K Kb

HA + H2O
K ( HA )

K ( HA ) K b( A )

--

A + H3O
[H3O ] [ A ]

[HA ]

--

A + H2O
K b ( )

HA + OH

--

[OH ] [HA]

[ A ]

[H3O ] [ A ] [OH ] [HA]

[HA ]
[ A ]

14
K ( HA ) K b( A ) [H3O ] [OH ] K ( HA ) K b( A ) KW 10 (25C)

K ( HA ) K b( A ) Kw
log( Ka Kb) log10 14 log Ka log Kb 14 log Ka log Kb 14

pKa pKb 14

1010

HClO4

ClO4-

10-24

109

HI

10-23

108

HBr

Br-

10-22

1.3 . 106

HCl

Cl-

7.7 . 10-21

103

H2SO4

HSO4-

10-17

3 . 101

HNO3

NO3-

3 . 10-16

H3O+

H2O

10-14

1.1 . 10-2

HSO4-

SO42-

9.1 . 10-13

7.2 . 10-4

HNO2

NO2-

1.4 . 10-11

6.6 . 10-4

HF

F-

1.5 . 10-11

2.1 . 10-4

HCOOH

HCOO-

4.8 . 10-11

1.8 . 10-5

CH3COOH

CH3COO-

5.6 . 10-10

4.4 . 10-7

H2CO3

HCO3-

2.3 . 10-8

5.6 . 10-10

NH4+

NH3

1.8 . 10-5

4 . 10-10

HCN

CN-

2.5 . 10-5

4.7 . 10-11

HCO3-

CO32-

2.1 . 10-4

10-14

H2O

OH-

 Bronsted- Lowry
--

HA + B

A + BH

+ 2 .

1 + . 2

.
:

CH3COOH + CO3

2--

--

Kw

K (CH3COOH ) 10 K

b (CH COO )
3

K b(CO2 ) 10 4 K ( HCO3 )
3

K (CH3COOH ) K ( HCO )
3

K (CH3COOH )

10 14
10

10
10 4

10 14
9

10
105

K b(CO2 ) K b(CH COO )

--

CH3COO + HCO3

..

HNO3 + F

--

--

NO3 + HF

K, Na, Ag

+1

-1

Ca, Mg, Zn

+2

+1, -1

Al

+3

-2 (-1, +2)

Cu

+1, +2

Cl, Br, I

-1(+1,+3,+5,+7)

Fe

+2, +3

-2(+4,+6)

N,P

-3(+3,+5)

-4,+4

CN-:

SO4-2 :

OH-:

SO3-2 :

ClO4- :

HSO4- :

ClO3- :

CO3-2 :

ClO2- :

CO3- :

ClO- :

PO4-3 :

NO3- :

PO4-2 :

NO2- :

2PO4- :
NH4+:

+x A-y

y Ax

,:

:
+

--

NaCl
CaF2

Na + Cl
2+
-Ca + 2F

NH4Cl

NH4 + Cl

HCOONa

CH3COONH4

KNO3

HCOO + Na

K + NO3

+
--

2CH3COO + Ca
+

--

---

(CH3COO)2Ca
NaHSO4

2+

--

Na + HSO4

--

CH3COO + NH4

pH

1.
.
: Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, ClO4 Na+, K+, Ca2+ , ( Ba2+)
+

NaCl

Na + Cl
+

KNO3

--

pH= 7

--

K + NO3

2.
(.. NH4+ ,RNH3+)
+

NH4Cl

NH4 + Cl

--

pH< 7
+

NH4 + H2O

NH3 + H3O

3. ( .. F-,CN-,
ClO-, )

NaCN
--

CN + H2O

--

Na + CN

pH> 7
--

HCN + OH

4.
( . NH4F, NH4CN, CH3COONH4 )
+

NH4F

NH4 + F

--

K ( NH ) K b( F )
4

NH4 + H2O

NH3 + H3O

--

pH < 7

--

F + H2O

HF + OH

CH3COONH4

CH3COO + NH4

--

--

CH3COO + H2O

CH3COOH + OH

NH4 + H2O
NH4CN
+

NH4 + H2O
--

CN + H2O

NH3 + H3O
+

K b(CH COO ) K ( NH )
3

--

pH = 7

--

NH4 + CN

NH3 + H3O

--

HCN + OH

K ( NH ) K b(CN )
4

pH > 7


pH NH4F C.
5
4
14
K

10
K

10
K

10
b ( NH3 )
w

, ( HF )

+
-NH4F
NH4 + F

(1)
.

NH3 + H3O

C
/. -x

--

F + H2O

C-y

K (NH ) K b(F )

CNH CF
4

--

+y

+y
I.I.

HF + OH

C
/. -y

+x

C-x

(2)

C
+

NH4 + H2O

+x
I.I.

K ( NH )
4

Kw
K b( NH3 )

1014
9

10
105
K b( F )

Kw

K ( HF )

10 14
10

10
104

, 1

x y [H3O ] [OH ]