap

2711 Ricardian equivalence theorem

L mt phng php c tnh cc thng s

ca mt phng trnh, trong c tnh n
Bnh phng nh nht hn ch.
mt loi thng tin u tin.
Xem RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES
To n v cc hot ng hn ch.
ACT 1956.
L o lut ca Anh quy nh vic cc hng
o lut nm 1956 v nhng Thng l sn xut tho thun vi nhau duy tr gi
thng mi hn ch.
bn l l bt hp php.
im chnh ca o lut ny l mt iu
khon ni lng vic ng k bt buc cc
tho thun theo quy nh ca o lut nm
o lut nm 1968 v nhng Thng l 1956 v nhng Thng l thng mi hn
thng mi hn ch.
ch.
Trong CUC TRANH LUN V VN, quan
im cho rng mt phng php sn xut b
t b khi t l li nhun thp c th c
a ra khi t l li nhun tng ln ti nhng
mc cao hn nhiu, cng vi vic mt (hoc
nhiu) Phng php sn xut thay th c
kh nng sinh li cao hn c s dng
Ti chuyn i.
trong giai on chuyn tip.
L giai on cui cng trong dy chuyn
phn phi t nh sn xut n ngi tiu
Bn l.
dng.
Thut ng ny c p dng cho cc
nghip v ngn hng chuyn thng do cc
NGN HNG THANH TON B TR v
ngy cng nhiu cc ngn hng khc tin
hnh, thng qua h thng chi nhnh ca h
Nghip v ngn hng bn l.
ti mi i tng.
L mt ch s gi hng ho c cp n
nh l ch s gi sinh hot. Ch s ny o
lng nhng thay i tng i trong cc
mc gi ca mt nhm hng tiu dng c
th m mt h gia nh trung bnh mua mt
Ch s gi bn l.
cch thng xuyn.
Thu nhp c gi li.
Xem INTERNAL FINANCE.
L t l li nhun rng c tnh lm thu
T l gi li.
nhp gi li.
L tn gi khc ca THU NHP GI LI
Cc khon gi li.
hoc LI NHUN KHNG CHIA.
Li tc t vn c s dng.
Xem RATE OF RETURN.
L t l m theo sn lng thay i khi s
Li tc theo quy m.
lng ca tt c cc u vo thay i.
L mt thay i theo hng i ln ca sc
mua ngang gi i vi mt ng tin trong
S nng gi tr; s tng gi.
mt h thng t gi hi oi c nh.
L mt phng thc tip cn hc thuyt v
cu ca SAMUELSON, da trn nhng
nhn nh v cch thc m ngi tiu dng
phn ng i vi nhng thay i v gi c
S thch c bc l.
v thu nhp.
Doanh thu.
Ti a ho doanh thu.
Xem SALES MAXIMIZATION HYPOTHESIS.
L vic bn mt loi hng ho nc ngoi
vi mt mc gi cao hn gi mt hng ti
th trng trong nc li dng v tr c
Bn ph gi th trng nc ngoi. quyn.
Chnh lch nghch o ca li tc.
Xem Yield gap.
Theo nh l ny, vic nh thu v vic
pht hnh n ca nhnh ph, khi c s
dng nh mt cng c ti tr cho chi tiu
ngn hn ca chnh ph, u c cc hiu
nh l Ricardo v tnh tng ng . ng tng ng vi nhau i vi nn kinh

Page 170

economic

2712 Ricardo, David

(1772-1823).

2713 Right-to-work laws

Cc lut v quyn c lm vic.

2714 Rights issue

Pht hnh quyn mua c phiu.

2715 Risk

Ri ro.

2716 Risk aversion

S s ri ro, khng thch ri ro.

2717 Risk capital

2718 Risk attitude
2719 Risk character

Vn ri ro.
Thi i vi ri ro.
Thi i vi ri ro.

2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727

Risk premium
Risk-spreading
Risk-diversification
Risk-loving
Risk Master
Risk-neutrality
Risk-pool
Risk-sharing

2728 Rival

Tin b cho ri ro, ph ri ro

Dn tri ri ro.
Phn tn ri ro.
Thch ri ro.
Phn mm Risk Master
Bng quan vi ri ro.
Chung ri ro; Gp chung ri ro.
Chia x ri ro.

L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, c nhc

n nhiu nht do hc thuyt v TIN THU
v hc thuyt v CHI PH SO SNH ca
ng. Nm 1819, ng c bu vo H ngh
vin. S quan tm ca ng i vi kinh t
hc bt u t khi ng c tc phm Ca ci
ca cc dn tc ca Smith m sau tr
thnh c s cho tc phm Gi cao ca vng
(1810), trong ng lp lun rng tnh trng
lm pht hin ti l do vic ngn hng trung
ng Anh khng hn ch c vic pht
hnh tin v mt u ban chnh thc cng
a ra mt kt lun tng t vo nm 1811.
Tc phm ch yu ca ng l Nhng
nguyn tc ca kinh t chnh tr v thu
(1817). Ricardo cng c bit n v thnh
cng ca ng trong vic to ra mt "c my
phn tch' v l ngi u tin s dng
phng php xy dng cc m hnh phn
tch gin n dac trn nhng gi nh to
bo p dng trc tip vo vic gii quyt
cc vn quan trng.
M, ni pht sinh cm thut ng ny, vic
buc cng nhn phi gia nhp cc nghip
on l bt hp php v cc tiu ban c
quyn cm vic p dng quy nh v gia
nhp nghip on.
Trong mt t pht hnh c phiu mi ca
mt cng ty, cc c ng hin ti c quyn
mua c phiu mi theo t l gp vn ca
tng c ng, l vi nhng iu kin u i.
L hon cnh trong mt s kin xy ra
vi mt xc sut nht nh hoc trong
trng hp quy m ca s kin c mt
PHN PHI XC SUT.
L k vng ca nh u t mun c li tc
d kin cao hn b p s gia tng
ri ro.
Thng thng cm thut ng ny ni n
mt khon vn c u t vo mt doanh
nghip m ch s hu ca n chp nhn ri
ro l cng ty c th b ph sn.
1.L mt khon b sung vo T L CHIT
KHU "thun tu" tnh n s khng
chc chn ca nhng li ch hoc doanh thu
ca mt d n trong tng lai; 2.Trong mt
th gii khng chc chn, l phn li tc
b p cho ch s hu vn v nhng ri ro
trong vic s dng s vn trong kinh
doanh.
Xem INSURANCE.

Khi s tiu dng ca mt c nhn v mt

Tnh hu tranh; Tnh cnh tranh (trong hng ho lm gim s lng hng ho
tiu dng).
m nhng ngi khc c th tiu dng.

Page 171

economic

2729 Robbins, Lionel

(1898-1984).

2730 Robinson, Joan V.

(1903-1983).

2731 Robinson-Patman Act

o lut Robinson-Patman.

2732 Roosa effect

Hiu ng Roosa.

2733 Roots

Cc nghim, cn s.

2734 Rostow model

M hnh Rostow

Page 172

L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh v l mt

nhn vt c nhiu nh hng, l gio s
kinh t ti trng Kinh t London t nm
1929 n nm 1961. Trong thi gian ny,
Robbins c nh hng to ln i vi c sinh
vin ln chnh ph, l ngi i u trong
vic hi sinh t duy kinh t "t do". ng
nhn mnh s cn thit v mt l thuyt v
thc t gia kinh t hc CHUN TC v
THC CHNG. Trong tc phm Lun bn
v bn cht v ngha ca khoa hc kinh t
(1953), nhn mnh n kha cnh s khan
him trong mi hnh vi kinh t. Cu ni ni
ting ca Robbins tm li quan im ny
v tr thnh mt nh ngha chun v phm
vi nghin cu ca kinh t hc:"Khoa hc
nghin cu hnh vi ca con ngi da trn
c s mi quan h gia nhng mc tiu v
cng c khan him vi nhng cng dng
khc nhau".
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh v l mt trong
nhng l thuyt gia kinh t c nh hng
nht trong giai on hu Keynes. L gio s
ging dy ti trng i hc Cambrigde
(1931-1971). ng gp gp quan trng u
tin ca b l s ph bnh v s din gii li
hc thuyt truyn thng v gi tr da trn
khi nim. Tc phm sau ny ca b
chuyn t phng php im cn bng tng
phn ca Marshall sang phng php phn
tch c inca Keynes v nhng vn
kinh t v m nng ng, c bit l vn
tng trng v phn phi. Tc phm S tch
lu vn (1956), ng gp quan trng ca b
cho hc thuyt tng trng kinh t, vn dng
t tng ca J.Mkeynes, Harrod, C.Mc v
David Ricardo. Robinson l mt ngi i
u trong nhng cuc tranh lun gay gt v
ngha ca vn vo nhng nm 50 v 60.
L o lut ra i nm 1936 sa i mc
2 ca o lut Clayton ca Hoa K. Ni
dung ch yu ca n l vic cm t cc
mc gi khc nhau cho cc khch hng
khc nhau i vi nhng hng ho m c
bn ging nhau v chng loi v cht lng,
trong trng hp tc ng s l vic
gim ng k mc cnh tranh hoc c xu
hng c quyn.
Cm thut ng ny trc y dng ch
iu m ngy nay thng c gi l "HIU
NG KHO". N c mang tn ch ngn
hng - Nh kinh t hc Robert V.Roosa,
ngi u tin ng h ngha ca n.
Cc nghim ca mt hm l cc gi tr ca
bin c lp lm cho bin ph thuc bng
khng.
Mt thuyt tng trng kinh t do gio s
W.W Rostow a ra nm 1961. ng phn
chia qu trnh tng trng thnh 5 giai on:
1)X hi truyn thng; 2)Cc iu kin tin
quyt ct cnh;3)Ct cnh;4)Tin ti
trng thnh;5)Giai on tiu dng cao.

economic

Thut ng ny dng ch phng php

sn xut tn nhiu thi gian hn v hiu qu
hn. Khi nim nng sut cao hn ca
phng php sn xut l gio l trung tm
ca trng phi o trong khi tho lun vn.
Anh, y l loi thu phi tr cho chnh
ph Anh bi cc t chc khai khong sn v
mi quyn khai khong u thuc v Hong
gia. nhiu nc, mt s hnh thc thu
tinh vi hn v thng cn c vo li nhun
ang tr nn quan trng hn vi t cch l
thu nh vo ti nguyn thin nhin.

2735 Roundaboutness

Phng php sn xut gin tip.

2736 Royalty
2737 Royalties
2738 RPI

Thu ti nguyn.
Tin hoa hng (cn c vo kt qu lm
vic c nhn).
Xem COMPENSATION RULES.
Ch s gi bn l.
Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX.

2739 Rule-of-thumb

Quy tc t t.

2740 Rybczcynski theorem

Robustness of an exchange rate
2741 regime
2742 Run (a)

nh l Rybczcynski.
Tnh thit thc ca mt ch t gi
hi oi.
(mt) cn st rt tin.

2743 Sackings

Con s sa thi.

2744 St. Louis model

2745 St Petersburg paradox

M hnh St. Louis.

Nghch l St Petersburg.

2746 Salary

Lng

2747 Sales maximization hypothesis

2748 Sales tax

Gi thuyt v ti a ho doanh thu.

Thu bn hng.

2749 Salvage

Gi tr thanh l.

2750 Sample
2751 Sample space

Mu.
Khng gian mu.

Page 173

Mt cng thc hay th tc m to c s cho

vic ra quyt nh ca cc tc nhn kinh t.
nh l, do nh kinh t Rybczcynski a ra,
cho rng nu trong m hnh HECKSCHEROHLIN, mt trong hai yu t sn xut c
tng duy tr gi c hng ho v cc yu t
sn xut khng i th lng hng ho dng
nhiu yu t sn xut c tng ln phi m
rng sn lng hng ho kia, dng nhiu
hn trong yu t sn xut khng i phi
gim xung.

Con s thi vic c l do. Mt yu t trong

chu chuyn lao ng.
Mt m hnh kinh t lng tuyn tnh nh
ca nn kinh t M c a ra ti Ngn
hng d tr Lin bang St.Louis chng
li xu hng dng cc m hnh phi tuyn
tnh v ln hn c a ra cc ni khc
t m hnh ban u v nn kinh t M ca
Tinbergen v Klein-Goldberger.
Xem BERNOULLI HYPOTHESIS.
Tin tr cho hu nh ton b cng nhn
khng lm vic chn tay v mt s nhn vin
lm vic chn tay i ly cung lao ng
ca h, thng thng vic thanh ton c
tin hnh sau mi thnh v, ngc vi tin
cng ca nhn cng lm vic chn tay,
khng thay i theo s gi lm vic hay mc
n lc trong nhng gi lm vic vi iu
kin mt s ngha v hp ng ti thiu phi
c tn trng.
Do W.J.Baumol, a ra gi thit ny l tinh
thn thuyt QUN TR CA HNG.
Mt loi thu nh vo giao dch th trng.
Khi xem xt ngn sch vn, gi tr ca ti
sn vn vo cui i d n phi c xem
xt.
Mi tp cc quan st hay cc s liu o
c i vi mt bin c th no , m
khng gm tt c cc quan st c th c.

economic

2752 Samuelson, Paul

(1915-)

2753 Samuelson test

Kim nh Samuelson.

Nh kinh t hc ngi M, gio s ti hc

vin Cng ngh Massachusetts, v l ngi
c gii Nobel v kinh t nm 1970 v
c cng nng cao phn tch tng qut v
mc phng php lun trong kinh t hc
vi s gip ca ton hc. Trong KINH T
H NG, ng nghin cu xem mt h
thng kinh t c s nh th no khi bn
ngoi im cn bng v mt nn kinh t pht
trin nh th no t giai on n sang giai
on kia trong mt chui cc giai on pht
trin. Trong L THUYT CNG TIU
DNG, cch tip cn ca ng hon ton i
lp vi phng php tip cn c chp
nhn rng ri nht, l vic xy dng cc
nh l v hnh vi tiu dng da trn cc
phng php suy din, v ng xc nh
nhng s thch trn c s nhng hnh vi
quan st c hay "Nhng s thch c
bc l" nh chng c gi. Trong KINH T
HC QUC T, lp lun ca ng v vn
chuyn nhng v nhng li ch thu c
t thng mi u rt chnh xc v l nhng
tuyn b kinh in v kinh t hc hin i.
Mc d l ngi vit nhu, nhng
Samuelson ch vit, ch khng phi bin
son, hai cun sch l: Nhng nn tng ca
phn tch kinh t (1948) v mt cun sch
nhp mn rt thnh cng l Kinh t hc
(1945) v hin ang c ti bn ln th 15.
Theo kim nh ny th mt trng thi c kh
nng c phc li tt hn mt trng thi khc
nu i vi mi s phn phi gi hng ho
trong tnh trng th nht c tn ti mt s
phn b gi hng ho th hai, trong t
nht c mt phc li tng ln m khng c
ngi no b gim phc li.

2754 Satiation

Bo ho.

Hin tng " c " mt hng ho no .

2755
2756

2757
2758

2759

Hnh vi hng ti vic t c nhng mc

kht vng trong cc mc tiu ra quyt nh
v hnh vi khng nht thit phi lin quan
Satisficing behaviour
Hnh vi tho mn.
ti vic ti a ho bt k mt yu t no.
Mi thu nhp khng tiu dng vo hng ho
Savings
Tit kim.
v dch v cho nhu cu hin ti.
Cc cng ty c thnh lp di hnh thc
tng h hay c phn nhn tit kim t dn
c v u t ch yu vo cc khon cho vay
Savings and loan associations
Cc hip hi tit kim v cho vay.
th chp.
Hm ch r mi quan h gia tng tit kim
Savings function
Hm Tit kim.
(S) v thu nhp (Y), Tc l S = S(Y).
Phng php tit kim - u t i vi cn
bng cn cn thanh ton tp trung vo mi
quan h do Keynes nu ra gia tit kim v
u t gii thch v tr ca ti khon vng
lai trong cn cn thanh ton, v chnh lch
Savings-investment approach to Phng php tit kim - u t i vi gia xut khu v nhp khu hng ho v
the balance of payments
cn cn thanh ton.
dch v.

Page 174

economic

L mt doanh nhn ngi php tr thnh

nh kinh t hc, Say c b nhim lm ch
nhim khoa kinh t Cng nghip thuc
trng i hc Convervatoire National des
et Mtier (1819) v tr thnh gio s kinh t
nm 1931. im quan trng trong cng trnh
ca ng l vic ng phn i thuyt gi tr c
in da trn gi tr lao ng ca ngi Anh.
V mt phng php lun, Say l ngi i
tin phong trong trng phi TN C IN
v phn tch cn bng ca h. Say ni ting
nht vi l thuyt v th trng c ng xy
dng trong cun Trait d'economie politique
(1803). Say pht hin s ph thuc ln nhau
gia cung v cu t nn kinh t hng i
hng, ti mi hng ng bn u lin
quan n cu v mt gi tr tng ng,
khng tn ti bt k mt d cung hay cu
no v khng c mt hng ho no c
sn xut ra m khng c mt mc cu tiu
th no tng ng, thnh l thuyt chung v
th trng.
Trong kinh t hc, s khan him thng s
dng trong trng hp cc ngun lc sn c
sn xut ra sn phm khng tho
mn cc mong mun.
Mt tn gi khc ca ng tin mnh.
S biu din d liu bng th trong
cc gi tr quan st c ca mt bin c
v thnh tng im so vi cc gi tr ca
bin kia m khng ni cc im li vi
nhau bng ng ni.

2760 Say, Jean-Baptiste

(1767-1832)

2761 Scarcity
2762 Scarce currency

S khan him.
ng tin him.

2763 Scatter
2764 Scatter diagram

Biu tn x.
th ri.

2765 Schooling functions

Cc hm gio dc.

2766 Schultz, Theodore W.

(1902-)

Mi quan h hm s gia trnh hc vn

t c v cc yu t quyt nh ca cc
trnh .
Nh kinh t hc v gio s ti trng i
hc Chicago, ng l ng tc gi ot gii
thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1979. Nhng
cng trnh ch yu ca ng thuc lnh vc
kinh t nng nghip nhng ng cng c
bit ti nh mt ngi tin phong trong lnh
vc
nhn
SinhVn
trng
vlc.
hc tp Vin, Schumpeter

(1883-1950)

l mt mn ca WALRAS ch khng phi

trng phi o. ng l ngi tin phong
trong phn tch CHU K THNG MI v
PHT TRIN KINH T, trong c hai tc
phm ny, ch doanh nghip gi vai tr ch
o, chu trch nhim cho vic sng ch.
Hnh ng ca anh ta sau s b bt
chc, nh vy sng ch v c th gy ra
s bng n mang li. L mt tc gi c tm
nhn ln, ng lp lun trong cun CH
NGHA T BN, CH NGHA X HI V
NN DN CH (1947) rng ch ngha t
bn s nhng ch cho ch ngha x hi
khng phi v n tht bi nh C.Mc lp lun
m bi v thnh cng ca n. Cng trnh
cui cng ca ng, n lc mt vn cha
hon thnh l mt tc phm v i: Lch s
phn tch kinh t (1954).

2767 Schumpeter, Joseph A.

Page 175

economic

2768 Scientific tariff

Thu khoa hc.

2769 Scitovsky paradox

Nghch l Scitovsky.

2770 Scitovsky reversal criterion

Tiu ch nghch o Scitovsky.

2771 Screening hypothesis

Gi thit sng lc.

C phiu pht hnh cho c ng hin
hnh.
Quyn rt tin c bit.
Chi ph tm kim (vic lm).
Tht nghip do tm kim vic lm.

2772
2773
2774
2775

Scrip issue
SDR
Search costs
Search unemployment

2776 Seasonal adjustment

iu chnh thi v.

2777 Seasonal unemployment

Tht nghip thi v.

2778 Secondary banks

2779 Secondary market

Cc ngn hng th cp.

Th trng th cp.

2780 Secondary worker

Cng nhn hng hai.

2781 Second-best

(Tnh trng) tt nh.

2782 Second order condition

iu kin o hm bc hai.

2783 Secular supply curve

ng cung lao ng trng k.

2784 Secular trend

2785 Secured

Xu hng lu di
Nhng khon vay c bo lnh.

Page 176

Thu hay cu trc thu t c mc

tiu chnh sch, thng l phi kinh t nh
c lp quc gia hay s sn sng v qun
s, vi chi ph ti thiu cho x hi.
Nghch l ny sinh nu bc chuyn t phn
b A sang phn b B th hin mt ci thin
Pareto TIM NNG nhng nhng ngi
chu thit thi t bc chuyn ny s thu li
t khi li chuyn v A to iu kin cho
h mua chuc nhng ngi c li tre li
t s phn b ban u.
Scitovsky lu rng vic p dng kim nh
KALDOR-HICKS c th dn n quan im
coi nc B hn nc A nhng c khi
nc B vic p dng kim nh ny c th
ch ra rng A tt hn B.
Lp lun rng gio dc t c tc ng trc
tip n hiu qu tng nng sut lao ng
m gio dc ch yu ng vai tr ca mt b
lc, hay thit b sng lc m nhm pht hin
ra nhng ti nng sn c, s bn tr, ng
c m ngi s dung lao ng thy hp
dn.
Xem BONUS ISSUE.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
Xem JOB SEARCH.
Xem JOB SEARCH.
Tn gi ca bt k mt quy trnh no trong
c tc ng thi v c tnh n hoc
thng hay c loi b khi d liu.
Tht nghip do nguyn nhn t hnh thi
cng vic theo thi v ca mt s nghnh.
Mt cm thut ng dng ch mt nhm
ln cc t chc ti chnh chuyn nhn tin
gi, rt nhiu t chc trong s l chi
nhnh hoc c lin quan n cc ngn hng
thanh ton b tr, nh bun, ngn hng
nc ngoi mc ln nhanh chng trong
nhng nm 1960 v u nhng nm 1970
c tr gip bi nhng quy nh v s
lng i vi cc ngn hng thanh ton b
tr.
Xem PRIMARY MARKET.
Nhng nhm cng nhn m vic c tham
gia vo lc lng lao ng khng chc chn
bng nhng nhm cng nhn hng nht.
nh l tnh trng tt nh do R.G.Lipsey v
K.Lancaster a ra, cho rng nu mt trong
nhng iu kin ca ti u PARETO khng
th thc hin c th ni chung tnh th c
th t c tt nht (phng n tt nht
th hai) ch c th t c bng cch thot
khi mi iu kin Pareto khc.
Du ca o hm bc hai ca hm mc tiu
ca cc bin la chn cho thy cc tr l cc
i hay cc tiu.
Khi nim cung trong on thut ng ny
thng c hiu l tng t l tham gia vo
lc lng lao ng.
T "secular" ch ra rng l xu hng tnh
ton cho nhng d liu di hn.
Xem FINANCE CAPITAL.

economic

2786 Securities

Securities and Exchange

2787 Commission (SEC)
Securities and Invesment Board
2788 (SIB)

Chng khon.

Mt thut ng dng ch mt lot cc ti

sn ti chnh, v cc c phiu vin vng, c
phn, v tri khon.

U ban chng khon.

Mt t chc c lp ca chnh ph M c
thnh lp nm 1934 hot ng nh c quan
iu hnh chnh ca nganh chng khon.

Hi ng chng khon v u t.

2789 Securitization

Chng khon ho.

2790 Seignorage

Thu c tin, ph c tin.

2791 Self-liquidating

T thanh ton.

2792 Self-liquidating advances

Self-regulating organzations
2793 (SROs)

Cc khon ng trc t thanh ton.

2794 Semi log

Phng php bn Lgarit ho.

2795 Senior, Nassau W.

(1790-1864)

2796 Seniority practices

Phng php thm nin.

2797 Sensitivity analysis

Phn tch nhy cm.

2798 Separability of preferences

Tnh phn chia ca s a thch.

Cc t chc t iu tit.

Page 177

Xem BIG BANG.

Mt thut ng khc dng ch s t b i
vay qua trung gian, m t vic ti tr nhng
nhu cu tin t ca cng ty trc tip thng
qua th trng vn v thng qua vic s
dng cc cng c nh hi phiu, chp thun
ca ngn hng v pht hnh tri phiu thay
v vay t cc ngn hng thng mi.
T xa xa v p dng i vi tin, y l
mt loi thu nh vo nhng kim loi c
mang n xng c tin, nhm trang
tri cc chi ph c tin v l mt ngun thu
cho nh cm quyn, ngi cho l mt
c quyn.
Mt khon vay hay lao dch ti chnh khc c
ri ro thp v c mt th tc gn lin v vic
kt thc khon vay v thanh ton n nn.
Mt cu chm ngn truyn thng trn ngnh
ngn hng ca Anh l cc hnh hc tn dng
"t thanh ton" l hnh thc cho vay an ton
nht cho ngn hng.
Xem BIG BANG.
Phng php minh ho nhng bin s kinh
t c th thay i theo thi gian.
L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, hai ln c
phong gio s kinh t ca Khoa kinh t
chnh tr ti Oxford. ng sa i thuyt
dn s ca Malthus. Tng trng dn s c
th din ra m khng c s gim bt ca
dn s xung ti mc c th sng c v
mi th h u c c mun ci thin mc
sng. Senior l ngi tiu biu cho thuyt
gi tr ch quan v c gng dung ho
thuyt gi tr ca Ricardo vi s phn tch
ca THO DNG. Theo quan im ca
Senior, king khem ni n vic hy sinh
to ra vn mi. Chi ph cho s king khem
gp vo gi tr hng ho. Li sut c
xem nh l phn thng cho s khng tiu
dng . Cng trnh ln ca Senior v kinh
t hc l cng Khoa hc kinh t chnh
tr (1936).
Cc phng php iu chnh vic thng
chc, ging chc v sa thi trong mt b
phn ca hng theo mc thm nin ca
ngi lao ng.
Phn tch nhy cm lin quan n vic
thay i cc thng s theo bi ton ra quyt
nh v nghin cu xem vic thay i ny
nh hng n kt qu nh th no.
Trong l thuyt tiu dng, vic chia hng ho
cho nhiu nhm khc nhau sao cho s thch
tiu dng ca mi nhm c x l c lp
vi cc nhm cn li.

economic

Separation of ownership from

2799 control

S tch bit gia quyn s hu v

quyn kim sot.

2800 Serial correlation

Tng quan chui.

2801 Service of debt

Tr li sut n.

2802 Services

Cc dch v.

2803 Severance pay

Bi thng mt vic.

2804 Shadow economy

Nn kinh t bng.

2805 Shadow price

2806 Shadow wage rate
2807 Share

Gi bng
Mc tin cng bng.
C phiu.

2808 Share economy

Kinh t phn phi.

2809 Share price

2810 Sharpe, William F.

Gi c phiu.
(1934-)

2811 Sherman Act

o lut Sherman.

2812 Shift effect hypothesis

Gi thuyt v hiu ng dch chuyn.

2813 Shift share analysis

2814 Shirking model

Phn tch cc phn gy dch chuyn.

M hnh v tnh li; M hnh v tnh
ln trnh.

2815 Shock effect

Hiu ng sc

2816 Shop steward

i biu phn xng.

Page 178

iu ny xy ra trong nhng cng ty c phn

ln, trong nhng c phn c quyn b
phiu c chia cho mt s lng ln c
ng.
Cn c gi l tng quan t nh. Mt bi
ton kinh t lng, trong gi tr hin ti
ca mt sai s trong mt phng trnh
tng quan v nhng gi tr trong qu kh
ca n, ch ch ra rng, mt s nh
hng h thng no b loi b khi
phng trnh.
Vic thanh ton li cc khon li sut ca
n.
Trn gic kinh t, dch v l cc chc
nng hoc cc nhim v c thc hin m
ngi ta c cu v do to ra gi c hnh
thnh nn mt th trng thch hp.
Cng gi l tr cp mt vic Anh, mt
phng php hp ng ci thin chi ph kinh
t ca vic sa thi vnh vin bng vic bi
thng cho nhng ngi lao ng b mt
vic.
Mt b phn ca nn kinh t m sn lng
ca n khng c tnh vo con s thng k
v thu nhp quc dn bi v n c giu i
chnh quyn khng thy c.
Vic nh gi mt hng ho hay dch v m
khng c gi th trng.
Gi bng ca lao ng.
Xem EQUITIES.
Mt nn kinh t trong tin tr cho ngi
lao ng c gn bi mt cng thc vi
doanh thu hay li nhun ca cng ty m hc
lm vic.
Gi th trng hin hnh ca mt n v vn
c phn ca mt cng ty.
Mt trong nhng nn tng ca lut chng Trt M c thi hnh nm 1890.
Lp lun cho rng chnh sch thu nhp c
th nh hng n vic dch chuyn ng
Phillips sang bn tri, do to ra mt mc
tin lng thp hn v / hoc lm lm pht
gi i vi nhng gi tr cho trc ca cc
yu t quyt nh chng trc ht l mc
tht nghip.
Mt k thut c s dng trong phn tch
tng trng kinh t khu vc trong c
gng tch mt phn ca s tng trng khu
vc m c th gii thch bng s pha trn
cc ngnh trong khu vc (cu trc ngnh) v
phn c th gii thch theo cc anh hng
"khu vc" c th.
Xem EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY.
Mt lp lun tng t nh lp lun c s
dng trong nn kinh t c tin lng cao.
Mt i biu c bu ra i din cho mt
nhm cng nhn, ngi ny s thc y
nhng mi quan tm ca nhng ngi lao
ng trong nh my hoc phn xng nh
tin cng hoc cc iu kin lm vic.

economic

2817 Short-dated securities

Cc chng khon ngn hn.

2818 Short run

2819 Short run average cost
Short run average fixed cost
2820 (AFC)
2821 Short run fixed cost (AFC)

Ngn hn.
Chi ph trung bnh ngn hn.

Short run consumption function

Short run marginal cost (SMC)
Short run total cost (STC)
Short run variable costs (SVC)
Short run adjustments
Long run adjustments
Short run aggregate suply
2828 schedule

Hm tiu dng ngn hn.

Chi ph bin ngn hn.
Tng ph ngn hn.
Bin ph ngn hn.
Nhng iu chnh gi ngn hn.
Nhng iu chnh gi di hn.

2829 Short-time working

Lm vic t gi.

2830 SIC

Phn loi nghnh chun.

2831 Side payments

Cc khon tr thm.

2832 Sight deposits

Tin gi v k hn.

2833 Simon, Herbert A.

2834 Simplex alglorithm

(1916-)
Thut ton n hnh.

2835 Simulation

S m phng.

2836 Simultaneous equation bias

lch do phng trnh ng thi.

2837 Simultaneous equations

Cc phng trnh ng thi.

2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827

Cc chng khon n, v d nh tri khon

cng ty hay chng khon vin vng m thi
gian n ngy thanh ton ngn, thg
khng qu 5 nm.
Khong thi gian trong qu trnh sn xut
trong cc yu t sn xut c nh khng
thay i, nhng mc s dng cc yu t
kh bin c th b thay i.
Xem Average cost.

nh ph bnh qun ngn hn.

nh ph ngn hn.
Mi quan h hm s gia tiu dng v thu
nhp trong khong thi gian ca chu k kinh
doanh.
Xem Marginal cost.

Biu cung gp ngn hn.

Page 179

cp n nhng cng nhn lm vic t gi

hn TUN LM VIC CHUN c nu
trong trong hp ng lao ng ca h.
Xem STANDARD INDUSTRIAL
CLASSIFICATION.
Nhng trao i gia cc c nhn trong mt
nhm nhm mc ch khuyn khch thc
hin bn phn cho mt hoc nhiu mc tiu
chung.
Nhng khon tin gi ti cc ngn hng v
nhng th ch nhn tin gi tng t c th
chuyn i sang sc hoc c th rt bng
tin mt m khng cn bo trc.
L nh kinh t hc ngi M, t gii Nobel
kinh t 1978 do cng trnh nghin cu i tin
phonng trong qu trnh to ra quyt nh ti
nhng t chc v kinh t v hng ni
ring.L lun ca Simon v nhng quan st
v vic ra quyt nh ti cc t chc ph hp
vi thc t v to nn nn tng hu ch cho
vic nghin cu thc nghim.
Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING.
Mt hnh thc d on a ra mt tp hp
nhng phng n d on da trn nhng
gi thit khc nhau v cc tnh hung tng
lai, c th l tr li cu hi "ci g s xy
ra nu?", thay v cu hi "ci g s xy ra?".
lch trong nhng c lng bng
phng php bnh phng nh nht thng
thng l kt qa ca nhng tc ng phn
hi gia cc phng trnhkhi m hnh c
d on bao gm mt tp hp nhng
PHNG TRNH NG THI.
Mt tp hp gm hai hay nhiu hn cc
phng trnh c chung nhng bin s m
gi tr ca cc bin s ny phi ng thi
tho mn tt c cc phng trnh.

economic

2838 Single European Atc (SEA)

2839 Shut down price
2840 Signaling and screening
2841 Significance of coefficients

2842 Singular matrix

2843 Single market
2844 Single-peaked preferences

2845

2846
2847

2848
2849

2850

o lut chu u.
Gi ng ca, cui ngy (th trng
chng khon).
Pht tn hiu v sng lc.
Mc c thng k ca h s.

Ma trn n.
Th trng n nht.
Cc s thch hi t; Nhng iu mun
la chn c chung.

Bn tho thun ny thuc phm vi h thng

CNG NG CHU U (EC), bt u c
hiu lc t 1/7/1987. SEA d nh rng cho
ti cui 1992, s pht trin trong chnh sch
ni b EC cn t ra mc tiu cho mt th
trng duy nht, vi s di chuyn t do ca
vn, lao ng, dch v v hng ho thay th
cho nhng tho thun khng mang tnh phi
hp tng tn ti n nm 1987.

Mt ma trn m nh thc ca n bng 0, do

tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh gia mt s hng
hoc ct ca n, c ngha l mt ma trn m
hng ca n khng bng kch thc ca n.

Phn qu thng xuyn ring nhm mc

ch tr n, hoc khu hao phn vn
Sinking fund
Qu d phng hon tr.
nmnh
trong
thit
b.t hc ngi Thu S.
Mt
nh
kinh
Trong tc phm u tin ca ng, ng th
hin mnh l ngi k tc ca Adam Smith,
nhn mnh ti s kt hp hi ho v li ch,
s cn thit cuat QUAN IM T DO KINH
T v tnh v l ca s can thip ca chnh
ph. 16 nm sau, trong cun "Nhng
nguyn l mi ca Kinh t chnh tr hc"
(1819), ng tht vng vi quan im t do
kinh t v ng nhn mnh v nhng t
nn ra i t s cnh tranh khng gii hn,
c bit l sn xut tha hng ho v dch
v m ng coi y trc tip l hu qu ca
S PHN CNG LAO NG v sn xut
quy m ln. ng cho rng khi lm vic cho
bn thn mnh, cong ngi bit khi no
sn xut d, cn khi lm vic cho ngi
khc anh ta li khng bit. T do kinh t dn
ti s chu ng cho nn phi c s can
thip ca chnh ph ch o v iu ho
nhng bc theo ui s giu c. Sismondi
phn bc nhng sng ch ht b nhng qu
trnh sn xut ang tn ti v ch ng h
nhng sng ch phc v cho nhng nhu cu
ang m rng. L lun ca ng th hin
mt ting ni phn khng hn l mt hc
thuyt v gy nh hng ti nhng nh
Sismondi, Jean
(1773-1842)
vn x hi ch nngha sau ny.
ng gii hn kh nng tho dng
ng bao ca mt tp hp nhng
Situation utility possibility frontier tnh th.
NG BAO KH NNG THO DNG.
Phn phi tn xut m trong cc hng
thuc mt ngnh hay mt khu vc kinh t
Size distribution of firms
Phn phi theo quy m v hng.
c phn chia theo quy m.
Mt phn phi khng i xng xung quanh
Skewed distribution
Phn phi lch.
gi tr trung bnh ca n.
Nhng chnh lch gia cc mc lng
trung bnh ca cc nhm lao ng thot u
phn loi theo ngh nghip, sau phn loi
Skill differentials
Cc chnh lch theo k nng lao ng. tip thnh nhng nhm k nng c th.

Page 180

economic

2851 Slack plans

2852 Slump

Cc k hoch lng; Cc k hoch tr

tr.
(Giai on) suy thoi; Khng hong
kinh t.

2853 Slutsky, Eugen

(1880-1948).

2854 Slutsky equation

Phng trnh Slutsky.

2855 Smith, Adam

2856 Snake

(1723-1790)
Con rn.

Page 181

Mt nt c trng ca cc nn kinh t k
hoch ho tp trung l xu hng cc doanh
nghip c gng vch ra mt k hoch nhm
t c sn lng sn xut thp hn mc
c th t c v/ hoc s dng nhiu u
hn mc cn thit.
Mt giai on i xung hoc suy thoi trong
chu k kinh doanh.
Nh kinh t hc ngi Nga v l nh nh
ton hc kinh t, l gio s ti trng i
hc Kiev v Vin ton hc thuc Hc vin
hn lm khoa hc Lin X, danh ting c
bit qua l thuyt v cu ni ting ca ng.
ng cho rng l thuyt cu c th da trn
khi nim tho dng theo s th t. V
sau c Hicks pht trin thm, l s tha
k v pht trin hc thuyt Marshall, nhng
b qua gi thit mang tnh hn ch v
tho dng c th lng ho c. Slutsky
c nhng ng gp quan trong vo l
thuyt kinh t lng, c bit l vic biu
hin nhng dao ng mang tnh chu k trong
nhng s bnh qun di ng ca mt chui
thi gian rt ra t nhng con s ngu nhin.
Thng c xc nh nh sau: Hiu ng
ca gi = Hiu ng thu nhp + Hiu ng
thay th.
Nh trit gia v kinh t hc Scotland, hc ti
cc trng i hc Glasgow v Oxford, sau
tr thnh Gio s lun l ti trng i
hc Glasgow. Quan im ca ng v t
chc kinh t ch yu b chi phi bi lng tin
vo Quy lut t nhin, rng trong cc hin
tng t nhin c tn ti mt trt t c th
thy c qua quan st hoc bng cm gic
o c v rng t chc x hi v php lut
tch cc nn tun theo thay v i ngc li
trt t ny. Tc phm nghin cu v bn
cht v nguyn nhn ca ci ca cc dn
tc (1766) l lun thuyt quy m ln u tin
ca ng v kinh t hc, bao hm l lun v
sn xut v phn phi. Mi quan tm chnh
ca ng thuc v tng trng kinh t, v ng
tm thy ng lc tng trng kinh t l
s phn cng lao ng, tin b k thut v
tch lu vn. Ngoi m hnh tng trng
mnh, Smith cng nghin cu nhng vn
kinh t vi m. ng cho rng GI l do chi
ph sn xut quyt nh. Tin thu l do gi
c quyt nh ch khng phi quyt nh gi
c. Thnh tu mang tnh l lun chnh ca
Smith l lt nhng vin gch u tin xy
dng l thuyt phn b ngun lc hiu qu
ti u trong iu kin t do cnh tranh.
Ngi ta ni rng trc Smith c nhng
lun bn kinh t v sau Smith th ngi ta
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM.

economic

2857 Snob effect

2858 Social cost of monopoly

2859
2860

2861

2862

2863
2864
2866
2867

2868
2869

2870

2871

2872

2873

2874

Hiu ng ua i.
Ph tn x hi do c quyn.

Hiu ng xy ra khi gi ca mt hng ho

gim xung v mt s b phn ca cng
ng tng cu v hng ho ny, ng thi
mt s b phn hoc c nhn khc th gim
cu nhm mc ch tch bit h ra khi xu
th chung.

Tng nhng li ch t c t mt hnh

ng hoc mt d n dnh cho bt k ngi
Social benefit
Li ch x hi.
no.
Social choice
S la chn ca x hi.
Xem PUBLIC CHOICE.
Mt tho thun khng thng nht (thng
mang tnh gi thit hoc tng tng) gia
tt c cc c nhn to nn mt x hi lin
quan ti nhng nguyn tc c bn lm nn
Social Contract
Tho thun x hi.
tng cho x hi vn ng.
Chi ph x hi ca mt sn lng no
c coi l s tin va n b phc
hi tho dng ban u mt i ca bt k
ngi no do hu qu ca vic sn xut ra
Social cost
Ph tn x hi; Chi ph x hi.
sn lng .
Mt th tc hay phng php thc hn
s la chn gia cc gii php m phi
c thc hin bi mt nhm hoc i din
cho mt nhm cc c nhn thay v mt c
Social decision rule
Nguyn tc quyt nh x hi.
nhn.
y l t sut dng chit khu nhng
Social discount rate
T sut chit khu x hi.
khon u t cng cng hoc tp th.
L s p dng l thuytt kinh t hc TN C
Social economics
Kinh t hc x hi.
IN vo chnh sch x hi.
Social Fund
Qu x hi.
Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.
Mt thut ng dng m t hc thuyt
chung cho rng quyn s hu v kim sot
cc t liu sn xut - vn v t ai- phi do
ton cng ng nm gi v qun l phc
Socialism
Ch ngha x hi.
v tt c mi ngi.
Socially necessary labour
Lao ng cn thit cho x hi.
Xem LABOUR THEORY OF VALUE.
Tiu chun ny quy nh rng tng nhng
ng gp rng ca mt n v u t vo
sn lng phi c tnh ti khi phn b
ngun lc ch khng ch n thun l phn
Social Marginal productivity
c phn b cho nhng nh u t t
criterion
Tiu chun nng sut x hi cn bin. nhn.
Ngi ta lp lun cch ng n nh
ga nhng khon u t trong khu vc cng
cng l qua vic xem xt CHI PH C HI
i vi x hi bng cch chuyn hng cc
ngun lc t nhng d n trong khu vc t
nhn ti hn sang nhng khu vc cng
Social opportunity cost of capital Chi ph c hi x hi ca vn.
cng.
L s phn b ngun lc ca mt x hi, m
hnh sn xut v s phn phi sn phm c
th t c mc tt nht theo mt s
Social optimum
Ti u i vi x hi.
mc tiu nh.
Cm thut ng c C.Mc dng nh
ngha nhng mi quan h x hi gia ngi
vi ngi, pht sinh t mt tp hp c th
tc nhn VT CHT C TH CA SN
Social relations of production
Cc quan h x hi ca sn xut.
XUT.
Li tc c u t vo gio dc vt trn
bt k mc thu nhp ph no t c do
Social returns to education
Li tc x hi ca gio dc.
c o to.

Page 182

economic

2875 Social time preference rate

T sut s thch theo thi gian ca x

hi.

2876 Social welfare

Phc li x hi.

2877 Social welfare function

Hm phc li x hi.

2878 Soft currency

ng tin yu.

2879 Soft loan

Vn vay u i.

2880 Solow, Robert

2881 Sole trader

(1924-)
Ngi bun bn c th.
C tn nhim, c kh nng thanh ton
n.
Kinh t hc khng gian.

2882 Solvent (= creditworthy)

2883 Spatial economics

2884 Spatial monopoly

2885 Spatial price discrimination

2886 Spearman's rank correlation

2887 Special Areas

2888 Special drawing rights (SDRs)

2889 Special deposits

2890 Special Development Areas

T sut s thch theo thi gian ca x hi

biu th t sut ti x hi sn sng chuyn
i s tiu dng gia nhng khong thi
gian khc nhau.
Phc li x hi hoc cng ng ni chung.
Ni chung phc li x hi c coi l tng
phc li ca cc c nhn trong mt x hi.
S biu th cc mc tiu ca x hi trong
mc phc li x hi c trnh by di
dng mt hm s ca cch phn b ngun
lc.
ng tin c t gi hi oi gim do lin tc
xy ra thm ht CN CN THANH TON.
Mt khon vay khng li hoc c li sut
thp hn mc chi ph vn vay.
Mt nh kinh t hc ngi M ot gii
Nobel kinh t nm 1987 do nhng cng trnh
nghin cu ca ng trong l lun v o
lng v tng trng kinh t. M hnh tng
trng tn c in ca Solow c tnh n
kh nng thay th ca vn cho lao ng, mt
nt c trng xo b c vn IM
TA MONG MANH trong m hnh HARRODDOMAR v cho php phn tch mt cch h
thng nhng c tnh ca s tng trng
vng chc.

Xem REGIONAL ECONOMICS.

Mt yu t ca quyn lc c quyn m mt
ngi bn l hay mt nh sn xut bn
c quyn nh khng gian; c quyn c do nm cch xa nhng i th cnh
vng.
tranh vi mnh.
Mt chin lc nh gi m trong chin lc
cc cng ty bn hng cho nhng ngi
tiu dng nm cch xa ngi sn xut
khng t cho mi ngi tiu dng mt mc
gi trang tri gi tr tng ng tng
mc gi "ti cng nh my" (gi FOB) v
nhng chi ph vn chuyn thc khi vn
S phn bit gi c theo khu vc.
chuyn hng ho.
Tng quan v th bc Spearman
Xem RANK CORRELATION.
L hnh thi u tin ca KHU VC C
TR GIP, c thnh lp Anh. Vic to
ra cc khu vc c bit Scotland, Wales,
v Bc Ireland l kt qu ca tnh trng tht
nghip a phng ny tng cao v n
cng th hin mt bc tin ng k trong
Cc khu vc c bit.
CHNH SCH KHU VC ca Anh quc.
Quyn rt vn c bit.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
L mt bin php kim sot tn dng do
NGN HNG ANH a ra vo nm 1958 v
sau c p dng ti cc ngn hng
thanh ton b tr London v Scotland, sau
vo nm 1971c nhn rng ra cho tt
c cc ngn hng hot ng ti Anh v mt
Cc khon k qu c bit.
s cc T CHC TI CHNH ln.
L cc vng Anh m cc hng ti cho
n nm 1984 vn c t cch c
hng s tr gip ti a ca chnh ph nh
Cc Khu vc Pht trin c bit.
l mt phn ca CHNH SCH KHU VC.

Page 183

economic

2891 Specialization

Chuyn mn ho.

2892 Specialization, coefficient of

2893 Specie

H s chuyn mn ho.
Tin xu.

2894 Specie flow mechanism

C ch chy vng.

2895 Specie points

Im chy vng.

2896 Specification error

Sai st k thut.

2897 Specifix tax

Thu c th.

2898 Specifix training

o to c th.

2899 Spectral analysis

PHn tch quang ph.

2900 Speculation
2901 Speculative balances

u c.
Tin u c.

2902 Speculative boom

2903 Speculative bubbles
2904 Speculative demand for money
Speculative motive for holding
2905 money
2906 Speculative unemployment
2907 Spillover

S bng n do u c.
Cc bong bng do u c.
Cu v tin do u c.

2908 Spillover hypothesis

Gi thuyt v hiu ng lan to.

2909 Spot market

Th trng giao ngay.

2910 Spread effects

Hiu ng lan trn.

2911 Spurious regression problem

2912 Sraffa, Piero

Bi ton hi quy gi.

(1898-1938)

ng c u c tin.
Tht nghip do u c.
Hiu ng lan to.

Page 184

Tp trung hot ng vo cc dy chuyn

sn xut trong mi c nhn hoc hng c
c hay t c vi th mnh ring.
Mt ch s thng kc tnh ton ch ra
mc chuyn mn ho trn mt s lnh
vc kinh t nht nh theo tng vng.
Chuyn mn ha c hiu nh l nn kinh
t ca khu vc c xem xt bao gm tng
hp cc nghnh, khc vi trong mt quc
gia, s tng hp ny ch l mt b phn.
Kim loi qu di dng tin c.
Theo quan im truyn thng v hot ng
ca ch BN V VNG, mt c ch hiu
chnh trong thng d hay thm ht CN
CN THANH TON c xu hng b xo b
bi cc dng lun chuyn vng.
L cc mc T GI HI OI ca mt ng
tin theo ch BN V VNG m ti
vic a vng vo v ra khi quc gia u
sinh li.
Mt bi ton kinh t lng trong xc nh
sai hnh thc lin kt cn c lng, hoc
do xc nh sai dng ca hm s (v d nh
TUYN TNH thay v PHI TUYN) hoc do
b st cc bin s lin quan hay do thm
vo cc bin s khng lin quan.
Ni chung, l th thu c p dng trn
mi n v sn phm ch khng phi trn
gi tr ca sn phm.
o to k nng nhm nng cao nng sut
lao ng ca cng nhn lm vic ti hng
ni cung cp o to.
Mt k thut trong cc c tnh tun hon
ca mt bin s c th c thit lp t s
liu chui thi gian.
Vic mua hoc bn nhm mc ch sau
bn hoc mua v kim li khi gi c hoc t
gi hi oi thay i.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
u t vo cc d n c ri ro cao
nhng vi t sut li nhun hay li vn c
cho l cao trong thi k kinh t tng trng
mnh hoc bng n.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Mt thnh phn ca tht nghip dai dng.
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Gi thuyt cho rng cc khon thanh ton
lng quan trng s to ra mt hnh mu
cho cc khon thanh ton sau noi theo,
hoc ch t c nh hng n chng.
Mt th trng trong , hng ha v tin t
c bun bn giao ngay khc vi th
trng tng lai hoc th trng k hn.
Cc tc ng c li ca s tng trng ca
mt nn kinh t, ca mt khu vc i vi cc
nn kinh t, cc khu vc khc.
Bi ton ny sinh khi cc bin s lin kt vi
cc bc khc nhau trong mt s m hnh hi
quy.
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh

economic

2913 Stability

S n nh.

2914 Stabilization

S n nh ho.

2915 Stabilization function

Chc nng n nh ho.

2916 Stackelberg's duopoly model

2917 Stabilization policy

M hnh lng c quyn ca

Stackelberg.
Chnh sch n nh ho .

2918 Stag
2919 Stages of growth

K ong hoa; Ngi bun bn chng

khon ht ngn.
Cc giai on tng trng.

2920 Stagflation

Suy thoi km lm pht.

2921 Stamp duty

Thu tem .

2922 Standard commodity

Hng ha tiu chun.

2923 Standard deviation

lch chun.

2924 Standard error

Sai s chun

Standard Industrial Classification Phn loi Cng nghip theo Tiu

chun.
2925 (SIC)

2926 Standard of living

Mc sng.

2927 Standard Regions

Cc khu vc chun.

2928 Standard weekly hours

S gi lm vic chun hng tun.

Page 185

Thng thng c dng trong ng cnh

h thng CN BNG TNG TH hay TNG
PHN ch mc m gi hoc b gi ti
mc CN BNG s c m bo bt k
c "c sc" no xy ra n i vi h thng
m tm thi lm cho gi c chuyn ng ra
xa mc cn bng .
Mt phng php chun tc nghin cu s
bin ng trong mc hot ng kinh t.
Vai tr ca chnh ph trong vic s dng cc
CHNH SCH TI KHO V CHNH SCH
TIN T nhm duy tr mt mc hot ng
kinh t cao v u n.
Mt m hnh v th trng bao gm hai hng
do Stackelberg a ra. N l s m rng
ca m hnh c quyn song phng
COURNOT c kt hp tng ca mt nh
c quyn song phng "gi dn" cng
nhn rng i th cnh tranh hnh ng
theo nhng gi nh Cournot.
Mt t lng ca th trng chng khon ch
mt ngi ng k mua cc chng khon
mi vi mong i rng chng s tng gi
ngay lp tc so vi gi pht hnh, v c th
bn c ly li trc khi t c gi pht
hnh.
Xem ROSTOW MODEL.
Cc thi k suy thoi v tht nghip gia tng
i km vi mc LM PHT dng.
Mt loi thu c ln u tin p dng Anh
nm 1694. Nhiu loi giy t php l v
thng mi phi c ng du tr th.
Mt thut ng do P.SRAFFA dng tm
hiu quan h gia gi c tng i vi phn
phi thu nhp gia tin cng v li nhun.
Mt i lng thng dng o mc
m mt bin s phn tn xung quanh gi tr
trung bnh ca n
Mt s o mc m mt THNG K c
tnh ton phn tn xung quanh TRUNG
BNH ca n.
S phn loi theo s cc nghnh cng
nghip c p dng Anh nm 1948. Cc
c s c phn b theo hng s theo
mcc sn phm chnh ca c s. iu ny
dn n kh khn cho vic o quy m ca
nghnh, s dng gii thch cc h s tp
trung.
Gi l mc MC PHC LI X HI, THO
DNG hay thu nhp thc t. Mc phc
li vt cht ca mt c nhn hay h gia nh,
thng c tnh bng s lng hnh ho
v dch v c tiu dng.
Cc din tch a l m nc Anh c
phn chia nhm mc ch thng k v kinh
t x hi khc nhau.
S gi ny thng c xc nh trong cc
hp ng tp th hay cc chnh sch ca
cng ty v l s gi m trn mc tin
cng ngoi gi c p dng.

economic

2929 Standard working week

State organization of production

2930 in Eastern Europe
2931 Static expectations
2932 Stationarity

2933 Stationary point

2934 Stationary state

2935 Statistic

2936 Statistical cost analysis

2937 Statistical inference

2938 Statistical significance

2939 Steady-state growth

2940 Steady-state models

2941 Stepwise regression

2942 Stereotypes

2943 Sterilization

S gi lm vic ti thiu m nhn vin ng

lm vic cho ng ch ca mnh trong mi
Tun lm vic chun.
tun.
T cui chin tranh th gii th hai n u
nhng nm 1990, s hu nh nc i vi
t liu sn xut tt c cc khu vc ca
nn kinh t l phng thc t chc chim
u th ng u. Sn xut cng nghip
c t chc thnh cc cng ty nh nc
ln v "nh my lin hp" m u vo ca
T chc sn xut quc doanh ng chng c n nh bi cc nh hoch nh
u.
trung ng.
K vng rng gi tr hin ti ca mt bin s
Cc k vng tnh.
s khng thay i.
Tnh cht tnh ti.
Mt im trn th m dc(tc
thay i) i vi BIN THIN C LP
bng khng, thng l gi tr cc i hay
im tnh ti.
cc tiu ca hm .
Mt nn kinh t s trong trng thi tnh ti
khi sn lng trong mi giai on c tiu
Trng thi tnh ti.
dng ht trong giai on .
Bt k mt s lng no c tnh ton
Thng k.
di dng tm tt d liu.
l vic s dng k thut thng k v
dng ch cc k thut s dng trong
nghin cu chi ph nh PHNG PHP K
Phn tch chi ph thng k.
THUT V K THUT SURVIVOR
Qu trnh tm kim thng tin v mt TNG
TH(bao gm cc c im v THNG S
v phn phi ca n) t cc mu cc gi tr
S suy lun thng k.
quan st t mt tng th .
Mt khi nim s dng trong KIM NH
GI THIT ch mc m cc d liu
ngha thng k.
khng thng nht vi GI THIT KHNG.
Trong L THUT TNG TRNG, mt
iu kin nng ng ca nn kinh t m tt
Tng trng mc n nh; Tng
c cc bin s thc u tng vi tc t l
trng u n.
khng i.
Cc m hnh v tnh trng n nh.
Xem COMPARATIVE DYNAMICS.
Mt kiu phn tch HI QUY trong cc
BIN GII THCH c cng ln lt vo
phng trnh hi quy cho n khi tiu ch
Hi quy theo bc .
MC PH HP c tho mn.
Ngun gc ca s phn bit c th ny sinh
t nhng thng tin khng hon ho trong th
Cc nh kin.
trng lao ng.
Vic i trng li cc tc ng tin t ca
thng d hay thm ht CN CN THANH
Ht tc ng, v hiu ho (bng chnh TON i vi CUNG TIN trong nc ca
sch tin t).
mt quc gia.

Page 186

economic

2944 Sterling area

Khu vc ng sterling .

2945 George, Joseph Stigler

(1911-1991).

2946 Stochastic

Tnh ngu nhin thng k.

2947 Stochastic process

Qu trnh ngu nhin thng k.

2948 Stock

C phn, c phiu, dung lng vn,

tr lng.

Page 187

Ban u khu vc ng Sterling bao gm mt

nhm cc nc v vng lnh th m do c
quan h ti chnh v thpng mi mnh vi
Anh quc c xu hng lm n nh T GI
HI OI tin t ca h vi sterling v nm
mt phn hay ton b D TR NGOI T
bng ng sterling. Vi s yu i lin tc
trong v th quc t ca ng sterling v c
bit sau cuc khng hong v ph gi nm
1967, nhiu nc thnh vin c ca "khu
vc" thi khng nm d tr ca mnh
bng ng sterling na, v kh c th ni
rng kinh
"khut
vc
hinvnay
cnhiu
tn gio
ti.
Nh
hcsterling"
ngi M
danh
s xut sc Charles R. Walgreen ti trng
i hc Chicago. ng c tng gii
thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1982 cho tc
phm "Nghin cu v cu trc cng nghip,
chc nng ca cc th trng, nguyn nhn
v nh hng ca lut l cng cng". ng
gp ca ng vo lch s t duy kinh t hc
cng rt ng k, bt u vi cun sch u
tay ca ng: L thuyt v sn xut v phn
phi (1941) v cc bi vit ca ng v t
chc cng nghip. Tuy nhin, vic ng da
nhiu vo d liu thc nghip v phn tch
su sc lm cho cun sch ny ca ng t
ph bin. Mt bi vit c bit ca ng nhan
"Kinh t hc thng tin" c Vin hn lm
Thu in chn ra, bn v chi ph cn thit
ca vic "tm kim" trong s cc gi c do
nh cung ng khc nhau tnh cho cng mt
hnh ho hay dch v. Phn tch c th
c p dng i vi cc vn gi c
cng nhc, s bin thin trong thi k giao
hng, vic xp hng v cc ngun lc khng
c s dng. Phn ln nghin cu ca
ng v kinh t hc v s iu tit u nm
trong tc phm Nhn dn v nh nc
(1975), trong ng ku gi s dng
phng php nh lng trong nghin cu
v s iu tit. Chnh v c quan im ca
nh kinh t hc vi m m cui i ng
chuyn s ch ca mnh sang h thng
chnh tr khm ph ra nhng cch m
Tun theo bin thin ngu nhin (c th
phn tch v mt thng k nhng khng th
d bo chnh xc c).
Thng thng l mt chui s c lin quan
n thi gian tun theo bin thin ngu
nhin thng k.
1.VN PHT HNH ca mt cng ty hay
mt t pht hnh CHNG KHON c th
no , v d, do chnh ph pht hnh, c
hnh thc tng hp chng c th c
nm gi hay chuyn nhng vi bt k gi
tr no. 2.Mt bin s m gi tr ca n
khng c kha cnh thi gian (v d vn).
Ngc li l LU LNG.

economic

Stock-adjustment demand
2949 function

Hm cu iu chnh theo lng vn.

2950 Stock appreciation

S ln gi hng tn kho.

2951 Stockbroker

Nh mi gii chng khon.

2952 Stock diviend

C tc bng c phn.

2953 Stock exchange

S giao dch chng khon.

2954 Stock market

Th trng chng khon.

2955 Stock option

2956 Stocks

Quyn mua/ bn chng khon.

D tr.

2957 Stolper-Samuelson Theorem

nh l Stolper-Samuelson.

2958 Stone, Sir Richard

(1913-1991).

2959 "stop-go"

"Hn ch - thc y".

Page 188

p dng i vi cu v hng tiu dng lu

bn. y l mt hm cu m trong bt k
giai on no php nh mc chnh lch
gia s lng thc c v mt mc hng tiu
dng lu bn "ti u" mong mun.
Vic tng gi tr danh ngha HNG TN
KHO do tng gi c trong giai on c lin
quan.(Xem NATIONAL INCOME).
Mt nh trung gian mua bn chng khon v
c phiu vi t cch l i l thay mt cho
khch hng, n ho hng cho cng vic .
Mt phng php tr c tc bng vic pht
hnh thm cc c phiu thay cho vic tr
bng tin mt.
Mt th trng m bun bn cc chng
khon ch khng phi l hi phiu hay cc
cng c ngn hn khc do chnh ph, cc
a phng v CC CNG TY CNG
CNG pht hnh.
Mt th ch m qua cc C PHN v
C PHIU c mua bn.
Quyn mua mt chng khon cho trc
hoc bn n ti mt mc gi c c
nh trc trong mt giai on.
Xem INVENTORIES.
S dng m hnh ca HECKSCHER-OHLIN,
Stolper v Samuelson chng minh rng
trn c s mt s cc gi thit hn ch,
thng mi quc t nht thit lm gim tin
thu thc t i vi YU T SN XUT
khan him m khng nht thit phi ch ra
hnh
thi tiu
dng
ca Anh
n. c tng gii
Nh kinh
t hc
ngi
thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1984 v nghin
cu tin phong vo vic pht trin h thng
TI KHON QUC GIA, c v kha cnh l
thuyt v ng dng ca chng. Tc phm
u tay ca ng cng vi J. E. MEADE,
c phn tch kinh t v m theo trng
phi KEYNES tip sc v dn n vic
xut bn cun Sch trng u tin v THU
NHP QUC DN v chi ph ca Anh quc
nm 1941. ay l t ph ca mt phng
php lun mi, v cc nguyn tc c a
ra vo thi gian c nh hng ln n
thng l hch ton quc gia hu ht cc
nc trn th gii. Nghin cu chnh cui
cng ca ng l nghiien cu trn c s d
liu thc nghim i vi vn tng trung
trong D n tng trung Cambridge. Cc n
phm chnh ca ng l Thu nhp v chi tiu
quc dn (1944), o lng chi tiu v hnh
vi ca ngi tiu dng Anh 1920-1938 v
v
Hnh ng ca chnh ph nhm gim tng
cu, v d, do thm ht CN CN THANH
TON, v chng bao lu sau c km theo
hnh ng vi tc dng ngc li nhm lm
gim tc gia tng tht nghip do chnh
sch th nht em li.

economic

2960 Store of value

Tch tr gi tr.

2961 Strategic voting

B phiu chin lc.

2962 Strike insurance

Bo him nh cng.

2963 Strike measures

Cc thc o v nh cng.

2964 Strikes
2965 Strongly exogenous
2966 Strongly stationary

Cc cuc nh cng.
Nng v ngoi ngoi sinh.
Rt tnh ti.

2967 Structural form

Dng c cu.

2968 Structural unemployment

Tht nghip c cu.

Structure-conduct-performance
2969 framework

M hnh c cu -thc thi -kt qu.

2970 Structure of interest rates

Biu khung li xut; C cu li sut.

2971 Structure of taxes

Biu khung thu; C cu thu.

2972 Subsidy

Tr cp.

2973 Subsistence

Mc sng.

2974 Subsistence expenditures

2975 Subsistence wage

Chi tiu cho mc sng.

Tin cng sng.

2976 Substitute

Hng thay th.

Page 189

Mt trong cc chc nng ca gi tr khng

ging nh trong h thng hng i hng,
tin t cho php ca ci hay gi tr c th
tch tr c.
Mt thng l i khi c s dng trong cc
th tc LA CHN TP TH, trong cc
c nhn khng n thun b phiu theo s
thch thc s ca mnh m ni di s thch
ca mnh nhm la gt nhng ngi b
phiu khc, hay nhm gy nh hng i
vi kt qu b phiu.
Mt hnh thc h tr ln nhau gia cc tp
on cng nghip nhm t bo v khi cc
chin thut nh cng chn lc.
C 4 thc o v mc v s nghim
trng ca nh cng: S cng nhn tham gia
nh cng; s cuc nh cng; s ngy cng
mt i do nh cng; v t l gi lm vic
mt i trong nh cng.
Vic lao ng rt lui, gn lin vi b tc
trong qu trnh THNG LNG TP
TH, v vic tho thun hp ng lao ng
mi hay v vic din gii hp ng sn c.
Cc cuc nh cng c th c phn loi
l: chnh thc v khng chnh thc.
Xem EXOGENEITY.
Xem stationarity.
Dng ca mt h cc PHNG TRNH
NG THI, trong cc quan h nhn
qu v nh ngha gia cc BIN NI SINH
c xem xt.
Theo quan im ca KEYNES, hnh thc
tht nghip ny l do s cng tn ti nhng
khng khp nhau gia nhng ngi tht
nghip v nhng ch VIC TRNG hin c.
L bin php phn loi v l khun kh cho
phn tch kinh t cng nghip. Phng php
truyn thng l tm ra cc yu t nhn qu
ni cc kha cnh ca kinh t th trng nh
S TP TRUNG v CC HNG RO CN
NHP NGHNH vi cc yu t thc hin
kinh doanh -nh QUNG CO v NGHIN
CU V TRIN KHAI - v kt qu hot
ng.
Xem TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST
RATES.
Mi nc c mt h thng cc loi thu
khc nhau. C cu ca h thng thu ch
hn hp ny.
Khon thanh ton ca chnh ph (hay bi
cc c nhn) to thnh mt khon m gia
gi m ngi tiu dng phi tr v chi ph
ngi sn xut sao cho gi thp hn CHI
PH BIN.
Mc tiu dng ti thiu cn c tn ti.
Khi nim ny c cc nh KINH T HC
C IN dng gii thch mc tin cng
di hn.
Mt mc chi tiu cn thit duy tr mc tn
ti hay mc sng "sng st".
Xem IRON LAW OF WAGES.
Mt hng ho c th c thay th cho mt
hng ho khc hoc mt u vo c th
c thay th cho mt u vo khc.

economic

2977 Substitution effect

Hiu ng thay th.

2978 Sum of squares

Tng cc bnh phng.

2979 Sunk costs

Cc chi ph chm.

2980 Superconsistency

Siu nht qun.

2981 Super-environment
2982 Superior goods

Siu mi trng.
Siu hng ho.

2983 Super-neutrality

Siu trung lp.

2984 Super-normal profits

Li nhun siu ngch.

2985 Supernumerary expenditure

Siu chi tiu.

2986 Supplementary benefit

Tr cp b sung.

2987 Supplementary special deposits

Tin gi c bit b sung

2988 Supply curve

ng cung.

2989 Supply of effort

Cung n lc.

2990 Supply of inflation

Cung lm pht.

2991 Supply of labour

Cung lao ng.

2992 Supply-side economics

Kinh t hc trng cung.

Page 190

Tc ng i vi cu v mt hng ho no
khi c mt s thay i trong gi c ca
hng ho vi gi thit thu nhp thc t
khng i. Hiu ng thay th lun lun m,
ngha l khi gi c tng th lng cu gim.
Tng cc gi tr bnh phng ca mt dy
cc gi tr quan st ca mt bin s, thng
thng l cc gi tr sai lch so vi gi tr
TRUNG BNH.
Chi ph khng th thu hi c khi mt hng
rt khi nghnh ca mnh.
Mt tnh th trong cc c lng BNH
PHNG NH NHT THNG THNG
hi t nhanh hn v gi tr tng th thc s
ca chng khi kch thc mu tng ln hn
l trong trng hp nht qun.
Ch cc yu t nm ngoi tm kim sot ca
mt hng "i in" trong di hn.
Xem NORMAL GOODS.
Tin c cho l c tnh cht ny nu mt
thay i trong tc tng trng cung tin
khng c tc ng n tc tng trng
ca SN LNG THC T trong di hn.
Tng ng vi nh ngha li nhun, s
khc bit ch hon ton l ch ngha. Cc
hng trong mt nghnh to ra doanh thu to
qu ton b cc chi ph c hi thng c
gi l kim c siu li nhun.
Chi tiu i vi mt hng ho hay nhm
hng ho vt qu mc ti thiu hay mc
CHI TIU TN TI.
Khon thanh ton duy tr thu nhp m c
lc to thnh mt phn ca h thng an sinh
x hi ca Anh quc. Cc khon thanh ton
c tr cho nhng ngi khng c vic
lm ng thi khng i hc chnh quy v
nhng ngi m ngun lc ti chnh ca h
t hn mt mc tnh ton v "nhu cu".
Mt hnh thc kim sot hot ng cho vay
v nhn tin gica cc ngn hng v mt
s cng ty ti chnh ln hn c ngn
hng Anh p dng 1973 nh mt b sung
ln cho h thng kim sot tn dng p dng
nm 1971 nhng b bi b nm 1980.
th th hin quan h gia cung mt hng
ho v gi ca n.
Cung gi hay cung n lc thng c coi
l ng ngha. Quy c ny c l khi n lc
trong cng vic c kim sot trong cng
ngh. Trong thc t u vo thi gian bng
nhau c th c gi tr nng sut rt khc
nhau.
Mc d tc tng trng ca CUNG TIN
c coi l yu t quyt nh trc tip chnh
ca LM PHT.
S lao ng cung cp cho nn kinh t ch
yu c quyt nh bi s lng dn tui
lm vic.
Mt trng phi t duy nhn mnh rng yu
t quyt nh chnh i vi tc tng
trng sn phm quc dn c trong ngn
hn v di hn l vic phn b v s dng
hiu qu lao ng v vn trong nn kinh t.

economic

2993 Surplus unit

n v thng d.

2994 Surplus value

Gi tr thng d.

Bt k n v kinh t no m ti sn nhiu
hn n v do vy sn sng cho vay, cp tn
dng hay mua cc cng c ti chnh.
C.MC p dng THUYT GI TR LAO
NG i vi lao ng vi ngha l gi tr
ca ton b lc lng lao ng bng s
lng gi lm vic cn sn xut ra s
hng ho duy tr s nguyn vn ca lc
lng lao ng.

2995 Surrogate production function

Hm sn xut thay th.

2996 Survivor technique

K thut sng st.

2997 Sustainable development

Pht trin bn vng.

2998 Swap arrangements

Cc tho thun hon i.

2999 Paul Sweezy

(1910-)

3000 System estimator

c lng h thng.

3001 Taft-Hartley Act

B lut Taft-Hartley.

3002 Take-Home pay

3003 Take-off

Thu nhp kh chi.

Ct cnh .

3004 Takeover

Thu mua.

Page 191

Trong cuc tranh ci xung quanh CUC

TRANH LUN V T BN, khi nim v
hm sn xut m ch c mt s thay th no
gia vn v lao ng trong di hn c
a vo vi mc ch cho php s dng cc
hm cu dn sut cho cc lc lng sn
xut trong nghin cu kinh t lng.
Mt phng php thng k nhm tm ra
QUY M NH NHT HIU QU CA
HNG HAY NH MY, c da trn nim
tin rng trong th trng cnh tranh nhng
hng, nh my no sng st tt nht trn th
trng l nhng hng, nh my co chi ph
nh nht.
Vic ti a ho li ch rng ca pht trin
kinh t km theo vic duy tr dch v v cht
lng ca ti nguyn thin nhin trong di
hn .
Mt phng php tng tnh chuyn hon
c pht trin trong nhng nm 1960 bng
vic hon i cc ng tin .
Nh kinh t hc Mcxt ngi M, l ngi
ng sng lp tp ch Monthly Review. ng
c bit n nhiu nht do cng vic din
gii v trnh by Thuyt kinh t ca C.Mc
theo cch cho php so snh vi Thuyt kinh
t hc hin i. ng l lun rng v bn cht
c Mc v Keynes u phn tch s xut
hin ca tht nghip theo cng mt cch.
Tc phm: T bn c quyn: Bi lun v
trt t v kinh t x hi M(1966-) vit cng
vi Paul Baran gii thch li thuyt kinh t
ca Mc di nh sng ca cc din bin
trong kinh t Th Gii th k XX. Baran v
Sweezy thay th quy lut v t l thng d
kinh t so vi tng sn phm ngy cng tng
cho quy lut c ca Mc v t l li nhun
ngy cng gim.
Cn gi l c lng vi y thng tin.
Mt c lng dng c lng ton b
cc tham s trong mt h phng trnh ng
thi cng mt lc, v c tnh n s tng
quan gia cc s d ca cc phng trnh
khc nhau.
L bn sa i vo nm 1947 ca LUT
QUAN H LAO NG QUC GIA (cn gi
l lut Wagner), c a ra nhm hn ch
quyn lc ca cng on.
Thu nhp c th s dng; thu nhp th tr
thu v ng gp bo him x hi.
Xem ROSTOW MODEL.
Vc mt cng ty "Tn cng" mua hn 51%
c phiu c quyn b phiu mt cng ty
khc .

economic

3005 Takeover and mergers

S mua t v hp nht .

3006 Takeover bid

Tr gi thu mua.

3007 Tangible assets

3008 Tangible wealth
3009 Tangency equilibrium

Ti sn hu hnh.
Ca ci hu hnh.
Tip im cn bng.

3010 Tap issue

Bn l chng khon lin tc.

3011 Targets

Mc tiu (nh lng).

3012 Tariff

Thu quan.

3013 Tariff factory

3014 Tariff Structure

Nh my trnh thu quan.

Khung biu thu quan.

3015 Tatonnement

D dm.

3016 Taxable income

Thu nhp chu thu.

3017 Taxation
3018 Tax base
3019 Tax burden

S nh thu.
C s thu.
Gnh nng thu.

3020 Tax credit

Ghi c thu.

3021 Tax credit scheme

C ch ghi c thu.

3022 Tax disincentive

S lm gim khuyn khch ca thu.

3023 Tax expenditure

Chi tiu () trnh thu.

3024 Tax-push inflation

Lm pht do thu y.

3025 Tax shifting

3026 Tax yield

Chuyn y thu.
Tin thu thu.

Page 192

N lc ca mt c nhn, mt nhm ngi,

hay mt cng ty nhm mua c phiu
c quyn b phiu mt cng ty khc.
Cc ti sn vt cht nh nh my, my mc,
c th c phn bit vi ti sn v hnh
nh gi tr ca mt bng pht minh hay ting
tm ca mt cng ty.
H thng m chng khon vin vng c th
mua c t c quan mi gii chnh ph
mua trn s giao dch chng khon London.
Cn gi l mc tiu chnh sch. L mt lot
cc mc tiu nh lng ca chnh sch kinh
t phi t c bng vic la chn cc gi
tr ca CNG C CHNH SCH.
Thu nh vo mt hng ho nhp khu
mt quc gia.
Vic thay i a im sn xut mt hng
ho t mt ni c gi thnh thp ti mt ni
c gi thnh cao mt nc khc- ni m
khng th bn mt hng ny c do thu
quan cao.
Hnh thi ton b ca cc mc thu quan.
Qu trnh mc c qua im cn bng t
c trn th trng Walras.
Tng thu nhp tr i cc khon tr cp v
cc khon cng tc ph .
Cc khon thanh ton m chnh ph bt
buc cc c nhn v cng ty phi np nhm
huy ng ngun thu tr cho cc chi ph v
hng ho cng cng v dch v, v kim
sot lng chi ph ca khu vc t nhn
trong nn kinh t.
Xem TAXABLE INCOME.
Xem AVERAGE RATE OF TAX.
y l khon ghi c trc tip i vi mt loi
thu: khon thu phi tr c gim i bng
khon ghi c.
Mt chng trnh DUY TR THU NHP,
trong mi ngi c bo m mt
khon thu nhp ti thiu trong khi thu nhp
trn mc s b nh thu.
THU THU NHP c th lm cho ngi ta
lm vic t hn. S tn ti ca n lm cho
gii tr hp dn hn v n khng chu thu.
iu ny c gi l HIU NG THAY TH
ca thu.
Cm thut ng dng ch cc khon khu
tr m c dng gim ngha v np
thu - ni chung l ngha v np thu thu
nhp.
Lm pht ny lin quan n quan tm ca
cng nhn trong vic duy tr mc tng tin
cng thc t sau thu v l mt trong cc
yu t b cho l lm thay i trong tin
cng km nhy bn vi cc iu kin ca
chiu k kinh doanh.
HIn tng m trong nhng ngi phi
chu thu c th chuyn gnh nng mt
phn hay ton b cho nhng ngi khc.
Doanh thu c c t mt loi thu.

economic

3027 T-distribution

Phn phi T.

3028 Technical progress

Tin b k thut.

3029 Technological dualism

M hnh nh nguyn v cng ngh.

3030 Technological external effects

Ngoi ng ca cng ngh.

3031 Technological progress

Tin b cng ngh.

3032 Technological unemployment

Tht nghip do cng ngh.

3033 Technology, choice of

S la chn cng ngh.

3034 Technology matrix

Ma trn cngngh.

3035 Technology transfer

3036 Technology

Chuyn giao cng ngh.

Cng ngh.

3037 Technostructure

Cu trc cng ngh.

3038 Temporary layoffs

Sa thi tm thi.

3039 Term loan

Khon vay k hn.

3040 Terms of trade

T gi thng mi.

3041 Term structure of interest rates

C cu k hn ca li xut.

Page 193

(Cng cn goi l phn phi Student). Mt

PHN PHI XC SUT thng c dng
trong KIM NH GI THIT i vi cc
mu nh v trong PHNG SAI ca
bin s lin quan phi c c lng t
d liu thu c.
Mt yu t trung tm trong TNG TRNG
KINH T cho php sn xut ra mc sn
lng cao hn so vi s lng u vo lao
ng v vn khng i.
Qu trnh kt hp cng nghip nng cn
nhiu vn vi cc phng php cn nhiu
lao ng ni khc s dng lao ng
tha.
Mt cch gi khc ca ngoi ng. Tnh t
"cng ngh" c a vo phn bit cc
hiu ng nh vy vi TNH KINH PH
THUC BN NGOI.
Hu ht cc l thuyt pht trin kinh t nhn
mnh s cn thit ca tin b k thut, v
thng s gia tng trong tc tin b k
thut c khi i hi s tng tc.
Tht nghip xy ra do p dng thit b tit
kim lao ng khi nn kinh t tng trng.
Mt kha cnh then cht ca chin lc pht
trin l vic la chn k thut. cc nc
ang pht trin, mc sn c ca cc yu
t thng ngc li ch vn th khan him
v t cn lao ng th tha, r.
Trong phn tch u vo - u ra, mt ma
trn (thng c k hiu l An) m phn t
th ij (ngha l phn t hng i v ct j) cho
bit gi tr ca sn lng nghnh i c
s dng nh mt u vo ngay lp tc trong
vic sn xut ra mt n v u ra ca
ngnh j ca nn kinh t.
Theo ngha rng nht l s trao i gia cc
nc v kin thc s tn ti v vn hnh
ca cc loi my mc v trong nhiu trng
hp l s trao i ca bn thnh my mc.
Lp hc qun l v k nng hoch nh v
k thut m sn xut cng nghip hin i
i hi.
Cc nhn vin b gii ch sa thi nhng bit
rng h c th tr li cng vic ca mnh
vo lc no trong tng lai gn.
Khon cho vay ngn hng trong mt s nm
c nh, thng l ba n nm nm hoc lu
hn, vi mc li xut c nh, v thng
c tr gp thnh cc phn nh tri di
trong sut mt thi k.
Quan h gia gi hng xut khu v gi
hng nhp khu.
C cu hay quan h gia cc li sut, hay
ni mt cch cht ch hn tng li tc lc
o hn, trn cc chng khon c k hn
khc nhau.

economic

3042 Test discount rate

Li xut chit khu kim nh.

3043 Test statistic

Thng k kim nh.

3044 Threat effect

3045 Threat of pay off

Tc ng e do.
Li ch e do.

3046 Three stage least squares

Bnh phng nh nht ca ba giai

on.

3047 Threshold

Ngng.

3048 Threshold analys

Phn tch ngng.

3049 Threshold effect

Tc ng ngng.

3050 Threshold of a good

Ngng ca mt hng ho.

3051 Thunen, Johann Heinrich von

(1783-1850)

Page 194

Mc li xut m mt thi c dng trong

vic thm nh U T T BN bi cc
ngnh cng nghip quc hu ho Anh, s
dng k thut chit khu lung tin. Tiu tri
ny tr nn lc hu trong mt s nm. Do
vy, ngi ta chuyn s ch sang cc
phng php khc xem xt chi ph vn
trong cc quyt nh u t, v chnh ph
yu cu cc ngnh cng nghip quc hu
ho c c li tc trc thu l 5% (8% k
t nm 1989) i vi tt c cc khon u
t mi (ch khng phi l i vi cc d n
n l).
Mt thng k c tnh cho kim nh gi
thit.
Tc ng m gii ch phi nghip on tr
tin cng nghip on, hay xp s nh vy,
hng ngn chn vic thnh lp nghip on
ca nhn vin mnh.
Xem NASH SOLUTIONS
(3SLS hay Th SLS). Mt gi tr ca h cc
c lng theo phng php bnh phng
nh nht p dng i vi vic c lng
cc thng s ca h phng trnh ng thi,
m trong cc h s nhiu c th tng
quan vi cc phng trnh.
im m bn ngoi s c thay i trong
hnh vi ca tc nhn kinh t, v d nh mt
ngng i vi k vng gi c, c ngha l
k vng s khng lin tc c thay i
di nh sng ca cc bng chng tch t,
nhng s c thay i trong cc khong
thi gian khi tc thay i gi vt qu
mt im no .
Mt k thut dng trong hoch nh vt cht
tm ra quy m mong mun ca cng ng
v vic cung cp cc dch v cng cng.
S tng mc thu m mt cng ng c
cho sn l sn sng tr do c khng hong
hay khn cp quc gia.
Trong kinh t hc khu vc, dn s ti thiu
c th to mt th trng cho mt hng ho
hay dch v. Khi dn s ca mt khu vc
(nh mt th trn) di mc ngng, cu
i hng ho s thp n mc m vic
cung cp hng ho s khng kh thi v
mt kinh t.
Von Thunen - nh kinh t hc nng nghip
ngi c a ra m hnh l thuyt da
trn kinh nghim canh tc nhm tm ra v tr
ti u i vi mt loi cy trng no , c
bit v khong cch t trung tm c nhu cu
i n. ng a ra thuyt TIN THU T
tng t vi thuyt ca Ricardo, v thuyt
phn phi da trn nng sut bin. Vic ng
dng nng sutbin vo tin cng v vn,
s dng cc o hm v lgich cn bin
nhm tm ra cc nghim cn bng cho cc
bin s kinh t, v tuyn b ca ng v quy
lut T L BIN THIN cho php ng ta
c bit n nh nh sng lp ra phn tch
bin. A.MARSHALL ca ngi ng gp ln
ca ng.

economic

Mt phn tch vic cung cp HNG HO

CNG CNG lp lun rng nu mt s dch
v cng cng no c chnh quyn a
phng cung cp th cc c nhn c th th
hin s thch ca mnh v cc dch v ny
v c c mt kt hp ca dch v cng
ngh v thu tng ng vi s thch ca h
bng vic di chuyn gia cc a phng.
Mt bin php ca chnh sch tin t khi m
cung cp tn dng b hn ch v li sut
mc cao.
M hnh thi gian gii tr truyn thng v
cung gi gi nh rng ton b thi gian
c phn b hoc lm vic kim tin
hoc cho gii tr.
Khon tin gi mt ngn hng m ch c
th c rt ra sau khi c thng bo trc.
Cc c nhn c mc s thch theo thi gian
dng nh gi cc n v tiu dng hay thu
nhp hin ti cao hn cc n v trong
tng lai.
Mt chui cc gi tr quan stm mt bin
nhn cc thi im khc nhau (thng l
trong cc giai on k tip nhau).

3052 Tiebout model

M hn Tiebout.

3053 Tight money

Tht cht tin t.

3054 Time, allocation of

Phn b thi gian.

3055 Time deposit

Tin gi c k hn.

3056 Time preference

S thch theo thi gian.

3057 Time series

Chui s/d liu theo thi gian.

Cc m hnh bin s thay i theo thi
gian.
Xem VARIABLE PARAMETER MODELS.

3058 Time varying parameter models

3059 Tinbergen, Jan

(1903-)

3060 Tobin, James

(1918-)

Nh kinh t hc H LAN cng vi R.FRISCH

c trao gii Nobel kinh t nm 1969 v
nghin cu tin phong trong kinh t lng.
Nghin cu u tay c ni n nhiu nht
l nghin cu v bin ng chu k M, m
trong ng c gng ch ra theo cch nh
lng tm quan trng ca cc yu t khc
nhau trong ch k kinh doanh M. Mt tc
phm c nh hng khc ca Tinbergen l
L thuyt v chnh sch kinh t nh mc tiu
chnh sch. ng c ng gp quan trng
vo khi nim GI "BNG".
Nh kinh t hc ngi M, gio s kinh t ti
i hc Yale; c trao gii Nobel kinh t v
nghin cu trong "L thuyt v th trng ti
chnh v quan h ca n vi quyt nh tiu
dng v u t; sn xut, vic lm v gi
c". Nghin cu c ngha nht ca ng l
v la chn danh mc u t, trong ng
nhn mnh s nh i gia ri ro v li tc
trong mt lot cc ti sn, bao gm c tin,
c th c coi l ti thit lp li s tn
trng tri thc ca t tng Keynes v s a
thch thnh khon. Hu ht cc nghin cu
ca ng c trnh by trong cc tp tr
hay cc b su tp ch khng c trnh
by trong cc cun sch v mt ch n
l.

Page 195

economic

3061 Todaro model

M hnh Todaro.

3062 Token money

Tin quy c.

3063 Tokyo Round

Vng m phn Tokyo.

3064 Total cost

Tng ph; chi ph tng.

3065 Total remuneration

Th lao tng.

3066 Total Revenue

Doanh thu tng.

3067 Trade

Thng mi (hay mu dch).

3068 Trade bill

Hi phiu thng mi.

3069 Trade creation

S to lp thng mi.

3070 Trade credit

Tn dng thng mi.

M hnh kinh t ni ting nht v di c trong

nc cc nc ang pht trin. Tc gi l
Miche Todaro - nh kinh t hc ngi M
tng lm vic Chu Phi. M hnh ny
gii thch hin tng di c t nng thn ra
thnh th cao hu ht cc nc ang pht
trin l hp l xt t quan im kinh t. im
quan trng l c mc chnh lc ln gia thu
nhp khu vc cng nghip hin i v thu
nhp nng thn.Thng thng, thu nhp
khu cng nghip trn mc cn bng th
trng v mt s l do. Cu tr li di hn
cho cc vn l to ra cc chnh sch
c thnh th v nng thn gim mc
chnh lch trong thu nhp thc t gia hai
khu vc.
Mi loi tin no m gi tr ca n vi t
cch lm phng tin thanh ton da vo
cc quy nh ca php lut, v d, mt ng
tin php nh, hay da vo s chp nhn
truyn thng, v gi tr ca n khng c
quan h g vi gi tr vt lm ra tin.
Vng m phn thng mi a phng, t
chc di s bo tr ca HIP NH
CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH
(GATT) din ra Tokyo t 1973-1979. Vng
m phn Tokyo gii quyt cc vn cn
tr thng mi thu quan v phi thu quan.
Tng chi ph sn xut ra mt sn lng xc
nh.
Tng cc li ch bng tin m ngi cng
nhn nhn c t vic lm ca mnh.
Tng thu t vic bn mt hay nhiu sn
phm ca mt hng hay mt nghnh.
Vic trao i hng ho gia cc c nhn hay
cc nhm hoc trc tip thng qua HNG
I HNG, hoc gin tip qua mt phng
tin thanh ton nh tin.
Trn th trng chit khu Lodon, mt hi
phiu pht hnh ti tro mt giao dch
thng mi thc s nh trang tri cho
giai on vn ti hng, v m vn cha
c mt ngn hng chp nhn , khi
c gi l HI PHIU NGN HNG.
Vic thay th trong thng mi quc t
ngun sn xut c chi ph cao hn bng
ngun chi ph thp hn do thay i trong
thu quan, hay hn ngch hay cc hng ro
thng mi khc trn c s a l, nh to
lp mt lin minh thu quan.
Tn dng do mt nh bun hay nh sn xut
cung cp cho khch hng ca mnh qua cc
iu khon bn hng cho php thanh ton
vo mt thi gian no sau khi thc s
giao hng ho.

Chu k thng mi.

Cng cn gi l chu k kinh doanh hay chu

k kinh t. S bin ng trong mc hot
ng kinh t (thng th hin di dng thu
nhp quc dn) to thnh mt hnh thi u
n, vi vic m rng hot ng theo mt
qu trnh thu hp, sau l tip tc m rng.

3071 Trade cycle

Page 196

economic

3072 Trade-off

S nh i.

3073 Traditional sectors

Cc khu vc truyn thng.

3074 Transactions approach

3075 Transactions balances

Phng php giao dch.

Cc s d giao dch.

3076 Transactions costs

3077 Transaction

Cc chi ph giao dch.

Giao dch / thng v.

3078 Transactions demand for money Cu v tin giao dch.

Transactions motive for holding
3079 money
Transactions velocity of
3080 circulation
Transcendental logarithMIC
3081 production function
Transcendental production
3082 function

ng c gi tin giao dch.

Tc lu thng giao dch.
Hm sn xut tru tng dng logarit
Hm sn xut tru tng.

3083 Transferable rouble

Rp chuyn i c.

3084 Transfer costs

Chi ph vn chuyn.

3085 Transfer deed

3086 Transfer earnings

Chc b chuyn giao.

Thng d kinh t.

3087 Transfer incomes

Thu nhp do chuyn nhng.

3088 Transfer of technology

Chuyn giao cng ngh.

3089 Transfer payment

Thanh ton chuyn nhng.

3090 Transfer pricing

nh gi chuyn nhng.

3091 Transfer problem

Vn chuyn nhng.

Page 197

Mu thun gia cc mc tiu chnh sch vi

kt qu l mt mc tiu ch c th t c
vi vic hy sinh mt mc tiu khc.
Xem AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, DUALISM,
THEORY OF, INFORMAL SECTOR, LEWISFEI-RANIS MODEL.
Tn phin bn ca Newcomb v Fisher v
THUYT NH LNG TIN.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Cc chi ph khng phi gi pht sinh trong
khi trao i hng ho v dch v.
Mt ng c i hi c tin phc v mc
ch giao dch, ngha l thanh ton v nhn
thanh ton, s dng tin vi chc nng ca
n l phng tin trao i.
Xem Transactions demand for money,
Transactions balances, Money, the demand
for.
Xem INCOME VELOCITY OF
CIRCULATION.
Xem TRANSLOG PRODUCTION
FUNCTION.
Mt n v tin t k ton do Lin X a ra
nm 1963 cho vic thanh ton s d thng
mi gia cc nc trong hi ng tng tr
kinh t.
Chi ph lin quan n vic vn chuyn hng
ho t a im ny n a im khc bao
gm cc chi ph trc tip ca vic di chuyn
m thay i vi khong cch di chuyn (v
do vy c th gi l "chi ph khong cch"),
v ton b chi ph xp hng, d hng, x l
v qun l mi u ca hn trnh.
Mt chng t m qua quyn s hu
CHNG KHON c chuyn giao theo
ngha php l t ngi bn sang ngi
mua.
Xem ECONOMIC RENT.
Thu nhp khng th coi l thanh ton cho
dch v hn ti v do vy khng to thnh
mt phn ca thu nhp quc dn.
Cng ngh l mt yu t chnh trong vic
thc y TNG TRNG KINH T. Vic
chuyn giao cng ngh khng thch hp c
th lm mo m hnh thi pht trin, dn ti
vic sn xut cc sn phm khng thch
hp.
Khon thanh ton (thng do chnh ph)
cho mt c nhn m khng to thnh mt
phn ca vic trao i hng ho v dch v.
H thng n nh gi cho cc giao dch gia
cc cng ty con ca mt cng ty a quc
gia, trong gi khng ph thuc vo yu t
th trng.
Thut ng trong kinh t hc quc t v vic
liu mt nc, phi bi thng cho mt
nc khc, v d tin sa cha, phi gnh
nng qu mc hay th cp, ngha l gnh
nng hn tc thanh ton, m thc
hin vic chuyn giao bng vic kim c
khon thng d trn thanh ton quc t.

economic

3092 Transformation function

3093
3094
3095
3096

3097
3098
3099

3100

3101

3102

3103
3104

3105
3106

Hm chuyn i.

Xem PRODUCTION FRONTIER.

Bi ton trong kinh t hc C.Mc nhm tm
ra mt b gi duy nht t cc gi tr, ngha l
Transformation problem
Bi ton chuyn i.
u vo lao ng.
Transitivity of preferences
Tnh bc cu ca s thch.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
S tng hay gim khng d tnh trong tiu
Transitory consumption
Tiu dng qa .
dng.
Thu nhp khng d tnh. Khon thu hay l
Transitory income
Thu nhp qu .
bt thng.
Hm sn xut tru tng dng l-ga-rt.L
dng tng qut ca hm sn xut COBBTranslog production function
Hm sn xut chuyn dng l-ga-rt.
DOUGLAS.
Cc im chuyn i phng tin vn Cc a im m ti vn ti thay i t
Trans-shipment points
chuyn.
loi ny sang loi khc.
Mt b trong chnh ph Anh kim sot chnh
Treasury, the
B ti chnh Anh.
sch kinh t v chi tiu cng cng.
Mt b trong chnh ph M qun l hu ht
vic thu ngn sch, sn xut tin kim loi v
Treasury US department of
B ti chnh M.
tin giy v thi hnh mt s lut l.
Mt phng tin vay ngn hn ca chnh
ph Anh c a vo nm 1877 v vo
thi gian l m hnh theo hi phiu
thng mi. m cng c cng c tng
ng. Tn phiu b ti chnh M do b ti
chnh pht hnh c thi hn ba, su, chn v
mi hai thng. Cc chng khon ny l s
u t khng c ri ro, nhng vn c ri ro
trn th trng th cp trc khi o hn,
bi v gi bin ng vi thay i trong li
Treasury bill
Tn phiu b ti chnh.
xut th trng.
y l chng khon khng bun bn ngn
hn (6 thng) c chnh ph Anh p dng
nm 1940 vi t cch l cng c ti chnh
thi chin, v bn ra gi tr hng tun
nh cho ngn hng. Loi chng khon ny
Treasury Deposit Receipt (TDR) Bin nhn tin gi B ti chnh.
gim dn v b loi b vo nm 1953.
T nm 1942-51, H THNG D TR
LIN BANG M nng gi tri phiu chnh
ph M nhm to thun li cho vic vay
mn ca chnh ph lin bang. Nm 1952
D tr lin bang v B ti chnh k mt
Treasury - Federal Reserve
Tho thun gia b ti chnh v Cc
"tho thun" - gii phng D tr lin bang
Accord
d tr lin bang.
khi trch nhim mua tri phiu.
Treasury note
ng tin ca b ti chnh.
Xem CURRENCY NOTE.
Mt quan im ca b ti chnh Anh vo u
th k XX cho rng chi tiu b sung ca
chnh ph s c cn bng bi vic suy
Treasury view
Quan im ca b ti chnh.
gim trong t nhn.
Treaty of Rome
Hip c Rome.
Xem EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.

3107 Trend
3108 Trend stationary process (TSP)

Xu hng.
Qu trnh tnh ti ca xu hng.

3109 Trigonometric functions

Cc hm lng gic.

Page 198

Cn gi l xu hng theo thi gian.

1)Thnh phn di hn, c s trong d liu
CHUI THI GIAN, thng c tnh
th hin hng vn ng di hn ca mt
bin s. 2)Mt s o mc trung bnh ca mt
i lng kinh t ti mt thi im no .
Cc hm c nh ngha bi cc tnh cht
trong mt tam gic vung bao gm sin, cosin
v tang.

economic

3110 Truncated earnings function

Hm thu nhp rt gn.

3111 Trust

T-rt.

3112 t-statistic

Thng k t.

3113 Turning point

3114 Turnover

im ngot
Doanh thu, kim ngch.

3115 Turnover tax

Thu kim ngch.

3116 Turnpike theorems

3117 Twelve-month rule

Cc nh l cng ngn.
Quy tc mi hai thng.

3118 Two sector growth model

M hnh tng trng hai khu vc.

Two stage leatst squares (TSLS

3119 hoc 2 SLS)

Bnh phng nh nht hai giai on

3120 Tying contract

Hp ng bn km.

3121 Type I/ type II

Sai s loi I / loi II.

3122 U-form enterprise

Doanh nghip dng ch U.

3123 Unanimity rule

Quy tc nht tr hon ton.

3124 Unianticipated inflation

Lm pht khng c lng trc.

Page 199

Mt kim nghim gi thuyt ca th trng

lao ng NH NGUYN rng c ch quyt
nh tin cng khc nhau gia khu vc "th
nht" v "th hai" ca th trng lao ng,
khu vc th nht tr cho VN NHN LC,
khu vc th hai tr cho nhng ngi va
khng c kinh nghim v khng c hc vn.
Vi t cch l mt thut ng ca lut hc,
thut ng ny p dng cho cc tho thun
c php lut quy nh khc nhau m theo
ti sn thuc v mt c nhn hay nhm
ngi c t trong tay nhng ngi u
thcm, tu thuc vo lo trt, c th thc s
qun l chng v li ch ca nhng ngi
ch s hu ti sn .
Mt thng k tun theo phn phi T. Thng
k t thng c dng trong kim nh gi
thit xc nh MC NGHA THNG K
ca cc tham s trong cc m hnh kinh t
lng, v c tnh bng t s gia gi tr
tham s c tnh v sai s chun ca n.
im trong chu k kinh doanh khi TRNG
THI M RNG ca chu k c thay th
bng trng thi thu hp hoc ngc li.
im nh v im y c goi l cc
bc ngot.
Xem TOTAL REVENUE.
i khi c goi l thu theo t. y l loi
hnh ban u ca thu doanh thu. Ngi ta
nhn thy nhc im ca thu ny v
trong nhng nm gn y nhiu nc
i sang loi thu khng c nhc im
ny.
Mt loi nh trong thuyt tng trng lin
quan n s gn gi ca cc ng tng
trng ti u vi tng trng cn bng vi
tc cao nht.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Mt mo hnh dng trong thuyt tng trng,
trong s khc bit c bn gia hng tiu
dng v hng t liu sn xut c cng
nhn, vi mt khu vc c quan tm n
mi mt trong hai hng ho ny.
Mt phng php kinh t lng c
lng cc tham s dng c cu ca h
phng trnh ng thi, trong trnh s
thin lch ca phng trnh ng thi.
Mt iu kin bn hng i hi ngi mua
mt sn phm no phi mua thm mt
sn phm khc, thng l b sung cho sn
phm u tin.
Cc loi sai s c th phm trong kim nh
gi thit.
Mt cng ty m mi quyt nh u do mt
ban iu hnh ban ra.
Mt th tc la chn tp th m i hi rng
trc khi mt chnh sch c chp nhn,
n phi c mi thnh vin ca cng ng
b tc ng bi quyt nh ny thng qua.
L phn lm pht c tht m con ngi
khng d kin; trong thc t tr i lm pht
k vng.

economic

3125 Unbalanced economic growth

3126 Unbiased estimator
3127 Uncalled capital

3128 Uncertainty
3129 Unconvertible loan stock

3130 Unconvered interest parity

3131 UNCTAD
3132 Undated securities

Xem BALANCED ECONOMIC

S tng trng kinh t khng cn i. DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH PATH.
Xem BEST LINEAR UNBIASED
c lng khng chch.
ESTIMATOR.
Vn cha huy ng.
Xem PAID-UP CAPITAL.
L mt tnh hung m trong kh nng
xut hin ca mt s kin s khng c
bit, c ngha l khng c phn phi xc
S khng chc chn.
sut gn vi kt cc.
C phn khng th chuyn i c
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Trong mt ch t gi hi oi linh hot khi
cc nh u t bng quan vi ri ro v
khng t bo v h khi nhng ri ro ca t
gi trong TH TRNG K HN, yu cu
rng gi giao ngay trong tng lai ca mt
ng ting khc vi gi giao ngay hin ti
bng mt lng va ng lm i trong
vi mc chnh lch li sut gia hai quc
Li sut ngang bng cha tnh.
gia.
Din n ca Lin hip quc v
Xem UNITED NATIONS CONFE-RENCE
thng mi v Pht trin.
ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT.
Chng khon khng ghi ngy.
Xem Dated securities

3133 Underdeveloped countries

3134 Underdevelopment

Cc nc chm pht trin.

S chm pht trin.

3135 Underemployed workers

Cc cng nhn phim dng.

3136 Underemployment

S phim dng.

3137 Underidentification

S cha nhn dng.

3138 Undervalue currency

ng tin nh gi thp.

3139 Underwriter

Ngi bo him.

3140 Undistributed profits

Li nhun khng chia.

3141 Unearned income

Thu nhp phi tin lng.

3142 Unemployment

Tht nghip.

3143 Unemployment benefit

Tr cp tht nghip.

Page 200

Mt cm thut ng dng ch cc nc
ang pht trin; nhng hin nay gi y
ngi ta t dng cm thut ng ny m dng
cc thut ng khc t mang tnh mit th hn.
Xem DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
L hnh nh phn chiu ca nhng cng
nhn qu dng. Cng nhn phim dng l
ngi coi gi tr ca thu nhp cao hn gi tr
ca ngh ngi hn so vi cc cng nhn
bnh thng.
Theo gi thit th trng lao ng Nh
nguyn, th trng lao ng cp hai bao
gm nhiu cng nhn, nhng ngi c tay
ngh gip h c th hon thnh cng vic
trong th trng cp mt, hoc l nhng
ngi c th c o to thnh cng nhn
c tay ngh cao vi chi ph thp hn so vi
mc trung bnh.
c xem nh khng c nhn dng.
Xem IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM.
Trong mt h thng t gi hi oi c nh,
mt ng tin c sc mua ngang gi to ra
thng d cn cn thanh ton dai dng.
L ngi ng chu s ri ro hoc mt
phn ri ro v i li c nhn mt khon
gi l ph bo him.
L mt t l li nhun c gi li khng
phn chia cho cc c ng di dng c tc
cng nh khng dng tr cc khon thu.
L cc ngun thu ngoi tin lng, tin cng
thng l cc ngun li nhun hoc tin li
hoc tin cho thu.
L nhng ngi lao ng khng c vic lm,
bao gm c nhng ngi ang trong giai
on tm vic lm mi hoc nhng ngi
khng th tm c vic lm vi ng lng
thc t hin hnh.
Khon thanh ton cho mt c nhn tht
nghip.

economic

nh trung tm ca Keynes trong cun L

thuyt tng qut rng ngay c khi tin cng
v gi c hon ton linh hot nh c gi
nh trong thuyt c in, nn kinh t vn
Cn bng tht nghip.
khng lun lun tr v im y vic lm.
3144 Unemployment equilibrium
Anh, l t l ngi trong lc lng lao
ng khng c vic lm v tch cc tm kim
T l tht nghip.
vic lm.
3145 Unemployment rate
Ni mt cch chnh xc theo quan im ca
C.Mc, l s trao i sn phm ca cc
nn kinh t pht trin vi gi cao hn gi tr
S trao i khng ngang bng.
lao ng ca chng.
3146 Unequal exchange
Mt k thut thm nh d n cc nc
ang pht trin v l mt phin bn ca
Cc hng dn ca UNIDO.
phng php LITTLE-MIRRLEES.
3147 UNIDO guidelines
Gim hng tn kho do mc bn hng tng
Unintended inventory
Gim u t vo tn kho khng d
ln khng d tnh trc hay do gim st
kin.
trong sn xut.
3148 disinvestment
Tng hng tn kho do cc n t hng d
tnh khng thnh hin thc.
3149 Unintended inventory investment u t vo tn kho ngoi d kin.
T l lc lng lao ng tham gia cng on
thay i mnh gia nhng cc nghnh v
gia cc nc do khc bit trong chi ph v
T l tham gia cng on.
li ch ca vic tham gia cng on.
3150 Union density
Sc mnh ca cng on i vi th trng
Sc mnh ca cng on i vi th
l mt hm ca co gin ca cu pht sinh
trng.
i vi lao ng cng on.
3151 Union market power
Chnh lch ny o mc m cc cng
Chnh lch tin lng gia cng nhn on tng tin lng ca thnh vin so
tham gia v khng tham gia cng
vi lao ng khng tham gia cng on
on.
tng ng.
3152 Union/non-union differential
Xu hng ca cc cng on tham gia i
tng lng, ngha l tm trng thch hnh
Tnh thch tranh u ca cng on.
ng tranh u.
3153 Union pushfulness
Mt tho thun theo ngi cng nhn
phi tham gia cng on trong mt thi k
"quy tri buc"
nh sau khi bt u lm vic.
3154 Union shop
Ni chung c dng trong thuyt cn bng
tng qut ch s tn ti ca mt b gi
Tnh c nht.
cn bng th trng c nht.
3155 Uniqueness
Php kim nh xc nh xem liu mt
chui thi gian l tnh ti v chnh lch hay
Kim nh n v.
khng.
3156 Unit root tests
Mt c quan c bit c hi ng bo an
Lin hp quc thnh lp nm 1966 thc
y tng trng kinh t cc nc ang
pht trin bng vic b sung cc ngun h
tr vn hin c vi cc khon cho vay v
vin tr; ch yu ti tr cc d n pht
trin nng thn quy m nh m khng th c
c ngun ti chnh no khc do khng c
United Nations Capital
ti sn th chp hay khng c uy tn tn
Qu pht trin vn ca Lin hp quc. dng i vi bn vay.
3157 Development Fund
Hi ngh c triu tp ln u tin vo nm
1964, hin nay l mt b phn vnh cu ca
i hi ng bo an v sau hp vo
nm 1968. 1972, 1976, 1979, 1983 v 1987.
Tt c cc thnh vin ca lin hp quc hay
United Nations Conference on
ca cc c quan chuyn mn ca h l
Trade and Development
Hi ngh Lin hip quc v Thng
thnh vin ca hi ngh v n c mt ban
mi v Pht trin.
chp hnh v mt ban th k vnh vin.
3158 (UNCTAD)

Page 201

economic

United Nationns Development

3159 Programme (UNDP)

Chng trnh pht trin ca Lin hp

quc.

United Nationns Industrial

Development Organization
3160 (UNIDO)
3161 Unit of account

T chc pht trin cng nghip ca

Lin hp quc.
n v k ton.

3162 Unit tax

Thu n v.

3163 Unit Trust

c quyn n v.

Th trng chng khon khng nim

3164 Unlisted Securities Market (USM) yt.
C phn vay khng bo lnh.
3165 Unsecured loan stock
3166 Unvalidated inflation

Lm pht khng cho php.

3167 Urban economics

Kinh t hc th.

3168 Urbanization economies

3169 Uruguay Round

Tnh kinh t ca th ho.

Vng m phn Uruguay.

3170 User cost of capital

Chi ph s dng vn.

3171 Use value and exchange value

Gi tr s dng v gi tr trao i.

3172 U-shaped cost curves

Cc ng chi ph hnh ch U.

3173 Utility

tho dng.

3174 Utility function

Hm tho dng.

3175 Utilitarianism

Ch ngha v li.

3176 Vacancies

Ch lm vic cn trng.

3177 Vacancy rate

T l ch lm vic cn trng.

Page 202

Nm 1966, chng trnh H tr ti chnh m

rng ca Lin hp quc v qu c bit ca
Lin hp quc c sp nhp to nn
chng trnh pht trin ca lin hp quc,
c quan c bit ca Lin hp quc chu
trch nhim qun l v iu phi cc d n
pht trin v h tr k thut c cung cp
di s bo tr hay lin lc vi h thng cc
c quan pht trin ca Lin hp quc.
c thnh lp vo nm 1966, l mt c
quan c bit ca Lin hp quc sau ngh
quyt ca hi ng bo an, t chc ny
cung cp h tr k thut nhm thc y
cng nghip ho cc nc ang pht
trin.
Xem Money.
Xem CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND
PROTECTIVE DUTIES.
Mt cm thut ng dng Anh ch mt
th ch, ging nh mt c quyn u t,
m to iu kin cho cc nh u t phn
tn ri ro bng vic mua c phn trong mt
danh mc chng khon.
Do s giao dch chng khon London (l c
quan qun l) thnh lp nm 1980, USM l
mt th trng t t chc hn so vi s giao
dch chng khon.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
T l lm pht m khng i km theo vi
mt t l gia tng tng t trong cung tin.
Mt nhnh ca kinh t hc p dng cc cng
c nh t duy vo phn tch hot ng kinh
t v cc vn kinh t thnh th.
Tit kim chi ph ny sinh khi cc hot ng
kinh t c tp trung cc khu vc th.
Gi tr thu dch v vn, hay gi m mt
hng phi tr cho vic s dng dung lng
vn m n s hu hay xem xt mua.
Mt s phn bit, m lm ch tho lun
t thi AISTOTLE n C.Mc, gia tho
dng c c t hng ha v gi c ca n.
Cc ng miu t bng cc no chi ph
trung bnh ca mt hng hay mt nghnh
thay i vi mc sn lng.
c hiu rng ri trong kinh t hc nh l
ng ngha vi "phc li", PHC LI KINH
T ,s tho mn v i khi l hnh phc.
Mt hm cho rng tho dng ca mt c
nhn ph thuc vo hng ho v s lng
hng ho m ngi tiu.
Thut g chnh tr v trit hc miu t cc
thuyt ca BENTHAM v cc cng s ca
ng, nhng ngi ly nguyn tc hnh phc
ln nht ca s ng nht lm tiu tr nh
gi hnh ng.
Nhu cu ca gii ch cn thu thm lao
ng.
Mt ch s v cu lao ng ti mc tin cng
hin hnh.

economic

3178 Validated inflation

3179 Valuation curve
3180 Valuation ratio

3181 Value, money, a standard of

3182 Value, theory of
3183 Value added
3184 Value-added tax

3185 Value judgement

3186 Value marginal physical product

3187 Variable capital

3188 Variable cost

Variable elasticity of substitution

3190 production function

3191 Variable labour costs

3192 Variable parameter models

3193 Variance

3194 Variance-covariance matrix

3195 Variation

Lm pht c cho php tn ti v chnh ph

cho php cung tin m rng vi cc tc
Lm pht cho php.
nh lm pht.
ng nh gi.
Xem GROWTH - VALUATION FUNCTION.
T s gia th gi c phn ca hng, V, vi
T s nh gi.
gi tr s sch ti sn ca n, K.
Mt trong cc chc nng ca tin l vai tr
tiu chun gi tr. Ngha l n to mt h
thng n v k ton m qua gi c c
biu hin v cc khon tr chm nh n
Tiu chun gi tr ca tin.
c xc nh.
L thuyt v gi tr.
Ga tr ni ti ca mt hng ho.
Gi tr sn lng ca mt hng tr i gi tr
Gi tr gia tng.
u vo n mua t cc hng khc.
V mt khi nm y l loi thu da trn
Thu Gi tr gia tng.
gi tr gia tng trong mt quc gia.
Mt nhn nh m ni chung c th c
tm tt l "X l tt (hay xu)". Cm thut ng
ch quan gy nhiu nhm ln trong kinh t
nh gi ch quan.
hc.
Sn phm vt cht gi tr bin.
Xem MARGINAL REVENUE PRODUCT.
Trong hc thuyt ca C.Mc, vn kh bin
m ch phn vn, i din bi sc lao ng,
m lm thay i gi tr trong qu trnh sn
Vn (t bn) kh bin.
xut.
Chi ph bin i vi mc sn lng, v d
Cc chi ph kh bin.
chi ph lao ng.
y l dng tng qut ca CO GIN
KHNG I CA HM SN XUT THAY
(VES production function) - co gin TH cho php co gin ca thay th bin i
kh bin ca hm sn xut thay th.
vi t s yu t u vo.
Chi ph thu mn cng nhn thay i t l
thun hay hn t l thun vi s gi lm
Cc chi ph lao ng kh bin.
vic.
Cc m hnh kinh t lng, trong cc
thng s v dn s cn c c lng,
c gi nh l bin s, khng ging nh
trong phn tch hi quy m trong cc
Cc m hnh thng s kh bin.
thng s c coi l c nh.
Mt s o c s dng ph bin o
mc m mt bin s ngu nhin (hoc
mt thng k) phn tn xung quanh gi tr
Phng sai
ttrung bnh ca n.
Ma trn phng sai v cc hip phng sai.
ca mt dy cc bin s ngu nhin cng
phn phi, phng sai to nn ng cho,
trong khi hip phng sai l cc ct v cc
Ma trn phng sai - hip phng sai. dng lin quan.
Xem VARIANCE, ANALYSIS OF
Bin ng.
VARIANCE, SUM OF SQUARES.

Page 203

economic

3196 Veblen, Thorstein B.

(1857-1926)

3197 Veblen effect

Hiu ng Veblen.

3198 Vector

Vc-t.

3199 Vector autoregression (VAR)

T hi quy vc t.

Veblen, Thorstein B. l nh kinh t hc v x

hi hc ngi M, Gio s kinh t ti trng
i hc Chicago t 1892. L nh sng lp ra
KINH T HC TH CH, ng rt ph phn
khi nim khoi lc v nguyn t trong kinh
t hc TN C IN. tng ca ng v
khoa hc kinh t l s tm hiu v pht trin
cc th ch kinh t. i vi Veblen, th ch
kinh t khng hn g thi v o c m
chng tm lc. Nhiu thut ng ca
Veblen m ng dng ch giai cp gii tr
trong thi k ng sng tr thnh ting
Anh thng dng ngy nay. Khng ging
quan im ca Marx v mu thun gia giai
cp T sn v V sn, Veblen tm thy mu
thun gia "cc vic lm tin ti" v "cc
vic lm cng nghp", tc l lm ra tin v
lm ra hng ho. i vi Veblen, mu thun
l gia cc nh doanh nghip, nhng ngi
kim sot ti chnh ca cng nghip v quan
tm n li nhun, v cc k s v lc
lng lao ng, l nhng ngi quan tm
n hiu qu c th v th cht. Mu thun
gia hai nhm ngi ny ny sinh t mong
munca gii k s v lao ng mun i
mi, v do vy lin tc ph hu gi tr t bn
m gii doanh nhn s hu.
Hin tng trong khi gi c ca mt hng
ho gim i th mt s ngi tiu dng cho
rng hng ho gim cht lng v khng
mua n na.
Mt dy s hay phn t mt chiu c th t
m c th vit ngang (vct dng) hay dc
(vc t ct).
Mt trong nhng k thut d bo s dng
rng ri nht trong kinh t hc. Nh vi hu
ht cc phng php chui thi gian n
thun khc, n c cho l trung lp i vi
bt k mt thuyt kinh t c th no.

3200 Vehicle currency

3201 Veil of ignorance
3202 Veil of money

ng tin phng tin.

Mng che ngu dt.
Mng che tin.

3203 Velocity of circulation

3204 Venture capital

Tc lu thng.
Vn mo him.

3205 Vertical equity

Cng bng theo chiu dc.

3206 Vertical integration

Lin kt dc.

3207 Vertical merger

Sp nhp chiu dc.

Page 204

Trong cc trung tm bun bn ngoi hi ln,

hu ht mi giao dch c thc hin vi
mt s ng tin ch cht, nhng ngi
nm gi cc loi tin khc chuyn i chng
sang mt hay vi loi ng tin ch cht ny
thc hin giao dch thng mi ca mnh.
Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE.
Xem CLASSICAL DICHOTOMY.
Tc m ti mt s tin no lu
thng thng trong nn kinh t - ngha l s
ln trung bnh mt n v tin t trao tay
trong mt thi k xc nh.
Xem RISK CAPITAL.
S cng bng hay khng cng bng trong
vic i x vi cc cs nhn trong cc tnh
hung khc nhau.
Mt tnh hung trong hot ng ca mt
hng m rng ra hn mt giai on lin tc
trong mt qu trnh chuyn ho nguyn liu
thnh sn phm cui cng.
Vic sp nhp hai hng sn xut cc sn
phm thuc v nhiu giai on khc nhau
ca cng mt qu trnh sn xut.

economic

3208 Vertical Phillips curve

3209 VES production function

3210 Vicious circles

3211 Victim company

3212 Vintage growth models

3213 Virtuous circles
3214 Visibility hypothesis

3215 Visible balance

3216 Voluntary-exchange model

3217 Voluntary export restraint

3218 Voluntary unemployment

Von Neumann-Morgenstern
3219 utility

3220 Von Neumann ratio

3221 Vote maximizer
3222 Vote trading

3223 Voting and non-voting shares

3224 Voucher
3225 Voucher schemes
3226 Wage competition model
3227 Wage contour

3228 Wage contracts

Gi thit cho rng trong di hn, khng c

s nh i gia t l thay i mc tin
cng v mc tht nghip nh ng Phillips
ng Phillips thng ng.
ban u gi .
co gin kh bin hm sn xut thay Xem Variable elasticity of substitution
th.
production function.
Cm thut ng ny thng ch quan im v
cc nc ang pht trin cho rng mt nn
kinh t tn ti s ng yn, bi v tng
sn lng thp ti mc hu nh khng c
Cc vng lun qun.
d tr.
Mt cng ty l i tng ca mt u thu
Cng ty nn nhn.
thu mua.
M hnh tng trng kinh t cho php vn
v tin b k thut km theo n gim i theo
M hnh tng trng theo thi gian.
thi gian.
Vng thot.
Xem Vicious circles.
Chnh sch thu nhp c xu hng da nhiu
Gi thuyt v tnh minh bch.
vo k thut cng khai v khin trch.
Phn ca ti khon vng lai ca mt bo co
v cn cn thanh ton cho bit quan h gia
ga tr hng ho vt cht xut khu v hng
Cn cn hu hnh.
ho vt cht nhp khu.
Mt php tip cn i vi phn tch vic
cung cp Hng ho cng cng nhm thit
lp cc iu kin m qua cc hng ho
ny c th cung cp trn c s tho thun
hon ton nht tr - ngha l khng c cng
M hnh trao i t nguyn.
p.
Mt gii hn do chnh cc nh xut khu
mt nc t a ra i vi hng xut khu
ngn chn hnh ng bo h chnh thc
Hn ch xut khu t nguyn.
ca mt nc nhp khu.
Phn Tht nghip ny sinh t qu trnh tm
Tht nghip t nguyn.
vic v tht nghip tm thi v tr hnh.
Theo tn t ca J. von Neumann (1903-57)
v O.Morgenstern (1902-77), y l cch
Tho dng Von Neumanntip cn i vi thuyt cu m c cho l
Morgenstern.
ng khi p dng cc tnh hung ri ro.
Mt thng k kim nh c tnh tm s
hin din ca s TNG QUAN CHUI
T s Von Neumann.
CA CC SAI S trong phn tch hi quy.
Ngi mun ti a ho phiu bu chnh tr
Ngi mun ti a ho phiu bu.
cho mnh.
Trao i phiu bu.
Xem LOGROLLING.
Cc ch s hu c phiu thng ca mt
Cc c phiu c quyn b phiu v
cng ty thng c quyn b phiu dy d ti
khng c quyn b phiu.
cc cuc hp cng ty.
Mt phng php cung cp dch v v hng
ho ca chnh ph, trong c nhn c
cho tin ch mua hng ho v dch v
Tem phiu.
nh trc.
Cc loi tem phiu l mt phng php
Cc chng trnh theo phiu.
phn phi li bng hin vt.
M hnh cnh tranh bng tin cng
Xem JOB COMPETITION THEORY.
Mt tp hp cc mc lng mt s th
Vng tin cng.
trng lao ng ni b.
Tho thun chnh thc hoc khng chnh
thc gia mt bn l ngi s dng lao
ng vi mt bn l ngi i din lao ng
v s gi lm vic, khi lng cng vic v
Hp ng tin cng
tin lng.

Page 205

economic

3229 Wage differentials

Chnh lc tin cng

3230 Wage discrimination

Phn bit i x tin cng.

3231 Wage drift

Mc trt tin cng.

3232 Wage fund

Qu lng.

3233 Wage inflation

Lm pht tin cng.

3234 Wage leadership

Xc nh tin cng theo mc tham

kho.

3235 Wage-price spiral

Vng xoy tin cng-gi

3236 Wage-push inflation

Lm pht do tin cng y.

3237 Wage rates

3238 Wage restraint

Cc mc tin cng.
Hn ch tin cng.

3239 Wage round

Vng quay tin cng.

3240 Wage boards

Ban iu hnh tin cng.

3241 Wages Councils

3242 Wages freeze
3243 Wages fund doctrine

Cc hi ng tin cng.
Hn mc tin cng.
Hc thuyt qu lng.

3244 Wages structure

Cu trc tin cng

3245 Wage theory

3246 Wage-wage sprial

L thuyt tin cng.

Vng xoy tin cng-tin cng.

Page 206

Cc mc Chnh lc lng trung bnh tr cho

cc lao ng c phn chia theo nghnh
hoc a im lm vic hoc theo mu da
ho a im ca h.
Cm thut ng dng m t tnh trng
trong cc cng nhn c nng sut lao
ng nh nhau c tr cc mc lng
khc nhau.
Vic tng mc lng hiu lc tng n v
u vo lao ng theo tho thun nm ngoi
s kim sot ca cc th tc v nh mc
lng.
Theo hc thuyt kinh t hc c in, mt qu
dng thanh ton tin lng. Ti bt k
mt thi im no, qu ny cng vi cung
lao ng cho trc s xc nh mc lng
trung bnh.
S tng ca lng danh ngha theo thi
gian.
Tnh th trong vic tr lng cho mt
hoc mt s ngi trong mt khu vc c th
c coi l mc tham kho cho mi yu cu
lng sau ny.
Khi nim cho rng s tng lng s dn ti
s tng gi do chi ph sn xut tng v li
gy nh hng n tin lng bi v cng
nhn mun duy tr sc mua ca ng tin.
Mt biu hin ca lm pht do chi ph y,
coi nguyn nhn ca qu trnh lm pht l
do p lc ca nghip on vi th trng lao
ng.
Mc lng m mt c nhn c nhn do
c sung cp mt s gi lao ng ti thiu
quy nh trong hp ng lng.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Gi thuyt cho rng tn ti nhng mi lin
kt cht ch gia cc mc tin lng thanh
ton cho cc nhm m phn trong nn kinh
t, kt qa l vic thanh ton lng tun
theo nhng hnh thi nht nh mi nm.
Cc c quan php quy tng t nh cc hi
ng lng qun l iu hnh v iu kin
lao ng trong ngnh nng nghip.
Cc c quan php quy c chnh ph giao
nhim v xut v lng v s gi lao
ng trong mt s ngnh nc Anh.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Xem IRON LAW OF WAGE.
Cc th hng tin lng ca cc nhm cng
nhn phn theo nghnh, a im lm vic
theo nhm ngh nghip hoc chng tc.
L thuyt tn c in ngy nay l mt m
hnh khoa hc ch yu trong phn tch xc
nh lng. Tuy nhin, u th ca l thuyt
tn c in v lao ng tuyt nhin khng
lin tc v t n b l thuyt tn c in i
trc.
Xem Leap-frogging.

economic

3247 Wagner's law

3248 Wait umemployment

nh lut Wagner
Tht nghip do ch vic.

3249 Wall Street

Ph Wall

3250 Walras, Lon

(1834-1910)

3251 Walras' law

nh lut Walras.

3252 Want creation

To ra mong mun tiu dng.

3253 Warrant

S m bo.

3254 Warranted rate of growth

Tc tng trng m bo.

3255 Warranted unemployment rate

T l tht nghip m bo.

3256 Waste

Cht thi.

3257 Ways and means advandces

3258 Weakly stationary

Tm ng.
Khng chuyn ng hng tun.

Page 207

Mt gi thuyt, nh kinh t hc c Adolph

Wagner do xy dng vo cui th k XIX,
ni rng s pht trin ca nn kinh t cng
nghip ho s i i vi vic tng phn chi
tiu cng cng trong tng sn phm quc
dn.
Mt ph h Mahattan, Newyork chy qua
trung tm khu ti chnh ca thnh ph. S
giao dch chng khon Newyork nm trn
ph Wall v thnh thong tn ph c dng
nh
ng vo
ngha
cho1970
th trng
Sinh mt
ra titParis,
nm
ng l nay.
gio
s ch nhim u tin b mn Kinh t ti
chnh i hc Lausanne Thu S. Cng
hin u tin l vic ng c lp xy dng
phng php tip cn tho dng bin
vo l lun gi tr nm 1973, mt thnh tu
c Jevons d on trc. Cng hin
th hai v em li s ni ting hn l vic
pht trin l thuyt v vic cn bng tng
th, trong mi loi th trng trong nn
kinh t u c xem xt v trong mi
gi c hng ho, cc nhn t v u ra ca
mi hng ho v cung cp nhn t c
quyt nh ng thi. Tm li, ng xy
dng mt m hnh tin phong vi nhng
cng c ton hc nguyn thu. Cournot, mt
nh ton hc gii hn v l mt trong nhng
ngi c nh hng ti ng n trnh vn
ny v rt kh. Mc d m hnh ny v
cc c tnh ca n vn tip tc c cht
lc, gt gia, ngi ta vn cha nm c
khi nim cung ca n.
Hnh thi chung ca nh lut Walras l cho
n th trng, nu n-1 th trng t trng thi
cn bng th trng cn li cng phi t
trng thi cn bng bi v khng th c s
d tha rng cung hay cu cho hng ho
(k c tin t).
Vic cc cng ty xc nh ra nhng nhu cu
ca ngi tiu dng cn tim tng v vic
bin n thnh mong mun tiu dng c
thc bng vic tip th mnh m cc sn
phm c ch to nhm p ng nhng
nhu cu tim n ca ngi tiu dng.
Vic mua mt tho thun trong to ngi
s hu bn tho thun c hi mua vn c
phn.
Tc tng trng ca thu nhp quc dn
duy tr c s cn bng gia tit kim t
nh v u t t nh theo thi gian, bng
cch pht trin tng ca Keynes v
thu nhp cn bng sang trng thi si ng.
Xem NATURAL RATE OF
UNEMPLOYMENT.
Mt th sn phm khng th trnh khi ca
hot ng kinh t.
Tm ng tin ca ngn hng Trung ng
Anh cho chnh ph p ng nhu cu chi
tiu ca cc b, ngnh trong ngn hn.
Xem STATIONARITY.

economic

3259 Weath

Ca ci.

3260 Weath effect

Hiu ng ca ci.

3261 Weath tax

3262 Wear and tear
3263 Weberian location theory

Thu ca ci.
Khu hao.
L thuyt Weber v v tr .

3264 Weighted average

Bnh qun gia quyn.

3265 Weighted least squares

3266 Weighted mean

Bnh phng gia quyn nh nht.

Trung bnh gia quyn.

3267 Welfare economics

Kinh t hc phc li.

3268 Welfare function

Hm phc li.

3269 Welfare state

Nh nc phc li.

3270 Well-behaved

C hnh vi tt.

3271 Wharton model

M hnh Wharton.

Bt k ci g c gi tr th trng v c th
i ly tin hoc hng ho u c th coi l
ca ci.
S gia tng trong tng chi tiu do mc gi
c hoc li xut gim xung. Ngi ta cho
rng, bt c mt s gim xung ca tng
cu s c o ngc li do cc tc ng
gy ra khi mc gi c hoc li sut gim
xung.
Thu nh vo gi tr ca ci rng. N
thng nh vo nhng thi k u n thng l mt nm trn nhng ti sn rng
ca cc c nhn, mc d mt s nc
nh Nauy thu ny cng c do cng ty
tr.
Xem DEPRECIATION.
Xem LOCATION THEORY.
Bnh qun trong mi hng c nhn vi
mt h s trc khi tnh ton v tn cc h
s ny l mt n v.
Mt phin bn ca bnh phng thng
thng nh nht trong mi bin s c
nhn vi mt h s no , c th l mt
hm ca mt trong nhng bin s trong
phng trnh.
Xem WEIGHTED AVERAGE.
Cm thut ng chung ch kha cnh
chun tc ca kinh t hc. Nhng gi nh
c bn ca kinh t phc li l cc nh gi
ch quan m bt k mt nh kinh t hc no
cng c th chp nhn hoc bc b.
i vi mt c nhn, l mi quan h gia
tnh trng kho mnh, hnh phc. Phc li
hoc tho dng v nhng yu t gp
phn to nn nhng iu .
Thng c hiu l mt quc gia c chnh
ph ng mt vai tr tch cc trong vic ch
trng pht trin phc li x hi.
Mt thuc tnh ca hm sn xut v tho
dng. N i hi sn xut ( tho dng)
bng 0 nu mt trong nhng u vo (hng
ho) bng 0 v n cng i hi sn phm
bin ( tho dng lun lun dng nhng
gim dn khi nhng lng ca mt yu t
sn xut (hng ho) cho no tng dn.
Mt m hnh gm 76 phng trnh v nn
kinh t M pht trin t m hnh KLEINGOLDBERGER (K-G) nhng c 4 im
khc bit: 1)M hnh ny s dng d liu
tnh ton trn c s qu, M hn K-G tnh
trn c s nm. 2)m hnh ny c thit k
ch yu c dng d on hnh vi kinh
t c th l thu nhp quc dn v mc vic
lm. 3)M hnh ny c phn tn ti mt
mc ln hn nhiu v c mt khu vc
tin t pht trin hn nhiu. 4)Hm sn xut
c thit lp da trn cc hm kiu COBBDOUGLAS.

Page 208

economic

3272 Whipsawing

Ca ko.

3273 White-collar worker

Cng nhn c trng, bn giy.

3274 White noise

Nhiu trng.

3275 White plan

K hoch White.

3276 Wholesale

Bun bn, bn s.

3277 Wholesale banking

Dch v ngn hng bn bun.

3278 Wicksell, Knut

(1851-1926)

3279 Wicksell effects

Cc hiu ng ca Wicksell.

Page 209

Mt bin php m mt s cc cng on s

dng dnh c s nhng b ca
ngi s dng lao ng bng cch e do
s bi cng trong khi cc cng ty ch th
cnh tranh khc vn tip tc hot ng, v
sau khi ng ta nhng b s c gng p
buc s dng ngi lao ng th hai a ra
nhng iu khon iu kin tng t hoc
thm ch tt hn v vic lm nu khng s
i mt vi mt cuc bi cng khc.
Ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng
khng tham gia vo lao ng chn tay v
nhng ngi thc hin nhng cng vic
mang chc nng lnh o.
M t s bin thin hon ton mang tnh
ngu nhin v khng c cc phn t mang
tnh h thng no.
K hoch ca M cho Qu n nh quc t
c xut ti hi ngh ti chnh v tin t
Lin hp quc t chc ti Bretton Woods,
New Hampshire nm 1944.
Giai on trung gian trong qu trnh phn
phi sn phm
Cc giao dch quy m ln ca cc khon tin
gi ch yu tp trung vo nhm cc th
trng vn c lin quan mt thit vi nhau
v pht trin mnh t gia nhng nm
60 - cc th trng lin ngn hng, chnh
quyn a phng, chng ch tin gi v
ng
tinkinh
Chu
Mt nh
t u.
hc ngi Thu in.
Wicksell hc ton v trit hc, l ch nhim
b mn kinh t trng i hc Lund nm
1904. Tc phm ca ng gii thch, tng
hp v pht trin thuyt tn c in v sn
xut v phn phi. ng bn lun v li
tc ca vn v mi quan h ca n vi li
sut. Ngc li vi hc thuyt ng thi,
ng ch ra rng trong cn bng, trng gi
tr ca sn phm x hi bin ca vn thp
hn li xut. iu ny c th ng do tng
hiu ng ca ln b sung ring bit vo
Dung lng vn c th lm tng gi tr ca
tng dung lng vn v do lm gim gi
tr ca phn tng thm. iu ny c gi l
hiu ng Wicksell. Wicksell gii thch s
tn ti ca li sut cao trong nhng giai
on lm pht bng vic phn tch cc yu
t quyt nh cung tin ti nhiu th ch tin
t khc nhau. Qu tnh lu tch lm pht c
nhiu im chung vi chnh lch lm pht
ca Keynes. Thc t, G.Myrdal v Lindahl ,
k tc thuyt ca ng pht trin s khc
bit gia u t k hoch v u t thc
tin c ngm th hin trong s phn bit
ca Wicksell gia thi hn u t v tit
kim.
Cc hiu ng ca Wicksell ch ra rng
ngc li vi thuyt hiu sut bin ca vn,
li sut thc t trong nn kinh t c th khc
vi tng sn phm bin ca vn.

economic

3280 Wieser, Friederich von

(1851-1926)

3281 Wildcat strike

Bi cng "khng chnh thc"

3282 Willingness to pay

Mc sn sng tr.

3283 Wilson Committee

U ban Wilson.

3284 Windfall gain

Thu nhp bt thng.

3285 Windfall loss

3286 Winding up

L bt thng.
S pht mi.

3287 Window dressing

3288 Withdrawals
3289 Withholding tax

3290 Workable competition

3291 Workers' co-operative
3292 Workers' partipation
3293 Working capital
3294 Working capital ratio

3295 Working population

L mt nh kinh t hc, mt chnh tr gia v

mt thnh vin ca trng phi O. ng
hon thin hn hc thuyt THO DNG
BIN do Menger khi xng nhng ng
gp chnh ca ng nm trong hc thuyt
"quy gi tr" hoc "gn gi tr".Wieser cng l
ngi u tin nhn thy rng logic chung
ca hnh vi kinh t nhm ti a ho li ch,
ti thiu ho chi ph v ch ti t sut bin
sinh ra thuyt kinh t X hi ch ngha.
L cuc bi cng do cc nhm thnh vin
cng on a phng t chc, v mt hnh
thc khng c s cho php chnh thc ca
ban lnh o cng on v tri vi nhng
nguyn tc nh.
Vic nh gi ca mt c nhn i vi mt
hng ho hoc mt dch v bng tin.
U ban n gi hot ng ca cc th ch
ti chnh c ni cc cng ng thnh lp
nm 1977, di s ch o ca Hun tc
Harold Wilson, cu th tng nhm xem xt
vai tr v chc nng ca cc th ch ti
chnh Anh v vic cung ng vn cho Cng
nghip v thng mi, xut nhng thay
i cn thit gim st cc th ch ny.
Mt khon thu nhp thm khng lng
trc c.
Mt khon suy gim khng lng trc
c ca thu nhp.

Mt thng l Anh b xo b nm 1946,

m theo cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr
London ly tin vay t nhng th trng
chit khu vo nhng ngy m h phi "lm
p" bo co ti chnh tun (hoc thng t
sau nhng nm 1939) nhm mc ch th
hin trng thi tin mt cao hn h s bnh
S "lm p" bo co ti chnh.
qun m chng thc gi.
Cng c th c bit n nh l cc s d
r. Bt k mt khon thu nhp no, khng
c i tip trong vng lun chuyn thu
nhp v do khng c dng chi ph
cho nhng hng ho v dch v hin ang
Cc con s tn rt.
sn xut.
Thng thng l th thu nh vo c tc
Thu chuyn li nhun v nc.
v tin li do mt cng ty tr ra nc ngoi.
Vic xy dng v chn lc ra khi nim v
Cnh tranh c th th thc hin c hnh
thnh trn quan im rng m hnh tru
tng v cnh tranh hon ho l mt
tng khng thc tin v khng th a ra
mt cn c hot ng cho chnh sch cnh
Cnh tranh c th th thc hin c. tranh.
L mt doanh nghip trong ngi lao
Hp tc x ca cng nhn.
ng nm gi c phn.
S tham gia ca ngi lao ng.
Xem INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY.
Thng l nhng khon ca ti sn ngn
Vn lu ng.
hn do ngun vn di hn to nn.
c tnh bng cch chia n ngn hn ch
T s vn lu ng.
ti sn ngn hn.
L nhng ngi c kh nng v sn sng
lao ng k c nhng ngi c vic lm v
Lc lng lao ng.
nhng ngi b coi l tht nghip.

Page 210

economic

3296 Work in progress

Sn phm ang gia cng.

3297 Work-leisure model

M hnh lao ng - ngh ngi.

3298 Work sharing

Chia s cng vic.

3299 Work to rule

Lm vic theo quy nh.

3300 World Bank

3301 Writing-down allowance

Ngn hng th gii.

Khu hao, s xung gi.

3302 X-efficiency

Hiu qu X.

3303 Y-efficiency

Hiu qu Y.

Phn sn phm vn cha c hon thanh

ti thi im cui k k ton.
L vic p dng n gin l thuyt v hnh
vi tiu dng cho vn phn b thi gian.
L vc duy tr t l c vic lm bng cch ct
gim gi lao ng ca mi cng nhn.
L mt dng bn nh cng, dn n sn
xut suy gim ch cha n mc chm dt
hon ton.
Xem International Bank For Reconstruction
And Development.
Xem DEPRECIATION.
L mt tnh hung, trong tng chi ph ca
mt hng khng th gim n mc ti thiu
v sn lng thc t t cc u vo xc nh
nh hn mc kh thi ln nht.
Hiu qu trong cc c hi thu li nhun
trn th trng c khai thc.

3304 Yeild

Li tc.

T l thu hng nm i vi mt chng khon

c tnh bng t l % so vi th gi hin ti.

3305 Yeild gap

3306 Yeild gap on securities

Chnh lch li tc.

Chnh lch li tc chng khon.

Zellner-Giesel
Zero-rate goods
Z variable
Organization slack
Perfect information
Personal income Hypothesis
Personal income distribution
Sterilization impact of capital
3314 inflow

Quy c Zellner-Giesel.
Cc hng ho c mc thu bng 0.
Bin s Z.
S lng lo v t chc.
Thng tin hon ho.
Gi thuyt v thu nhp lu di.
Phn phi thu nhp cho c nhn.
Tc ng v hiu ho thm ht cn
cn thanh ton bi dng vn chy vo.
nh hng/Tc ng thay th ca tin
cng.
Dy s liu theo thi gian.
Gi k ton.
Khu hao tch lu.
Phn tch tnh hung.
Phn tch nhy.
Thm nh.
Tng gi.
Tng gi v gim gi tr.
Kinh doanh da vo chnh lch t gi.
(GDP) c cn i.
(GDP) cn bng.
Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc ca
mt c phiu cng vi s bin ng li
tc ca ton b th trng chng
khon.
Mc/ Khon chnh lc ca th trng
ch en.
C phiu sng gi.
Tri phiu chnh ph c gi tr cao.
Gi ca khu.
a cng tuyn.
T hp.

3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313

3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326

Substitution effect of wages

Time series data
Accounting price
Accumulated depreciation
Scenario analysis
Sensitivity analysis
Appraisal
Appreciation (currency)
Appreciation and depreciation
Arbitrage
Balanced (GDP)
Balanced equilibrium (GDP)

3327 Beta
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333

Black market premium

Blue-chip stock
Gild-edged bonds
Border price
Multi-collinearity
Combination

Page 211

Mc khc bit gia li tc trung bnh i vi

c phn v t l thu hi tng ng i vi
cc chng khon di hn c li sut c nh.
Xem
Mt phng php c thit k c bit cho
c lng nht qun cc thng s ca
phng trnh tr phn phi sau khi bin i
KOYCH m c tnh n thc t l bin i
c th a vo tng quan chui ca
thnh phn nhiu.
Xem VALUE-ADDED TAX.
Xem NORMAL DISTRIBUTION.

economic

3334 Compensating differentials

3335 Constant returns to scale

3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352

Constrain informal/ formal

Consumer sovereignty
Consumer surplus
Consumption
Independent/ induced
consumption
Consumption function
Contestable market
Conversion factor
Cornor solution
Criminalization
Cross price elasticity of demand
Cross-section data
Crowding-out effect
Dead weight loss
Dead weight tax burden
Debt rescheduling
Decile

3353 Differentiated goods

3354 Dirigiste
3355
3356
3357
3358
3365

Distortions and market failure

Distribution
Continuous distribution
Deterministic distribution
Equilibrium aggregate output

3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373

Equilizing wage diffirentials

Equity
Evolving market condition
Exogenuos expectations
Expected inflation
Unexpected inflation
Fiat (or token) money
Final goods

3374
3375
3376
3377

Finance deepening
Fine turning
Intermediate goods
F-test

3378 Automatic fiscal policy

3379 Discretionary fiscal policy
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386

Expasionary fiscal policy

Contractionary fiscal policy
Flow variable
Future value
Sharp gyration
Maturity
Non performings assets

3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392

Non performings loans

Non trade
Offer price
Opportunity cost of capital
Open economy economics
Other thng equal

Cc mc b thm lng.
Sinh li c nh theo quy m.
Hn ch/ rng buc (khng chnh thc/
chnh thc; ngoi quy nh/ theo quy
nh).
Ch quyn ngi tiu dng.
Thng d ngi tiu dng.
Tiu dng.
Tiu dng ph thuc / thay i.
Hm Tiu dng.
Th trng c th cnh tranh c.
H s chuyn i.
Gii php kh x.
Quy l ti phm.
co gin theo gi cho ca cu.
S liu cho/ mu/ c trng.
Tc ng ln p, chn p.
S/ mc mt mt v ch.
Gnh nng v ch ca thu kho.
Hon n/ gia hn n.
Thnh mi nhm bng nhau.
Hng ho cng loi mang nt c
trng ring.
Chnh ph can thip.
Cc bin dng v tht bi ca th
trng.
Phn phi.
Phn phi lin tc.
Phn phi tt nh.
Tng sn lng cn bng.
Cn bng cc mc chnh lch tin
cng.
Vn c phn.
S tin trin ca tnh hnh kinh t.
Nhng d tnh ngoi sinh.
Lm pht d tnh c.
Lm pht bt thng..
Tin php nh.
Hng ho cui cng.
Tng cng ti chnh; pht trin h
thng ti chnh.
Tinh chnh.
Hng ho trung gian.
Kim nh Fisher.
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch t ng.
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch ch
ng.
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch m
rng.
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch thu hp.
Bin s mang tnh dng chy.
Gi tr tng lai.
Chu k vng xoay r rt.
n hn thanh ton.
Nhng ti sn khng sinh li.
Nhng khon vay khng thc hin
ng hp ng.
Phi ngoi thng
Gi cho.
Chi ph c hi ca vn
Kinh t hc v m ca nn kinh t m.
Cc iu kin khc khng i.

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3393 Perceived Wealth

3394 Percentage change
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409

Perfect capital mobility

Performance
Physical and financial capital
Positive bais
Pre-commitment
Conditional probality
Cumulative probality
Pure inflation
Quadrant
Quasiliquid asset
Quick-disbursing fundss
Quintile
Ramdom events
Range of values
Rate of return on investment

3410 Interna Rate of return

3411 Rateable value
3412 Real / relative price
Real balance effect
Real interest rate.
Real prices and real income
Receipt
Recessionary gap
Secular stagnation
Self-financing
Shareholder
Shoe-leather cost of inflation
Stand-by arrangement/
3422 agreement
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421

3423 Standard paradigm

3424 Strategic entry barrier
3425 Strategic entry deterrence
3426 Strategy
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432

Structural adjustment loans

Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence crop
Subsistence wage
Substitutes and complemnt
Sunk cost fallacy

3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447

Sunrise and sunset industries

Supernormal profits
Supplementary benefit
Supply-side economics
Symmetric
Non-symmetric
Syndicate loan
Taste
Tax incident
Tax wedge
Tax-base incomes Policy
Technical change through R&D
Technical efficiency
Technical knowlwdge
Testing an economic model

Ca ci d tnh c.
Chnh lch tnh bng phn trm.
Kh nng lu chuyn hon ho ca
vn.
Thnh qu.
Vn hin vt v vn ti chnh.
Thin lch ng bin.
Cam kt trc.
Xc sut c iu kin.
Xc sut tch lu.
Lm pht thun tu.
Gc to / gc phn t.
Ti sn bn thanh ton.
Tin k pht nhanh.
Thnh nm phn bng nhau.
Cc bin c ngu nhin.
Min gi tr.
Sut sinh li t u t.
Ni sut thu hi vn/ t l hon vn ni
b.
Gi tr c th nh thu.
Cc gi thc t/ tng i.
nh hng ca s d tin thc/ hiu
ng tin thc.
Mc li sut thc t.
Gi thc t v thu nhp thc t
S thu.
H, khong trng suy thoi.
S nh tr v lu di.
T ti tr.
C ng.
Chi ph giy da ca lm pht.
Hp ng d phng.
thc h/ m hnh/kiu mu tiu
chun.
Cn tr chin lc i vi nhp
ngnh.
Ngn chn nhp ngnh c tnh chin
lc.
Chin lc.
Cc khon vay iu chnh c cu
kinh t.
Nng nghip t cung cp t liu.
V ma t tiu.
Lng va sng.
Hng thay th v hng b tr.
S hiu lm v chi ph chm.
Cc ngnh mi mc ln v cc ngnh
sp ln (ht thi).
Siu li nhun/ Li nhun siu ngch.
Tr cp b sung.
Kinh t hc trng cung.
i xng
Phii / bt i xng
Cho vay lin hip.
S thch, th hiu.
Ai phi chu thu.
Chnh lch gi do thu.
Chnh sch thu nhp da vo thu.
Thay i cng ngh qua R&D.
Tnh hiu dng v mt k thut.
Tri thc, kin thc, k thut
Kim nghim mt m hnh thc t.

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economic

3448 The Corset

3449 Tradable
3450 Trade balance
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468

Traded and non-traded (goods)

Trade unions
Transaction motives
Precaution motives
Assets motives
Transfer in kind
Transmission mechanism
Trend output path
Treasury
Tow-path tariffs
Unvoluntary unemployment
Utility maximization
Variable
Variability
Dummy Variable
Stochastic Variable
Variable factor
Viability

3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499

Velocity of money
Volatility
Wage and price flexibility
Wage-rental ratio
Yield on external debt
Yield on investment
Z-score
Zero growth proposal
Above the line
Accrued
Ad valoremAggregates rebate
Avoidable costs
Backwardation
Balacing allowance
Balacing item
Bank overdraft
Banking and currency schools
Battle of the sexes
Bearer securities
Below the line
Benelux
BES
Beveridge
Bilateralism
Bil of sale
BIMBO
Bundesbank
Business angels
Business finance
Business taxation
By-product

K hoch Corset.
Kh thng.
Cn cn thng mi.
Hng ngoi thng v phi ngoi
thng.
Cng on.
Nhng ng c giao dch.
Nhng ng c d phng.
Nhng ng c ti sn.
Tr cp bng hin vt.
C ch lan chuyn.
ng biu th xu th sn lng.
B ti chnh, ngn kh.
(h thng) gi hai phn.
T l, s tht nghip bt buc.
Ti a ho tho dng.
Bin s.
bin thin.
Bin s gi.
Bin s ngu nhin.
Cc yu t sn xut thay i.
Kh nng thnh tu, tnh kh thi.
Vng quay ca tin, tc lu chuyn
ca tin.
Tnh d bin ng.
Tnh linh hot ca gi c v lng.
T s tin cng- tin thu vn.
Li trn n nc ngoi.
Li nhun t u t.
Gi tr ca Z.
xut tng trng bng khng.

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