Contents

Contents..................................................................................................................... 1
Danh mc hnh v............................................................................................................ 3
Thut ng vit tt............................................................................................................. 4
Li m u.................................................................................................................... 7
Chng 1: Tng Quan v Mng Quang Th ng PON.............................................................8
1.1 Tng Quan v Mng Quang Th ng PON...................................................................8
1.1.1 M u............................................................................................................ 8
1.1.2 Kin trc ca PON.............................................................................................. 9
1.2 Cc Phn T Trong Mng Quang Th ng PON...........................................................10
1.2.1 Cc phn t tch cc (CO, ONU, EMS)..................................................................10
1.2.2 Cc phn t th ng (si quang, b ghp tch quang, mi hn, u ni).........................12
1.3. WDM v TDM PON.............................................................................................. 15
1.4. Kt Lun............................................................................................................. 16
Chng 2: Cng Ngh Mng Quang Th ng GPON............................................................17
2.1 Kin Trc GPON................................................................................................... 17
2.2 Thng S K Thut GPON....................................................................................... 20
2.3 K Thut Truy Nhp v Phng Thc Ghp Knh..........................................................21
2.3.1 K thut truy nhp............................................................................................ 21
2.3.2. Phng thc ghp knh..................................................................................... 22
2.4. Lp hi t truyn dn............................................................................................. 23
2.4.1. Mt s khi nim c bn.................................................................................... 23
2.4.2. Ngn xp giao thc.......................................................................................... 23
2.4.3 Cc chc nng chnh ca GPC............................................................................. 25
2.4.4 Chc nng cc lp con trong GTC........................................................................26
2.5 Cu trc khung...................................................................................................... 26
2.5.1 Cu trc khung ng xung...............................................................................27
2.5.2 Cu trc khung ng ln................................................................................... 29
2.6 Phng Thc ng Gi D Liu................................................................................ 30
2.6.1. Cu trc khung GEM........................................................................................ 31
2.6.2. nh x lu lng vo ti tin GTC........................................................................34
2.7. nh c v phn nh bng thng trong GPON..............................................................37
1

2.7.1.nh c.......................................................................................................... 37
2.7.2.Phn nh bng thng ng................................................................................. 42
2.8. Bo mt v m ha................................................................................................ 54
2.9. Kh nng cung cp bng thng..................................................................................54
2.10. Kh nng cung cp dch v..................................................................................... 56
2.11. Kt lun............................................................................................................ 57
Ti liu tham kho......................................................................................................... 58

Danh mc hnh v

Thut ng vit tt
Ch vit tt

Ting Anh

Ting Vit

AES

Advanced Encryption Standar

Chun m ha tin tin

Alen

ATM(partition) length

Chiu di phn ATM

Alloc- ID

Allocation Identifier

B nhn dng phn nh

APON

ATM Passive Optical Network

Mng quang th ng dng ATM

ATM

Asynchronous Tranfer Mode

Ch truyn ti khng ng b

BCH

Bose- Chaudhuri- Hocquengham

M BCH

BER

Bit Error Rate

T l li bit

BIP

Bit Interleaved Parity

Bit kim tra chn l

Blen

Bwmaplenght

Chiu di bn bng thng

B-PON

Broadband Passive Optical Network

Mng quang th ng bng rng

BW

Bandwith

Bng thng

BWmap

Bandwith map

Bn bng thng

CRC

Cyclic Redundancy Check

Kim tra vng d

DBA

Dynamic BandwithAssigment

Phn nh bng thng ng

DBR

Deterministic Bit Rate

Tc bit danh nh

DBRu

Dynamic BandwithAssigment

Bo cobng thng ng lung ln

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

ng dy thu bao s

EPON

Ethernet Passive Optical Network

Mng quang th ng dng Ethernet

FCS

Frame Check Sequence

Dy bt kim tra khung

FEC

Forward Error Correction

Sa li trc

FTTB

Fiber To The Building

Cp quang ni n ta nh

FTTC

Fiber To The Curb

Cp quang ni n cm dn c

FTTH

Fiber To The Home

Cp quang ni ti nh
4

GEM

G-PON Encapsulation Method

Phng thc ng gi GPON

GPM

G-PON Physical Media

Mit rng vtl GPON

GPON

Gigabit Passive Optical Network

Mng quang th ng Gigabit

GTC

G-PON Transmission Convergence

Hi tt ruyn dn GPON

HEC

Header Error Control

iu khin li mo u

OAM

Operations, Admintration and

Maintenance

Vn hnh, qun l v bo dng

ODN

Optical Distribution Network

Mng phn phi quang

OLT

Optical Line Terminal

Thit b kt cui ng quang

OMCI

ONU Management and Control

Interface

Giao din qun l v iu khin

ONU

ONT

Optical Network Termination

Thit b kt cui mng quang

ONU

Optical Network Unit

Thit b u cui quang ngi dng

ONU-ID

ONU Identifier

Nhn dng ONU

PCBd

Physical Control Block downstream

Khi iu khin vt l hng xung

PDU

Protocol Data Unit

n v s liu giao thc

Plend

Payload Length downstream

Chiu di ti hng xung

PLI

Payload Length Indicator

Ch th chiu di ti

PLOAM

Physical Layer OAM

Lp vt l OAM

PLOAMd

PLOAM down stream

PLOAM ng xung

PLOAMu

PLOAM upstream

PLOAM ng ln

PLOu

Physical Layer Overhead upstream

Mo u lp vt l hng ln

PLSu

Power Levelling Sequence upstream iu khin cng su thng ln

PMD

Physical Medium Dependent

Ph thuc mi trng vt l

PON

Passive Optical Network

Mng quang th ng

Port-ID

Port Identifier

Nhn dng cng

PTI

Payload Type Indicator

Ch th loi ti

RTD

Round trip Delay

Tr kh hi

SDU

Service Data Unit

n v d liu dch v

TC

Tranmission Convergence

Hi t truyn dn

T-CONT

Tranmission Container

Khi truyn dn

TDMA

Time Divison Multiple Access

a truy nhp phn chia theo thi

gian

TDM

Time Divison Multiplexing

Ghp knh theo thi gian

VC

Virtual Channel

Knh o

VCI

Virtual Channel Identifier

Nhn dng knh o

VPI

Virtual Path Identifier

Nhn dng ng o

WDM

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Ghp knh theo bc sng

Li m u
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu v cc loi dch v gia tng tch hp thoi, hnh
nh v d liu ngy cng tng. S pht trin ca cc loi dch v mi i hi h tng
mng truy cp phi p ng cc yu cu v bng thng rng, tc truy nhp cao. Cng
ngh truy nhp ng in hnh nh xDSL c trin khai rng ri, tuy nhin li hn
ch v c ly v tc khng p ng c yu cu dch v. V vy, nghin cu v trin
khai cc gii php truy nhp quang l vn cn thit hin nay.

Mng ng trc Bc Nam nc ta s dng mng Ring cp quang SDH 20 Gbit/s.

Cc mng lin tnh s dng h thng cp quang SDH vi dung lng 622 Mbit/s v 2,5
Mbit/s. Vo cui nm 2004, mng NGN chnh thc i vo khai thc vi kh nng
cung cp dch v a dng, hi t c thoi, video v c d liu nhng mng truy cp gn
nh khng c mt s pht trin ng k no. Mng truy cp ch yu s dng cp ng
nn khng th khai thc ht cc tnh nng ca mng NGN.
Cng nh mng truy nhp quang th ng GPON c ITU chun ha. Hin nay l
mt trong nhng cng ngh c u tin la chn cho trin khai mng truy nhp ti
nhiu nc trn th gii. GPON l dch v hng ti cung cp mng y , tch hp
thoi, hnh nh, s liu vi bng thng ln, tc cao. Do vy GPON s l cng ngh
truy cp c trin khai trong tng lai.
Chuyn Nghin cu cng ngh truy nhp quang th ng GPON nhm mc
ch nghin cu, tm hiu nhng c im c bn ca cng ngh GPON. Chuyn thc
hin gm 02 chng:
CHNG 1: Trnh by tng quan v mng quang th ng PON.
Chng ny cho ta bit mt cch tng qut v mng PON, a ra m hnh c bn ca
mng. Phn tch cc thnh phn ch yu ca mng l OLT, ONU, trnh by cc phn t
trong mng PON.
CHNG 2:Trnh by cc nghin cu v cng ngh GPON.
Chng ny trnh by cc nhin cu v cng ngh GPON, trong c cc vn ln v
lp hi t truyn dn, nh c v phn nh bng thng ng l cc vn trng tm.

Chng 1: Tng Quan v Mng Quang Th ng

PON

1.1 Tng Quan v Mng Quang Th ng PON

1.1.1 M u
Trong nhng nm gn y, trong khi mng truy nhp ch c nhng bc tin rt hn
ch, th mng ng trc li c nhng bc pht trin nhy vt do s xut hin ca cc
cng ngh mi, nh cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM). Cng trong khong
thi gian ny, nhu cu s dng cc dch v bang rng ngy cng tng v c s lng v
cht lng dch v. iu ny dn n mt s chnh lch rt ln v bng thng gia
mt bn l mng ni b ca khch hng tc cao v mng ng trc v mt bn l
mng truy nhp tc thp, m chng ta vn gi l nt c chai (bottleneck) trong mng
vin thng. Vic bng n lu lng internet trong thi gian qua cng lm trm trng thm
cc vn ca mng truy nhp tc thp.Theo hu ht cc bo co phn tch, lu lng
ca d liu nay vt tri hn rt nhiu so vi lu lng thoi. Cng ngy s cng c
nhiu dch v v cc ng dng mi c trin khai do bng thng dnh cho ngi s
dng tng ln. ng trc tnh hnh , mt s cng ngh mi c a ra nhm p
ng nhng i hi v bng thng nh DSL hay cp modem. Tuy nhin, c DSL v cp
modem u khng p ng c nhng yu cu v bng thng cho mng truy nhp.Hu
ht cc cng ngh mng hin nay u ang tin ti mt cng ngh mi, tp trung ch yu
vo truyn ti d liu, c bit l d liu IP.Trong bi cnh , cng ngh truy nhp
quang th ng PON (Passive Optical Network) c cho l mt gii php ti u cho
mng truy nhp bng rng. Ngi ta trng i PON s gii quyt c cc vn tc
nghn bng thng ca mng truy nhp trong kin trc mng vin thng, gia mt bn l
cc nh cung cp dch v CO, cc im kt cui, cc im truy nhp v mt bn l cc
cng ty c cung cp dch v, hay mt khu vc tp trung cc thu bao.
Trong cc khuyn ngh v mng v cc h thng truyn dn, ITU-T a ra mt tp
hp cc nh ngha v kin trc lm c s cho vic xy dng mng quang th ng. Mt
cch ngn gn, PON c th c nh ngha nh sau: PON l mt mng quang khng c
cc phn t in hay cc thit b quang in t. Nh vy vi khi nim ny, mng PON
s khng cha bt k phn t tch cc no m cn phi c s chuyn i in quang.
Thay vo , PON s ch bao gm si quang, cc b chia, b kt hp, b ghp nh
hng, thu knh, b lc,iu ny gip cho PON c mt s u im nh: khng cn
ngun in cung cp nn khng b nh hng bi li ngun, c tin cy cao v khng
cn phi bo dng do tn hiu khng b suy hao nhiu nh i vi cc phn t tch cc.

1.1.2 Kin trc ca PON

M hnh mng quang th ng vi cc phn t ca n c biu din nh trong
hnh 1-1.

Hnh 1-1: M hnh mng quang th ng

Cc phn t th ng ca PON u nm trong mng phn b quang (hay cn gi l
mng ngoi vi) bao gm cc phn t nh si quang, cc b tch/ghp quang th ng,
cc u ni v cc mi hn quang. Cc phn t tch cc nh OLT v ONU u nm u
cui ca PON. Tn hiu trong PON c th c phn ra v truyn i theo nhiu si quang
hoc c kt hp li v truyn trn mt si quang thng qua b ghp quang, ph thuc
vo tn hiu l i theo hng ln hay hng xung ca PON. PON thng c trin
khai trn si quang n mode, vi cu hnh cy l ph bin, PON cng c th c trin
khai theo cu hnh vng ring cho cc khu thng mi hoc theo cu hnh bus khi trin
khai trong cc trng s,
V mt logic, PON c s dng nh mng truy nhp kt ni im - a im, vi
mt CO phc v cho nhiu thu bao.C nhu cu kt ni im a im ph hp cho
mng truy nhp nh cu hnh cy, cy v nhnh, vng ring, hoc bus nh trong hnh 2.2.

Hnh 1.2 Cc kiu kin trc ca PON.

Bng cch s dng cc b ghp 1:2 v b chia quang 1:N, PON c th trin khai
theo bt c cu hnh no trong cc cu hnh trn. Ngoi ra PON c th thu gn li thnh
cc vng ring kp, hay hnh cy, hay mt nhnh ca cy. Tt c cc tuyn truyn dn
trong PON u c thc hin gia OLT v ONU. OLT nm CO v kt ni mng truy
nhp quang vi mng th (MAN) hay mng din rng (WAN), c bit n nh l
nhng mng ng trc. ONU nm ti v tr u cui ngi s dng (FTTH hay FTTB
hoc FTTC).
Trong cc cu hnh trn, cu hnh cy 1:N nh hnh 2.2 (a), hay cu hnh cy v phn
nhnh hnh 2.2 (b) c s dng ph bin nht. y l nhng cu hnh rt mm do, ph
hp vi nhu cu pht trin ca thu bao, cng nh i hi ngy cng tng v bng thng.

1.2 Cc Phn T Trong Mng Quang Th ng PON

1.2.1 Cc phn t tch cc (CO, ONU, EMS)
Cc nh cung cp PON ch yu tp trung pht trin cc thit b tch cc, nh bng
mch CO v cc ONU t ti cc u cui ca PON. Bng mch CO c t ti cc
nh cung cp, cha cc u ni, cc im truy nhp POP, v cc OLT, cc modul giao
din mng (NIM) v modul card chuyn mch (SCM). PON kt ni mt card OLT ti
nhiu ONU, c t ti nh thu bao.

10

1.2.1.1 Bng mch CO

Bng mch CO cung cp dao din h thng PON v mng li ca cc nh cung cp
dch v.Cc bng mch cung cp kt ni vi h thng qun l mng thng qua phn t
qun l h thng EMS. CO c cc giao din kt ni vi cc loi thit b nh:
Cc b ni cho DCS, c s dng truyn ti cc lung lu lng TDM ti mng
in thoi.Cc giao din ph bin DCS bao gm DS-1, DS-3, tn hiu truyn ti ng b
STS1-1, OC-3.
Cc cng thoi, c s dng truyn ti cc lu lng TDM thoi cc b ti cc
mng in thoi cng cng (PSTN).
Cc thit b mng video c s dng truyn ti lu lng video ti mng video li.
Cc chc nng v c im chnh ca OLT bao gm:
Giao din a dch v kt ni vi mng li WAN
Cc giao din kt ni vi mng PON
Chuyn mch v nh tuyn lp 2 v lp 3
Tp trung lu lng
Cha cc OLT v SCM
1.2.1.2 Kt cui mng ONU
ONU cung cp giao din gia thu bao s dng dch v s liu, video, thoi vi PON.
Chc nng ch yu ca ONU l tip nhn lu lng di dng cc gi tin quang v
chuyn i chng thnh dng tnh hiu ph hp vi tng thu bao (gi tin Ethernet, gi
tin IP qung b, tn hiu thoi, T1,) Ngoi ra, ONU cn c cc chc nng chuyn mch
lp 2 v lp 3 cho php nh tuyn lu lng ti ONU.
Cc chc nng v c im chnh ca ONU bao gm:
Cung cp giao din vi khch hng i vi cc dch v in thoi truyn thng, cc
lung T1, DS-3, 10/100 BASE-T, cc gi tin qung b,
C kh nng chuyn mch v nh tuyn lp 2 v lp 3.
Cung cp cc lung d liu vi tc t 64 Kb/s n 1Gb/s.
Cung cp cc giao din chun Ethernet.
Thng thng CO c th c cha nhiu OLT.

11

1.2.1.3 EMS
EMS qun l cc phn t ca mng PON v cung cp cc giao din kt ni vi h
thng qun l mng cung cp dch v.Cc chc nng qun l ca n bao gm kim sot
li, thit lp cu hnh, tnh cc v bo mt.
Cc chc nng v c im chnh ca EMS bao gm:
Cung cp cc chc nng qun l thng qua giao din vi ngi s dng.
C kh nng qun l cc thit b ca mng PON.
C kh nng h tr ng thi hng trm giao din ngi s dng.
Cung cp cc giao din chun vi h thng qun l mng.

1.2.2 Cc phn t th ng (si quang, b ghp tch quang, mi hn, u ni)

Cc phn t th ng ca si quang bao gm:
Si quang
B tch/ghp quang
Mi hn.
u ni quang.
1.2.2.1 Si quang
Si quang s dng trong PON c phn thnh hai loi : n mode (SM) v a
mode (MM), trong s khc bit ch yu gia hai loi si ny l s tn sc. So vi si
n mode, si a mode c h s tn sc cao hn do tn hiu c truyn i trong si theo
nhiu mode khc nhau. H s tn sc ln s dn n s gin tn hiu trong min thi gian.
Mt tham s khc na ca si quang l bng tn iu ch cc i. y l mt c tnh
khc na trong min tn s, c lien quan trc tip n tn sc. Si a mode b hn ch
v bng tn v khng thch hp vi nhng h thng truyn dn tc cao v khong cch
truyn dn ln nh trong PON. V vy trong PON, ngi ta ch s dng si n mode.
Si n mode cho php nng cp h thng trong tng lai bng nhng cng ngh iu
ch khc nhau t c tc truyn dn cao hn.
Trn thc t, si n mode c th phn tn lm ba loi:
Si n mode chun (SSM Standard single mode)
Si tn sc dch chuyn (DSSM Dispersion shifted single mode)
Si tn sc phng (DSM Dispersion flattened single mode)
12

Trong ba loi si trn, si SSM c tn sc gn nh bng khng ti bc sng

1300nm, nhng ti bc sng ny si li c suy hao tng i cao so vi suy hao ti
bc sng 1550nm.Si DSSM c tn sc gn nh bng khng ti bc sng 1550nm,
nhng tn sc li tng ng k ti bc sng 1300nm. Ch c si DFSM l c suy hao
thp ti c hai bc sng 1300nm v 1550nm, v c tn sc gn nh bng khng ti
bc sng 1550nm, v c th coi l si l tng cho cc h thng su dng bc sng
. Tuy nhin chi ph cho loi si ny cao hn nhiu si SSM.Hn na vic hn ni si
DFSM vo b ghp trong mng PON kh khn hn nhiu so vi si SSM.Chnh v vy,
si SSM chnh l si quang c s dng nhiu nht trong mng PON.
2.2.2.2 B tch ghp quang
PON s dng thit b th ng chia tn hiu quang t mt si truyn i trn
nhiu si v ngc li, kt hp cc tn hiu quang t nhiu si thnh tn hiu trn mt
si.Thit b ny c gi l b tch/ghp quang. Dng n gin nht ca n l mt b
ghp quang bao gm hai si quang c hn dnh vo nhau. Tn hiu nhn c bt c
u vo no cng b chia thnh hai phn u ra.T l phn chia ca b tch/ghp c th
c iu khin bi di ca mi hn v v vy y c coi l tham s khng i.
Cc b tch/ghp N*N c ch to bng cch ghp tng nhiu b 2*2 vi nhau nh
hnh 2-3 hoc s dng cng ngh ng dn sng phng.

Hnh 1-3 : Cc b ghp 8*8 c to ra t cc b ghp 2*2

Cc b tch ghp c c trng bi cc tham s sau y:
Suy hao chia l t l gia cng sut u ra v cng sut u vo ca b ghp, tnh
theo dB. Vi mt b 2*2 l tng, gi tr ny l 3dB.Hnh 2-3 a biu din hai m hnh
ca b 8*8 da trn cc b 2*2.Trong m hnh 4 tng (hnh 2-3 a), ch c 1/16 cng sut
u vo c a ti tng u ra.Hnh 2-3 b biu din m hnh thit k hiu qu hn,
mi u ra s nhn c 1/8 cng sut u vo.
13

Suy hao ghp y l cng sut b tn hao do qu trnh sn xut, gi tr ny thng

thng khong 0.1dB n 1dB.
iu Hngy l mc cng sut o c u vo b d t mt u vo khc. Vi
nhng b tch/ghp l thit b c kh nng nh hng cao th tham s iu hng
khong t 40dB n 50dB.
Thng thng, cc b tch/ghp thng ch c cu to vi mt u vo hoc mt
u ra. B tch/ghp c mt u vo ta goi l b chia(tch), cn b c mt u ra c
gi l b kt hp(ghp). Tuy nhin cng c nhng b 2*2 c ch to khng i xng
(vi t s chia khong 5/95 hoc 10/90).Loi tch/ghp ny ch yu c dng trch
ra mt phn tn hiu quang cho mc ch kim tra, c gi l b ghp r.
2.2.2.3 Mi hn
Mi hn c s dng kt ni vnh cu cc si quang c di sn xut nh hn
di yu cu lp t trong mng, hoc ni cc u si quang trong ca b ghp vi
si quang ca mng phn b. C hai kiu hn ni si quang: hn c kh v hn nng
chy.
Hn c kh (hay ghp c kh) thc hin trn mt rnh ch V gi c nh hai si cn
hn. c c mi hn m bo cht lng, ta cn phi vo gia hai u si ghp
mt cht lng c chit sut ph hp. Kiu hn ny c u im l n gin d thc hin,
nhng c nhc im l tin cy thp do im yu c kh ca chng.
Kiu nng chy cn phi c thit b hn nng chy c bit, nhng mi hn c suy
hao thp v tin cy cao hn nhiu so vi hn c kh, v c s dng rt nhiu trong
cc mng phn b quang.
2.2.2.4 u ni quang
u ni quang c s dng ti giao din m yu cu kt ni khng c nh. Nhng
kt ni nh vy to iu kin d dng cho vic o th, chng hn nh o cng sut quang
u ra ca thit b kt cui. Do u ni quang thng nm gia mng phn b quang
v thit b u cui.
Cc u ni quang dung trong cc h thng tc cao phi p ng c nhng yu
cu: suy hao xen thp, phn x thp, n nh cao v kh nng s dng nhiu ln cao.
Cch duy nht p ng nhng yu cu ny l thc hin tip xc vt l gia cc
si.Mt s b kt ni vt l t c gi tr phn x t -45dB n -60dB v suy hao
xen 0.5dB.
14

1.3. WDM v TDM PON

hng xung (t OLT n ONU), mng PON l mng im a im. OLT chim
ton b bng thng hng xung. Trong hng ln mng PON l mng a im im:
nhiu ONU truyn tt c d liu ca n n mt OLT. c tnh hng ca cc b tch
ghp th ng l vic truyn thng ca mt ONU s khng nhn bit bi cc ONU
khc.Tuy nhin cc lung d liu t cc ONU khc nhau c truyn cng mt lc cng
c th b xung t.V vt trong hng ln, PON s s dng mt vi c ch ring bit
trong knh trnh xung t d liu v chia s cng bng ti nguyn v dung lng
trung k.
Mt phng php chia s knh hng ln ca ONU l s dng ghp knh phn
chia theo bc sng WDM, vi phng php ny th mi ONU s hot ng mt bc
sng khc nhau. Gii php WDM yu cu mt b thu iu khin c hoc l mt mng
b thu OLT nhn cc knh khc nhau. Thm ch nhiu vn kh khn cho cc nh
khai thc mng l kim k tng bc sng ca ONU: thay v ch c mt loi ONU, th c
nhiu loi ONU da trn cc bc sng Laser ca n. Mi ONU s s dng mt laser
hp v rng ph iu khin c cho nn rt t tin.Mt khc, nu mt bc sng b
sai lch s gy ra nhiu cho cc khc nhau trong mng PON.Vic s dng laser iu
khin c c th khc phc c vn ny nhng qu t cho cng ngh hin ti.Vi
nhng kh khn nh vy th WDM khng phi l gii php tt cho mi trng hin nay.
Mt s gii php khc da trn WDM cng c xut nhng gi c kh cao. Do
vy, TDM PON ra i. Trong TDM PON, vic truyn ng thi t vi ONU s gy ra
xung t khi n b kt hp. ngn chn xung t d liu, mi ONU phi truyn trong
ca s (khe thi gian) truyn ca n. Mt thun li ln ca TDM PON l tt c cc ONU
c th hot ng cng mt bc sng, OLT cng ch cn mt b thu n. B thu pht
ONU hot ng tc ng truyn, thm ch bng thng c th dng ca ONU thp
hn. Tuy nhin, c tnh ny cng cho php TDM PON t hiu qu thay i bng thng
c dng cho tng ONU bng cch thay i kch c khe thi gian c n nh hoc
thm ch s dng ghp knh thng k tn dng ht bng thng c dng ca mng
PON.
Trong mng truy cp thu bao, hu ht cc lung lu lng ln v xung khng phi
l peer to peer (user to user).V vy iu ny dng nh l hp l tch knh ln v
xung. Mt phng php tch knh n gin c th da trn ghp knh phn chia khng
gian (SDM) m n tch PON c cung cp theo hng truyn ln xung. tit kim
cho si quang v gim chi ph sa cha bo qun, mt si quang c th c s dng cho
truyn theo hai hng. trong trng hp ny, hai bc sng c dng l : hng ln 1
15

=1310nm, hng xung 2 =1550nm. Dung lng knh mi bc sng c th phn

phi linh ng gia cc ONU.

Hnh 1-.4: Mng PON s dng mt si quang

Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian l phng php c u tin hin nay cho vic
chia s knh quang trong mng truy cp khi m n cho php mt bc sng n hng
ln v b thu pht n OLT lm cho gii php ny c u th hn v chi ph u t.

1.4. Kt Lun
Cng ngh PON l mt gii php y ha hn gii quyt vn tc nghn bng
thng trong mng. L mng truy nhp c nhiu u im trin khai cc dch v bng
rng (thoi, d liu, video) gia cc kt cui ng dy xa (ONU) v kt cui mng
(OLT). Mt mng PON h tr nhiu kiu kin trc mng: hnh cy, bus hoc ring, do
c th linh hot trong vic t chc mng.
V hin nay GPON c trin khai rng ri ti mt s nc, GPON cng c
la chn thay th cho cc mng truy nhp ca nhiu nc trn th gii. Vi nhng c
im k thut cng ngh mm do h tr nhiu la chn cho tc truy nhp, ng thi
h tr c lu lng ATM v IP, cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v tch hp vi cht lng
cao, thch hp trin khai nhng khu vc c nhu cu s dng ln, c nhiu thu bao.
GPON ang ngy cng khng nh l cng ngh ca mng truy nhp th h mi.
16

Chng 2: Cng Ngh Mng Quang Th ng GPON

Gii Thiu Chung
GPON(Gigabit passive Optical Network) c nh ngha theo chun ITU-T G.984.
GPON c m rng t chun BPON G.983 bng cch tng cng bng thng, nng
hiu sut bng thng nh s dng gi ln, c di thay i v tiu chun ha qun l.
GPON h tr nhiu mc tc khc nhau, trong h tr ti 2,488 Mbit/s ca bng
thng lung xung v 1,244 Mbit/s ca bng thng lung ln. Phng thc ng gi
GEM(GPON Encapsulation Method) cho php ng gi lu lng ngi dng rt hiu
qu, vi s phn on khung cho php nng cao cht lng dch v QoS (Quality of
Service) phc v lu lng nhy cm nh truyn thoi v video. GPON h tr tc
cao, tng cng bo mt v h tr c dch v vi chi ph thp cng nh cho php kh
nng tng thch ln gia cc nh cung cp thit b.

2.1 Kin Trc GPON

Hnh 2-1 m t cu hnh h thng GPON bao gm OLT, cc ONU, mt b chia
quang c cc si quang.Si quang c kt ni ti cc nhnh OLT ti b chia quang ra 64
si khc nhau v cc b phn nhnh c kt ni ti ONU.

Hnh 2.1: Kin trc mng GPON

17

Trong lp GPON TC, gi tr l thuyt cc i l 60 km trong khi khong cch gia

cc ONU xa nht v gn nht l 20 km. S khc bit ny b hn ch ch kch thc ca
s khng c m rng v cc vn cht lng dch v. Ging nh i vi t s chia,
lp TC h tr ti 128 nhnh chia.

2.1.1 Cc khi chc nng

H thng GPON bao gm ba thnh phn c bn: OLT, ONU, ODN.
2.1.1.1 Kt cui ng quang OLT
OLT c kt ni ti mng chuyn mch thng qua cc giao din c chun ha.
pha phn tn, OLT a ra giao din truy nhp quang tng ng vi cc chun GPON
nh tc bit, qu cng sut, jitter, OLT bao gm ba phn chnh: Chc nng giao din
cng dch v; Chc nng kt ni cho v giao din mng phn tn quang. Cc khi OLT
c m t trong hnh 2-2:

Hnh 2-2 : Cc khi chc nng ca OLT

Khi li PON (PON core shell): Khi ny gm hai phn, phn giao din ODN v
chc nng PON TC. Chc nng ca PON TC bao gm to khung, iu khin truy nhp
phng tin OAM, DBA v qun l ONU. Mi PON TC c th la chn hot ng theo
mt ch ATM, GEM v Dual.
Khi kt ni cho (Cross-connect shell): Cung cp ng truyn thng gia khi li
PON v phn dch v. Cc cng ngh s dng cho ng ny ph thuc vo cc dch v,
kin trc bn trong ca OLT v cc yu t khc.OLT cung cp chc nng kt ni cho
tng ng vi cc ch c la chn (ATM, GEM v Dual).

18

Khi dch v (Service shell): Phn ny h tr chuyn i gia cc giao din dch v
v giao din khung TC ca phn PON.
2.1.1.2 Khi mng quang ONU
Cc khi chc nng ca ONU hu ht u ging nh ca OLT.V ONU hot ng
ch vi mt giao din PON n (hoc nhiu nht l hai giao din vi mc ch bo v),
chc nng kt ni cho c th b b i.Tuy nhin, thay cho chc nng ny, chc nng
ghp v gii ghp dch v (MUX v DEMUX) c h tr x l lu lng.Cu hnh
in hnh ca mt ONU c m t hnh 2-3.

Hnh 2-3: Cc khi chc nng ca ONU

2.1.1.3 Mng phn phi quang ODN
Mng phn phi quang kt ni gia mt OLT vi mt hoc nhiu ONU s dng thit
b tch/ghp quang v mng cp quang thu bao. B tch/ghp quang c trnh by v
phn tch trn mc [2.2.2.2]
Mng cp quang thu bao:
Mng cp thu bao c xc nh trong phm vi ranh gi t giao tip si quang gia
thit b OLT n thit b ONU/ONT.

19

Hnh 2-4: Cu trc c bn mng cp quang thu bao

Mng cp quang thu bao c cu thnh bi cc thnh phn chnh nh sau:
Cp quang gc (Feeder cable): xut pht t pha nh cung cp dch v (hay cn gi
chung l Central Office) ti im phn phi c gi l DP (Distribution Point).
im phn phi si quang (DP): l im kt thc ca on cp gc.Trn thc t trin
khai, im phn phi si quang thng l mng xng quang, hoc cc t cp quang phi.
Cp quang phi (Distribution Optical Cable): xut pht t im phi quang( DP) ti
cc im truy nhp mng AP(Access Point) hay t cc t quang phi ti cc tp im
quang.
Cp quang thu bao (Drop Cable): xut pht t cc im truy nhp mng(AP) hay l t
cc tp im quang n thu bao.
im qun l quang FMP(Fiber management Point): c s dng cho x l s c v
pht hin t ng.

2.2 Thng S K Thut GPON

Cc thng s k thut c bn ca GPON:
Tc truyn dn:
0,15552 Gbps ng ln, 1,24416 Gbps ng xung.
0,62208 Gbps ng ln, 1,24416 Gbps ng xung.
1,24416 Gbps ng ln, 1,24416 Gbps ng xung.
0,15552 Gbps ng ln, 2,48832 Gbps ng xung.
20

 0,62208 Gbps ng ln, 2,48832 Gbps ng xung.

1,24416 Gbps ng ln, 2,48832 Gbps ng xung.
2,48832 Gbps ng ln, 2,48832 Gbps ng xung.
Cc thng s k thut khc :
Bc sng: 1260nm 1360nm ng ln, 1480nm 1500nm ng xung.
a truy nhp hng ln: TDMA.
Cp pht bng thng ng DBA (Dynamic Bandwith Allocation).
Loi lu lng: d liu s.
Khung truyn dn: GEM.
Dch v: dch v y (Ethernet, TDM, POTS).
T l chia ca b chia th ng ti a: 1:128.
Gi tr BER ln nht: 10-12.
Phm vi cng sut s dng lung xung: -3 n +2 dBm (10km ODN) hoc +2 n
+7 (20km OBN).
Phm vi cng sut s dng lung ln: -1 n +4 dBm (10km v 20km ODN)
Loi cp: tiu chun ITU-R Rec. G.562.
Suy hao ti a gia cc ONU: 15dB.
C ly cp ti a: 20km vi DFB laser ng ln, 10km vi Farby-Perot.

2.3 K Thut Truy Nhp v Phng Thc Ghp Knh.

Cng ngh truyn dn a truy nhp l cc k thut chia s ti nguyn hu hn cho
mt lu lng khch hang. Trong h thng GPON, ti nguyn chia s chnh l bng tn
truyn dn. Ngi s dng cng chia s ti nguyn ny bao gm thu bao, nh cung cp
dch v, nh khai thc v nhng thnh phn mng khc. Tuy khng cn l mt lnh vc
mi m trong ngnh vin thng trn th gii nhng cc k thut truy nhp cng l mt
trong nhng cng ngh i hi nhng yu cu ngy cng cao h thng tha mn c
cc yu cu v n nh cao, thi gian x l thng tin v tr thp, tnh bo mt v an
ton d liu cao.

2.3.1 K thut truy nhp

K thut truy nhp c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng GPON hin nay l a
truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA). TDMA l k thut phn chia bng tn truyn
21

dn thnh nhng khe thi gian k tip nhau. Nhng khe thi gian ny c th c n nh
trc cho mi khch hang c th phn theo yu cu ty thuc vo phng thc chuyn
giao ang s dng. Hnh 3-5 di y l mt s v d v vic s dng TDMA trn GPON
hnh cy.Mi thu bao c php gi d liu ng ln trong khe thi gian ring bit. B
tch knh sp xp s liu n theo v tr khe thi gian ca n hoc thng tin c gi
trong bn thn khe thi gian. S liu ng xung cng c gi trong nhng khe thi
gian xc nh.

Hnh 2-5: TDMA GPON

GPON s dng k thut TDMA c u im rt ln l cc ONU c th hot ng
trn cng mt bc sng, v OLT hon ton c kh nng phn bit c lu lng ca
tng ONU. OLT cng ch c cn mt b thu, iu ny s d dng cho vic trin khai thit
b, gim c chi ph cho cc qu trnh thit k, sn xut, hot ng v bo dng. Ngoi
ra, vic s dng k thut ny cn c mt u im l c th lp t d dng thm cc
ONU nu c nhu cu nng cp mng.
Mt c tnh quan trng ca GPON s dng TDMA l yu cu bt buc v ng b
v lu lng ng ln trnh xung t d liu. Xung t ny s xy ra nu hai hay
nhiu gi d liu t nhng thu bao khc nhau n b ghp cng mt thi im. Tn hiu
ny ln tn hiu kia v to thnh mt b ghp. Pha u xa khng th nhn dng c
chnh xc tn hiu ti, kt qu l sinh ra mt loi li bit v suy gim thng tin ng ln,
nh hng n cht lng ca mng. Tuy nhin cc vn trn u c khc phc vi
c ch nh c v phn nh bng thng ng ca GPON m chng ta s cp phn
sau.

2.3.2. Phng thc ghp knh.

Phng thc ghp knh trong GPON l ghp knh song hng.Cc h thng GPON
hin nay s dng phng thc ghp knh phn chia khng gian. y l gii php n
gin nht i vi truyn dn song hng. N c thc hin nh s dng nhng si ring
bit cho truyn dn ng ln v xung.S phn cch vt l ca cc hng truyn dn
22

trnh c nh hng phn x quang trong mng v cng loi b vn kt hp v phn

tch hai hng truyn dn.iu ny cho php tang c qu cng sut trong mng. Vic
s dng hai si quang lm cho vic thit k mng mm do hn v lm tang kh dng
bi v chng ta c th m rng mng bng cch s dng nhng b ghp knh theo bc
sng trn mt hoc hai si. Kh nng m rng ny cho php pht trin dn dn nhng
dch v mi trong tng lai. H thng ny s s dng cng bc sng, cng b pht v
b thu nh nhau cho hai hng nn chi ph cho nhng phn t quang-in s gim.
Nhc im chnh ca phng thc ny l cn gp i s lng si, mi hn v
connector v trong GPON hnh cy th s lng b ghp quang cng cn gp i.Tuy
nhin chi ph v si quang, phn t th ng v k thut hn ni vn ang gim v trong
tng lai n ch chim t l nh trong ton b chi ph h thng.

2.4. Lp hi t truyn dn
2.4.1. Mt s khi nim c bn
Hi t truyn dn GPON GTC (GPON Transmission Convergence): l lp giao thc
chnh trong ngn xp giao thc ca GPON.
Cc khi truyn dn T-CONT (Transmission Containers): c s dng cho vic
qun l phn nh bang thng lung ln trong khi PON ca lp hi t truyn dn TC
(Transmission Convergence).
T-CONT mang cc thng tin ATM VPC/VCC v/hoc cng GEM v thng bo cc
trng thi b m ca chng cho cc OLT tng ng.
T-CONT t ng thu nhn cc gi tin cho php c nhn dng bi Alloc-ID t OLT.
Mi T-CONT c th mng lu lng ATM hoc GEM vi nhiu lp dch v khc
nhau.
Mi T-CONT c th cung cp mt hoc nhiu hng i vt l v sp xp chng vo
mt b nh logic n.
Lp hi t truyn dn c xp v tr gia mi trng vt l v cc i tng ca
GPON (ATM client, GEM client,).

2.4.2. Ngn xp giao thc

Hnh 2-6 biu din ngn xp giao thc ca ton h thng lp TC trong GPON
(GTC). Lp GTC gm c 2 lp con, lp con to khung GTC (GTC framing sub- layer) v
lp con tng thch TC (TC adaption sub- layer).

23

Hnh 2-6: Ngn xp giao thc ca GTC

Theo mt quan im khc, GTC cha mt phng C/M qun l cc lung lu lng
ngi dng, an ninh, cc thuc tnh OAM, v mt mt phng U mang lu lng ngi s
dng. Trong lp con to khung GTC, phn vng ATM, phn vng GEM, cc phn qun
l vn hnh bo dng lp vt l PLOAM (Physical Layer Operations Administrations
Maintenance) v OAM nhng c nhn bit theo v tr trn khung GTC. Ch OAM
nhng c kt cui ti lp ny iu khin qua lp con ny, do thng tin ca OAM
nhng c nhng trc tip vo khung GTC. Thng tin PLOAM c x l ti khi
PLOAM c nh v nh mt client ca lp con ny. Cc n v chuyn t/ti cc n
v giao thc d liu PDU thng thng (Protocol Data Unit) ca ATM v GEM ti mi
lp con tng thch. Ngoi ra, cc PDU ny cha d liu knh OMCI.D liu ny cng
c phn loi thnh cc mt phng C/M. Cc SDU ngoi tr OMCI trn cc phn vng
ATM v GEM c phn loi vo mt phng U.
Lp to khung GTC c ci nhn bao qut ti tt c d liu c pht, v lp to
khung GTC OLT trc tip ngang hng vi tt c cc lp to khung GTC ONU. Hn na,
khi iu khin phn b bng thng ng (DBA control) c xem nh l khi chc
nng chung. Hin nay, khi ny c kh nng p ng ton b DBA thng bo ONU.
Trong h thng GTC, OLT v ONU khng hot ng ng thi 2 trng thi.Ch
no c h tr s c nhn bit ti thi im lp t h thng. ONU thng bo ch
24

hot ng c bn ca n l ATM hay GEM thng qua bn tin Serial_ Number. Nu OLT
c kh nng giao din ti t nht 1 trong cc ch yu cu, n x l thit lp knh
OMCI, v thit b ONU c nhn ra theo cch thng thng.

2.4.3 Cc chc nng chnh ca GPC

GTC thc hin hai chc nng quan trng l iu khin truy nhp mi trng v ng
k ONU.
iu khin truy nhp mi trng: H thng GTC h tr iu khin truy nhp mi
trng cho truy nhp ng ln. V c bn, cc khung ng xung ch ra cc nh v
cho php i vi lu lng trn cc khung ng ln ng b vi cc khung ng
xung.Khi nim iu khin truy nhp mi trng trong h thng ny c minh ha
trong hnh 3-7. OLT gi cc con tr trong PCBd, cc con tr ny ch ra thi im m mi
ONU bt u v kt thc vic truyn dn lung ln ca n. Tho cch ny, ch c mt
ONU c th truy nhp mi trng ti bt c thi im no. Cc con tr c gn cc n
v ca byte, cho php OLT iu khin mi trng vi bng thng tnh 64kbit/s. Tuy
nhin, cc bc thc hin ca OLT c th la chn theo tp gi tr ca cc con tr, v
thc hin iu khin bng thng chnh xc qua c ch lp lch ng.

Hnh 2.7: iu khin truy nhp mi trng

ng k ONU: Vic ng k OUN c thc hin theo th tc pht hin t ng.
C hai phng php ng k ONU.Phng php A, Serial Number ca ONU c ng
k ti OLT nh h thng qun l.Phng php B, Serial Number ca ONU khng c
ng k ti ONT nh h thng qun l.
25

2.4.4 Chc nng cc lp con trong GTC

GTC gm hai lp con l lp con to khung GTC v lp con tng thch TC.
2.4.4.1 Lp con to khung GTC
Lp con to khung GTC c ba chc nng nh sau:
1)Ghp knh v phn knh: Cc phn PLOAM, ATM v GEM c ghp vo mt khung
TC ng xung theo thng tin bin c ch th trong tiu khung. Mi phn c
tch ra t mt ng ln theo ch th tiu .
2)To iu kin gii m: Tiu khung TC c to ra v nh dng trong mt khung
ng xung. Tiu trong khung ng ln c gii m.Ngoi ra thc hin OAM
nhng.
3)Chc nng nh tuyn trn c s Alloc-ID: nh tuyn trn c s Alloc-ID c thc
hin i vi cc d liu t/ti cc b tng thch ATM v GEM TC.
2.4.4.2 Lp con tng thch GTC v giao din ca cc thc th lp trn
Lp con tng thch h tr ba b tng thch TC, l, b tng thch ATM TC, b
tng thch GEM TC v bt tng thch OMCI. Cc b tng thch ATM v GEM ch ra
cc PDU ca ATM v GEM t mi phn trn lp con to khung GTC, v nh x PDU
ny vo mi phn. Cc b tng thch ny cung cp cc giao din di y cho php
thc th lp trn:
1)Giao din ATM: Lp con to khung GTC v ATM TC adapter lin tc cung cp giao
din ATM chun ch ra trong ITU-T 1.432.1 cho cc dch v ATM. Nhn chung, cc
thc th lp ATM ban u c th c s dng nh ATM client.
2)Cc giao din GEM: GEM TC adapter c th c cu hnh thch ng cc khung
ny ti nhiu giao din truyn dn khung khc nhau.
Ngoi ra, cc b tng thch ny nhn ra knh OMCI theo VPI/VCI trong trng
hp ATM v theo Port-ID trong trng hp GEM. B tng thch OMCI c th thay di
d liu knh OMCI i vi cc b tng thch ATM, GEM TC.B tng thch OMCI
nhn d liu t cc TC tng thch v chuyn n ti thc th OMCI v ngc li.

2.5 Cu trc khung

Hnh 2-8 minh ha cu trc khung GTC TC cho cc hng chiu xung v chiu
ln. Khung ng xung bao gm cc phn: khi iu khin vt l lung xung PCBd
(physical control block downstream), phn ATM, phn GEM. Khung ng ln gm
26

nhiu cm truyn dn (transmission burst). Ngoi phn ti tin (payload), mi khung

ng ln cn c th cha cc phn/on PLOAMu, PLSu v DBRu.Khung ng
xung cung cp thng tin v thi giant ham chiu cho GPON v thc hin hot ng bo
hiu iu khin cho ng ln.

Hnh 2-8: Cu trc tng quan khung GTC hng xung v ln

2.5.1 Cu trc khung ng xung

S cu trc khung ng xung c trnh by trn hnh 2-9:

Hnh 2-9: Cu trc khung ng xung

Mi khung GTC xung di 125s, cha khi iu khin vt l lung xung PCBd v
phn ti d liu.

27

Hnh 2-10: Cc trng thng tin trong khung ng xung

Hnh 2-10 trn ch ra chi tit khun dng ca khung ng xung.Phn mo u
ca PCBd gm phn c nh v phn thay i. Phn c nh gm cc trng: Physical
Sync, Ident v PLOAM. Cc trng ny c bo v bi 1 byte kim tra BIP (Bit
Interleaved Parity).Bn byte ng b vt l (Physical Sync) ch th bt u ca khung
ng xung. Bn byte trng Ident ch th FEC c s dng hay khng, ngoi ra n
cn thc hin nhm b m siu khung, c s dng cung cp tn hiu tham chiu
ng b tc thp. 13 byte ca trng PLOAM trong PCBd c s dng thng tin
gia cc bn tin OAM lp vt l vi cc ONU. Cc chc nng ca PLOAM gm ng k
v xa ONU, nh c, iu chnh cng sut, cp nht kha m ha, thng bo li lp vt
l,v.v
Phn thay i ca PCBd gm 2 trng Plend ch th di bn bng thng ng
ln v phn thng tin ATM trong T-CONT. Mi ONU c th c cu hnh vi nhiu TCONT. Bn US BW xc nh bng thng ng ln c phn nh cho cc thc th
truy nhp. Mi thc th 8 byte truy nhp trong US BW bao gm Alloc-ID ca T-CONT,
thi gian bt u v kt thc pht T-CONT hng ln v 12 bit c ch th cch thc phn
nh bng tn c s dng. Vi khung c khong thi gian l 125s, nn vi cc tc
khc nhau th chiu di khung s khc nhau, v d vi tc 1,24416 Gbps khung c
di l 19,9440 byte, vi tc 2,48832 Gbps khung c di l 38.880 byte. Tuy nhin
khi PCBd l ging nhau i vi c hai h thng.
28

2.5.2 Cu trc khung ng ln

Khung ng ln c di 125s, gm cc khung o hng ln. Cc khung o
hng ln c to bi cc burst t cc ONU khc nhau. Mi burst bt u vi trng
mo u lp vt l hng ln (PLOu).

Hnh 2-11:Cu trc khung ng ln

Mi khung cha thng tin t mt hoc nhiu ONU. BW map ch th bn sp xp
cc thng tin ny. Trong sut qu trnh phn b tng ng vi hot ng iu khin OLT,
ONU c th truyn t mt ti bn byte cc mo u GPON v d liu ngi dng. Bn
byte mo u bao gm: Mo u vt l (PLOu); Cc hot ng vn hnh v qun tr cc
tham s vt l ng ln (PLOAMu); iu khin cng sut ng ln (PLSu) v thng
bo bng thng ng (DBRu).

29

Hnh 2-12: Cu trc cc trng thng tin khung ng ln

PLOu bt u vi mt tin t (Preamble) gip cho my thu ch burst ti OLT
ng b vi my ch pht ti ONU. Trng phn nh (Delimiter) xc nh s bt u
ca burst hng ln. Chiu di v khun dng ca cc trng tin t v phn nh c
xc nh bi OLT s dng bn tin PLOAM. Trng Ind cung cp cc bo co v trng
thi ca ONU vi OLT.
Mi ONU c th c gn bi nhiu T-CONT. Nu mt ONU c phn nh cc
khe thi gian k nhau cho cc T-CONT vi ci Alloc-ID khc nhau, PLOu ch cn pht
mt ln. Tip theo trng PLOu, c ba la chn cc trng mo u trong mi burst:
Vn hnh lp vt l, qun tr, v qun l lung ln (PLOAMu).
iu chnh cng sut lung ln (PLSu).
Bo co bng thng ng lung ln (DBRu).
Vic pht ca cc trng ny c phn nh bi OLT qua cc c trong bn phn
nh bng thng ng ln (US BW map) ca trng PCB. Khi c yu cu bi OLT,
120 byte trng PLSu c gi bi ONU o cng sut. Trng DBRu c ghp vo
mi T-CONT bo co trng thi lu lng hng ln ca cc T-CONT tng ng.
DBRu gm cc bo co DBA ch th chiu di hng i cho vic phn nh bng thng
rng.

2.6 Phng Thc ng Gi D Liu

GPON nh ngha hai phng thc ng gi ATM v GEM (GPON Encapsulation
Method).Cc ONU v OLT c th h tr c T-CONT nn ATM hoc GEM.Phng thc
ng gi d liu GPON (GPON Encapsulation Method GEM).S dng ng gi d
liu qua mng GPON.GEM cung cp kh nng thng tin kt ni nh hng tng t
ATM. GPON cho php h tr nhiu loi hnh dch v khch hng khc nhau.Khch hng
ATM c sp xp trong sut vo khung GEM trn c hai hng.Khch hng TDM c
sp xp vo khung GEM s dng th tc ng gi GEM.Cc gi d liu bao gm c cc
khung Ethernet cng c sp xp s dng th tc ng gi GEM. GEM cng h tr
vic phn mnh hoc chia nh cc khung ln hoc cc phn mnh nh v ghp li u
thu nhm gim tr cho cc lu lng thi gian thc. Lu lng d liu bao gm cc
khung Ethernet, cc gi tin IP, IPTV, VoIP v cc loi khc gip cho truyn dn khung
GEM hiu qu v n gin. GPON s dng GEM mang li hiu qu cai trong truyn dn
ti tin IP nh s dng ti 95% bng thng cho php trn knh truyn dn.

30

2.6.1. Cu trc khung GEM

ng xung, cc khung c truyn t OLT ti ONU s dng cc phn vng
GEM. ng ln, cc khung c truyn t ONU ti OLT s dng thi gian phn b
GEM c cu hnh. Giao thc GEM c hai chc nng: h tr to cc khung d liu
ngi dng v cung cp s hiu cng ghp knh.
y thut ng khung d liu ngi dng biu th cc khung n t v i ti ngi
dng.Cc chc nng ny c h tr bi phn tiu GEM nh trn hnh 3-13. Tiu
GEM cha cc trng ch th di ti tin PLI (Payload length Indicator), Port ID,
trng ch th loi ti tin PTI (Payload Type Indicator) v 13 bit trng iu khin li tiu
HEC (Header error control).

Hnh2-13: Cu trc khung v mo u GEM

PLI ch th di L, tnh theo byte ca phn ti tin theo sau tiu . PLI c s
dng tm tiu k tip trong dng d liu. Kch thc 12 bit ca trng ny cho
php phn mnh c di ti 4.095 byte. Nu cc khung d liu ngi s dng ln hn
gi tr ny, cc khung s c phn mnh nh hn 4.095 byte.
Gi tr Port ID cung cp 4.096 gi tr ch s lu lng duy nht trong GPON thc
hin ghp knh.
Trng PTI ch th ni dung ca ti tin c phn mnh v cch thc x l thch hp.
M ha ca 3 bit ny ging vi tiu ATM. Truyn ti GEM ch din ra trn cc phn
on GPON, ch khng s dng cho mc ch OAM t u cui n u cui. c im
ny c th thay i trong tng lai.
Hot ng bo co nghn thng qua cc m 2 v 3 l cho cc nghin cu tng lai.
i vi m 4, GEM s ti s dng nh dng t bo OAM h tr ti tin phn mnh vi
di 48 byte ging nh trong cc chc nng OAM v ATM.
Cui cng, HEC cho php pht hin v sa li cho tiu . HEC s dng kt hp m
BCH (39, 12, 2) v mt bit chn l (parity). a thc sinh cho m ny l x 12+ x10+ x8+ x5+
x4+ x3+ 1. M BCH c tnh ton da trn chia module 2 gi tr ca 39 bit u tin trong
tiu cho a thc sinh. Kt qu s bng khng nu khng c li. Nu mt thanh ghi
dch c s dng thc hin php chia, gi tr khi to ban u ca thanh ghi dch s
31

ton cc bit 0. Bit parity c thit lp sao cho tng s cc bit 1 trong ton b tiu (40
bit) l mt s chn.
Khi tiu c lp ghp li, b pht s thc hin XOR tiu vi mu c nh:
0xB6AB31E055 v truyn i kt qu. My thu s XOR cc bit nhn c vi mu c
nh khi phc tiu . C ch ny m bo mt chui cc khung ri s c ni
dung v cu hnh ng.
Qu trnh to khung trong GPON yu cu s hin din ca tiu HEC ti im bt
u ca phn vng GEM v tt c cc ti tin GEM ng ln. Bng cch , my thu
c m bo s tm c tiu u tin v cc tiu k tip bng cch s dng PLI
lm con tr. Ni cch khc, my thu s chuyn ngay sang trng thi Sync khi bt u mi
phn vng v ti tin. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp cc li, qu trnh to khung c th s
mt ng b vi dng d liu. My thu s yu cu thc hin ng b li bng cch thc
thi m hnh my trng thi nh trn hnh 3-14. Trong trng thi tm (Hunt), my thu s
tm trng HEC trong tiu GEM. Khi tm c mt tiu , my thu s chuyn sang
trng thi trc ng b (Pre- sync), trng thi khi m n ang tm kim HEC vi v tr
c ch ra trong tiu tm thy trc . Nu HEC tm thy l ng, my thu s
chuyn sang trng thi ng b (Pre- sync). Nu HEC khng tn ti, my thu s chuyn
sang trng thi tm. Ch rng qu trnh thc thi c th chn nhiu i tng khc nhau
trng thi trc ng b sao cho HEC ph hp khng lm gin on vic pht hin
phn nh (delimiter). Ngoi ra, qu trnh thu c th lu m d liu nhn c khi
trng thi trc ng b, nu dch chuyn sng trng thi ng b thnh cng, d liu
c lu m c th chnh thc c coi l mt phn mnh GEM hp l.

Hnh 2-14: M t chuyn trng thi da trn tiu GEM

32

 tch ring cc tc , mt khung GEM ri s c nh ngha.Nu khng c

khung ngi s dng no c gi, qu trnh truyn s to ra cc khung ri v gi i.
My thu s s dng cc khung ny duy tr ng b v tt nhin s khng c d liu
c a ln GEM client. Tiu khung GEM c nh ngha l ton cc bit 0. iu
ny hm rng d liu thc ch c khi tiu l mu c nh 0x0xB6AB31E055 do
thc hin XOR trc khi truyn.
Do cc khung d liu c di ngu nhin, giao thc GEM cn phi h tr phn
mnh d liu cho php chn cc tiu GEM ti im bt u mi phn vng v ti tin.
Cn lu rng s phn mnh c th xy ra trn c ng xung v ng ln. Bit c
trng s thp nht trong trng PTI ca tiu c s dng cho mc ch ny. Mi
khung d liu c th c chia thnh mt s phn mnh. Mt s trng hp c m t
trn hnh 2-15:
Trng hp 3

Trng hp 2
Trng hp 1

Khung ngi
dng

GEM
PTI
001

Khung y

Khung ngi dng

Khung ngi
dng

GEM
PTI
000

#1

GEM
PTI
001

#1

GEM
PTI
000

#1

GEM
PTI
000

#2

GEM
PTI
001

#3

Hnh 2-15: Mt s trng hp phn mnh

Mt iu rt quan trng cn lu l mi phn mnh c truyn i k tip
nhau.iu ny c ngha rng mt phn mnh khng th ng ngoi bin ca khung.y
l mt h qu ca yu cu mi tiu phi bt u tt c cc phn vng v ti tin.V
vy, qu trnh phn mnh cn bit c thi gian cn li phn vng hoc ti tin v phn
mnh cc khung d liu mt cch ph hp.Mt hm khc ca iu ny l tin hnh
truyn cc khung ri.Trong mt s trng hp, m khung hon chnh c th c 4 hoc
nhiu hn cc byte tha trong phn vng GTC hoc ti tin. tha ny nh hn gi tr
nh nht ca khung GEM.Trong trng hp ny, my pht s gi i mt mu tiu u
tin. My thu tch tiu ny v loi b n. Trong bt k trng hp no, GEM s c
lu ti thi im bt u mi phn vng hay ti tin.

33

Qu trnh phn mnh trong GEM c th c s dng vi hai mc ch trong h

thng GTC.Mc ch u tin c cp l chn mt tiu ti thi im bt u
mi phn vng hoc ti tin.Ngoi ra, nu l d liu thi gian thc nh thoi, cn u tin
so vi d liu khng phi thi gian thc. Ni chung, hai ng dng ca phn mnh c th
c thc hin bng hai bc x l ring: u tin l chn lu lng khn sau l chn
cc tiu cho ph hp vi phn vng hoc ti tin GTC. Tuy nhin, mt phng php
n gin hn mi tng phn mnh thc hin lun c hai chc nng.Trong trng hp
ny, cc mnh d liu GEM khn lun c gi i u mi phn vng hoc ti tin.Bi
v khung GTC tun hon 125s nn cn m bo tr thp cho d liu khn. S sp xp
ny c minh ha trn hnh 3-16:
Khung i+1

Khung i

PLOu
PLOu

Ti

Ti

Mo u
GEM
GEM

Khung
khn

Mo
u
u
GEM

Khung d
liu 1/2

PTI
PTI
PTI

000000- bt
bt u
u

Mo
Mo u
u
GEM
GEM

Khung
khn

Mo
Mo u
u
GEM

PTI
PTI

PTI
PTI

000000- y
y

000000- kt
kt thc
thc

Khung d
liu 2/2

000- y

Hnh 3-16: Mi quan h gia khung GEM vi khung GTC

2.6.2. nh x lu lng vo ti tin GTC

Mt lot cc loi d liu ngi s dng c th c cha trong ti tin GTC. Cc
giao thc knh mang c bn l ATM v GEM.Trong mi giao thc ny, nhiu dch v
ngi s dng khc nhau c vn chuyn.
2.6.2.1. nh x cc t bo ATM vo ti tin GTC
Lu lng ATM c mang trn giao thc GTC. ng xung, cc t bo c
truyn t OLT n ONU s dng cc phn vng ti tin ATM. OLT c th phn b di
t bo ty theo yu cu ca ng xung. Phn lp to khung ONU lc cc t bo ti da
vo gi tr VPI v phn tn cc t bo thch hp ti cc my trm ONU ATM. ng
ln, cc t bo c truyn i t ONU ti OLT s dng thi gian phn b ATM c
34

cu hinh. ONU lu m cc t bo ATM n sau gi thm cm khi ti thi gian phn

b. OLT nhn v ghp knh cc t bo vi cc cm t cc ONU khc v chuyn ton b
ti my trm OLT ATM.
2.6.2.2. nh x cc khung GEM vo ti tin GTC
Lu lng GEM c mang qua giao thc GTC theo kiu trong sut. Trong lung
xung, cc khung c truyn dn t OLT n cc ONU s dng vng ti trng
GEM.OLT c th cp pht nhiu khong thi gian m n cn trong lung xung. Khung
lp con ONU lc cc khung c s i vo trong Port- ID, v chuyn nhng khung thch
hp ti ONU GEM. Trong lung ln, cc khung c truyn dn t ONU ti OLT s
dng cu hnh GEM nh v thi gian.
2.6.2.3. nh x TDM v GEM
D liu TDM c ng gi vo GEM c th hin trong hnh di.Cc gi d
liu TDM vi cng Port-ID c ghp ni trong lp cao hn qua TC.Phn ti s gm L
byte ca don TDM.

Hnh 2-17: Cu trc khung d liu TDM trong khung GEM

Cc my khch TDM c nh x ti khung GEM bi s cho php thay i chiu
di ca khung GEM theo s dch tn s ca my khch TDM. Chiu di ca on TDM
hin th bi trng Ti- chiu di- ch th.
Qu trnh thch nghi ngun TDM cn phi sp xp d liu u vo trong mt b m
li vo v mt ln mt khung (v d, mi 125 s). Thng thng, trng PLI s ch bo
mt s lng cc byte c nh theo tc TDM danh nh. Nu tn s u ra nhanh hn
tn s tn hiu i vo, b m li vo s bt u trng.B m c vo khi ri
ngng thp hn.Kt qu l mt s t byte c c t b m u vo v a vo b
m khi vt ln ngng thp hn.Ngc li, nu tn s u ra chm hn tn s tn hiu
vo, b m s bt u lp y.Vic a vo b m s dn dn vt ln ngng trn.Kt
qu, hn mt byte s c c t b m u vo v s in vo b m s gim bt
pha di ngng trn.
Hnh 2-18 miu t cc khi nim ca cc on TDM c di thay i nh x vo
trong phin ti trong ca khung GEM.
35

Hnh 2-18: TDM nh x qua GEM

D liu Ethernet l cc gi, mi gi c nh x vo trong khung GEM.Tin t v
byte SFD khng c cho vo khung GEM.S phn on ca cc gi Ethernet qua nhiu
khung GEM c m t trong phn 3.6.1 trn.

Hnh 2-19: Cu trc khung Ethernet nh x vo khung GEM

36

2.7. nh c v phn nh bng thng trong GPON.

2.7.1.nh c.
2.7.1.1.Mc ch ca nh c.
nh c (Ranging) c thc hin loi b vic pht li khng cn thit, do vy s
dng bng tn hiu qu v lm cho thi gian tr cc i nh nht nh vic ngn cc tn
hiu t cc ONU khi s xung t. Khi cc khi mng quang c ni ti mt giao din
u cui ng dy quang (OLT) trong mt h thng mng quang th ng (PON) s t
ra nhu cu cn mt phng php ghp tn hiu cho mi ONU.
Trong cc phn tch trn [mc 2.3], chng ta phn tch v cc k thut truy nhp
v phng thc ghp knh c s dng cho cc h thng GPON. Phng php TDMA
c chi ph thp nht hin nay, nn cc h thng PON ni chung v GPON ni ring s
dng TDMA c chun ha v thng mi ha. V vy, chng ta s tm hiu c th hn
v phng php TDMA v n gn lin vi vic nh c trong GPON (hnh 2-20)
RDT1/2
Data 1

Vo OLT

Data 2

Data 1

Data 2
Thi gian

Ra ONU

Data 1

Data 1
Thi gian
Data 2

Ra ONU 2

Data 2
RDT2/2

Thi gian

Hnh 2-20: a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian theo GPON
2.7.1.2.Ca s nh c.
Khong cch gia OLT v ONU thng khc vi ONU vi ONU. Nu khng xc
nh chnh xc RTD th khng th thit lp c thi gian pht. Nu chng ta kt ni vi
mt ONU, u tin ta phi o RTD. Vi yu cu ca h thng vn hnh (OPS), OLT t

37

ng v u n s dng ca s nh c o tr (nh minh ha trong hnh 2-21) v xc

nh mt OLU pht tn hiu trong php o tr.

Ca s nh c
RDT ca OLU mi
Vo OLT

Data#2

Data#1

Data#1
Time
Data#1

Ra ONU#1

Time

Ra ONU#2

Data#2
Time

Ra OLU mi
Tn hiu o tr

Time

Hnh 2-21: Ca s nh c.
Chiu di ca s nh c c thit lp theo khong cch gia OLT v ONU. Nu
ONU c t cch OLT khong 5-10 km, chiu di ca ca s nh c cn nh nht l
(10-5 km)x2/(300 000 km/s/1,5) = 50 ms. Trong 1,5 l h s khc x ca si quang.
Sau khi o RTD, thi gian pht ca ONU phi c iu chnh. l khong thi
gian (thi gian bo v) gia cc tn hiu o ONU no v cc ONU khc pht. Thi
gian bo v phi ln cc tn hiu t cc ONU khc nhau khng xung t. Khong
thi gian bo v ny c gi l Burst OverHead (BOH). Khi BOH tng ln, n lm
gim hiu sut v khi n c rt ngn, chi ph thit b tng ln.
2.7.1.3.Th tc nh c ca GPON.
38

C hai cch xc nh ONU cho qu trnh nh c. Mt phng php xc nh duy

nht ONU ng k v phng php khc nh tt c cc ONU cha ng k. Trong
phng php th nht, mt ONU vi s ID ring c xc nh trong h thng vn hnh.
Trong phng php th hai, OLT khng bit s ID ring ca mi ONU, khi s c vi
ONU c th truyn tn hiu cho qu trnh o tr din ra lin tc. Mt phng php gim
xung t trong qu trnh nh c l truyn tn hiu cho qu trnh o tr vi mt khong
cch thi gian ch ngu nhin, gn ging nh phng php c s dng trong Ethernet
(CDMA/CD).
Ca s nh c

Data#1

OLT

(1) ONU ngng truyn

Data#2
(2)Yu cu SN

Time

(4)Gn ONU-ID

ONU#1

Time

ONU#2

Time
(3)Pht SN

ONU mi

Time
Tr ngu nhin
Hnh 2-22: Th tc nh c pha 1

Th tc nh c ca GPON c chia lm 2 pha. pha th nht (hnh 1-22)ng k

s sri cho ONU cha ng k v cp pht ONU-ID cho ONU thc hin. S sri ID
xc nh ONU v phi l duy nht, ng thi ONU-ID c s dng iu khin, theo
di v kim tra ONU.
Cc bc trong pha th nht:
1. OLT xc nh tt c cc ONU hin ang hot ng cho dng qu trnh truyn dn
(cc ONU ngng truyn dn (1) ONU halt)
2. OLT xc nh ONU khng c ONU-ID yu cu truyn s sri (bn tin yu cu s
sri (2) serial_number request)
39

3. Sau khi nhn c yu cu truyn s sri, ONU khng c ONU-ID s truyn s sri
(qu trnh truyn s sri (3) SN trnmission) sau khi ch mt khong thi gian ngu
nhin (ti a 50ms)
4. OLT ch nh mt ONU-ID ti ONU cha ng k m OLT c nhn s sri (bn
tin ch nh ONU-ID (4) asign ONU-ID).
Trong pha tip theo RTD c o cho mi ONU ng k mi. Thm vo pha
ny cng c p dng Cho cc ONU b mt tn hiu trong qu trnh thng tin.
Ca s nh c
RDT ca ONU mi
Data#1

OLT

Data#1

(5) ONU ngng truyn

(6)Yu cu nh c

Time

(8)Bn tin nh c

ONU#1

Time

ONU#2

Time
(7)Pht nh c

ONU mi

Time
(9) Tr cn bng
Hnh 2-23: Th tc nh c pha 2.

Cc bc trong pha th hai bao gm:

5. OLT xc nh tt c cc ONU ang thng tin cho dng qu trnh truyn dn lung
ln (cc ONU ngng truyn dn (5) ONU halt )
6. S dng cc s sri, OLT xc nh mt ONU nht nh v ch ONU c truyn
tn hiu cho qu trnh o tr (bn tin yu cu ranging (6) ranging request)
7. ONU c s sri trng vi s si OLT xc nh s truyn tn hiu cho qu trnh o
tr (qu trnh truyn ranging (7) ranging transmission), bao gm c ONU-ID ch
nh trong pha 1.

40

8. OLT o RTD ph thuc vo thi gian m tn hiu s dng cho php o tr thu c.
Hn na, sau khi xc nhn s kt hp gia s sri v ONU-ID l ng, OLT thng
bo tr cn bng (Equalization Delay = Tept - RTD) ti ONU (bn tin thi gian
ranging (8) Ranging-time mesage). Trong Tept l hng s v gi tr RTD ln nht
c xc nh trong mng PON. V d vi khong cch 20km th Pted=200ms.
ONU lu gi tr tr cn bng v to tr nh thi cho chui d liu truyn dn lung
ln vi gi tr ny.

2.7.2.Phn nh bng thng ng.

2.7.2.1.Tng quan v phn nh bng thng ng.
Trong phn ny, chng ta s tm hiu vic phn nh bng tn trong GPON. C hai
phng thc phn nh bng thng l phn nh bng thng c nh FBA v phn nh
bng thng ng DBA. FBA l phng php phn nh ca s truyn dn c nh trong
mt chu k c nh vi mi ONU. Vi FDA, bng thng v tr c nh khng i,
iu khng hiu qu v vn tiu tn bng tn d khng c lu lng ng ln. Ngc
li, DBA phn nh bng thng cho mi ONU theo yu cu v nhu cu lu lng lung
ln. V vy, bng thng c s dng hiu qu hn. c khi nim c bn v DBA,
chng ta xem xt mt v d n gin v hot ng ca DBA nh trn hnh 2-24:
R

OLT

R
G

Time

ONU

Data

Data
Time

Data
User
Time
G

Bng thng gn

Yu cu

Hnh 2-24: Phn nh bng thng ng.

41

Tin trnh din ra nh sau:

1. ONU lu lu lng upstream nhn c t ngi dng vo b m.
2. Tip theo, kch c d liu lu trong b m c thng bo cho OLT nh mt yu cu
ti thi im OLT quy nh.
3. OLT xc nh thi gian bt u truyn v khong thi gian kh dng (= ca s truyn
dn) ti ONU, xc nh c tnh dch v v kch c c thng bo.
4. ONU i ti thi gian c cp pht v sau truyn kch c d liu c trng cho
OLT.
Trong tin trnh th 3, c tnh dch v c cp lin quan ti bng tn nh
nht m bo, bng tn ti a, thi gian tr ti a... DBA lin quan trc tip vi c tnh
dch v. Cc dch v khc nhau s i hi thit k khc nhau hon ton.
Ba yu cu rt quan trng m cc thut ton DBA cn t c l:
A. S cng bng: phn nh bng tn nh nhau i vi mi ngi s dng.
B. tr thp: c th t c thi gian tr ti a nh hn tr gn trc v ti u
ha ti a tr.
C. Hiu sut cao: c th tng hiu sut bng tn v tng tc nh cng nhiu cng
tt.
2.7.2.2.c tnh iu khin lu lng xp hng cng bng.
Trong phn ny chng ta s mo phng hng i cng bng, l k thut c bn trong
iu khin lu lng. Hng i cng bng h tr vic phn nh bng thng nh nhau.

42

Nguyn

ca

hng

cng

Data

bng

trong

hnh

2-25.

Hng i 1
111111
Hng i 2

B
phn
loi

Data

B to lnh
Hng i 3

Data
u ra
Hng i n
Data

Hnh 2-25: Nguyn l ca hng i cng bng

Cc gi vo c phn loi v i vo cc hng i ring. B phn loi chia cc gi
thnh cc nhm phn nh bng thng u ra cng bng. V d, khi mt gi c phn
loi da vo a ch u v cui, bng thng u ra c phn nh nh nhau cho mi
u cui c a ch khc nhau. Cc u vo c ngi dng phn loi v phn phi ti
hng i tng ng. Tt nhin s hng i v s ngi dng phi ph hp vi nhau. V
pha u ra ca hng i, b lp lch c hng i theo kiu quay u (round-robin) v
gi tin ra khi hng i t c s cng bng. Thm ch nu mt ngi dng
truyn nhiu lu lng hn nhng ngi khc, lu lng ca ngi c a ti mt
hng i ring nh b phn loi u vo. Nh vy c th nh c thi gian ti a cho
u ra. Tm li, thi gian tr ti a trong iu kin xu nht xy ra khi gi tin kch thc
ln nht c lu trong tt c cc hng i.
Hot ng ca b lp lch l yu t quyt nh ca s cng bng. Hot ng ca b
lp lch xp hng cng bao gm cc bc sau:
1. Thit lp mt trng s wi[bit] trong mi hng i, trong i l s th t hng i.
43

2. Thc hin lp lch quay u, n s ln lt i ti mi hng i. Mi hng i c

chn nhn wi[bit] o trong mt vng lp ca thut ton quay vng.
3. Khi mt hng i lu s bit nguyn truyn S i ln hn chiu di gi tin tiu dng
(head-of-line) ca hng i i. V d, khi hng i lu mt gi tin y , hng i
loi gi (empty) tin v gim kch thc gi tin ca n v Si.
4. B qua vic quay vng cho cc hng i m cha lu y mt gi tin.
Xt mt v d n gin minh ha hot ng ca b lp lch. u tin chng ta gi
thit rng w1=2 v w2=1, v hng i u tin ang nhn cc gi tin 3000 bit v hng i
th hai l 1000 bit. y chng ta khng quan tm ti phn u v khong cch gia cc
khung n gin ha.
1. Khi to S1=2 v S2=1.
2. Thut ton quay vng c lp li 1000 ln, dn ti S 1=2002 v S2=1001. Gi 1000
bit u tin c chuyn t hng i th hai. Gim S2 ti 1.
3. Thut ton quay vng c lp li 500 ln na, dn ti S 1=3002 v S2=501. Gi 3000
bit u tin c chuyn t hng i u tin. Gim S1 ti 2.
4. Thut ton quay vng c lp li 500 ln na, dn ti S 1=1002 v S2=1001. Gi
1000 bit th hai c chuyn t hng i th hai. Gim S2 v 1.
5. Thut ton quay vng c lp li 1000 ln, dn ti S 1=3002 v S2=1001. Gi 3000
bit th hai c chuyn t hng i u tin. Gim S 1 ti 2. Trong cng qu trnh lp,
gi tin 1000 bit tip theo c chuyn t hng th hai v S2 b gim v 1.
Cc bc (2) ti (5) c lp li cho ti khi lu lng u vo dng.
Trong qu trnh lp t (2) n (5), u ra l 6000 bit t hng i u vo v t hng
i th hai l 3000 bit, iu cho thy bng thng phn nh ph thuc vo t l ca w i.
Chng ta c th thy r v d ny, c th phn nh bng thng cng bng m khng quan
tm n chiu di gi tin. Ni cch khc, bng thng m bo nh nht cho hng i th
j c th c xc nh bi cng thc:
Bj = Toutx(wj/wi)

(2-1)

Hn na, chng ta c th thy c t v d trn l t hng i th hai tr ca cc

gi tin ngn hn gim i.
2.7.2.3.Cc phng php phn nh bng thng ng.
44

2.7.3.2.1.Kim xot vng vi chu k thch ng.

Kim sot xoay vng vi chu k thch ng IPACT l mt phng php cp pht ng
DBA c bit n vi chi ph thp nh qu trnh x l n gin. Vi IPACT, ONU
pht i mt lng bao gm tt c cc gi tin lu tr trong b m thu lung ln nh mt
yu cu ca OLT, v OLT cp pht car s truyn dn theo th t n ca cc gi tin.
OLT s dng 1 trong 5 phng php sau quyt nh kch thc ca s cho mi ONU
ty theo loi dch v:
1. Dch v c nh: OLT cp pht kch thc ca s m khng cn ch n s lng
ONU.
2. Dch v gii hn: nu s ONU vt qu ca s truyn dn cc i (MTW Maximum
Transmission Window), MTW s c cp pht v nu khng th kch thc ca s s
c cp pht theo s lng ONU.
3. Dch v bt bin tin cy: cp pht ca s vi mt lng khng i thm vo cc yu
cu ca ONU.
4. Dch v tuyn tnh tin cy: cp pht kch thc ca s vi kch thc ca s thm vo
t l vi lng yu cu vi cc yu cu ca ONU.
5. Dch v n hi: cp pht kch thc ca s theo lng yu cu ca ONU vi hn ch
l s tch ly ca N grant cui cng khng vt qu N MTW. y N i din cho s
lng ONU.
Cc phng php (1), (3), (4), (5) t c s dng. Sau y chng ta s nghin cu k
hn v phng php th (2). Dch v cng bng gii hn hot ng theo phng thc
di y, s dng phng php hng i cng bng:
1. OLT ghi nh kch thc ca s truyn dn cc i (MTW i) ca mi ONU. MTWi ny
tng ng vi WFQ.
2. u tin, OLT cp pht ca s truyn dn theo th t yu cu ca mi ONU.
3. Mi ONU pht d liu c lu tr trong b m thu lng ln theo yu cu.
4. Gi Wreq l kch thc ca s yu cu ca mi ONU gi yu cu bng thng tip
theo ti OLT trong mt bn thng bo yu cu. Theo th t cc yu cu thu v trong
khi xc nh RDT, OLT cp pht MTW i nu ton b lng yu cu ca ONU th i +
kch thc ca s i vi thng bo yu cu tip theo (Wreq) vt qu MTWi.

45

5. Mi ONU pht cc gi tin c lu tr trong b m thu lung ln theo kch thc

ca s, tip theo l mt bn thng bo yu cu cha khi d liu cn li trong b m
thu lng ln . Qu trnh ny quay li (4).
Hnh 2-26 biu din qu trnh hot ng trn, khi s lng ONU l N th khong
thi gian cc i Rmax m thut ton quay u cn to nn mt chu k l:
Rmax MTWi N ( BOH Wreq )

(2-2)

Hn na, nu mt ONU pht lu lng lung ln l ONU th i, th hiu sut E max

(hay tc nh) c cho bi cng thc sau:
Emax

MTWi Wreq

max N 1 x BOH Wreq Tx RTD OLT p time ONU p time MTWi BOH

(2-3)

Ca s lng ph

OLT

Data 3

R3

R1

R2

Data 3

G3

Thi gian x l ONT

ONU 1

R3

Time

R1

Time
ONU 2

R2

Time
Data 3

ONU 3

R3

G3

(a) c mt ONU vi lu lng u vo

Thi gian x l ONT

Time

46

OLT

Data 3

R3

Data 1

R1

Data 2

R2

Data 3

R3

Data 1

R1

Time
ONU 1

Data 1

R1

Data 1

R1

Time
ONU 2

Data 2

R2

Time
Data 2

ONU 3

R2

(b) Lu lng u vo ti tt c cc ONU

Time

Hnh 2-26: Hot ng ca IPACT

Nu MTWi nh th dch v gii hn IPACT s tha mn yu cu tr cc tiu. Tuy
nhin, vn phi tha mn iu kin A v C trong phn 0. Do cc gi Ethernet khng th
phn mnh nn vic thit lp mt MTWi nh s xy ra cc vn lin quan ti yu cu
ny nh sau:
Yu cu 0A: s cn bng gim i khi cc gi tin c s dng gia cc ngi dng
l khc nhau.
Yu cu 0C: trong trng hp gi tin ti c kch thc bin i, nu kch thc gi
tin lu tr trong b m qu ln v c mt MTW i c nh c cp pht, th s lng ph
bng thng do d liu khng c pht. Trong trng hp xu nht, chiu di khung
Ethernet cc i (Fmax) tr i 1 byte s b loi b. Nu MTW i nh, t l loi b ny (Fmax1)/MTWi tr nn trng i ln.
Hn na, nu MTWi nh hn nhiu so vi RTD v ch c mt ONU c lu lng
u vo, th ca s lng ph ny s tng i ln v tc s gim ng k.
2.7.2.3.2.C ch lp lch quay vng khng y .
C ch lp lch quay vng khng y DRR (Deficit Round-Robin) s ci thin
cc yu cu A v C trn m IPACT cha lm c. DRR l mt phng php n gin
ha WFQ v cng rt ph hp vi truyn dn bus. Trong thut ton DRR, mt b m
vng c s dng lm b m thu lng ln thc hin qu trnh tng ng vi b
m khng y . Phng php DBA vi c ch DRR ny c m t nh sau:
47

1. ONU th i lu li chiu di burst trung bnh w i c th c pht vi mi vng lp.

Chiu di burst trung bnh tng ng vi WFQ. Mi ONU c mt b m khng

y (Si) cc gi tr khi to c thit lp ti chiu di burst trung bnh wi.
2. ONU yu cu kch c d liu cc i nh hn gi tr s m ca n v c th c
pht i m khng cn phn chia bt k gi tin no trong b m lung ln. Sau n
pht cc gi tin t b m pht.
3. C ch lp lch quay vng: trong khi xem xt RTD, OLT pht cc ca s truyn dn
theo th t yu cu t cc ONU.
4. Ti ONU, cc gi tin c a ti b m pht v quay li bc (2).
t ca s ONU bng N, khong cch thi gian cc i Rmax sau mt chu k lp:
Rmax Wi Nx( Fmax 1 BOH Wreq )

(2-4)

Hn na, nu ONU th i ang pht lu lng lung ln th hiu sut E max (hay tc
nh) c cho bi cng thc sau:
Emax

ONT

R1

wi

max Nx BOH Wreq w i , RTDxTr OLTp time ONU p time

R2

Data #3

R3
G1

G2

R1

R2

G3

(2-5)

Data #3

R3
G1

G2

G3

Time

R1

ONU 1
G1

G1

Time

R2

ONU 2
G2

G2

R3

ONU 3
G3

Data #3
G3

Time
48

Hnh 2-27: C ch DRR.

S khc nhau gia phng php DRR v phng php IPACT l phng php DRR
yu cu c gi trc burst. Khi ch c 1 ONU pht lu lng lung ln, c th loi b
vn lng ph bng thng bng cch cho w i ln ci thin hiu sut. C th thy r
s khc nhau ny khi ta so snh vi IPACT trong hnh 2-27.
Tuy nhin, khi chiu di burst trung bnh wi tng th thi gian tr cc i cng tng,
do thi gian tr cc i theo yu cu 2.7.2.1.B v hiu sut yu cu trong 2.7.2.1.C c
nh hng ln nhau
2.7.2.3.3. DBA s dng tp thng bo nhiu hng i.
lm gim nh hng gia thi gian tr cc i vi hiu sut nh ni n phn
trc, ngi ta a ra phng php pht nhiu yu cu t mt ONU vi cc ngng khc
nhau ti cng mt thi im. ONU pht hai resquest volume, #1 di hn RTD v #2 ngn
hn RTD. OLT la chn v cp pht ca s truyn dn di hn RTD nu vic truyn
thng c thc hin vi duy nht 1 ONU trong khi duy tr chu k quay vng ngn (hnh
2-28).

49

Trong hnh 2-29 chng ta tha nhn rng 2 yu cu, requestvolume #1 cha b
n khng y v request volume #2 cha mt ngng nh, c pht ng thi. Do
thut ton c m t trong phn trc [mc 2.7.7.3.2], request volume lun lun c
yu cu trong vic cp pht tip theo, iu kin reset i vi b m khng y kh
n gin. Tuy nhin, khi nhiu yu cu c pht, th khng th quyt nh c vic rt
b m khng y n khi thc hin cp pht c thc s tt khng. V l do ny, vic
reset b m tr nn kh phc tp hn so vi thut ton c ni ti trong phn trc.
Gii thch di y minh ha c th hot ng c th ca n:
1. ONU th i c chiu di burst truyn dn cho php cc i w i cho mi cp pht. Gi tr
ny phi ln hn RTD, v n tng ng vi trng s ca WFQ.
2. Mi ONU c 1 b m khng y xc nh request #1 v gi tr khi to ca n
chnh l wi. Mi ONU c mt ngng bn cch b m xc nh request #2.
Ngng ny l chiu di gi cc i c s dng trong cc dch v yu cu tr thp
hay mt gi tr Fmax nh.
3. Hn na, mi ONU c mt c reset lu li iu kin reset ca b m. Gi tr khi
to ca c reset l False.
4. Mi ONU tr ton b kch c ca cc gi d liu c pht trong ca s truyn dn
c phn cp trong chu k ny t b m khng y . Nu kch thc ca s cp
50

pht mi chu k l previous request #1+ Wreq v previous request #1 khc vi

previous request #2, th ONU th i s thm w i vo b m khng y nu c reset
l True, v n reset gi tr b m ti wi nu c reset l False.
5. Mi ONU pht kch c d liu cc i vi gi tr b m l request #1 m khng cn
phn chia bt k gi tin no, v kch c d liu cc i di ngng trong request #2
m khng cn phn chia gi tin trong cc ca s cp pht. Tip . N pht cc gi tin
lu tr trong b m pht.
6. Nu gi tr request #1 l tng kch c ca cc gi tin lu tr, c reset c thit lp l
True. Nu c cc gi tin ri khi kch c ca request #1, c reset c thit lp l
False.
7. Lp lch quay vng mi: trong khi xt RTD, OLT cp pht ca s truyn dn vi
chiu di request #2 + Wreq theo th t yu cu t cc ONU. Tuy nhin, vic cp
pht ny khng c thc hin trn ONU th nht vi request #1 ln hn request #2
trn mt chu k. N ch cho n khi hon thnh chu k cp pht ca s truyn dn
vi chiu di request #1 + Wreq. Mt khc, thay v khng cp pht ca s ti cui
chu k, OLT s cp pht kch thc ca s cho request #1 ti im cui ca chu
k. ONU c cp pht request #1 cng dch ti im cui ca danh sch ONU trong
chu k ti ca vng lp.
8. Ti ONU, cc gi tin ca ca s truyn dn c a ti b m pht, sau quay tr
li bc (3).
Chiu di burst cc ai wi c thit k nhm tha mn iu kin sau:
w i MAX RTDxTr OLTp time ONU p time , Nxnguong

(2-6)

Trong : Tr l tc truyn dn
OLTp-time v ONUp-time l thi gian x l ti OLT v ONU.
Trong trng hp ny, khi s ONU c chiu di burst cc i w i l j th chiu di cc
i Rmax ca chu k roung-robin (ngha l tr cc i t lc pht request cho ti khi bt
u pht d liu) c cho bi cng thc sau:
Rmax Nx BOH Wreq w i Fmax 1 TH i

(2-7)

i j

Trong : N l s ONU

51

Thi l ngng ca ONU th i.

Khi ch c mt ONU pht lu lng lung ln, hiu sut E max (hay tc nh) c
cho bi cng thc sau:
Emax

wi
Nx BOH Wreq w i

(2-8)

Chn s ONU N= 32, Tiu burst=1:4 ms, Max RTD = 100 ms, w 1=w, Th1=w=M,
thi gian x l OLT= 16ms, thi gian x l ONT=16ms. Hnh 2-20 biu din mi quan
h gia Rmax v Emax c tnh t cc cng thc (3-1),(3-2),(3-3),(3-4),(3-5),(3-4) v (37). DRR s dng tp thng bo nhiu hng i c th t c hiu sut cao vi chu
k quay u ngn, tha mn c 3 yu cu quan trng ca DBA c d cp trong phn
0 l:
A. Chia s cng bng: Cp pht bng thng cng bng ngi x dng.
B. Tr thp: C th gii hn thi gian tr cc i.
C. Hiu sut cao: C th tng hiu sut bng thng v tng tc nh n mc c
th.

2.8. Bo mt v m ha.
Do mng GPON l mng im a im nn d liu hng xung c th c nhn
bi tt c cc ONU. Cng ngh GPON s dng bo mt hng xng vi chun mt m
tin tin AES (Advenced Encrytion Standard). D liu thu bao trong khung lung xung
c bo v thng qua lc mt m ha AES v ch phn ti lu lng trong khung
c m ha. Vi hng ln xem nh lin kt im im v khng s dng m ha bo
mt.
Cng ngh GPON s dng phng php sa li tin FEC. FEC mang li kt qu
tng qu tch ng truyn 34 dB ( li m ha) v vy cho php tng tc bit v
khong cch gia OLT v ONU cng nh h tr t s chia ln hn trong mng. FEC c
ty chn s dungk trong c hng ln v hng xung, dng m Reed Solomon thng
l RS(255,239).

2.9. Kh nng cung cp bng thng.

a. Hng xung:
Yu cu bng thng ca cc dch v c bn:

52

 Bng thng yu cu ca mt knh HDTV = 18Mbit/s.

Bng thng yu cu ca mt knh SHTV = 3Mbit/s.
Truy nhp Internet tc cao = 100 Mbit/s trn mi thu bao vi t l dng
chung 20:1.
Voice IP tc 100 Kbit/s.
Trong tc hng xung ca GPON = 2,488 Mbit/s x hiu sut 92% = 2289
Mbit/s. Trong ng dng nhiu nhm ngi s dng (MDU: Multiple Dwelling Unit), vi
ty l chia l 1:32, GPON c th cung cp dch v c bn bao gm truy cp internet tc
cao v Voice n 32 ONU, mi ONU cung cp cho 8 thu bao.
b. Hng ln.
ITU G 984 GPON khng nhng c kh nng h tr tt c cc yu cu v h thng
mng m cn cung cp mt c ch QoS ring cho lp PON vt ra ngoi cc phng
thc Ethernet lp 2 v phn loi dch v (CoS: Class of Service) IP lp 3 m bo vic
phn pht cc thng tin voice, video v TMD cht lng cao thng qua mi trng chia
s trn nn TDMA. Tuy nhin, cc c ch CoS lp 2 v lp 3 ch c th t mc ti a
l QoS lp truyn ti. Nu lp truyn ti c tr v dung sai ln th vic phn chia
mc u tin dch v khng cn ngha. i vi TDMA PON, dung lng cung cp QoS
hng ln s b hn ch khi tt c cc ONU ca PON s dng ht bng thng hng ln
v u tin ca n trong TDMA. Hng ln GPON c thng lng n 1,25 Gbit/s.
GPON s dng bng thng ngoi bng cp pht bn vi khi nim khi lu
lng (T-CONT) cho hng ln. Khung thi gian hng ln v hng xung s dng
khung tiu chun vin thng 8kHz (125s), v cc dch v c ng gi vo cc khung
theo nguyn bn ca n thng qua qu trnh m phng ng gi GPON (GEM). Ging
nh trong SONET/SDH, GPON cung cp kh nng chuyn mch bo v vi thi gian
nh hn 50ms. iu c bn lm cho GPON c tr thp l do tt c lu lng hng ln
TDMA t cc ONU c php vo mt khung 8KHz. Mi khung hng xung bao gm
mt bn cp pht bng thng hiu qu c gi qung b n tt c cc ONU v c
th h tr tnh nng tinh chnh cp pht bng thng. C ch ngoi bng ny cho php cc
GPON DBA h tr vic iu chnh cp pht bng thng nhiu ln m khng cn phi sp
xp li ti u ha tn dng bng thng.
c. Bng thng hu ch:

53

Cng ngh GPON h tr tc ln ti 1,25 Gbit/s hoc 2,5 Gbit/s hng xung v
hng ln, h tr nhiu mc tc trong khong t 155 Mbit/s n 2,5 Gbit/s. Hiu sut
s dng bng thng t trn 90%.

2.10. Kh nng cung cp dch v.

c im dch v: GPON c trin khai p ng t l dung lng dch v/chi ph
khi so snh vi mng cp ng/DSL v mng HFC c dung lng nh v cc mangh
SDH/SONET cng nh gii php quang Ethernet im im c chi ph cao. V vy n
ph hp vi cc h gia nh, doanh nghip va v nh, chnh ph v cc c quan cng
s.
Cc dch v b ba dnh cho h gia nh: GPON c pht trin mang n cc
dch v th h mi nh ITTV, truyn hnh theo yu cu, game trc tuyn, Internet tc
cao v VoIP vi chi ph hiu qu, bng thng ln v cht lng m bo cho cc thu bao
h gia nh. IP qung b qua cu hnh im a im cho php mt lung video c th
truyn ti nhiu thu bao mt cch ng thi. Kh nng cp pht bng thng ng v
phc v qu ti cho php cc nh cung cp dch v ti u ha bng thng quang, to ra
nhiu li nhun hn. Bng thng ln v cc dch v linh hot ca GPON gip cho GPON
tr thnh mt s la chn hon ho cho vic cung cp dch v ti nhiu h thu bao
MDU (Multiple Dwelling Units) nh cc ta nh, khch sn, chung c. GPON ONU c
th khc phc nh cc DSLAM VDL2.
Vi cc doanh nghip va v nh: GPON l s la chn hon ho cho cc doanh
nghip va v nh c yu cu v thoi, truy nhp Internet, VPN v cc dch v T1/E1 vi
chi ph hp l. GPON c bng thng ln v c tnh nng QoS cho cc dch v lp
doanh nghip c th c cung cp trn cng c s h tng nh cc dch v h gia nh
nhm loi tr yu cu xy dng c s h tng mi.
Vi Chnh ph, gio dc v y t: th trng cc c quan chnh ph yu cu cc dch
v d liu v thoi c cht lng cao v bng thng ln vi chi ph thp. Kh nng ca
GPON cho php phc v c hiu qu mt s lng ln thu bao cc khu vc trung tm
vn phng chnh ph, c trng hc, bnh vin cng nh cc khu vui chi gii tr, khu
cng nghip. Chnh quyn mt s quc gia thit lp mangj GPON cung cp cc
dch v thoi v d liu tc cao cho lc lng cnh st, vn phng chnh ph, ta n
v cc lc lng cu ha, c nhim nng cao cht lng phc v cng ng. GPON
l cch tt nht mang n cc trng hc Internet tc cao v cc dch v bng rng
khc.

54

Cc ng dng c bn trong mng: GPON c ng dng ch yu trong cc mng

sau:
GPON c ng dng trong cc mng truy cp FTTx cung cp cc dch v nh
IPTV, VoD, RF Video (chng ln), Internet tc cao VoIP, Voice TDM vi tc d
liu / thu bao c th t 1000 Mbit/s, h tr QoS y .
Gii tr CATV, HDTV, PPV, PDVR, IPTV H thng ng ln Video hon thin
cho modem DOCSIS v dch v Video tng tc, truyn hnh v tinh, tt c cc dch
v trn cap quang GPON.
Thng tin lin lc Cc ng thoi, thng tin lin lc, truy cp Internet, Intranet tc
cao, truy cp Internet khng dy ti nhng a im cng cng. ng bng thng
ln (BPLL) v lm backhaul cho mng khng dy.
Bo mt Camera, bo chy, bo t nhp. Bo ng an ninh, trung tm iu khin
24/7 vi kh nng gim st, backup d liu, SANs.

2.11. Kt lun
Qua cc nghin cu trn, chng ta c th rt ra mt s c im c bn ca cng
ngh GPON nh sau:
Cng ngh GPON c ITU chun ha trong tiu chun ITU G984.x
K thut truy nhp s dng trong GPON l TDMA.
H tr nhiu loi tc truy nhp ng ln t 155 Mbit/s n 2.5 Gbit/s, h tr hai
t truy nhp ng xung 1,25 Gbit/s v 2,5 Gbit/s.
Hng ti mng cung cp dch v y , h tr c cc dch v TDM v Ethernet vi
hiu sut s dng bng thng cao.
Vn tc nghn lu lng v nhng vn lin quan ca mng truy nhp quang tc
cao c gii quyt bng cc th tc nh c v phn nh bng tn tc cc vi
cc phng php kim sot vng vi cc chu k thch ng, c ch lp lc quay vng
khng y v c bit l c ch phn nh bng tn s dng tp thng bo nhiu
hng i.
Cc th tc iu khin v bo hiu trong GPON n gin nhng vn m bo gii
quyt cc vn c bn v k thut ca mng truy nhp bng rng tc cao, p

55

ng cc yu cu k thut ca dch v, iu khin cho GPON l cng ngh s dng

bng thng hiu qu nht trong cc loi cng ngh PON hin c.

Ti liu tham kho

1. Credic F.Lam (2007), Passive Optical Networks princeiples anhd practice.
2. ITU G.983.1 (1998), Broadband Optical Access Systems Based on Passice Optical
Network (PON).
3. ITU G.983.2 (2000), ONT Management and Control Interface Specfication for ATM
PON.
4. ITU G.984.2 (2003), Gigabit-capable Passive, Optical Network (GPON): Genaral
characteristic.
5. ITU G.984.3 (2003), Gigabit-capable Passive,
Transmission convergence layer specfication.

Optical

Network

(GPON):

6. ITU G.984.4 (2003), Gigabit-capable Passive, Optical Network (GPON): ONT

management ang control interface specification
7. Th.s Nguyn Trng Hip (2008), Lun vn thc s k thut nghin cu mng quang
th ng GPON.
8. Hong Vn Bnh (2008), Nghin cu gii php cng ngh quang th ng Gigabit
ph hp vi yu cu mng VNTP.

56