CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORSIn the petroleum industry, gas is com- pressed for transportation to consuming markets and for refining processes. This program is about the construction and operation of compressors. Unit 3 of Compressors teaches the oper- ating principles of centrifugal and axial compressors and the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.INSTRUCTIONS This is a programed learning course. Programed learning gives information in a series of steps called frames. Each frame gives some information and asks you to make use of it. Here is how it works. First, cover the response column at the right with a mask. Read this frame and use the information it gives to fill in the blank, A micrometer is an instrument designed to measure in thousandths of an inch, A micrometer is a good tool for measuring very differences in size. Move the mask down to uncover the word at the right of the frame. If you have filled the blank with that word or a word that means the same, you are ready to go ahead to the next frame. The drawing of a micrometer provides information that will help you fill in the next blanks. OBJECT TO BE MEASURED. ANVIL AYE THIMBLE SPINDLE To RATCHET CAP FRAME Seven major parts are shown in the drawing, but only the ____and the___contact the object to be measured. small anvil, spindleThe next frame calls for a choice. Circle or underline the ap- propriate word. Of the two parts that contact the object, only the (anvil/ spindle) moves. A program is a series of frames that work like the ones you have just done. Read the frame. Use the information to fill in the blanks or make a choice. Move the mask down and check the response column. Go on to the next frame. Remember to cover the response column with a mask before you begin each page. Notice that the left-hand pages from here on are printed upside down, The program is designed so that you will go through all the right-hand pages first, and then turn the book upside down and go through the other pages. spindleCENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS Section One POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY Exhibits for this program are placed in the center of the book so that they may be removed easily for reference. Please remove them now so that you will have them available when needed. 10, 1. 12. To do work, some form of energy is needed. An electric motor needs —_____ energy. Under certain conditions, matter can do work. A wound-up clock spring ( can do work / cannot do work ). ‘A moving hammer, due to its motion, ( can / cannot ) do work, Both the moving hammer and the wound-up spring possess some kind of ________ that enables them to do work The hammer is moving and the spring is not. The energy of a moving hammer and the energy of a wound-up spring is ( the same /a different ) kind of energy, ‘A moving hammer and flowing water possess kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy that a body possesses due to its ( motion | molecular arrangement ). ‘A.wound spring and still water behind a dam have potential energy. Potential energy is the energy that a body possesses due to its position or _______ arrangement. When a spring is wound, _____is done on Because of the work that was done on it, the wound-up spring possesses potential Suppose a ball of iron is lifted 20 feet off the ground. Work was done in lifting the iron ball. The ball, due to its position, possesses _____ energy. The ball is allowed to drop. As the ball drops, it acquires energy, due to its motion. When the ball hits the ground, it does electric can do work can energy a different motion molecular work energy potential kinetic work13. Something possessing kinetic energy can do when it is slowed down or stopped. 14. Work is done in lifting the ball. Due to the work done on it, the ball acquires ______ energy. 15. The potential energy of the ball is turned into energy as the ball drops. 16. The kinetic energy in turn can be converted into as the ball is stopped. 17. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one_______ to another. 18. Potential energy can be converted into —___ energy or work. 19. Kinetic energy can be converted into ————___ energy. 20. As work is done on an object, some kind of is added to it. PRESSURE AND VELOCITY—TWO FORMS OF GAS ENERGY 21. When an amount of gas is compressed into a smaller volume, the pressure of the gas ( increases / stays the sams). 22, To compress the gas, some ________ has to be done to it. 23. Compressed gas in a static state exerts its energy in the all directions. form of pressuré When a gas is tlowing, some of its energy in the form of pressure is converted to energy in the form of motion in (a single direction / all directions ). work potential kinetic work form, or type kinetic potential energy increases work a single direction24, 25, ‘A compressed gas possesses potential energy due to the it exerts, A flowing gas possesses kinetic energy due to its . in one direction. 26. Gas ina static state has all of its energy in the form of only. 27. Velocity is the speed of flow. The higher the speed of flow, the higher the 28. If the gas is allowed to flow, some of its pressure is converted into —______. 29, The total energy of a flowing gas is a function of its velocity, plus its 30. If no work is done and no energy is lost, the total energy of a gas during flow ( changes / remains constant ). 31. When the total energy stays the same, and energy in the form of velocity increases, energy in the form of pressure must ( increase / decrease ). 32. If the flowing gas is slowed down so that its velocity is decreased, then its pressure must 33. Anything possessing potential energy must have had some done on it at some previous time. 34, A gas with pressure has had _________ done on it. 35. By doing work on something, one ( can / cannot ) increase its total energy. 36. A compressor does work on a gas and thus adds or in- creases the total____of the gas. LAWS OF MOTION 37. When a car accelerates quickly from rest, the driver is thrown (forward / backward ). 38. When the brakes are applied as the car is moving, the driver is thrown ( forward / backward ) 39. If the wheels of a moving car are turned, but there is no traction, as on ice, the car tends to ( turn / continue in a straight line ). 40. A body at rest tends to remain at ________. 41. A body in motion tends to continue in —_____. pressure ‘motion, or flow pressure velocity velocity pressure remains constant decrease energy backward forward continue in a straight line rest ‘motion42. When a body is in motion and there is no outside force acting on it, it tends to continue in a ( straight line / curved line ). straight line 43. When a driver turns his car, the car ( opposes / does not oppose ) the change of direction. ‘opposes 44, A body at rest remains at rest unless it is acted upon by some outside —_____. force 45. Ifa gas in a pipe is not flowing, the gas tends to ( remain static / flow ). remain static DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS 48. A dynamic compressor adds energy to gas in the same manner that an electric fan does. The rotating blades of the fan force air to—___. move, or flow 47. Air that at rest tends to remain at —____. rest 48. As the fan blades start turning, they push on the air. The stationary ai the push of the blades. resists49. 50. 51. 82. 53. 54. 56. 87. As the air resists the blades, the molecules of the air are brought ( closer together / further apart ). When the air molecules are compressed, the volume of the air ( decreases | increases ) As the volume of the air decreases, its pressure The blades of the fan overcome the resistance of the air and thrust the air forward. The faster the blades turn, the ( faster / slower ) the air is pushed. The fan, by doing work on the air, actually increases the and velocity of the air. When velocity and pressure are added to a gas, its total energy A dynamic compressor increases total gas energy by adding —_____ and _______ to the gas. The total energy of a gas leaving a compressor is ( less than / greater than ) the total energy of the gas entering the compressor. The energy that a gas gains in a compressor is due to the —___done on it. Centrifugal Compressors 58. 88. Any body set in motion tends to continue in motion. If there is no gravity pull, nor any obstacle to deflect it, any body in motion travels in a ( straight / curved ) line. ‘Suppose a ball attached to a string is set in motion. Assume that there is no gravity and that the string has no effect on the ball. BALL STRING The ball moves in a ( circle / straight line ) closer together decreases increases faster pressure increases pressure, velocity greater than work straight straight line