DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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Comprehensive Examination Syllabus

DESIGN
Solid Mechanics

Introduction to Strength of materials: Principles of statics, Free body diagram, Stress

and strain, Mohrs circle, Hookes law, Elastic constant relationship, stresses and
deflection due to bending, Torsion, Eulers buckling and Mechanical behaviour of
material under uni-axial tension and shear loadings.
Mechanics of Solids: Vectors and Tensors, Stress and Strain Tensors, Conservation
laws, Linearized theory of elasticity, Generalized Hookes law, Plane problems, Airy
Stress function, Principles of virtual work and Variational method.
Fundamentals of computational solid mechanics
Applied Mathematics
Linear Algebra:
Solving linear systems of the form Ax=b; square and non-square matrix A; least squares
solution; eigenvalues and eigenvectors (including generalized eigenproblems);
symmetric and positive definite matrices; linear transformations
Boundary and initial value problems
First order and second order linear differential equations; separation of variables;
Fourier series and periodic solutions to two-point boundary value problems; convolution
and Laplace transforms for solution of initial value problems
Signal Analysis
Discrete-time system properties; sampling; DFT and FFT; Power spectral density
concepts and frequency response
Kinematics and Dynamics
Fundamentals of engineering mechanics statics and dynamics
Vector loop methods for kinematic analysis of mechanisms; force analysis in
kinematically driven mechanisms; fundamental law of gearing and application to gear
drives and planetary transmissions;
Moments of inertia; static and dynamic balancing; virtual work principles in dynamics
and single degree-of-freedom vibrating systems (free and forced)
Materials Science & Engineering
Crystal structure Crystallographic points, lines and planes; Imperfections in solids;
Mechanical properties of materials- elastic deformation and plastic deformation; Basics
of mechanical testing; Concept of true stress and strain, hardness and impact testing

Heat treatment methods and their impact on material properties; Strengthening

mechanisms in solids: Work hardening, solid solution strengthening, grain boundary
strengthening, precipitation/dispersion hardening.
Failure- Basic failure theories;
Fracture behavior of materials: Concept of stress concentration Griffith energy balance
concept, Strain energy release rate (G), Stress field at the tip of a crack, Stress intensity
factor (K), G and K equivalence, Modes of crack propagation,
Fatigue of materials S-N diagram; Mean stress effects in fatigue; Role of stress
concentrators on fatigue life; fatigue life improvement methods.
High temperature deformation behavior of materials (creep): Definition, stress,
temperature and time dependence on strain rates, mechanisms of deformation in single
and polycrystalline materials, creep behavior of pure metals, solid solutions.
Basics of: a) polymers, polymeric composites (or) b) ceramics.
Measurements and Data Analysis
Typical sensors and transducers- strain gauge, pressure transducers, accelerometers,
acoustic and ultrasonic transducers and electromagnetic sensors. Measurement system
behavior and models; Data sampling and computerized data acquisition systems;
Errors in measurements, Regression analysis, correlation and other statistical methods
(ANOVA and factorial design of experiments); Uncertainty analysis applied to data
reduction.

MANUFACTURING
1. METROLOGY AND COMPUTER AIDED INSPECTION
Metrology concepts- Abbes principle-need for high precision measurements- problems
associated with high precision measurements.
Standards for length measurement- Shop floor standards and their classification- Light
interference- Method of coincidence- Slip gauge calibration-measurement errors.
Various tolerances and their specifications, gauging principles, selective assembly,
comparators.
Angular measurements - principles and Instruments, Gear and Thread measurements.
Surface and form metrology- Flatness, roughness, waviness, roundness, cylindricity, etc.
Computer Aided Metrology- principles and interfacing, software metrology.
Laser metrology- Applications of lasers in precision measurements- Laser interferometer,
speckle measurements, laser scanners.
Coordinate Measuring Machine- Non contact CMM Electro optical sensors for dimensional
metrology- Non contact sensors for surface finish measurements
Image processing and its application in metrology.
2. MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
Theory of metal cutting- mechanics of cutting- shear angle theories- cutting tool
materials, tool geometry- tool wear and tool life- cutting fluids-dynamic stability of metal
cutting systems.
Non-traditional machining process such as EDM, USM, AJM, WJM, AWJM, LBM,EBM,
plasma machining etc.-mechanism of metal removal characteristic features and
applications in each case.
High speed machining- abrasive processes, machining of polymers, ceramics, glasses
and composites.
3. ADVANCED MATERIALS AND PROCESSING
Atoms- molecules-bonds in solids- crystallinity- defects in metallic structure- Dislocations
and plastic deformations-fracture-iron carbon equilibrium diagrams-steels and cast ironstransformation hardening in steels-TTT diagrams- other heat treatment processesformation of alloys in steel and cast irons- non ferrous alloys and their applicationsspecial alloys.
Polymers and polymerization- structure and properties of thermoplastics and
thermosets- engineering applications-property modifications-mechanical, thermal
behavior- composites with polymer matrix-ceramics- glasses-glass ceramics-fabrication
methods- metal matrix and ceramic matrix composites.
Processing of polymers-fabrication of composites-processing of ceramics-thermal
spraying-ion beam machining-laser and electron beam processing-superplastic formingthin films and their deposition-diamond coating techniques-tribological applications.
4. Automation and Sensors
Automation concepts: Definitions, types, automation achievements, Hard and soft
automation, Line balancing and techniques, Automation tools, Role of CIM, Group
technology, FMS

Sensors for intelligent manufacturing and condition monitoring- force,

temperature,
vibration, pressure, flow, optical, electrical, acoustic, pneumatics,
magnetic, electro-optical and vision sensors, Sensors for CNC machine tools - linear and
angular position and velocity sensors, Acoustic emission - principles and applications concepts of pattern recognition.
Robotics: Definitions, work envelops robotic layout and its components, Laws,
applications, forward and inverse kinematics, sensors-internal sensors and external
sensors, selection criteria.
5. Drives and Controls
Drives Actuators: Electrical Actuator, Hydraulic Actuators, Pneumatic Actuators,
electro-magnetic, electro-pneumatics, servo actuators, Artificial Muscles-Shape memory
alloys, piezoelectric, Polymers, Biological, Bucky tubes, magnetostrictive actuators and
their relative merits
Controls - Role of control systems in Manufacturing- Classifications, Properties and
applications of open and closed loop process control system, Laplace transform, Block
diagram representation and reduction, stability criteria, microprocessor in automationdata communication and network, Data acquisition and processing, filters, ADC and
DAC, PLCs and PID controllers, Mechatronics, system simulation and modeling.

THERMAL
Numerical Methods
1. Solution of Linear Algebraic Equations
1.1. Gaussian elimination
1.2. LU decomposition
1.3. Pivoting strategies
1.4. Operation Count
1.5. Matrix inversion
1.6. Special cases
1.6.1. Tridiagonal and block tridiagonal systems
1.7. Well conditioned and Ill conditioned system
1.8. Matrix and Vector norms
1.9. Condition Number and its implications
2. Solution of Non-linear Algebraic Equations
2.1. Bisection, Newton-Raphson and Secant method
2.2. System of non-linear equations
3. Basics of finite difference method
3.1. Discretization of spatial and time derivatives using Taylor's series
3.2. Truncation error and order of discretization
3.3. Fourier (von Neumann) stability analysis
4. Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations
4.1. Initial Value problems
4.1.1. Euler explicit and implicit methods
4.1.2. Runge-Kutta method
4.1.3. Predictor-Corrector methods
4.2. Boundary value problem
4.2.1. Shooting method
4.2.2. Finite difference method applied to pin fin heat dissipation
4.3. Stiff problems
4.3.1. Meaning of stiffness
4.3.2. Further insights into stiffness by the application of Euler explicit and implicit
method to a stiff problem
4.3.3. Solution of stiff problem
4.3.4. Example - Chemical kinetics
5. Solution of Elliptic Partial Differential Equations
5.1. Physical problems governed by elliptic PDE's
5.2. Five-point and nine-point discretizations of Poisson's equation
5.3. Iterative methods
5.3.1. Point Iterative methods - Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, and SOR
5.3.2. Detailed theory of the convergence of iterative methods
5.3.3. Global Iterative methods - Steepest Descent and Conjugate Gradient
6. Classification of PDEs and characteristics of a PDE
7. Solution of Parabolic Partial Differential Equations
7.1. Physical problems governed by parabolic PDE's
7.2. Operator splitting and ADI methods

Incompressible Flows

1. Introduction
1.1 Compressibility of Fluids
1.2 Compressible and Incompressible Flows
1.3 Laminar and turbulent flows
2. Basic Concepts in Incompressible Flows
2.1 Definition of a fluid
2.2 Steady and unsteady flows
2.3 Streamlines and pathlines
2.4 Stream function, vorticity and circulation
2.5 Eulerian and Lagrangian formulations
2.6 Material derivative
3. The Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations
3.1 Continuity equation - Eulerian formulation
3.2 Momentum equation - Lagrangian formulation
3.2.1 Forces acting on a fluid element and the stress tensor
3.3 Straining of a fluid element and the strain rate tensor
3.4 Relation between the deviatoric stress tensor and the strain rate tensor
3.5 Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations
3.6 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids
4. Solutions to the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations
4.1 Mathematical nature of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations
4.2 Boundary conditions
4.3 An illustrative example
4.4 Solutions to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations
5. Potential Flows
5.1 Euler equation for inviscid flows
5.1.1 Bernoullis equation
5.1.2 Relation between Bernoullis equation and the first law of thermodynamics
5.2 Potential flows
5.2.1 Basic flows
5.2.2 Superposed flows
5.2.3 Conformal mapping
5.2.4 Flow in a sector
6. Laminar Boundary Layer Theory
6.1 Derivation of the boundary layer equations
6.2 Boundary layer flow over a flat plate with zero pressure gradient
6.2.1 Differential analysis - Principle of similarity
6.2.2 Integral analysis
6.2.3 Displacement and momentum thickness
6.3 Boundary layer flows with non-zero pressure gradient
6.3.1 Falkner-Skan similarity solutions
6.3.2 von Karman - Pohlhausen integral solution
6.4 Separation and drag
6.5 Other flows governed by the boundary layer equations
6.5.1 Free shear layer
6.5.2 2D laminar jet
7. Analytical Solutions to the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations
7.1 Parallel flow solutions
7.1.1 Couette-Poiseuille flow
7.1.2 Hagen-Poiseuille flow in a pipe
7.1.3 Flow between concentric rotating cylinders
7.1.4 Flow in convergent and divergent channels
7.2 Creeping flow solutions
8. Turbulent Flows
8.1 Reynolds averaging
8.2 Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations
8.3 Bouissenesq hypothesis
8.4 Turbulence modeling

8.5 Universal structure of the mean velocity profile in the turbulent boundary layer
9. Turbulent Internal Flows
9.1 Turbulent flow in a pipe
9.2 Effect of roughness
9.3 Moodys chart
9.4 Drag reduction
10. Turbulent External Flows
10.1 Turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate with zero pressure gradient
10.1.1 Effect of roughness
10.2 Turbulent flows with non-zero pressure gradient
10.3 Drag reduction in external flows

Heat Transfer
1. Introduction
1.1. Review of Heat Transfer Fundamentals
1.2. Transient conduction and extended surface heat transfer
2. Brief review of steady laminar and turbulent heat Transfer in external and internal flows
3. Heat transfer at high speeds
4. Unsteady laminar and turbulent forced convection in ducts and on plates
5. Convection with body forces
6. Two phase flow correlations
7. Radiation basics
7.1. Radiation in enclosures
7.2. Gas radiation
8. Diffusion and convective mass transfer
9. Combined heat and mass transfer from plates and in pipes

I.

C. Engines

1. Role of fuel in engine combustion, selection of fuels

2. Basic combustion processes for SI and CI engines
2.1. Factors affecting combustion in these engines
3. Combustion chambers
4. Instrumentation to study the combustion process in engines
5. Pollution formation in SI and CI engines
6. Factors affecting emissions
7. Control measures for evaporative emissions
8. Thermal reactors and catalytic converters
9. Engine modifications to reduce emissions
10. Instrumentation to measure pollutants
11. Emission standards and testing

Refrigeration and Cryogenics

1. Methods of producing cold
1.1. Thermodynamic basis, first & second law analyses
2. Vapour compression systems
2.1. Ideal and actual cycles
2.2. Single stage, multistage and cascade systems
3. Environmental aspects and alternate refrigerants
4. Vapour absorption systems
4.1. Refrigerant absorbent combinations
4.2. Single stage, multistage and open cycle systems
5. Nonconventional systems

5.1. Vapour jet, aircycle, thermoelectric refrigeration

6. Cryogenic liquefaction and refrigeration systems
7. Low temperature insulations
8. Typical applications of refrigeration and cryogenics

Combustion
1. Fuels and their properties
2. Review of basic thermodynamics and gaseous mixtures
3. Combustion Thermodynamics
3.1. Stoichiometry
3.2. First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics applied to combustion
4. Composition products in equilibrium
5. Fundamentals of combustion kinetics
6. General characteristics of combustion flame and detonation
7. Laminar flame propagation
8. Flammability limits and quenching of laminar flames
9. Ignition
10. Turbulent flame propagation
11. Flame stabilization
12. Gas jets and combustion of gaseous fuel jets
13. Vaporization and combustion of liquid fuel droplet
14. Combustion of a coal particle

Turbomachines
1. Classification specific work
1.1. Representation of specific work in Ts and hs diagrams
2. Internal and external losses
3. Euler's equation of turbomachinery
4. Ideal and actual velocity triangles
5. Slip and its estimation
6. Impulse and reaction type machines
6.1. Degree of reaction
6.2. Effect of outlet blade angle on blade shape
7. Model laws
7.1. Specific speed and shape number
8. Special features of hydro, steam and gas turbines
9. Performance characteristics of turbomachines
9.1. Cavitation, Surge and Stall
10. Thin aerofoil theory
11. Cascade mechanics

Experimental Methods
1. Principles of measurements measurement errors, error propagation parameter estimation
experimental data analysis and regression design of experiments
2. Measurement of temperature International Temperature Scale 90(ITS90) - thermoelectric
thermometry, resistance thermometry, pyrometry Measurement of transient temperature
temperature measurement errors
3. Pressure measurement manometry, pressure sensors, measurement of pressure transients
4. Measurement of flow and flow velocity variable area meters, use of probes, drag effect
meters ultrasonic flow meters, hot wire anemometry, laser Doppler velocimetry
5. Measurement of heat flux Gardon gage, slug type sensor, thin film heat flux gage
6. Measurement of thermo-physical properties calorimetry - steady and transient techniques

7. Analytical methods and application to pollution monitoring mass spectrometry,

chromatography and spectroscopy NDIR and fluorescence detection of pollutants