Longin ot bars 1 Heght of te wall a Manu poponans oat A Yr acl Slab (hing and overrrng) oF Open excavation: side slopes and soil retention 87 Mcroptes metnod . ears 1s a) 7% 7 0a wo oo 00 Fig. 321. Observed proportions of height of wall to length of nails as a function of retained soil strength" Fig. 322. Nailed walls: cumulative length of nails per ‘square metre of wall face as a function of soil strength”? ranges from 50 to 100kPa, reducing as the soil becomes saturated. With the French preference for pressuremeter testing, a large number of pull-out tests were undertaken in the Clouterre research project and limit pressure- meter pressure and soil-nail frictional resistance were correlated (Fig. 3.23). In all cases where economical wall design is necessary, a knowledge of pull- out tests for nails is essential, and before introducing soil nailed walls into previously untried soil conditions there should be short test programme of nail pull-outs. Movements which occur in other reinforced soil structures (such as reinforced soil walls) similarly occur in nailed walls and are inherent in the method due to the relatively flexible structure produced by reinforcing soil. Displacements which occur during excavation and are largely complete thereafter vary between 1/1000 and 1/3000, where H is the wall height. Figure 3.24 shows some recorded values. ory tant moron + 010 asin sia Sher S808, tu) 88 8 8 t 00) pera) » Fig.3.23, Values of soit-nai {on as a function of soil strength: (a) expressed as angie of soil shearing resistance for various soils; (b) expressed as limit pressure from pressuremeter tests for grouted and driven nails88 Deep excavations Fig. 324, Observed range of values of maximum horizontal displacement of nailed walls'® Fig. 328. Dotinitions of displacements é, by and &y"® Table 3.1 Displacements in railed waits Table 3.2 Sacrificial nail thickness allowed with respect to expected degrees of soi! corrosion (CESTP (1) wal © Coutene ‘sp, om) 3 Sm Height of wan) Schlosser er al.'? referred to three displacements, dy. dy. &y (Fig. 3.25), and observed 6 to be approximately the same as dy. The length A is defined as that minimum distance from the back of the wall to the point where lateral movement 4, reduces to zero. The value of ) is a function of soil type (coeffi- cient K), the inclination from the vertical of the wall n, and H, according to the empirical relationship A= K(1 = tann)H. (37) The values of dy. 6y and X, from the expression for A, are summarized in Table 3.1. . Schlosser et al. reported that corrosion should be allowed for in structures with an expected service life of more than 18 months. In France it is usual to allow a sacrificial thickness for corrosion of the nails. The total thickness is calculated so that, given the expected degree of corrosion, an adequate thick ness of nail remains at the end of the service life. The Clouterre recommenda tions specify degrees of corrosion which include resistivity and soil moisture content, and these are included in Table 3.2 showing the recommended extra thicknesses of stec! ‘The modes of failure of a nailed wall were referred to earlier, and basically can be compared with a classical wedge failure but with modifications, In all cases the overall stability of the wall should be checked, that is, over a poten- tial failure surface which passes to the rear of, and beneath, the nailed volume of soil to emerge at formation level in front of the wall. A conventional Soil type ‘Weathered rocks, Sandy soils Clayey soils stiff soils dua oy 1/1000 21/1000 34/1000 x 08 12s 1 Class Soil character Service life Service life Service life <18 months 1-5 to 30 years 30 to 100 years IV Alitile corrosive 0 2mm 4mm ML Fairly corrosive 0 4mm 8mm nL Corrosive 2mm 8mm Plastic barrier 1 Strongly corrosive Compulsory ‘Compulsory plastic barrier plastic barrier