Methods of Separating Mixtures

Magnet
Filter
Decant
Evaporation
Centrifuge
Chromatography
Distillation

Mixture of
solid and
liquid

Filtration
separates
a liquid
from a
solid

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

Stirring
rod

Funnel

Filter paper
traps solid

Filtrate (liquid
component
of the mixture)

Chromatography
Tie-dye t-shirt
Black pen ink
DNA testing
Tomb of Unknown Soldiers
Crime scene
Paternity testing

Paper Chromatography

Separation by Chromatography
sample
mixture

a chromatographic column

stationary phase
mobile phase
selectively absorbs sweeps sample
components
down column
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm

detector

Separation by Chromatography
sample
mixture

a chromatographic column

stationary phase
mobile phase
selectively absorbs sweeps sample
components
down column
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm

detector

Ion chromatogram of orange juice

detector
response

K+

Na+

Mg2+

10

15

time (minutes)

Fe3+

20

Ca2+

25

Setup to heat a solution

Ring stand

Beaker

Wire gauze
Ring

Bunsen burner

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 42

A Heros Fountain

Glass retort

mixture for distillation

placed in here

long spout helps

vapors to condense

Eyewitness Science Chemistry , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13

Furnace

A Distillation Apparatus
thermometer
liquid with a solid
dissolved in it

condenser

tube
distilling
flask

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 282

hose connected to
cold water faucet

receiving
flask

pure
liquid

The solution is boiled and steam

is driven off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

Salt remains after all water is

boiled off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

No chemical change occurs

when salt water is distilled.

Distillation
(physical method)
Salt
Saltwater solution
(homogeneous mixture)

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

Pure water

Separation of a sand-saltwater
mixture.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

Separation of Sand from Salt

1.

Gently break up your salt-crusted sand with a plastic spoon.

Follow this flowchart to make a complete separation.

Saltcrusted
sand.

Calculate
weight of
salt.

Weigh the
mixture.

Weigh
sand.

Pour into
heat-resistant
container.

Fill with
water.

Stir and let

settle 1
minute.

Decant
clear
liquid.

Dry
sand.
No

2. How does this flow

chart insure a complete
separation?

Evaporate
to
dryness.

Yes

Repeat
3 times?

Wet
sand.

Four-stroke Internal
Combustion Engine

Different Types of Fuel

Combustion
Gasoline (octane)
2 C8H18 + 25 O2 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
Methanol (in racing fuel)
__CH3OH +__O2 __CO2 +__H2O

Combustion Chamber
-The combustion chamber is the area where compression and
combustion take place.
-Gasoline and air must be mixed in the correct ratio.

The Advantages of
Methanol - Burning
Engines

Methanol can run at much higher compression ratios,

meaning that you can get more power from the engine on
each piston stroke.
Methanol provides significant cooling when it evaporates in
the cylinder, helping to keep the high-revving, highcompression engine from overheating.
Methanol, unlike gasoline, can be extinguished with water if
there is a fire. This is an important safety feature.
The ignition temperature for methanol (the temperature at
which it starts burning) is much higher than that for gasoline,
so the risk of an accidental fire is lower.

A Race Car - Basic Information

At 900 hp, it has about two to three times the horsepower of a "highperformance" automotive engine. For example, Corvettes or Vipers
might have 350- to 400-horsepower engines.
At 15,000 rpm, it runs at about twice the rpm of a normal automotive
engine. Compared to a normal engine, an methanol engine has larger
pistons and the pistons travel a shorter distance up and down on each
stroke.
The motor is lighter. This lowers their inertia and is another factor in the
high rpm.

Centrifugation
Spin sample very rapidly:
denser materials go to
bottom (outside)
Separate blood into serum
and plasma
Serum (clear)
Plasma (contains red blood
cells RBCs)

AFTER
Before

Serum
Blood
RBCs

Check for anemia (lack of iron)

A

Water Molecules

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 8

The decomposition of two water

molecules.
Water
molecules

Diatomic
oxygen molecule

Diatomic
hydrogen molecules

Electric
current

2 H2O

O2

2 H2

Electrolysis
electro = electricity
lysis = to split

H2O(l)
water

*H1+

Water

Oxygen
gas forms

Hydrogen
gas forms

O2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)
oxygen

hydrogen

*Must add acid catalyst

to conduct electricity
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 32

Source of
direct current

Electrode

Electrolysis of Water
D.C. power
source

oxygen
gas

hydrogen
gas

anode

cathode

Half reaction at the cathode (reduction):

4 H2O + 4 e - 2 H2 + 4 OH 1Half reaction at the anode (oxidation):
2 H2O O2 + 4 H 1+ + 4 e -

water

Reviewing Concepts
Physical Properties

List seven examples of physical

properties.
Describe three uses of physical properties.
Name two processes that are used to
separate mixtures.
When you describe a liquid as thick, are
you saying that it has a high or low
viscosity?

Reviewing Concepts
Physical Properties

Explain why sharpening a pencil is an

example of a physical change.

What allows a mixture to be separated by

distillation?

Reviewing Concepts
Chemical Properties

Under what conditions can chemical

properties be observed?
List three common types of evidence for a
chemical change.
How do chemical changes differ from
physical changes?

Reviewing Concepts
Chemical Properties

Explain why the rusting of an iron bar

decreases the strength of the bar.

A pat of butter melts and then burns in a

hot frying pan. Which of these changes is
physical and which is chemical?