I.

-, ()
1. ,
:
) Ca(NO3)2 , ) KOH , ) HCl , ) NH3 , ) MgCl2 , ) NH4Cl
) Na2SO4 , ) (NH4)2SO4 ,) CH3COOH , ) CH3COOK ) HCN , ) NaHSO4
2. H2SO4 H3PO4 .
;
.
3.
Bronsted- Lowry;
--+
+
i) HBr , ii) Cl , iii) CN , iv) H2SO4 , v) NH4 , vi) H2S , vii) H3O
4. :
HClO4
H2O
H2CO3

--
NH3
HCOO
H2O
HSO4
2-
CO3
5.
-:
--1. HCO3
. HS
2. CH3COOH

. HCOOH

2--

3. NH4

. CO3

4. H2S

. CH3COO

--

--

5. HCOO

. NH3
2--

. S
6. :
-2-+
--) H2O , ) HS , ) HPO4 , ) NH4 , ) OH ) F
7.
:
NaOH

CH3COOK

HCOONH4

Ca(OH)2

HCOONa

NaF

NH4Cl

(CH3COO)2Ca

NaHCO3

NaHSO4

8.
:
+
) HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, H2S, H2CO3, CH3COOH, HCOOH, NH4
--

2--

2--

2--

--

--

) NH3, CH3NH2, CN , S ,CO3 , SO4 ,HCOO , CH3COO

9. .
---HS , HCO3 , HSO3

.

10.
:
) NaOH 0,1
) Na2SO4 0,05
) Ca(OH)2 0,5

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

1.

2.

3.

4.

) (CH3COO)2Ca 5.10-3
) NH4NO3 0,001
II. /
NaOH pH=12. %w/v
.
[ . 0,04%]
Ca(OH) 2 0,037%w/v. pH
;
[ . 12]
20mL KOH 0,5M 30mL KOH 1M.
400ml.
pH .
[. 13]
1100mL NaOH pH=9 10mL
NaOH 0,01M. pH . [.10]
500mL HCl 0,06M 448cm3 HCl
stp. pH .
[. 1]
200mL Ca(OH) 2 pH=12, 80mg
NaOH. , pH
. log2=0,3.
[.12,3]
0,1 .
pH ;
[. 2]
,
: , 1,19g/mL,
37%w/w , HCl 36,5. 4,15 mL
.
500mL. pH . [. 1]
III.
[]=[ -], []
.
:
. 1
. 0
. 0,5
. 0,25

[] = 9[-], []
. ;
.
O3 6,3 % w/v [ 3O+] = 1 .
HCOOH 4,6% w/v [3O+] = 0,01 .
O21 [ 3O+] = 0,04 . HCIO
52,5 mg/mL [ 3O+]= 0.08.
) ,
) .

0,1 mol , 1 500
mL [3O+] = 0,2 .
) ,
2

) 1 2 L , 2.

[3O+] 2
IV. /
1. 0,1 mol ,
400 mL. p
. A: K = 4 10-8.
[4, 4.10-4 ]
2. p = 11.
. [0.2 M, 5.10-3]
: : Kb = 5 10-6, 2:w = 10-14.
3. (1) 1 .
) p 1.
) 100 mL 1 9,9 L , 2.
:
i) p 2,
) 1 2.
: Ka = 10-6.
[ ) pH1= 3, ) pH 2= 4, 1/2=1/10]
4. 360 mg
) p
20 mL , .
) HCl 0,01 .
p .
K = 10-5.
[) pH 1= 3, ) pH 2= 2]
5. 1 2 0,4
0,1 .
) .
) 100 mL 1 200 mL 2.
p .
. : K = 5 10-6.
[) 2=21, ) pH= 3]
6. 13,5 g ,
2 L, p = 5. :
) ,
) ,
) ,
o . : K = 4 . 10-10.
[) 0,25, )27, )6L ]
7. (1)
(2) , . 1
p = 3, 2 p = 4
) ;
) mol NaOH ;
) ,
p;
[ ) , ) , ) 1 ]
8. 1 0,2 p = 3.
) 1;
) 2 0,05 ;
) 1 p = 2,5. ,
; .
[)5.10-3 ,) 0,01, ) ]
3

9.
[] = 2[-]. :
) p ,
) c . : Ka = 0,05.
[) p = 1 - =1/3, ) 0,3]
10. 3 0,05 (1) 2 L. 1 6,72 L
3, STP, 2 2 L.
:
) p 1 2,
) % 3 3
3: Kb = 2 10-5, 20: Kw = 10-14, log2 = 0,3.
[)pH1= 11- pH2=11,3 ) 2=50% 1 ]
11. (1) (2)
V p = 2. V = 100V, 1
p = 3, 2 p = 4.
) ,
) ;
12. 3 p = 11.
) % w/v
3 ;
) g NH3 500 mL ,
p ; 3
.
: 3: Kb = 10-5,2O: Kw =10-14.
[)0,17%w/v, ) 7,65g]
13. (1) 1 ,
(2) 0,25 .
) 1 2.
) p;
) 1 2,
3 p = 3;
; : K = 2 10-6.
[ )1/2=1/2, ) 2 ,) V1/V2=1/2-0.002]
14. 4,48 L 3, STP, ,
2 L. 50 mL , p
. :
) p ,
) ,
) 3 . : 3: Kb = 10-5,
2: Kw = 10-14.
[)pH= 11,)4,95L, )0,1]
V. b
1.
. HCN, HCO 3-, H2O H2S
:
) HCN+OH- H2O+CN) HCO 3- +CN- HCN+ CO3-2
) H2S+CO3-2 HCO3-+HS 2. /
(.111),
:

) NH3 + HF NH 4+ +F) CH3COOH +SO4-2 CH 3COO- +HSO4) HCO3- +HNO2 H2CO 3 + NO23. :
. SO 4- + HCO3- SO4-2 + 2CO 3
. CH3COO- + HNO2 CH3COOH + NO 2. NH3 + HCO3- NH 4+ + CO3-2
. HCN + OH - H2O + CN. HCO3- + CN - HCN + CO3-2
. H2S+CO3-2 HCO3-+ HS . HSO 3- + HCO3- SO 3-2 + 2CO 3
: SO4-=10-2 , H2CO3 =10-6,
HNO2=10-3 , CH3COOH= 10-5 , HC=10-10 , HCO3-- =10-11, 2S=10-7, HSO3-=10-7 ,
b NH 3 =10-5 .
VI.
1. ,
:
) KBr
) NaNO2
) HCOONa
) MgCl2
) CH3NH3Cl
) CH3COONH4

) HCOONH4

) NH4NO3

) NH4F

HCOOH =10-4, NH3 Kb=10-5, CH3COOH

=10-5 HF K= 10-4 .
2. pH :
) NaCl 0,1
) HCOONa 0,2
) NH4NO3 0,1

) (HCOO)2Ca 0,1
.

3.

4.

5.

6.

-4

HCOOH =2 10 , NH3 Kb=10-5

NaA (1) 1 .
) p -;
) 1 L 1 , 2 10 L.
p 2 -
.
: HA: Ka = 10-6, 2: Kw = 10-14.
[ ) pH=10, =10-4 ) pH=9,5 , = 10 .10-4 ]
HCOONa 0,1 NaNO2 p
,
) HCOO- NO2-.
) NaN2. : HCOOH:
Ka = 2 10-4, 2: Ka = 5 10-4.
[ ) C=0.25M ]
20,4 g HCOONa 8,4g HCOOK 2L.
p ;
: HCOOH: Ka = 2 .10-4, 2O: Kw = 10-14.
[pH=8,5 ]
NaCIO (1 2) 0,2 0,05
.
) ClO-
p ,

) ,
ClO- 3 2 10 -3;
: HCIO: Ka = 2,5 10-8, 2O: K w = 10-14.
[) 1<2 , pH 1> pH2 ) V1:V 2=1:2 ]
7. 9g CH3 COONa CH3COOK ,
500 mL, p = 9. :
) CH3COO- ,
) . : CH3COOH: Ka = 2 10-5, 2O: w
= 10-14.
[) CCH3COO- = 0.2 M ) n1=n2=0.05 mol ]
8. p :
) NaHSO4 1 .
) 100 mL, 14,2g Na2SO 4. : H2SO4:
a2 = 10-2, 2O: Kw = 10-14.
[) pH=1 ) pH=8 ]
VII. - ...
1. HA 10-5.
p :
) 0,1 .
) 0,1 NaA 0,1 .
) 0,1 HC1 0,1 .
[) 10-2 3, ) 10-4 5, ) 10-4 1
2. 3 p
:
) 3 0,1,
) 3 0,1 4Cl 0,1,
) 30,1 4O3 0,01.
3: Kb = 10-5.
[) 10-2 11, ) 10-4 9, ) 10-3 10 ]
3. 1 .
) p ;
) 100 mL 0,4 g NaOH,
. p
; : Kb = 10-6.
[) 10-3 11, ) 10-5 13 ]
4. p 25
C :
) 0,1 NaOH 0,1 ,
) 0,1 NaOH 10 -4.
: Kb = 10-3.
[) 10-2 13 ) 10-1 12 ]
5. pH H2SO4 0,09.
H2SO4 2 =1,25.10-2. [ pH=1 ]
6. CH3COOH 0,6% w/v.
) p CH3COOH;
) 500 mL 4,1 g CH 3COONa,
.
CH3COOH p . CH3COOH:
Ka = 10-5.
[) 10-2 3, ) 10-4 5 ]

7. 2,24L 3, stp, ,
500 mL.
) 3
H4+ .
) 2g NaOH,
. 3,
H4+ p .
3: Kb = 2 10-5.
[ ) =2 .10-2 CNH 2 103 M ,) =2 .10-4 CNH 4 105 M - pH=13]
4

8. CH3COOH () 0,1 .
) p CH3COOH.
) g CH 3COONa 2 L ,
p ;
) g HCl 2 L ,
p ; CH3COONa HCl
. CH3COOH: Ka = 10-5.
[) pH=3- =10-2, ) 16,4g , ) 7,3g ]
9. 3 = 0,01.
) ;
) g NH4NO 3 250 mL ,
p ;
3 ;
4NO3 .
3: Kb = 10-5.
[ ) 0,1, ) 2g 10-4 ]
10. 100 mL HCOOH 0,3 200 mL
HCOONa 0,3 . HCOOH
p .

HCOOH: Ka = 2 10-4.
[10-3 4 ]
11. 4,8 g 10,08g
1,5 L.
.
6,3.10-4.
{[3+]=6,3.10-4}
12. OH- NH 3 0,34%w/v 2.10-3.
CH 3NH2 CH3NH2
0,1M NaOH 0,1M 4 .10-3.
, CH3NH 2 NH3;
[ Kb (CH3 NH 2 ) Kb ( NH3 ) ]
13. 3 (1) 0,2 3 L.
3 1 10-2.
) Kb 3;
) 1 2 L 4NO3 0,6 ,
2. p 3
2. 25 C.
[) Kb 2 105 ,) 9- 8,3. 10-5 ]

14. NaA pH=11.

) - .
) 500mL NaOH,
pH . :
) - .
) NaOH .
.
: : =5 .10-9, H 2O: w=10-14.
[ )2 .10-3 , i) 2.10-4 ii) 0,2g ]
15. ( 1989) 1L 25C
0,1 mol 0,1 mol . pH
1.
25 C 0,2. :
) [-]
[] .
) [-]
[] .
) 25 C.
[. 2/30, 1/30 . 1/30 2/30 ]
VIII.
:

1. HCl +KOH

1. HCl + NaF

2. HF +NaOH

2. HCl + HCOONa

3. HCN + KOH

3. CH3COOK + HNO3

4. Ca(OH)2 + HBr

4. NH4Cl + NaOH

5. NH3 + HCl

5. RNH3Br + KOH

6. NH3 + HNO3

6. NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2

7. RNH2 + HCl

7. KCN + HCl

8. HCOOH + NaOH

8. HCl + NaClO

9. CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2

9. HNO3 + NaCN

10. HClO + NaOH

10. R2NHCl + KOH

11. HClO4 + KOH

11. (HCOO)2Ca + HBr

12. NaNO2 + HNO3

12. HNO2 + NaOH

13. Ca(OH)2 + HI

-
1. 3 (1) p =11,5 100 mL.
) % w/v 1;
) 1 50 mL HCl 1
, 2 250 mL. :
i) p 1,
ii) 2.

 25 C. 3: Kb = 2 10-5.
[) 0,85%w/v, ) 5 - [Cl- ]=0.2M ]
2. 3 0,2 p = 11.
) Kb .
) 300 mL 100 mL 3
0,5 . p .
[ ) 5.10-6, ) 8 ]
3. 500 mL NH4CI p = 5 4 g NaOH,
. p
.
3: Kb = 2 10-5.
[ pH=13, NH 4 105 M ]
4. 3 L RNH3CI
0,2 .
) p ;
) 8 g NaOH,
. p .
RNH2: Kb = 2 10-4.
[)pH=5.5 )pH=10 ]
5. 1 RNH2 p = 11,5.
) .
) 2 L 1 7,3 g HCl,
2 2L. p 2.
) 2 4 g NaOH,
. p 3 .
: RNH2: Kb = 10-4, 2O: KW = 10-14.
[) 0,1, ) pH=5,5, ) pH=10 ]
6. 800 mL (1) HA p = 3 200 mL
(2) NaOH 0,4 .
. .
. .
. - (3)
.
. (3) 0,01 mol NaA
. p (4) .
, = 5 10"6.
[ . , . K = 10-5, . 4 5 106 M , . p = 9.]
7. ( 1998) 1 mol NaOH 1L
1 mol 1mol ,
25% 75%
. :
) H3+ .
) .
NaOH.
: =10 -5
:

.
[ ) 3.10-5 )9 . 10-5 ]

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

3 0,5 .
) p .
) mol HCI 300 mL
, p = 9; HCI
.
: 3: b = 2 .10-5, 2: Kw = 10-14.
[) 11,5, ) 0,1 mol ]
CH3COONa 0,1 .
) o p .
) mol HCI 2 L ,
2 L p = 5;
: CH3COOH: = 10-5, 2: Kw = 10-14.
[ ) 9, ) 0,1 mol ]
(1) 0,2 p = 3.
) .
) 1 NaOH.
p:
i) 7
ii) >7
iii) <7
) 300 mL 1 NaOH
0,5 , 2 p = 6.
NaOH .
2: Kw = 10-14. 25 C.
[=5.10-6, ) 100mL ]
() 1 2 L.
) p
.
) mol NaOH ,
p 2 ;
) mol NaOH ,
p = 10; NaOH
.
: : K = 10-6, 2: Kw = 10-14.
[) 3-0,001, ) 2/11 mol, ) 2 mol]
CH3COONa (1) p = 9.
) CH3COO- .
) 500 mL 1 HCl ,
2 2 L p = 2.
moles HCl . : CH3COOH: K = 10-5, 2O:
Kw = 10-14.
[) 10-4, ) 0,07 mol]
NaA (1) C1 = 1 .
) - p 1.
) p
1.
) 200 mL 1 200 mL HCl
C2, 2 p = 6.
C 2 HCl.
25 C. : HA: K = 10-6,
2: Kw = 10-14.

10

[) 10-4 10, ) 0,5 ]

7. , 3 NH4CI C1 C2
, p = 9.
) C1 C2.
) 500 mL 0,04 mol HCl, p
0,3 .
C1 C2.
HCl
. 3 b = 2 .10-5, 2: Kw = 10-14, log2=0.3
100.3 2 .
[) C2=2C 1 ) C1=0,2 C2=0,4]

11