18 SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [1] ET 17 18.1 Second-Order Linear Equations ET 17.1 1. The auxiliary equation is r?—6r+8=0 = (r—4)(r—2)=0 = r=4,r=2. Thenby (8) the general solution is y = cre + ene 2. The auxiliary equation is? — 4r +8 =0 = r= 2+ 2i. Then by (II) the general solution is y= €*(c1 cos 2x + cz sin 2r), 3. The auxiliary equation is r? + 8r +41 =0 => 7 = —4 54, Then by (11) the general solution is y =e (cy cossz + sind). 4. The auxiliary equation is 2r? —r —1=(2r+1)(r—1)=0 > 4. Then the general solution is, 5. The auxiliary equation is r? — 2r + 1= (r—1)?=0 = r=. Thenby (10), the general solution is y= cre? + eane? 52/3 =r(3r—5)=0 = 6. The auxiliary equation is 3r? — r= S.s0y = cr tere! 1. The auxiliary equation is dr? +41=0 = r=-t4i,soy = c1cos ($2) +casin(42) & The auxiliary equation is 16r? + 24r +9 = (4r+3)7=0 + r= —§ soy =cye*/4 + cgre~%*/4 2/4 Or 9. The auxiliary equation is 4r? +r =r(4r-+1)=0 + -}soy sai tae 10. The auxiliary equatos 89? +4=0 = r= +3: soy =crcos(2e) +crsin(2z) M1. The auxiliary equation sr? = 2r—1=0 = r= 1+ V2 soy = crel*VD! 4 ogel!-V2V =0 + ra BtVB soy =ciel V9) + epel-V) “} Bi soy =e [ercom(#i) +ersin(:)] 12. The auxiliary equation is r? — 6r + 13, The auxiliary equation isr?+r+1=0 = 14, Gr? —r—2 = (2r + 1)(8r — 2) = 050 y=cre™*/? + c2e%/8, The solutions (c1,¢2) = (0,1). (1,0), (1,2), (=2,1) are shown. Each solution consists of a single continuous curve that approaches either 0 or shoo as 2 > too. 15. r? — 8r + 16 = (r — 4)? = Osoy = cre + core. ‘The graphs are all asymptotic o the z-axis as 2 —+ —00, and as 2 — oo the solutions tend to +00,640 CHAPTER 18 SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ET CHAPTER 17 16. r?—2r+5=0 = r= 142i and the solution is y = €*(c1 cos 2x +c2sin2x). Graphs for (c1,c2) = (1,0), (0,1), (1, ~1). (-1,2) are shown, The solutions are all asymptotic to the z-axis as 2 —+ —co and. they all oscillate, The amplitudes of the oscillations become arbitrarily large as 2 —+ 00 and arbitrarily small a2 > 00 17. 2? + 5r+3-= (2r +3)(r- +1) =0, 507 —1 and the general solution is y = Then y(0)=3 = cite.=3andy(0)=-4 + —$a-@=-4.900 =2anda= solution to the initial-value problem is y = 2e~9*/? + e°*, 18.77+3=0 = r= +V3i and the general solution is * (cy cos( v3.2) + cz sin(V3:r)) = c1 cos(V3-x) + cz sin( v3.2). Then y(0) = ¥(0)=3 > c2= V3, sothe solution to the initial-value problem is y — cos( V3.2) + V3sin(V3z) 19. dr? — dr +1 = (2r — 1)? =0 =} r=} and the general solution is y = cre*/? + cpze*/?. Then y(0) = 1 = c= Land > cr = Land y!(0)=—1.5 = 4er +2 = 1.5, soc = —2 and the solution tothe initial-value problem is 2! _ ome?! v 2/2 te 20, 2r? 4 5r— B= (2r—I)(r+3)=0 = r= },r=—Band the general solution is y = cre" Then 1 = y(0) = er + e2 and 4 = y'(0) = $1 —3e2 soc = 2.2 problem is y = 26"? — e~*. A? 416 = Then y(Z)=-3 + —a=-3 + a =Sandy($)=4 + —de=4 > c2=—Lsothe solution to the initial-value problem is y = 8.cos 4x — sin 4 tee" =1 and the solution to the initial-value > r= 4i and the general solution is y = €%*(c1 cos dir + ez in dz) = ¢; cos 4a + ep sin 4. Dr? -%®+5=0 + 1 =1+2iand the general solution is y = e*(c cos 2x + czsin 2x). Then = ln) =e%(cr +0) > cx =Oand 2= y/(m) = (cx + 2ca)e"_ = cz = 1/e" and the solution to the initial-value problem is y = Ssinde =e sin 2. (0) and 1 = y'(0)=c2—c1 = cy = Band the solution to the initial-value problem is y = e~* (2cos + 3sin2r). BrP42r42=0 + r= —1tiand the general solution is y = e~*(cy cos + cz sin). Then 2 = a (r-+6)2=0 = r= —Gand the general solution is y = cxe~®* + exze~"*. Then S © = bey + Ben = -e%,s0 = (wie A,r? + 12r + 3K 0= yl) =c1e* +e2€ cx = ~e® and ca = €®. The solution to the initial-value problem is y = —e%e“* + ene = cr ten =Oand 1 =y/(1) = ~6ere® ~ Sexe’ Bar? +1=0 3 =4 = y(n) = e2, so the solution of the boundary-value problem is y Wr? 42r=r(2+r)=0 + 7 44 and the general solution is y = ex cos($2) + ¢2 sin(32), Then 3 = y(0) = ex and 3cos( 42) — 4sin(}2) |r = —2 and the general solution is y = cr + e2e~®*. Then é 1-26 ‘The solution of the = (0) = 1 + ea and 2 = y(l) =e + e2e7? soc 1-2 |e Tae ST boundary-value problem is y‘SECTION 18.1 SECOND-ORDER LINEAR EQUATIONS ETSECTION 171 © 641 2. 1? —3r-+2= (r—2)(r—1)=0 = r=1,r =2and the general solution is y = cre + c2e**. Then 1 = y(0) = cr +02 and 0 = y(3) = cye® + exe" so cg = 1/(1 — e*) and c: = e*/(e* — 1). The solution of the na gle +, 1-8 boundary-value problem is y = e-1 28. r? +100 =0 = r= 410i and the general solution is y = cy cos 10x + e2 sin 10x. But 2 = y(0) = ex and €1, $0 there is no solution. 5 = y(n) ar and 2 = y(n) = ee 6r+$25=0 = r=3ce4i and the general solution is y = €°*(cy cos 4x + c2 sin dz). But 1 = y(0) = er "= ey = 2/e%*, so there is no solution. 30.1? ~Gr +9 =(r—3)?=0 = r= Band the general solution is y = cre™* + cpze™*. Then 1 = y(0) =r and 0 = y(1) = exe® + c2e* =} ez = —1. The solution of the boundary-value problem is y = e* — ze™* Br? 4+4r4+13=0 = r= ~—2+ 3: and the general solution is y = e~?*(c cos 3x + cz sin 3x), But 2= y(0) =e and 1 = y(3) = e~*(~ca), so the solution to the boundary-value problem is -* (2cos 30 — e* sin32) yee 32.97? —18r +10 =0 = r=1+ Liand the general solution is €* (ex cos § + exsin 2). Then 0 = y(0) =e; and 1 = y(n) u "(401+ Bee) > a The solution of the boundary-value ver De? problems y = E sin($) = Ze e*-* sin($) 3. (a) Case 1(X=0): y"+y=0 = y” =Owhich has an auxiliary equation r? = and y(L) = 0. Thus, 0 = y(0) y= cr + exe where y(0) = ‘Thus, y = 0. randO=y(L)=eb > e=e= Case 2(A <0): y+ Ay =O has auxiliary equation r? =—) = r= 4A (distinct and real since <0) = y=cre¥* + cxe-¥—* where y(0) = 0 and y(L) = 0. Thus, = (0) = er +2 (+) and Malipying() bye”! and subacing (gives ea(e¥=™! eV) = 0 og = Oand tus ey = 0 from (+). Thus, y = 0 for the cases 4 = O and 4 < 0. (b) y” + Ohas an auxiliary equation 7? +A=0 = r=diVN + y—cioosViz-+easinVie where y(0) = 0 and y(L) = 0. Thus, 0 = y(0) = ce, and 0 = y(L) = ca sin VAL since c; = 0. Since we cannot have a trivial solution, cz # O and thus sin VXL=0 => XL = nm where nis an integer > N= ntn?/L? and y = casin(nne/L) where n is an integer 34. The auxiliary equation is ar® + br + © = 0. IF? — dac > 0, then any solution is of the form ve) = be who = BE VETS yy = PVE TE ad carl sve so both ry and rz are negative and litny—2e y(z) = 0. If 6? ~ dac = 0, then any solution is of the form u(z) = cre" + cae" where r= —b/ (2a) <0 since a, bare positive, Hence lim,oo y(z) = 0. Finally if 0 — dac < 0, then any solution is of the form y(:z) = e°* (1 cos Bar + ca sin Br) where a = —b/(2a) < 0 since and b are positive. Thus limg soo y(z) = 0.642 © CHAPTER1B SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ET CHAPTER 17 18.2 Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations ET 17.2 41. The auxiliary equation is r? + 3r +2 = (r + 2)(r +1) = 0. so the complementary solution is, ele) = exe + eye. We try the particular solution y a An? + Ba +C.s0 yp = 2Ae + Band uf = 2A. Substituting into the differential equation, we have (2A) + 3(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax? + Br + C) = 2" or 2Aa? + (6A + 2B)x + (2A + 3B + 2C) = 2. Comparing coefficients gives 2A = 1, 6A + 2B = 0, and 2A+3B42C =0,%0A=3,B=-$,andC = ‘Thus the general solution is 2 y(x) = yea) + yp(a) = cre~™* + cxe™* + 3x? — Bart F 2. The auxiliary equation is r? +9 = 0 with roots r = +3i, so the complementary solution is ve(2) = Ac**, 50 yf = 8A and yf = 9Ae® Substitution into the differential equation gives 9Ae™* + 9( Ae**) = e% or 18Ae"* = e°*, Thus A = 2 and the 1 c08(32) + c2 sin(3z). Try the particular solution up(: general solution is y(2r) = ye() + up(z) = cr cos(3x) + c9sin(3x) + he™* 3. The auxiliary equation is r? — 2r = r(r — 2) = 0, so the complementary solution is ye(x) = e1 + c2e*. Try the particular solution yp() = Acos4e + Bsin 4x, so y, = —4Asin 4x + 4B cos 4x and y/! = —16A.cos 4x — 16B sin 4c. Substitution into the differential equation gives (-16A cos dr — 16Bsin4z) — 2(—4Asinde + 4Bcos4z) = sindr => (-16A — 8B) cos 4x + (8A — 16B) sin 4x = sin4z. Then -16A 8B =Oand8A-16B=1 3 A= a5 and B a. Thus the general solution is y(z2) = yo(z) + yo(z) = cr + e26%* + 75 cos de — 3p sin de. (r +3) 4. The auxiliary equation is r? + 6r +9 so the complementary solution is ela) = cre~* + core”, Try the particular solution yp(x) = Ax + B, so yj, = A and yj, = 0. Substitution into the differential equation gives 0 + 6A + 9(Ax + B) = 1+ or (9A)x + (6A + 9B) = 1+, Comparing coefficients, we have 9A = Land 6A + 9B = 1, so A= 3 and B = 2. Thus the general solution is y(a) = cre +enre™* + bat 5. The auxiliary equation is r? — dr +5 = 0 with roots r = 2 + i, so the complementary solution is so yp = —Ae™* and yf! = Ae~*. Substitution gives, = (cy cosx + cz sin). Try yp (x) = Ae~*, 4(—Ae™*) + 5(Ae™*) = ela) = = A= Ae * > Wde* =e ‘Thus the general solution is ule) = P(e cose + ensinz) + Je 6 ye(2) = the complementary equation. Then y}, = [~Az® + (34 — B)x? + 2Bz]e #(eyx +2). Try yp(a) = 2? (Ax + B) e~* so that no term in yp is a solution of uf = [Az + (B~ 6A)z? + (6A — 4B)x + 2B]e~* and substitution gives [Ac® + (B— 6A)? + (6A — 4B) + 2B] + 2[-Aa* + (3A — B)x? + 2Be] + (Ax? + B2?)=2 > 6Az +2B = 2. So yp (2) = a2(42) e* and the general solution is y(x) = e™* (cre + e2) + §re™SECTION 182 NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS ETSECTIONIZ2 C643 7. The auxiliary equation is r? + 1 = 0 with roots r = -bi, so the complementary solution is 1 cose + asin, For y” +y = €* try yp, (2) = Ae*. Then y,, = yf, = Ae™ and substitution gives ye(a) Ae® + Ae® = 6% = A= 3,80 yp,(2) = Je®. Fory” + y= 2° ty yp,(z) = Ax? + Br? + Cx + D. Then yp, = 34x” +2Bzx + C and yy, = GAx + 2B. Substituting, we have .6A+C=0 = C=—6,and2B+D=0 S0A=1,.B= 6Ar + 2B + Ax + Br? +Cr+D= => D=0. Thus ypo(x) = 2% — Gr and the general solution is, vle) = el) +¥ps (2) + vpa(2) = cr cose + cosine + te +2? —6z. Bu2=y(0)=a+} + a =3 and 0 = y'(0) = co+$—6 => co =. Thus the solution to the initial-value problem is u(x) = $cosr+ Using + Se" +2% — 6x. 8. The auxiliary equation is r? — 4 = 0 with roots r = +2, so the complementary solution is y-(x) = cre** + c2e~**, Try yp(x) = e*(Acosz + Bsin a), so up = e*(Acos + Bsinx + Boose — Asin) and yj = ¢*(2B cos. ~ 2Asin:2). Substitution gives (2B cos — 2Asinz) — 4e*(Acos + Bsinx) = e* cose => (2B — 4A)e* cos + (-2A ~ 4B)e* sin =e" cosz = A =~}, B= 3. Thus the general solution is 1 2 y/(0) = 2c1 — Aca ~ 4. Then e; u(z) = cre + c2e-* + €* (—f cosa + 3 sin). But 1 = y(0) = cr + c2 — 2 and 3.2 = @ and the solution tothe initial-value problem is 24 Se te*(—Leosr + sina) v(@) 8. The auxiliary equation is r? O with roots r = 0, r = 1 so the complementary solution is ye() = cr + e2e* Try yp(2) = e( Az + B)e" so that no term in yp is a solution of the complementary equation. Then Up = (Aa? + (2A + B)x + B)e* and yy = (Ax? + (4A + B)x + (2A + 2B))e*. Substitution into the differential equation gives (Aa? + (4A + B)x + (2A + 2B))e* — (An? + (24+ B)z + B)e* = ze" > (Ar +(2A+B))e*=2e7 > A 3, B= -1. Thus yp(z) = (42? — 2)e* and the general solution is (a) = cr + cxe* + (32? ~ 2)e*. But 2 = y(0) = er +c and 1 = y'(0) = cp — 1, s0 cp = 2and cy = 0. The QeF + (Fa? ~ z)e* = e*($2? — 2 +2). solution to the initial-value problem is y() 10. yo) = cre” + exe ™*, For y" + y! ~ 2y = etry yp, (x) = Ar + B. Then y}, = A, yf, = 0, and substitution givesO+A—2Ar+B)=2 + A=-1.B=—1.soyp(2) =—42— 4. Fory” +y! —2y = sin2e try Yea (2) = Acos2x + Bsin 2x. Then yp, = —2Asin 2x + 2B.cos2z, y!, = —4A.cos2r ~ 4B sin2r, and substitution gives (~4A cos 2x ~ 4B sin 2z) + (—2A sin 2x + 2B cos 2x) ~ 2(A.cos 2x + Bsin 2e) = sin 2x SA B y(z) = ce® + ee =9'(0) =a -22-4- 3 Het let u(z)644 CHAPTER 18 SECOND-ORODER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ET CHAPTER 17 M1. ye(2) = cre"! + cxe™*. Try yp(e) = Ae. Then 10Ae* so A= 4, and the general solution is lx) = cre“*/4 + exe + dhe*. The solutions are all composed of exponential curves and with the exception of the particular solution (which approaches 0 as at ++ 00), they all approach. either 00 or —00 as + —00. As ¢ — co, all solutions are asymptotic t0 yp = 3h 12. The auxiliary equation is (2r + 1)(r + 1) = 0.s0r } and ye(=r) = cxe* + cne™*/?. For 2y" + By! + y = 1. try yp, (x) = A; substituting gives yp, (x) = 1. For 2y” + 3y/ + y = cos 2x try Vpp = Acos2r+ Bsin2x = yp, = —2Asin 2x + 2Bcos2x, yp, = —4A cos 2x — 4Bsin 2a. Substituting into the differential equation gives cos 22 = (6B ~ 7) cos 2x + (~TB — 6A) sin 2z. Then solving the equations 6B — 7A = 1 and -7B ~ 6A = O gives A= —Z, B= &. Thus. ypp (x) = —Z cos 2x + & sin Ze and the general solution is (a) = cre® + ene"? +1 Z cos 2x + S sin2v. ‘The graph shows yp = tip) + Ypa and several other solutions. Notice that all solutions are asymptotic 10 yp as 20. 1B. Here y-(z) = 1 cos 3x + ce sin 3x. For y"’ + 9y = e* try yp, (2) = Ae™ and for y" + 9y = 2” sine try Ypo(2) = (Ba? + Cz + D) cosa + (Ex® + Fx + G) sina. Thus a trial solution is pl) = ups (2) + tps (2) = Ae? + (Ba? + Cx + D) cosa + (Ea* + Px +G) sine. 10 Since y.(z) = c1 + c2e™®*, try yp(2) = (Ax + B)e™* cosa + (Cx + D)e™* sin xz, 15, Here ye(2) = er +c2e~®*. For y”” + 9y/ = 1 ty up, (2) = Ax (since y ~ A is a solution to the complementary equation) and for y” + 9p! = xe try Ypa(x) = (Bx + C)e™. 16. Since ye(x2) = cre” + c2e~* try yp(z) = a(Az® + Ba? + Ca + D)e* so that no term of yp() satisfies the complementary equation. 11. Since *(c cose + ezsin3z) we try up(e) = 2( Aa? + Bar + C)e~* cos 3x + (Da? + Ex + F)e~* sin 3x (so that no term of yp is a solution of the complementary equation).SECTION 182 NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS ETSECTION'72 C645 18. Here ye(x) Yra(2) equation) 1 cos 2 + ex sine, For y" + dy =e try yp, (z) = Ae™ and for y” + 4y = asin 2x try (Ba + C) cos 2x + (Dz + B) sin 2z (so that no term of yp, is a solution of the complementary Note: Solving Equations (7) and [9 in The Method of Variation of Parameters gives Gn _ —Gu__ a (vs ~ yout) a (yi — yous) ‘We will use these equations rather than resolving te system in each of the remaining exercises in this section, uy and uy = 19, (a) The complementary solution is ye(:2) = ¢1 cos 22 + 2 sin 2x. A particular solution is of the form Up(t) = Az+ B. Thus, 442 +4B=2 = A=LandB=0 = yp(x) = 42. Thus, the general solution is y = yo + Yp = ¢1 cos 2x + cp sin 2a + 4a. (b) In (a), ye(x) 1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2z, so set y1 = cos 2z, y2 = sin 2x. Then tnvh = youl = 200s? 2e + 2sin® 2x = 2s0uj = —desin2e > u(x) = —4 f zsin Qe de = ~}(—xcos2z + } sin 2z) [by parts] and ws = drcos 20 + u(x) = 4 frcosdede = 3 (esin2x + cos 2x) [by pans). Hence pla) = —}(—2c0s 2x + } sin 2x) cos 2x + 4(xsin 2x + 3.00822) sin 2x = 1.x. Thus u(t) = Yel) + up(x) = cr cos 2x + cz sin 2x + Lx 2. (a) Here r? —3r+2=0 = r=Lor2and ye(x) pla) = Acose+Bsinz => y,=—Asinx + Boos and yf! = —Acosx ~ Bsinzx, Then the equation y” — 3y' + 2y = sina becomes (A - 3B) cost +(B+3A)sing =sint + A-3B=Oand B+3A=1 + A= Hand B= 5. Thus, yp(z) = 3 cosx+ 4 sin. Therefore, the general solution is u(t) = yel2) + yplz) = cre + exe + Beosz + siz -1€™* + c2e*. We try a particular solution of the form (b) From (a) we know that y.(x) = ere** + c2e®, vith ~ wav = 2e% = —e* Thus uj = sinze** wy sinze~*. Then us(2) = fe-®* si ee parts} and ua(z) = ~ fe~*sinede 4e~*(—sina — cos). Thus pla) = $(—2sinz — cos) + (sina + cose) u(z) = vel) + Yp(a) = cre + exe* + sine + 3 cosa. nz + cos. and the general solutions 2. (@) 1? —r=r(r—1)=0 = 1r=0,1,sothe complementary solution is y-(zr) = ce + eome*. A particular solution is of the form p(t) = Ae™*. Thus 4Ae* — Ae 4 Ac™ =e = Ate = A = wl(e) =e. Soa general solution is y(2 Ye(@) + yp (a) = cre® + exwe® + e*. (b) From (a), yo(x) = ere* + care®. so set y: and sou, =—xe* = uw (2) = €*. yo = ze*. Then, yyy — yayt = €*(1 + 2) — re™* e* de = ~(~ 1)e* [by parts] and wy =e” => us(a) = fe* dz = e*, Hence yp (2) = (1 — z)e* + 2e%* = e* and the general solution is u(x) = uel) + yl) = cre® + caze® + 0% 2. (a) Here r? —2r+1= (r+ 1)? =0 = r= Land ye(2) = c1 + exe” and so we try a particular solution of the form yp(x) = Aze®. Thus, after calculating the necessary derivatives, we get y"” —y' =e" = Ac*(2 +2) — Ae*(L+2) =e ule) = 01 + cxe* + 26% => A= 1. Thus yp(z) = ze and the general solution is646 © CHAPTER 18 SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ET CHAPTER 17 (b) From (a) we know that ye(x) = c1 + e2e®, so setting yn = 1. yo = e, then yuh — yay uy =~ fet = ~€* and uy = e* /e* = 1. Then u(x) = — f e*de = —€ and ua(x) = 2. Thus p(t) = ~€ + xe* and the general solution is y(ir) = cr + exe” — e* +2" =c1 + ese” + ce Thus 23. As in Example 6, y. (2) Sinz + ¢2 coszr, so set y1 sinz, yp ‘ose. Then nvh —vovh = —sin?z cota = —1,s0.u5 = EEF 1 an(e 4g-=eE = —ZLg. 80 r= ~5 £5 V3i, so the motion is underdamped and the solution is. ‘Then -0.1 = 2(0) = ey and 0 = 2 =e [-0.1c05(5 v3t) - aa75 sin (5 V30)]. Ire = 15, we again have underdamping since the auxiliary esquation has rots x = — 18 & 8Y%, The general solution is x = e!*/?[o,cos(S¥%e) + en si 0.1 = 2 (0) = er and 0 = 2°(0) = SfFen— Bey > cp = — bq. Thus 2 = 6™*/4[ 011 conf) ~ go sin( 44%). Fore = 20, we have equal ots = 73 = -10, 80 the oscillation is critically damped and the solution is « = (cx + cat)e~!"*. Then —0.1 = 2(0) = cx and 0=2'(0) Wer ber = er = ~1,sor = (-0.1~t}e“™*, Ire = 25 the auxiliary equation has roots —20, so we have overdamping and the solution is 2 = cxe~®" + cpe-?°*, Then =0.1 = 2(0) = ¢1 +e and 0 = 2'(0) = —Be1 ~ 2002 = cy = Band co = 3,648 Cl CHAPTER 18 SECONO-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ET CHAPTER 17 84 Le", Ife = 30 we have roots 7 = —15 £5 V5, so the motion is overdamped and the solution is 2 = cyel-18+8¥8)* 4 eye(-18- 98)", Then =0.1 = 2(0) = ¢1 +2 and 0=2'(0) = (-15+5v5)a+(-15-5V5)ea => =25.8¥8 and op = =2430, 50 -=( i) e185) 5 ( nm 8 Weare given m = 1, c= 10, 2(0) = O and 2'(0) = 1. The differential equation is ct + wo +ke = Owith + VIB so we have auxiliary equation r? + 10r + & = 0. k = 10: the auxiliary equation has roots overdamping and the solution is x = cye(-®+ 75)! + eye(—8- v8) . Entering the initial conditions gives 1 = peg and ca = hep. sor = phy el P+ VF)" tel“ V8). = 20: r = 5 VB and the solution is = cxe(-°*¥5)* + ege(-~ ¥8)* so again the motion is overdamped. The initial conditions give (-8+ YB) te e(-8- v5), = 25: we have equal rots 1 = gig andea = ~glg.s02 = age 11 = 12 = —5, 0 the motion is critically damped and the solution is = (ey + eat)e~®*. The initial conditions give c) = Oand ¢2 = 1,502 = te~®*, k = 30: r = ~5 + Vi so the motion is underdamped and the solution is 5* [ey cos(V5#) + ea in(V5t)]. The inital conditions give cy = Oand 2 = J ~5* sin( VBt). k= 40: r = ~5 - VB: so we again have underdamping. The solution is 5! [ey cos( VTE) + ca sin(V/T5t)] and the inital conditions give ey = 0 and ey = hy. Thus 5 sin( VIBE). -0.01 9. The differential equation is ma”” + kx = Fp coswot and wo # w = /K/m. Here the auxiliary equation is mr? + k=O with roots + /K/mi = wi so-r.(t) = cr coswt + c2 sinwt. Since we # w, trySECTION 18.3 APPLICATIONS OF SECONO-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ETSECTION 173 0 649 p(t) = Acoswot + Bsinwot. Then we need (m) (-w) (Acoswot + Bsinwot) + k(Acoswot + Bsinwot) = Fo coswot or A(k — mw) = Fo and B(kt — mu) = 0. Hence B = Oand A = —P_, = __Fo__ since? = ©. thus the motion ofthe = muh ~ miu? —08) m mass is given by a(t) = cy coswt +9 sinwt + Pe coswat, tiven by y 2 mea 10. As in Exercise 9, x(t) = ci coswt + cz sinwt. But the natural frequency of the system equals the frequency of the external force. so try p(t) = t(A coswt + Bsinwt). Then we need m(2wB — At) coswt — m(2wA + uw? Bt) sinut + kAtcosut + kBtsinwt = Fy coswt or 2mwB = Fy and —2mwA = 0 (noting —mw A + kA = Oand —mw*B + kB = 0 since w* = k/m). Hence the general solution is a(t) = cx coswt + cp sinwt + [Fot/(2mw)] sinut. 11. From Equation 6, x(t) = f(t) + 9(t) where f(t) = er coswt + ep sinwt and g(t) Po coswot. Then ma? a) f is periodic, with period 25, and if w # wo. g is periodic with period 2%. If is a rational number, then we can say 2 = § = a= % whereaand bare non-zero integers. Then a(t+a-%)= f(t+a-2) to(t+a-%) = f(t) to(t+ 2 = FQ +.9(0) = a(t) =f) +9(t+- 2 50 2(t) is periodic. 12. (a) The graph of re" + cate" has a t-intercept when cie™ +cxte™=0 <¢ e'(cr tert) =0 © 1 = ~ent. Since # > 0, has a intercept if and only ife: and cz have opposite signs. (b) For t > 0, the graph of a crosses the t-axis when cre"! + exe" =0 €> pe" =—ce™? 62 = 01 = ere", Buty > rp =r —ra > Oand since t > 0, "1-722" > 1. Thus ea] = [ere > Je], and the graph of « can cross the t-axis only iff |c2| > lea 13, Here the initial-value problem for the charge is Q” + 200’ + 500Q = 12, Q(0) = Q'(0) = 0. Then Qe(t) = "(cy cos 20 + ca sin 20t) and try Qp (t) =A => 5O0A=120r A= 35 The general solution is Q(t) = e~!°"(cr cos 20¢ + ca sin 20t) + 7S5. But 0 = Q(0) = er + 5 and QN(t) = I(t) =e !*[(—10e1 + 20ea) cos 20¢ + (—10e2 ~ 201) sin 204] but 0 = Q'(0) the charge is Q(t) = —10c; + 20c2. Thus "(6.cos 20¢ + sin 208) + 785 and the current is I(t) = e~!®(2) sin 200 14. (a) Here the initial-value problem for the charge is 2Q” + 24Q + 200Q = 12 with Q(0) = 0.001 and Q’(0) = 0. Then Qc(t) = e®*(c1 cos 8¢ + ca in8t) and try Qp(t) =A => A= 3, and the general solution is Qt) =e (cr cosse + cy sin 8) +. But 0.001 = Q(0) =e + 3 soc AH =1H) =e =0.059. Also (Ge, + 82) cos 8 + (~6e2 ~ 81) sin 8t] and 0 = (0) = —6e1 + Ber so650 CHAPTER 18 SECOND-OADER DIFFERENTIAL FOUATIONS ET CHAPTER 17 2 = ~0.04425, Hence the charge is Q(t) = —e~*(0.059 cos 8¢ + 0.04425 sin 8t) + & and the current is 60.7375) sin 8t (b) 008 035 ° Is ° s ~005 charge. Ott current, 10) = 0°0) 15. As in Exercise 13, Q.(t) = e~2°"(cx cos 20t + cz sin 208) but E(t) = 12sin 10# so try Qp(t) = Acos 10t + Bsin 10t. Substituting into the differential equation gives (-100A + 2008 + 500A) cos 10¢ + (-100B — 200A + 500B) sin 10t 2sin 10 = 400A +2008 and 400B — 200A = 12, Thus A = ~385, B = 35 and the general solution is Q0) sin lt + & cos 10t + e-!'[(—10e1 + 20c2) cos 20¢ + (—10e2 — 20¢1) sin 204] and Q(t) = e-1 (cx cos 20t + c2 sin 20t) — 8; cos 10t + 335 Also Q(t) 108. But 1 = gy soc = 0 = Q'(0) = & ~ Wer + 20c2 soc» = ~ 35. Hence the charge is given by QW) =|, 4; cos 20¢ ~ 8; sin 20] ~ 38; cos 10t + 735 sin 106. 16, (a) Asin Exercise 14. Q-(t) = €~*(c1 cos 8t + co sin 8t) but try Qp(t) = Acos 10¢ + Bsin 10¢. Substituting into the differential equation gives (-200A + 2408 + 200A) cos 10t + (~200B ~ 240A + 200B) sin 10¢ = 12sin 108, so B = Oand A 35. Hence, the general solution is Q(t) = e~®*(cx cos 8t + c2 sin 8t) ~ 2; cos 10t. But 0.001 = Q(0) = 1 ~ 35. Q(t) = €-[(—Ber + Bex) cos 8t + (Gea ~ Ber) sin 8¢] ~ sin 10¢ and 0 = Q(0) = ~6er + 82, s0 cx = 0.051 and cz = 0.03825. Thus the charge is given by Qt) e~®(0.051 cos 8t + 0.03825 sin 8t) — 35 cos 10t, “ARAL TW 17. alt) = Acos(ut +6) 4 a(t) = Aleosuteosé —sinutsin] < 2(t) = A(S coswt + A sinwt) where cos6 = c1/Aandsin6 =—c2/A a(t) =c1 coswt +c2sinut. (Note that cos” 6 + sin? § d+g=A)SECTION 184 SERIES SOLUTIONS ETSECTION 17.6 9 G51 18, (a) We approximate sin by @ and, with L = 1 and g = ‘The auxiliary equation is r? +9.8=0 = r= +V9.Bi, so the general solution is A(t) = cr cos(VOBt) + czsin(VOBE). Then 0.2 = 6(0) =e: and1 = 6(0) = VOB > = Ay, 80 the equation is O(t) = 0.2cos(V9.8t) + Fg sin(V9Bt). (b) 6'(t) = -0.2 VOBsin(V9Bt) +cos(V98t) = 0 or tan(V9Bt) = Gy. so the critical numbers are t= zhgtan (#) + Gg 7 (n any integer). The maximum angle from the vertical is 9( shy tan”! (Bq) = 0.977 radians (or about 21.7°) (6) From part (b), the critical numbers of 6(4) are spaced <2 apart, and the time between successive maximum values is 2( 3g ). Thus the period ofthe pendulum is 3 ~ 2.007 seconds. (4) 0(t)=0 = 0.2cos(V98t) + Zz sin(v98t)=0 + tan(Vv98t)=-02V9B > t ag tan (0.2 VIB) + 1] = 0.825 seconds (©) (0.825) = —1.180 rads 18.4 Series Solutions ET 17.4 1 Lety(z) = ¥ ons”. Then (2) = = ‘nenz””1 and the given equation, y! |, becomes y x nent"! = ~ Xeno = 0. Replacing n by n+ 1 in the first sum gives Ent Lenyi2" — £ cn” 80} [(m+ Dena — cn” = 0. Equating coefficients gives (n + 1)en.i1 — Cn = 0, so the recursion relation is eng = Am =0,1,2,.... Then er = 00-02 = de = =¢ 2 =r mer and in general, en = “2. Thus, the solution is shes $ (n+ Deana" =F encst™ =00re + Eye Denese” — So oxcae” = 0. Ths,652 C CHAPTER 18 SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ET CHAPTER 17 [(m + Leng — en—1] 2" = 0. Equating coefficients gives cr = 0 and (n + 1) engi —en—1 = 0. Thus, n= 1,2... But er = 0,503 = Oand ¢5 = O and in general con = 0. co ce co _ 60 preg co = B= GShg = get and im general eon = Also. c2 ‘Thus, the solution is la) = J 002" = > eaea™ = > an eg EIN _ gt ¥ (n+ Venere” and no & nex” 3. Assuming y(z) E ena”, we have y’(z) — ¥ enr™*? = — Y en-2e". Hence, the equation y’ = xy becomes co ES (n+ Vensra™ — FS cn-a2™ =O orc + 2coa+ S* [n+ lcns1 — cna] 2” = 0. Equating coefficients no cn Se gives cr = c2 = Oand cng = al forn = But cr = 0, s0.c4 = O and cy = 0 and in general esn41 = 0. Similarly c2 = 050 can42 = 0. Finally cz = 2. e6 = 3 6 and yy = 5e45. Thus, the solution is co yan = 43/3)" an cot an ('/3) 2/8 A Lety (2) =C2 gene” > yo! () = D2 nent"? = OE o(n + Ven”. Then the differential neo! ‘equation becomes (x — 3) O° o(n+ Lensiz™ + 2D ene" =0 > le (n+ Denna™t — 3D (n+ Yensi2” +20Z9enz"™=0 > 3(n + Dentit™ + De 2enz™ =O + Leo l(n + 2)en— 3(n + Lens] 2” (since D2, nens™ = Tg nen"). Equating coefficients gives (n+ 2)en —3(m + Ienpa = O. thus the (n+ 2)on 2eo = Ser, _ Sco Bey = + Then oy = recursion relation is en+1 = =F woe er deo &* 38) ~ oe yer Sas nat (4 NE0 Thus the solution is Sco - Fee and in genera en = “AI n+l in __ 90 2", [Note that eo Ga) 5 for |x| <3,SECTION 184 SERIES SOLUTIONS ETSECTION 174 0 653 5. Let y( Loe” > of (2) =CZy nena? and y" (2) = Dg(m+2)(n-+ Vens22”. The differential equation becomes °° 9(n +2)(n-+ Neng2e" +22 nent" + OX gens” =O or LR [ln + 2)(m + Venta + nen + enje” (since T°, nean” = Oy ncn"). Equating coefficients gives 7 - iomis egy = rt Den _ en (n+ 2)(n+ Len+a + (m+ Len = 0, thus the recursion relation is eny2 = Bader) 7 ase 0 ca n= 0,1,2,..., Then the even coefficients are given by e2 = (=1)"c9 Frit The odd coefficients are ¢s =~. co a ad in general, cans = (1) pp — an orn ‘The solution is a 2)" nl ant be y Sar 6 Lety(z) = : cnt”. Then (2) = 2 n(n —lena""? = x (n+2)(n+ 1)en422. Hence, the equation yl" = ydecomes 3 (n+2)(n+ len422" — J3 enz” =Oor Eu {(n+2)(n + Iens2 ~ enla” = 0. So the «Given eg and cy. =2. es © Kae 2 pan eaee eo 2 nth Lome + SS cneie =e Sa aa te aa Aeoen aso 1 tale) = Pees" Many! = Ei (e+ 1)y"=Deon = Donen” and (+2) (n+ I) cage + [a(n 1) +m ~ Aeq] 2” = 0. The recursion relation is eng2 = n= 0,1,2,.... Given ep and e1.¢2 = 2, e4 pw ° ae) 4° Ry — pr 3 (2n~3) co _ 1 __(2n—3)! naa (21 ae Pal acy re (Cy Peo n=2,3, =0 = cong) =O forn = 1,2,.... Thus the solution is 1@)=a@toz+a% + s Gi a654 CHAPTER 18 SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ET CHAPTER 17 Eyer y'@) ¥ n(n - Vers” naa 8. Assuming y a = Lin +2)(n+ Denyae™ and —zy(z) = — & ena"? = — § qe”. The equation y” = zy becomes 0 ae ¥ (n+2)(n + Nengaz” — F cp-iz” = 0 or 20 + Elen t2y n+ 1)en42 ~ cns]2" = 0. Equating no os (eF2)(n +0) coefficients gives cz = 0 and Cn42 = form = 1,2,.... Since c2 = 0, = = ive po ee canta = 0 form = 0,1,2,.... Given co, 03 = 95.66 = EE = a, - co ve 4 6 4 a on = FiGn = Ian —HGn A) OBST OM T= TG = Tg as Cont = GT PGT DG TE aw: Me solution canbe writen as TAL yan 4 6 [(n + 2)(n + Lens2 — ncn — em] = 0. Thus, the recursion relation is ime en + en en(n+1) en ja = Ren ten _ nln FY) _ tn fay = 0,1,2,.... One of the given conditions is on = Hae Dintl) tant) n+2” be y(0) = 1. But y(0) = Lolo" =o+040+ = €0, $0 €9 = 1. Hence, cp = 2 ee ma ‘The other given condition is y'(0) = 0. But = YE nen (0)""! = cr +0+0-+-- = 1, $0 cr = 0. By the recursion relation, ¢: cone: = 0 form = 0, 1, 2..... Thus, the solution to the initial-value problem is pr (240)" TW ule) yo = x en = > Ee 10, Assuming tat yz) = $5 ona”. we have 24y = Sena” and ule) = & nln = Iona? E (n+ (n+ B)ena0™™* =2ca + 6esz + Sm +4)(n + B)en sa"?SECTION 184 SERIES SOLUTIONS ETSECTION 1724 655, ‘Thus, the equation y” + xy = 0 becomes 2c2 + Besz + ° [(n +4)(n + 3)cnsa + cn] 2"*? = 0. So 0 Cn _ 62 = 69 = Dand the recursion relations ena = — Fay pay M = O12 But cy = y'(0) = 0 = cz = cg and by the recursion relation, can+1 = Can42 = Cin¢s = 0 for n = 0,1,2. ‘Also, eo = y(0) = 1,50 2 1" a= -& 1 4 (=) roe (-1) “ES EEO RT Ta ‘Thus, the solution to the initial-value problem is ~ Gndn Gn = (An 5) AB a ule) = Di ena” = c0+ Ye ewes” = 1+ D(a aap nso at 41. Assuming that y(2) = 55 cna, we have ay = 2 3° gz" = Fo ena, =o ao nzo ay = 28 3 ens t = SS neva", E n(n ~ thena"? FE (n+3)(n+2)engs2"*! [replace n with n +3) !( = 22+ SF (n+3)(n+ 2enss2™ and the equation y" + 27y’ + zy = O becomes 2c2 + > [(n+3)(n + 2enss + nen + en] 2"*! = 0. no =Nen = en (n+ Ven WHdH+D — +3yn+a)" 2 and by the recursion relation, Coy = cang2 = O forn = 0, 1, 2, Soca = O and the recursion relation is Cn +3 = =0,1,2, But oo = (0) Also, cy = y'(0) = 1,50 conta = (BE naa “Thus, the solution is cae a 252 (3n~ 1)Pa™42 ula) = Sens’ +E [ew aoe Even ~ Dena” = So (m+ 2)(n + Nensaa™*?, zy(2) = ¥ reas" = § (n4 2)ensa0"!? = ez + E (04 Dengae™*?, and the equation ty! + ay! +22y = O becomes cre + s {{(n +2)(n +1) + (n+ 2lens2 +en}2™? = 0. Soer and the recursion relation is Cn 42 = 0,1,2..... But er = y'(0) = 0 s0can41 = 0 for656 (© CHAPTER 18 SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ET CHAPTER 17 Bau? = 0,1,2,..+. Also, € = y(0) = 1, $002 = — Pz _ yet oo = = (I aH - The solution is LO gape feo nl (b) The Taylor polynomials Ty to Ty2 are shown in the graph. ——___+ Because Tio and Tiz are close together throughout the interval (—5, 5], it is reasonable to assume that Ti is a good approximation to the Bessel function on that interval - 18 Review ET17 CONCEPT CHECK 1. (@) ay” + by’ + cy = 0 where a, b, and c are constants. (b) ar? +r +e=0 (©) Ifthe auxiliary equation has two distinct real roots ry and r2, the solution is y = cye"** + cze"**. If the roots are real and equal, the solution is y = cre" + ezcre"* where r is the common root. If the roots are complex. we ‘can writer: = a + if and r2 = a — if, and the solution is y = e* (cy cos 8.x + c2 sin Be). 2. (a) An initial-value problem consists of finding a solution y of a second-order differential equation that also satisfies given conditions y(zo) = yo and y/(o) = yi. where yo and y are constants. (b) A boundary-value problem consists of finding a solution y of a second-order differential equation that also satisfies given boundary conditions yea) = yo and y(ar1) = yn. 3. (@) ay” + by’ + cy = Gla) where a, b, and c are constants and G is a continuous funetion. (b) The complementary equation is the related homogeneous equation ay" + by’ + cy = 0. If we find the general solution y of the complementary equation and yp is any particular solution of the original differential equation, then the general solution of the original differential equation is y(:t) = vp(=) + vol), (c) See Examples 1-5 and the associated discussion in Section 18.2 [ET 17.2] (@) See the discussion on pages 1188-1190 [ET 1152-1154] 4. Second-order linear differential equations can be used to describe the motion of a vibrating spring or to analyze an electric circuit: see the discussion in Section 18.3 [ET 17.3]. 5. See Example | and the preceding discussion in Section 18.4 {ET 17.4]CHAPTER 18 AEVIEW ETCHAPTER 17 © 657 TRUE-FALSE QUIZ 1, True. See Theorem 18.1.3 [ET 17.1.3] 2. False, ‘The differential equation is not homogeneous. 3. True. cosh. and sinh « are linearly independent solutions of this linear homogeneous equation. 4. False, y = Ae* is a solution of the complementary equation, so we have to take yp(x) = Awe*. EXERCISES 1. The auxiliary equation isr® solution is y = cie™™ + e2€” ®-15=0 + (r—5)(r+3)=0 = r= =~. Then the general 2, The auxiliary equation is r? + 4r +13=0 = 7 = -243i,s0y = e-™* (cr cos3x +e sin 32). 3, The auxiliary equation is r? +3 =0 = r = +V3i. Then the general solution is y= cy cos(¥3xr) + cz sin( V3) 4. The auxiliary equation is 4r? + 4r+1=0 = (2r+1)?=0 = r=—3,sothe general solution is fa sf ce"? + epee” Birt—4r+5=0 = r=2ti,s0 ye (x) = e*(c cosx + casinz). Try Yp(e) = Ac => yf =2Ac* and yy = 4Ae?*, Substitution into the differential equation gives 4Ae™* — 8Ae™* + 5Ac* =e* = A=1 and the general solution is y(x) = e** (cy cos x + c2 sin) + e**. Br? +r—-2=0 = r=1r=~2andyc(x) = cre* +c2e-™, Try yp(e) = Av? +Br+C > Ax + Band yy = 2A. Substitution gives 2A + 24x + B—2Ar? —2Be-2C0 =a? = 4, @ = —$ so the general solution is y(x) = cre* + e26°* 2 i. -4a?- he Tr? —Qrt1=0 = r= Land yo(z) = cre” + coze*. Try yp(a) = (Az + B)cosa +(Cx+D)sinz => ty = (C — Ax — B) sine + (A+ Cz + D) cos and yyy = (20 — B- Az) cosx + (-2A— D~Cr)sinz. Substitution gives (-2Cx + 2C — 2A ~ 2D) cos + (2Ar 2A +2B—2C)sinz = 2eosz + A=0, B=C — J. The general solution is y(z) = cre + exte* — } cose — b(a + 1)sinz., Br? 44=0 = r= 42iand y(x) = c1 00520 + cy sin 2x. Try yp(2) = Arcos 2e + Br sin 2z s0 that no term of yp isa solution of the complementary equation. Then yj, = (A + 2Bz) cos 2x + (B — 2Az) sin 2r and Up = (AB — 4x) cos 2x + (—4A ~ 4Bz) sin 2x. Substitution gives 4B cos 22 — 4Asin2e = sin2r => A= —} and B = 0. The general solution is y(:t) = c1 cos 20 + 2 sin 2 ~ 42008 22. Mr? -r-6=0 > 2.1 = Band y(x) = c1e-™* + e2€™*, For y/" 0 and substitution into the differential equation gives A ¥f ~ By = L.ty yp, (2) = A. Then Ups 2) = of, 3. For" — yf —6y =e? try Yer(@) = Bae~** (since y = Be™?* satisfies the complementary equation). Then Upy = (B — 2Bx)e~™* and oy = (ABx ~ 4B)e™**, and substitution gives ~5Be~™* =e“ B= —2. The general solution then is (a) = e179 + c2e™ + yp (2) + Ypa(2) = cre + one — 2 — Baem™, 10. Using variation of parameters, y-(x) = cx cos +czsinz.uj(z)=—escrsing =-1 + w(x) =—z.and wie) = SESE cote = ua(2)=In[sinz| > yp = —xcosz+sinzin|sin.z|. The solution is ¥(z) = (cr — 2) cos x + (e2 + In|sin x) sinz.658 © CHAPTER 18 SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ET CHAPTER 17 11. The auxiliary equation is r? + Gr = 0 and the general solution is y(2) = e1 + ene" = ky + hye“. But (1) = ky + ke and 12 = y/(1) 6K". Thus kp = —2, ka and the solution is y(:z) = 5 — 2e~®(=-"), 12. The auxiliary equation is r? — Gr + 25 = O and the general solution is y(cr) = e** (ci cos 4a + ¢2 sin 4zr). But 2= (0) =a, and1=y/(0) = }e1 + dea. ‘Thus the solution is y(v) = e* (2cos 4a ~ § sin dz) 13, The auxiliary equation is r? — 5r +4 = 0 and the general solution is y(x) = exe + exe**. But 0 = y(0) = ex + ep and 1 = y'(0) = cr + dep, so the solution is y(x) = 2(e** — e*) 14, ye() = c1 cos(2r/3) + €2 sin( 2/3). For 9y" + y = 30, try yp, (2) = Ax + B. Then yp, (1) = 3x. For 9y" + y = e-*, ty pa (2) = Ae”*. Then 9Ae~* + Ae* = e* oF yp, (x) = jhe” * Thus the general solution is y(z) = c1 c0s(x/3) + cx sin(2/3) + 32+ fe™*. But 1 = y(0) = cr + 4 and 2 = y'(0) = fer +3 4.0 1 = and cy = 25, Hence the solution is u(r) = * 419 cos(2/3) — 27 sin(x/3)] +32 + 18, Let y(z) = D2 en”. Then y” (2) = Dp nln — Ine"? = OE (n+ 2)(n+ Versa” and the differential equation becomes 7°, [(n + 2)(n. + Ien42 + (n+ 1)en]e” = 0. Thus the recursion relation is ens2 = —Cn/(n + 2) forn = 0,1,2,.... But co = y(0) = 0, 80 can = Oforn = 0,1,2,.... Also — 08 _ (-1)52%3! (=r 2" a! ay = y'(0) = 1 soes = cared A eantt = BE for (EU 2" nt ong n=0,1,2,.... Thus the solution to the initial-value problem is y(x) = Sor “Soar Gash 16. Let y(x) = 2% 9 caw”. Then y" (x) = DX yn (n= lena™? = Ly differential equation becomes S72 [(n +2)(n + lens — (n+ 2)en]™ (m+ 2)(m + 1)ens22” and the ‘Thus the recursion relation is 7 Bi) ral enga = GOES form = 0.1,2,.... Given eg and en, wehave e» = cx aa =o et Similarly es = ltoge ss eanin = pop gels = gy Ts te zee sotaon oto ee ee Le at ee Ge" Lr, 17. Here the initial-value problem is 2Q" + 40@' + 400Q = 12, Q (0) = 0.01, Q'(0) = 0!. Then Q(t) Qt 50 ¢1 = ~0.02 = col, Hence the charge is given by Q(¢) = ~0.02e"#(cos 10t + sin 10¢) + 0.03, 10t(c, cos 10t + ¢2 sin 10t) and we try Qp(t) = Al, Thus the general solution is, 20¢(¢4 cos 10t + ca sin 108) + =25!. But 0.01 = Q'(0) = ex + 0.03 and 0 = Q" (0) = —10er + 10ca,CHAPTER 18 FEVIEW ETCHAPTER 17 0 659 |. 2(0) = 0, 18. By Hooke's Law the spring constant is k = 64 and the initial-value problem is 22” + 162" + 64x = 2'(0) = 2.4. Thus the general solution is x(t) 24=2'0 a(t) = "(ex cost + 2sin4t). But 0 = 2(0) = ex and 4c, +4e2 => cy = 0,c2 = 0.6. Thus the position of the mass is given by 6e~* sin t. 19. (a) Since we are assuming that the earth is a solid sphere of uniform density, we can calculate the density p as mass of earth M ee If V; is the volume of the portion of the earth which lies within a volume of earth follows: p GM,m __GMm F Re distance r of the center, then Vz = 4r® and M, = pV; a ‘Thus Fe = — (b) The particle is acted upon by a varying gravitational force during its motion. By Newton’s Second Law of, Ky (t) where k? =Fa= mo 29 —mg = Fr= s0.g = “ar Therefore k? = jon r? +k? (©) The differential equation y”” + ky = 0 has auxiliary equa 0. (This is the r of Section 18.1 [ET 17.1], not the r measuring distance from the earth’s center.) The roots of the auxiliary equation are ik, so by (11) in Section 18.1 [ET 17.1], the general solution of our differential equation for tis, u(t) = cx cos kt + cain kt. It follows that y'(t) = —crksin kt + eak cos kt, Now y (0) = Rand y/(0) = so cr = Rand ezk = 0. Thus y(t) = Reos kt and y/(t) = —k Rin kt. This is simple harmonic motion (see Section 18.3 (ET 17.3) with amplitude R, frequency k, and phase angle 0. The period is T = 2x /k. R= 3960 mi = 3960 - 5280 ft and g = 32 ft/s®, so k = \/g/R = 1.24 x 10-357? and T = 2n/k © 5079s © 85 min @ ult) =0 « coskt=0 < kt= § +n forsome inegern = +n) = LKR. Thus the particle passes through the center ofthe earth with speed KR = 4.899 mi/s = 17,600 mi/h,