Top Science 5º PDF

Top Science 5 PRIMARY
TEACHERS
RESOURCE BOOK
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Introduction
Top Science 5 Teachers Resource Book provides a range of materials
designed to complement the Students Book and the Teachers Book.
These materials contribute to the flexible nature of Top Science: students
in the same class can be given worksheets at different levels, or weaker
students can complete the tasks with stronger peers. Teachers with more
contact hours can make use of these photocopiable materials
as and when they need them.
There are three categories of worksheets: reinforcement, extension,
and assessment. Use them for revision purposes, for extension
practice, as progress tests, assessment, or for homework.
The worksheets can be photocopied and filed in a folder.
Reinforcement and extension worksheets

There are forty-two reinforcement worksheets. These materials
constitute a flexible tool: they can be worked on after the relevant
section in the Students Book, before the Activities sections, or as extra
preparation for the unit assessment. The answer keys are provided.
There are fifteen double-page extension worksheets, one for each unit
of the Students Book. These worksheets can be used for fast
finishers or to extend class work. Depending on their level, students
can complete the worksheets with or without consulting their Students
Book or other sources. The answer keys are provided.
12
The Earths crust
ReinfoRcement
Name
Date
Name
The Earths crust is made up of rocks. Over time, these rocks wear down and break apart.
Soil is made up of the remains of rocks and of living things.
Date
These groups of stars are constellations. And of

all the constellations, there is one that is easily
recognised by everyone: the Big Dipper, also known
as Ursa Major or the Big Bear.
The Earths crust is continually changing because of erosion, transport and deposition,
andsedimentation.
The Big Dipper is located in the northern

hemisphere. It is made up of seven stars. Three
of these stars seem to form the handle and four
appear to form the bowl of a dipper, another name
for a ladle or scoop.
Match.
The rock breaks apart.
Water enters cracks in the rock

and freezes.
EXTENSION
Scorpions and dragons, princesses and hunters,

chariots and arrows... If you look up at the sky on
a clear night, from a place without pollution, you
will see hundreds of stars that form outlines of
interesting shapes.
Remember
Star gazing
URSA MINOR
URSA MAJOR
The star at the end of the handle of the Little

Dipper is the North Star, also known as Polaris or
the Pole Star. Another way to find the North Star is
to draw a line through the last two stars of the bowl
of the Big Dipper. This line will point to the North
Star.
When water freezes,

it expands.
Now, explain how water causes rocks to break down.
Close by is the constellation of Cepheus, which represents the legendary king of Ethiopia, Cefeo.
Beyond Cepheus you can see Cassiopeia, which will look like an M or W, depending on the season.
Winter is the best time of year to see the constellations Orion, the hunter, and Canis Major, the dog
which followed Orion.
In total, there are 88 constellations.
Number these processes in the correct order.

Wind carries the eroded material.
Wind and water erode a mountain.
Read and answer.

What is a constellation?
The material settles at the foot of another mountain.
Write an example for each case.
What constellation does the Pole Star belong to? In what hemisphere is it?
Rivers and streams
Wind
Seawater
Erosion
Transport
What constellation has the shape of a hunter and his dog?
Sedimentation
20
Top Science 5 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educacin, S.L.
60
II
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Diagnostic tests
There are six double-page diagnostic tests. They are to be completed
at the start of the school year to give an indication of the students
basic level of Science and English. The answer keys are provided.
6
History
Name
1
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Date
Number in order from the oldest to the most recent.
Complete the chart.
Look at the picture. Circle five errors.

Why are they errors?
Match.
Millenium
10 years
Decade
1,000 years
Century
100 years
Many thousands
of years ago
Write the century.

69
1115
1789
203
1456
1894
2,000 years ago
1,000 years ago
People lived in
People travelled in/on
Historical remains:
What is a timeline?
Look at the picture. What period in history does it represent? Explain.
Write one example for each.
Make your own timeline.

20
I was born
An important monument in your Autonomous Community or City:
A famous historic person from your Autonomous Community or City:
102
103
Individual results chart

The individual results chart indicates areas in which a student has
achieved acceptable competence and highlights areas which require
additional practice.
IndIvIduAL RESuLTS CHART
name
date
Yes
NP*
Yes
Comments
The human body and health
Matter, energy and machines
Identify the function of bones, muscles

and joints.
describe the properties of mass, matter

and volume.
understand a diagram of the human body.
Identify examples of physical and

chemical changes.
Identify the organs of the digestive,

respiratory and circulatory systems.
Explain how the brain allows us to see.
Recognise the components of the
digestive system.
Identify healthy habits.
Recognise what makes up a healthy diet
Identify the four main stages of life
Living things
Identify and describe life processes.
Identify types of energy sources.

differentiate renewable from
non-renewable sources of energy.
describe white light and know the primary
colours of light.
differentiate between simple and
compound machines.
Population, economy and maps
understand how plants make food.
differentiate between municipalities,

comarcas, etc.
name the main characteristics of

vertebrates
Recognise molluscs, arthropods, jellyfish
and earthworms.
differentiate natural growth from

migratory growth.
Recognise the responsibilities of political
organisations.
Identify the parts of an insect.
distinguish between the three main

economic sectors.
Protecting the environment
Know how to use the points of a compass

to find directions.
describe the Earths orbit and name the

four phases of the Moon.
Interpret scales on maps.
Identify the processes involved in the

changes of state of water.
describe the water cycle.
Identify rocks and minerals.
describe the components of soil.
Comments
Recognise the physical properties of

some materials.
Identify the parts of a flower.
differentiate invertebrates from

vertebrates.
NP*
Time and space

Relate historic remains to different
periods in history.
Relate people and inventions to their time
in history.
Identify producers and consumers.

Identify features of landscapes.
104
NP: needs practice.
105
III
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Assessment worksheets
There is a double-page unit assessment worksheet and one multiplechoice test for each unit. In addition, there are three double-page
term assessments and three term tests. There is one double-page
final assessment and a three-page final test.
1
Living things
Name
1
ASSESSmEnt
6
Date
Match.
tissue
Answer the questions.
a group of similar cells
organism
a group of similar tissues
system
a group of similar organs
What is a cell?
organ
Why do we call cells living things?
7
2
a group of various systems
Why are bacteria called microbes? Write two examples for each.
Label the parts of a cell.

Helpful bacteria:
Harmful bacteria:
How are plant cells different from animal cells? Explain.
Write the name of the kingdom.
They depend on other organisms for food. They are fixed to something; they cannot move by themselves.
They eat other living things and can move from one place to another.
Where are unicellular living things found?

They use sunlight and substances from the soil and air to make their own food.
How can we see unicellular living things?
The smallest and most abundant of all living things.
Write in order from the simplest to the most complex.

system
organ
cell
organism
tissue

Why are viruses not included in any of the five kingdoms?
What kingdom do algae belong to?
110
111
Term assessment worksheets

Activities include labelling illustrations and diagrams, filling in the blanks,
matching, True/False, wordsearches, and many more activities.
TERM ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
Write the name of a living thing for each example.

Producer
Primary consumer
What animal kingdom does each living thing belong to?
Secondary consumer
They do not make their own food. They cannot move by themselves.
They depend on other organisms for food. They can move by themselves.
They are unicellular. They can live inside other living things.
Write the name of the Earths layers.

The outer layer of the Earth. It is solid and made up of rocks.
The layer of the atmosphere which is essential to life on Earth.
Match.
All the water on Earth, which can be solid, liquid or gas.

A group of similar cells
A group of various systems

A group of similar organs
A group of similar tissues
Complete the diagram.
an organ
a tissue
Complete the chart.

Types of rock
an organism
How it is formed
Examples
a system
Plants
Flowering plants
Complete the sentences.

The
A
What do plants need to carry out photosynthesis? What do plants give off during photosynthesis?
The
is the closest star to the Earth.

is a group of stars that seems to form a pattern in the sky.
are large, sphere-shaped bodies which travel around the Sun in an orbit.
are giant balls of ice which orbit the Sun in a long, elliptical path.
Our
is called the Milky Way.
10 Write the names of the planets.
Define the words.

Ecosystem
Inner planets
Parasite
Biosphere
Outer planets
164
165
IV
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Unit test worksheets

All the unit tests have ten multiple-choice questions. These worksheets
test the basic concepts of the unit. These can be completed after the
unit assesment worksheets, or used as quick revision activities.
The Earth
TEST 4
Name
Date
Circle the correct option.

1. The inner layer of the geosphere is
a. the crust.
7. In a volcano, magma goes up through a

vent called
a. the magma chamber.
b. the mantle.
b. the volcanic cone.
c. the core.
2. The removal of soil and rock material by
water, wind or ice is
a. erosion.
c. the volcanic chimney.

8. The remains of living things found in
sedimentary rocks are
a. fossils.
b. transport.
b. coal.
c. sedimentation.
3. The energy in the interior of the Earth
produces
a. transport and sedimentation of rock
material.
b. the rock cycle.
c. petroleum.
9. The ozone layer is found in
a. the troposphere.
b. the stratosphere.
c. the geosphere.
c. earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

4. Basalt is an igneous rock formed by
10. Sand settling on the bottom of oceans

is an example of
a. the atmosphere.
a. erosion.
b. volcanoes.
b. transport.
c. wind erosion.
c. sedimentation.
5. The layer closest to the Earths surface is

a. the hydrosphere.
c. the troposphere.
6. The three components of soil are
a. solid, liquid and gas.
b. erosion, transport and deposition.
c. igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic.
143
Other resources
Top Science 5 Activity Book
PRIMARY
STUDENTS MATERIAL
Students Book
Activity Book
9 788468 00195 1
ISBN 978-84-680-0195-1
At the end of the Activity Book,

5
thereTop
areScience
two Lets
do it! and two
Read and do! pages per term.
In addition, there are instructions
for students to play a Scientists
of the year quiz.
Activity Book
Activity Book
The Activity Book is designed to provide further practice for both the
content and the language objectives of the course. It contains full-colour
illustrations and diagrams, and a range of graded activities to reinforce
the course content and to encourage learner autonomy. There are three
or four double pages per unit.
Teachers Resource Book
Teachers Book
TEACHERS MATERIAL
Class Audio CD
Teachers Resource Book
Teachers Book
DIGITAL MATERIAL
ALSO AVAILABLE
Digital Flashcards, Posters
and Web bank
Teachers Resources
and Maps
Science Posters
Science Tasks Booklet
Language Companion CD-ROM
i-book
Interactive Whiteboard
Activities
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Top Science i-solutions has these components:

CD 1
Digital ashcards
Digital posters
Web bank
CD 2
Teachers Resources and Maps
CD 3
i-book
CD 4
Interactive Whiteboard Activities
Minimum requirements and instructions:

See readmetxt le in each CD.
5
PRIMARY
Top Science 5 offers 4 CDs designed to bring digital

resources to the classroom. These CDs provide materials
for interactive whiteboard presentations and practice,
hands-on experiments and computer work for students.
Top Science i-solutions is a box set containing four
CDs which offer digital components for the CLIL
Science classroom.
i-solutions
T o p Scien ce i-s o lutio n s
i-solutions
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Digital resources
CD 1
Digital Flashcards, Posters and Web bank
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The digital posters can be printed when required.
CD 2
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CD 2
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Teachers Resource Book and Maps
Teachers Resources
and Maps
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CD 2
CD 3
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CD 3
i-book
The i-book provides the core course material of the
Teachers Book and the Students Book in interactive
format. It can be used in the classroom or for class
planning.
ichm
on
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CD 2
This CD contains the digital version of the Teachers
Resource Book in PDF format. The worksheets can be
printed for individual use, or projected onto an interactive
whiteboard for group activities. In addition, this CD
provides blank and completed physical and political maps
of the world, Europe and Spain.
Digital Flashcards
Digital Posters
Web Bank
2
011
R
CD 2
The Web bank includes some of the best, free web

links for teaching Science, Geography and History.
These links provide access to valuable resources
to help with lesson planning as well as ways to
personalise classes and cater to students need.
8 431300 129 474
CD 1
The flashcard bank has over 200 images which can be

projected onto an interactive whiteboard or printed and
used as conventional flashcards. Each image offers the
option of listening to the audio and viewing the written
word.
i-book
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CD 4
CD 4
Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) Activities
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There are five interactive activities per unit on this CD.

These can be used to help reinforce the main concepts
ofeach unit in a different and fun way.
IWB Activities
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Contents
Worksheets
REINFORCEMENT WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EXTENSION WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ASSESSMENT WORKSHEETS
Diagnostic tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Individual results chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Unit assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Unit tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Term assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Term tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Final assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Final test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Answer keys
REINFORCEMENT WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
EXTENSION WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
ASSESSMENT WORKSHEETS
Diagnostic tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Unit assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Term assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Final assessment and test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
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Reinforcement worksheets
1 Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
22 Movement and speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2 Tissues, organs, systems and organisms . . . . 10
23 Gravity and movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3 Bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa . . . . . . . . 11
24 The Inner Plateau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4 Plant classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
25 Mountains and river basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5 Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
26 The Spanish coasts and islands . . . . . . . . . . 34
6 Sexual reproduction in plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
27 The climates of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7 Asexual reproduction in plants . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
28 The Mediterranean climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
29 Oceanic, subtropical and mountain climates . . 37
9 Nutrition in ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
30 Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
10 Protecting the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
31 The watersheds of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
11 The Earths layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
32 The population of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
12 The Earths crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
33 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
13 Rocks on the Earths crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
34 The territorial organisation of Spain . . . . . . . . 42
14 Volcanoes and earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
35 The political institutions of Spain . . . . . . . . . . 43
15 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
36 Prehistory: the Palaeolithic Age . . . . . . . . . . . 44
16 The Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
37 The Neolithic Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
17 Space exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
38 The Metal Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
18 Matter and its properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
39 The Iberians, Celts and the first colonists . . . . 47
19 Pure substances and mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
40 Roman Hispania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
20 Chemical changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
41 The beginning of the Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . 49
21 Changes of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
42 Life in the Christian Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
ANSWER KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
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Cells
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are like tiny sacks full of liquid. They have three main parts: the membrane, the nucleus
and the cytoplasm.
Cells are living things. They carry out the life processes of nutrition, reproduction and
sensitivity.
Label the parts of the cell.
Read the definitions and write the part of the cell.

This part controls the function of the cell:
This part contains lots of organelles that carry out different functions:
This part surrounds the cell and separates it from the outside:
Write animal cell or plant cell. Then, complete the sentences.
Animal and plant cells are different. Animal cells can be

Plant cells are

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Tissues, organs, systems

and organisms
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
Multicellular living things are made up of many different types of cells.
Similar cells that carry out a common function are grouped together to form a tissue.
Tissues are organised to form organs. Organs are made up of a group of tissues
that work together to carry out a common function.
Organs form systems which work together to carry out a common function.
When all the systems work together, they form an organism, which is a complete
living thing.
Write in order from the least complex to the most complex.

system
cell
1.
2.
4.
5.
organism
organ
tissue
3.
Write two examples for each.

Tissues
Organs
Systems
What is an organism?


are multicellular living things that eat other living things.
are multicellular living things that make their own food.
10
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Bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
Fungi can be unicellular, but most are multicellular. They cannot move by themselves.
They do not make their own food. Like animals, they depend on other organisms for food.
Bacteria are unicellular. They are the smallest living things.
Algae and protozoa belong to the fifth kingdom of living things. They can be unicellular
or multicellular.
Write the names of the five kingdoms of living things.

1.
2.
4.
5.
3.

How can some bacteria be helpful?

Why are fungi fixed to other things?


protozoa
unicellular
bacteria
multicellular
microbes
are a kingdom of living things. They are called
because
they can only be seen through a microscope. They are .

Algae and
belong to the fifth kingdom of living things.
They can be unicellular or .
Write T (true) or F (false).

All fungi produce mushrooms.
Algae belong to the fungi kingdom.
All bacteria are multicellular.
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Plant classification
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
Plants can be classified into two main groups: non-flowering and flowering.
Non-flowering plants do not produce flowers, seeds or fruit. They reproduce with spores. There
are two main groups of non-flowering plants: mosses and ferns.
Flowering plants produce flowers and seeds in order to reproduce. There are two main groups:
gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms do not produce fruit. The seeds are grouped
together in cones. Angiosperms produce fruit with seeds inside.
Complete the chart.

non-flowering plants
Plants can be
classified as
Write angiosperm or gymnosperm.

A

non-flowering
leaves
mosses
and
plants.
spores
plants
ferns
are the two main groups of
are special cells that germinate and grow into new
. Mosses absorb water through their stems and .
12
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Photosynthesis
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
Photosynthesis is a complex chemical process. It enables plants to manufacture food from
water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide and sunlight.
Chlorophyll is a green substance which traps sunlight. It is found in special organelles called
chloroplasts inside plant cells.
Plants release oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis.
Label the parts of a plant.

stomata
sunlight
root hairs
carbon dioxide
xylem vessels

What time of day does the process of photosynthesis take place?
How do mineral salts enter plants?

What is chlorophyll?

Match.
phloem vessels
xylem vessels
raw sap
elaborated sap
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Sexual reproduction in plants
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. They have male parts and female parts.
Stamens are the male parts of the flower. Pollen is produced in the anther. The pistil is the
female part. It contains the ovary, which contains ovules. Ovules become seeds.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the ovary within the same plant or
between plants of the same type. After pollination, seeds and fruit begin to grow.
Label the parts of the flower.
Write T (true) or F (false). Then, write the correct sentences.

Plants that use wind pollination produce very small quantities of pollen.

The stamen and pistil are protected by the corolla and the calyx.

Plants that use insect pollination have small, unattractive flowers.

Explain how each plant carries out reproduction.

14
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Asexual reproduction in plants
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
Many plants can reproduce without flowers or seeds. This is called asexual reproduction. These
plants use parts of themselves to reproduce.
Tubers are subterranean stems. Part of the stem grows above the ground and develops
leaves. Part grows underground and develops roots.
Rhizomes are specialised stems. They extend horizontally below the ground.
Stolons are specialised stems which extend horizontally above the ground from the mother plant.
Match and explain how the stems grow.

Stolon

Rhizome

Tuber


How does a cutting produce a new plant?

How does grafting produce a new plant?

What types of asexual reproduction in plants are useful in agriculture?

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Ecosystems
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
An ecosystem is made up of a community of living things in a physical environment.
Living things in an ecosystem interact with each other and with their environment.
The environment determines the types of living things found in an ecosystem. In turn, living
things can modify their environment.

An ecosystem is made up of a
and a community of .
Living things in an ecosystem interact with each other and with their .
Living things can
their environment.
Look at the picture and answer the questions.

What elements make up this ecosystem?

What living things inhabit this ecosystem?

Could a giraffe live in this ecosystem? Explain.

How do living things modify this environment?

16
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Nutrition in ecosystems
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
In ecosystems, living things eat other living things.
Plants are producers. They make their own food.
Consumers are living things that eat other living things. There are three types
ofconsumers: primary, secondary and tertiary.
Food chains and food webs show how plants and animals in an ecosystem are connected
toone another by their food relationships.
Number the living things in this food chain in order.
Now, write producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer and tertiary consumer.
Write two examples for each type of consumer.

Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer

species
Many different
and one
food
webs
food
can exist in an ecosystem,
can appear in various food chains. Thats why
are the best way to show food relationships in ecosystems.
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chains
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Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
Our environment consists of everything that affects our lives: atmosphere, water, soil, climate
and other living things.
Human activity has a negative affect on the environment and the worlds ecosystems.
Environmental problems caused by people include global warming, pollution, deforestation
and loss of biodiversity.
Write six factors that make up our environment.

1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
5.
Write a sentence about environmental problems using each pair of words.

farmland deforestation

hunting loss of biodiversity

What human activities in the picture modify the environment?

Explain why the loss of an animal or plant species in an ecosystem is a serious problem.

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The Earths layers
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
The Earth is made up of a series of layers.
The geosphere is the solid part of the Earth.
It has three concentric layers: the crust, the mantle and the core.
The hydrosphere is all the water on Earth. This water can be solid, liquid or gas.
The atmosphere is the layer of air which surrounds the Earth.
It is divided into layers. The troposphere is the layer closest to the Earths surface. The
stratosphere is the layer above the troposphere.
Complete the chart.

core
atmosphere
crust
mantle
troposphere
geosphere
hydrosphere
stratosphere
Z
]
]
]
[
]
]
]
\
Z
]
]
[
]
]
\
Which layer of the Earth does each thing belong to?

The water in a river.
The rocks in a mountain.
The air we breathe.
What part of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer? How does ozone protect the Earth?

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The Earths crust
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
The Earths crust is made up of rocks. Over time, these rocks wear down and break apart.
Soil is made up of the remains of rocks and of living things.
The Earths crust is constantly changing because of erosion, transport and deposition
andsedimentation.
Match.
1
The rock breaks apart.

Water enters cracks in

the rock and freezes.
When water freezes,

it expands.

Number these processes in the correct order.

Wind carries the eroded material.
Wind and water erode a mountain.
The material settles at the foot of another mountain.
Copy the chart and write an example for each case.

Rivers and streams
Wind
Sea water
Erosion
Transport
Sedimentation
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Rocks on the Earths crust
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
Rocks can be classified into three types, depending on how they are formed.
Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other rocks or pieces of living things. In this
type of rocks, fossils can be found.
Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat or pressure changes the original rocks.
Metamorphic means change.
Complete the chart.

ROCKS
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
are formed when
are formed from
are formed when
for example
for example
for example
basalt
gypsum
marble

Metamorphic means pressure.
Fossils are the remains of living things that are transformed into rocks.
Rocks can change into another type of rock over thousands or millions of years.
Petroleum is a solid rock.
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Volcanoes and earthquakes
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
There is an enormous amount of energy in the interior of the Earth. This energy can produce
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Earthquakes are strong movements of the Earths crust caused by the sudden release of
energy from beneath the surface.
Volcanoes are openings in the Earths crust where magma comes to the surface.

There is an enormous amount of in the interior of the Earth.
When it is released, it can cause earthquakes and volcanic .
are strong movements of the Earths . Volcanoes are
openings in the Earths
where
comes to the surface.
Label the parts of a volcano.
Read the definitions and write the words.

Magma rises through this circular opening in the Earths crust.
A vent which magma goes up through.
Magma when it comes to the Earths surface.
An accumulation of rock fragments and ash around a crater.
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The Solar System
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
The Solar System consists of the Sun, the eight planets that orbit the Sun, their satellites,
dwarf planets, asteroids and comets.

The Sun and all the celestial bodies that surround it.
Large, sphere-shaped bodies that orbit the Sun.
Small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun.
Giant balls of ice that orbit the Sun in a long, elliptical path.
Complete the chart.

THE SOLAR SYSTEM
inner planets
outer planets
dwarf planet

Find and circle the two errors. Then, write the correct texts.
Shooting stars are bodies
that are too large to burn up
completely, sothey crash into
the Earth.
Meteorites are small celestial
bodies the size of dust
particles. They burn up as they
enter the Earths atmosphere.

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The Universe
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
Stars are giant spheres of gas. In their interior, they produce an enormous amount of energy.
This energy gives off light and heat.
A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky.
A galaxy is a collection of thousands or millions of stars. Galaxies also contain rocks and
gases. Our Solar System belongs to a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way.
Complete the chart.

THE SUN
Colour

Size

Luminosity
Brightness

A
is a collection of thousands or millions of stars. Galaxies also contain
rocks and gases. They have different shapes: ,

or .
Our Solar System belongs to a spiral galaxy called the
Explain the differences between a constellation and a galaxy.

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Space exploration
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
Space exploration began in the 1950s.
These are the most important events:
1957. The Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1.
1961. Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to travel into outer space.
1969. Neil Armstrong became the first human being to set foot on the Moon.
Complete the crossword puzzle.

6
1. The spacecraft that landed on the Moon in 1969 (two words).

2. The first artificial satellite, launched into space by the Soviet Union in 1957.
3. The surname of the first human to see the planet Earth from outer space.
4. The unmanned exploration vehicle Spirit landed on this red planet.
5. Artificial satellites are launched into space using
6. Unmanned spaceships designed to explore the far reaches of the Universe (two words).
7. Space vehicles that can take off and land like aeroplanes. (Space...)
8. The name of the first astronaut to walk on the Moon (two words).
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Matter and its properties
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
Everything in the Universe is made up of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles, called
atoms.
Matter has two types of properties:
General properties are common to all matter. Examples are mass, volume and
temperature.
Specific properties vary from one substance to another. They enable us to distinguish one
substance from another. Examples are colour, hardness and density.
Write mass, volume or density.

is the relationship between the mass and the volume of an object.
is the amount of matter in an object.
is the amount of space an object occupies.
and
is a specific property of matter.
are general properties of matter.
Complete the chart.

MATTER
properties
properties

density
is measured in
litres or millilitres
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Pure substances and mixtures
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
Pure substances consist of just one type of matter. Mixtures consist of two or more pure substances.
Mixtures can be:
Heterogeneous: you can see the different components.
Homogeneous: you cannot see the different components.
Different methods can be used to separate mixtures of substances, for example: filtration,
decantation, magnetic separation or evaporation.
Correct these false sentences.

Mixtures consist of one pure substance.
Alloys are a type of heterogeneous mixture.
Pure substances are homogeneous mixtures.

How would you separate the different substances in these mixtures? Choose the best answer. Explain.
Water and sawdust
filtration
decantation
evaporation
decantation
evaporation
decantation
evaporation
because

Oil and water
filtration
because

Water and salt
filtration
because

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Chemical changes
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
A chemical change, or chemical reaction, occurs when a substance changes into one or more
other substances. Chemical reactions include oxidation, combustion, photosynthesis and cellular
respiration.
What is a chemical change? Write an example.

Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
What happens to the ice cubes?

Can water change into ice?

Can ice change into water?

Can wood change into ashes?

Can ashes change into wood?

Which picture shows a chemical change? Explain.

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Changes of state
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
A change of state occurs when matter changes from one state to another.
Changes of state are melting, solidification, vaporization, condensation, sublimation
and reverse sublimation.
Write the changes of state. Then, circle the words in the wordsearch.
A gas becomes a liquid.
A liquid slowly changes into a gas

at a lower temperature than boiling.
A solid becomes a gas, without first

becoming a liquid.
A solid becomes a liquid.
A liquid quickly changes into a gas when

the substance reaches a certain temperature.
C
Q
O
A
C
S
L
P
S
M
B
Y
O
R
L
Y
Z
N
T
P
U
W
S
O
N
A
N
O
K
J
B
K
B
L
W
X
D
R
Y
S
V
B
O
I
L
I
N
G
E
V
A
P
O
R
A
T
I
O
N
V
N
D
W
E
V
H
L
D
M
V
I
T
S
E
I
R
C
F
I
S
A
T
R
P
A
Q
M
T
A
T
R
E
T
O
M
G
T
F
U
J
M
N
S
R
I
N
G
A
I
C
H
E
N
Y
P
E
O
T
A
T
O
L
U
Y
P
G
O
P
N
U
H
W
N
B
D
X
M
E
L
T
I
N
G
A
What is reverse sublimation? Explain and write an example.

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Movement and speed
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
A still body will not move unless a force acts upon it.
If a body is in motion, it will continue to move in a straight line, until a force makes it stop or
change direction.
Friction is a force between two surfaces that slows down moving objects.
Speed tells us how fast something moves. To calculate speed, we divide the distance by the
time it takes to travel this distance.

What makes a body move, change direction or stop?

How is speed calculated?

Describe what is happening in the picture.
movement
friction

Calculate the answer.
If a car takes four hours

to travel 300 kilometres, what
is its speed?
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Gravity and movement
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
Gravity is the force which attracts all bodies towards the Earths surface.
Gravity slows down objects moving in an upwards direction
Gravity accelerates objects moving in a downwards direction.
Circle the correct word and write the complete sentence.

Friction
Gravity
is the force which attracts all bodies towards the Earths surface.

When you throw a ball, gravity pushes the ball upwards downwards .

Explain what is happening to this moving ball.

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The Inner Plateau
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
The Inner Plateau is a very extensive plain in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula.
There are two mountain ranges on the Inner Plateau: the Central Mountain Chain and the
Mountains of Toledo. The Central Mountain Chain divides the Inner Plateau in two:
the Northern Sub-plateau and the Southern Sub-plateau.
Complete the chart.
MOUNTAIN RANGES ON THE INNER PLATEAU
Mountain Chain
Sub-plateau
Now, look at the map and label the relief features of the Inner Plateau.
N
Cantabrian Sea
E
S
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
ea
S
ean
n
a
Scale
terr
Medi
0
110
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Kilometres
a 32 r
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Mountains and river basins
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
Four mountain ranges surround the Inner Plateau: the Mountains of Leon, the Cantabrian
Chain, the Iberian Mountain Chain and the Morena Range or Sierra Morena.
Beyond the Inner Plateau there are five mountain ranges: the Galician Massif, the Basque
Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Catalan Coastal Chain and the Baetic Mountain Chain. There are
two principal river basins beyond the Inner Plateau: the Guadalquivir basin and the Ebro basin.
Write the names.

Mountain ranges surrounding
the Inner Plateau
River basins lying beyond the
Inner Plateau
Mountain ranges lying beyond
the Inner Plateau

Look at the map and label the mountains and river basins.
Cantabrian Sea
N
W
E
S
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Medi
terr
an
Se
ean
a
Scale
110
Kilometres
C a
127683p29
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The Spanish coasts and islands
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
The Spanish coasts lie along the Cantabrian Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic
Ocean.
Spain has two large archipelagos. The Balearic Islands are in the Mediterranean Sea. The
Canary Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean.
Use these names to label the coasts and archipelagos.

Cantabrian Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
Canary Islands
Balearic Islands
A
O
W
E
S
B
C
E

D

Write the names of the islands.

Canary Archipelago
127683costas de Espana

Balearic Archipelago
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The climates of Spain
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
There are five climates in Spain:
Mediterranean climate
Subtropical climate
Continental Mediterranean climate
Mountain climate
Oceanic climate
Use the key and colour the map.
Orange
Red
Yellow
Green
Oceanic climate
Purple
127683climas Espana
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Subtropical climate
Mountain climate
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The Mediterranean climate
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
The Mediterranean climate exists in the regions near the Mediterranean Sea. Temperatures
are mild, and there is little precipitation.
The Continental Mediterranean climate exists in the inland regions of the Iberian Peninsula.
Temperatures are very low in winter and very high in summer. There is little precipitation.
Match.
Which regions of Spain have these climates?

127683climasmediterraneo
Mediterranean
climate
Continental Mediterranean
climate

Describe temperature and precipitation for each type of climate.

Temperatures
Mediterranean
climate

Precipitation

Temperatures
Continental Mediterranean
climate

Precipitation

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Oceanic, Subtropical
and Mountain climates
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
Oceanic climate exists in the northern regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Temperatures are mild
all year round, and precipitation is abundant.
Subtropical climate exists on the Canary Islands. There is little precipitation, and
temperatures are mild all year round.
Mountain climate exists in mountain regions. Temperatures are low, and there is abundant
precipitation.
Read and write the type of climate.

The climate in the northern regions.
Temperatures are mild because
the ocean is near.
There is abundant precipitation.

The climate in the Canary Islands.
Temperatures are mild all year round.
There is little precipitation.

The climate in mountain regions.

Temperatures are low.

There is abundant precipitation.
Look at the temperatures and precipitations on the graphs. Write the climate.
C
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30
25
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
15
10
5
0
J F MAM J J A S O N D J F MAM J J A S O N D
20
15
10
5
0
5
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25
20
15
10
5
40
30
20
10
0
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Rivers
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
Rivers are large flowing bodies of water. They start in the mountains when rain accumulates
or snow melts. The ground over which a river flows is called a riverbed.
The course is the route of the river from its source to its mouth.
The flow is the amount of water the river carries.
A river has a regular flow regime when it carries a similar amount of water all year round.
A river has an irregular flow regime when it carries a lot of water at some times of the year
and little water at other times.
Read the definitions and write the names.

The route of a river from its source to its mouth.
The ground over which a river flows.
The amount of water a river carries.
Bodies of flowing water which start in the

mountains when rain accumulates or snow melts.
Label the picture.

upper course
middle course
lower course
delta
meander
tributary
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The watersheds of Spain
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
A watershed is an area where all the rivers flow into the same sea.
There are three main watersheds in Spain:
The rivers in the Cantabrian watershed are short and very steep.
The majority of the rivers in the Mediterranean watershed are short.
The majority of the rivers in the Atlantic watershed are long.
Tick the correct answer.

Most rivers that flow into the Mediterranean Sea
have a regular flow regime.
are very steep.
are short and do not carry much water.
The rivers in the Inner Plateau are

the shortest on the Iberian Peninsula.
the longest on the Iberian Peninsula.
part of the Cantabrian watershed.
Rivers in the Cantabrian watershed are
short and very steep. They have irregular, abundant flow regimes.
long and very steep. They have irregular, abundant flow regimes.
short and very steep. They have regular, abundant flow regimes.
In the Canary Islands, there are
rivers.
gullies.
many tributaries.
Investigate and complete the index card about the River Jucar.
River Jucar
Source:
Mouth:
Watershed:
Flow:
Flow regime:
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The population of Spain
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
The population of Spain is growing because of natural growth and immigration.
The population density is greater in coastal areas and on the islands. Inland provinces are
less densely populated, with the exception of Madrid.
Read the text and explain why it is not correct.

In Spain, the birth rate is lower than the death rate, so, natural growth is positive.
Also, there are more emigrants than immigrants, so migratory growth is positive too.

Write the provinces.

Cantabrian Sea
N
F R A N C E
ASTURIAS
A CORUA
CANTABRIAVIZCAYA
GUIPUZCOA
LUGO
W
ALAVA
BURGOS
PONTEVEDRA
PALENCIA
ZAMORA
VALLADOLID
P O
R T
U G
A L
O C E A N
KEY
Country border
Province border
POPULATION DENSITY
(inhabitants/km2)
Less than 10
From 10 to 30
GIRONA
RIOJA
OURENSE
ANDORRA
NAVARRE
LEON
A T L A N T I C
HUESCA LLEIDA
BARCELONA
SORIA
ZARAGOZA
SEGOVIA
TARRAGONA
SALAMANCA
GUADALAJARA
TERUEL
AVILA
MADRID
IS
CASTELLON
CUENCA
TOLEDO
CACERES
VALENCIA
LA
ND
IC
CIUDAD REAL
BADAJOZ
ALBACETE
From 31 to 60
ALICANTE
CORDOBA
From 61 to 100
JAEN
MURCIA
From 101 to 600

HUELVA
More than 600
SEVILLE
GRANADA
ALMERIA
MALAGA
ATLANTIC OCEAN
CADIZ
Ceuta
LAS PALMAS
MOROCCO
n
e a
a n
r
r
t e
d i
M e
Melilla
Scale
0
97
Kilometres
SANTA CRUZ
DE TENERIFE
Two provinces with less than

10 inhabitants per km2.
Two provinces with more than

600 inhabitants per km2.
40
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Services
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
The tertiary sector is also called the service sector. The tertiary sector does not provide us
with material goods. Instead, it includes activities which provide services such as educational,
health, financial, administrative, trade, tourism, transport and communications services.
In Spain, 65 out of every 100 people work in the tertiary sector.

1. Service used so that products can reach shops and consumers.
2. The buying and selling of products.
3. The type of trade within a country.
4. The sector that employs 65% of the active population.
5. Products which are sold to other countries.
6. Travel to other places for the purpose of relaxation or fun.
7. Type of tourism popular in Spains mountain and coastal areas.
1
6
7
What are three types of transport? Give examples.

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The territorial organisation of Spain
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
Spain is divided into 17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities.
The Spanish borders are:
North: France, Andorra and the Cantabrian Sea.
East: the Mediterranean Sea.
South: the Mediterranean Sea, Morocco and the Atlantic Ocean.
West: Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.
Complete the charts.

Natural borders
Political borders
North
North
South
South
East
West
West
Label the borders of Spain on the map.

B
N
W
C
A
D
E
F
CANARY ISLANDS
G
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The political institutions of Spain
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
The Constitution is the most important law in Spain. All other laws must be in accordance with
the Constitution, including laws passed by the Autonomous Parliaments.
The Constitution establishes the rights and obligations of citizens, the form of government
and the organisation of institutions.
Tick the correct answer. Then, write the complete sentence.

Spain is a
Parliamentary
Monarchy.
Constitutional

The Head of State is
the King.
the President.

The Congress of Deputies and the Senate make up
the Parliament.
the Government.

The President of the Government is elected by
the King.
the Congress of Deputies.
Complete the chart.

Institution
Duties
Made up of (people)
Head of State
Parliament
Government
Courts of Justice
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Prehistory: the Palaeolithic Age
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
Prehistory is the first period in history and also the longest. It is divided into three periods:
the Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages.
In the Palaeolithic Age, human beings were nomads. They lived in the open, in caves or in
simple huts. They hunted, fished and gathered fruits and plants to survive. They lived in
tribes. They made simple tools from wood, bones and stone. They painted animals on cave
walls and made small sculptures.
Match.
Prehistory is
Prehistory starts with
Prehistory is divided into
the appearance of human beings and

ends with the appearance of writing.
three periods: the Palaeolithic Age,

the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages.
the first period in history and also the

longest.
Now, write the complete sentences.

Complete the text.

In the Palaeolithic Age, human beings ate what they found in nature. They fished, hunted
and fruit. These men and women were , people who
move continually without settling in one place. They lived in , small groups
formed by several families. They made
from animal bones, and they painted
the inside of .
44
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The Neolithic Age
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
The Neolithic Age is the second period of Prehistory. People cultivated crops and kept animals
in stables. They built the first villages and became sedentary. They made polished stone tools,
and they learnt how to make pottery and cloth. They painted cave walls with scenes of people
dancing, hunting and gathering.
Write the characteristics of human beings during the Neolithic Age.

In the Palaeolithic Age
human beings

In the Neolithic Age

human beings

were nomads
gathered fruits and roots
hunted
wore clothes made of skins
Look at the painting. Then, answer the question.

What period does this painting belong to? Explain.

Match.
Polished
stone tools
Simple tools from wood,
bones and stone
Palaeolithic
Neolithic
They made more sophisticated tools

such as hoes and sickles.
They hit one stone against another until
they obtained the shape they wanted.
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The Metal Ages
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
In the Metal Ages, people learned to make objects out of metal.
Villages attracted many people and grew into towns.
The wheel, the sail and the plough were invented.
People built monuments with huge stones. They were called megalithic monuments.
Look at the timeline. Why is it not correct?
Prehistory
The Metal Ages
1,000,000 years ago
Neolithic
7,000 years ago
Palaeolithic
6,000 years ago

Write Palaeolithic, Neolithic or Metal Ages.

People lived in towns.
People lived in villages.
People lived in caves.
People hunted and gathered fruit.
People farmed and kept animals.
People became soldiers and traders.
People built megalithic monuments.
People painted human figures on cave walls.
People painted animals on cave walls.
They made tools from polished stone.
They made tools from metal.
They made simple tools from stone.
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39
The Iberians,
the Celts and the first colonists
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
Two groups of people lived on the Iberian Peninsula in the first millennium B.C.: the Iberians
and the Celts. The Iberians lived in the south and east of the Peninsula. The Celts lived in the
centre of the Peninsula and on the Atlantic coast.
The first colonists the Phoenicians, the Greeks and the Carthaginians arrived from across
the Mediterranean Sea.
Use the key and colour the map. Then, answer the questions.
Cantabrian Sea
LUCENSES
BR
AC
AR
ASTU
Celtic and Celtiberian zone
OCEAN
S
VA
I
AE
CO
NE
LU
VETTONES
SO
LA
AREVACI
CA
RP
LUSITANI
ANI
IET
EDETANI
N
TA
red
AT L A N T I C
C
VA
CANTABRI
RES
ES
OR
CELTICI
blue
ET
AN
CONTESTANI
BASTE
TA
MEDITERRANEAN
TURDETANI
Iberian zone
NI
SEA

Iberian zone
In what part of the Peninsula did the Iberians live? Where did the Celts179247U14p166
live? beros y celtas en la pennsula

Write the names of three Iberian tribes and three Celtic tribes.

Wordsearch. Circle the names of the three colonising civilizations. Circle one colony of each civilization.
Then, write them down.
U
P
S
P
R
T
M
W
S
C
B
H
F
P
H
C
D
A
K
O
L
X
F
A
G
R
E
E
K
X
S
R
W
T
Q
N
T
V
A
T
R
H
S
I
M
F
G
A
B
A
X
C
V
L
U
G
N
G
I
I
Y
Z
N
O
K
I
N
A
F
R
T
N
S
N
A
N
C
N
U
O
C
I
C
W
D
U
M
V
G
A
D
I
R
Z
N
A
S
N
L
L
R
Y
M
B

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Roman Hispania
Reinforcement
Name
Date
Remember
The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula started in 218 B.C. and ended
in 19 B.C. TheRomans divided Hispania into provinces, introduced the laws of the Roman
Empire, spread the use of Latin, founded cities and introduced Christianity. There were
two groups ofpeople in Hispano-Roman society: free people and slaves.

A mixture of stones, cement and sand
used in Roman construction.
The language spoken by the Romans.
The name the Romans gave to the Iberian Peninsula.
The official religion of the Roman Empire

beginning in 380 A.D.
The name of the wars fought between

the Romans and the Carthaginians.
Pictures made with tiles of stone or coloured glass.
The only pre-Roman language which has survived.
People without rights who were

owned by another person.
Complete the text.

Over 2,000 years ago, the Romans defeated the
and conquered
the Iberian Peninsula. The Romans called it .

The Romans divided Hispania into . The Roman language
was . The inhabitants of Hispania adopted Roman customs.
In 380 A.D.,
became the official religion throughout the Roman Empire.
The Romans were excellent builders. They used two new materials for building: cement and
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They decorated floors and walls with paintings and .
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The beginning of the Middle Ages
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
In the fifth century, the Visigoths conquered the Iberian Peninsula and made Toledo the capital
of their kingdom.
In 711 A.D., the Moors, or Muslims invaded the Visigoth kingdom and conquered much
of the Peninsula. At first Al-Andalus was an emirate, then a caliphate. The Christians who lived
in the north of the Peninsula organised themselves into kingdoms and counties.
Circle the correct answer. Then, write the sentence.

The Visigoths were
a. Muslims.
b. a Germanic tribe.
a. Toledo.
b. Cordoba.

The capital of the Visigoth kingdom was

Write the correct dates. Then, number the sentences chronologically: 1, 2 and 3.
In the year , the emir Abd-ar-Rahman III became a caliph and established
the caliphate of Cordoba.
In the year , Prince Abd-ar-Rahman I proclaimed himself an independent emir
and Al-Andalus separated from Damascus.
In the year , Muslims invaded the Peninsula and turned Al-Andalus into an emirate,
a province which depended on the caliph of Damascus.
Write the names of the Christian Kingdoms or counties in the Iberian Peninsula at the beginning
of the Middle Ages.
In
Cantabria
In the
Pyrenees
*
The Kingdom of Asturias ,

the Kingdom of
and the Kingdom of
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Life in the Christian Kingdoms
Name
Reinforcement
Date
Remember
Society in the Christian Kingdoms was divided into the privileged and the non-privileged.
During these times, Romanesque and Gothic buildings were constructed.
Romanesque buildings were not very tall. They had very thick, stone walls with few
windows. The doors and windows had round arches.
Gothic buildings were tall with thinner walls. The had large doors and the windows had
pointed arches. They were often decorated with stained glass.
Complete.
SOCIETY IN THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

Look at the photo. Is it a Romanesque or a Gothic church?

Write some differences between Romanesque and Gothic architecture.

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Extension worksheets
1 Parts of a cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2 Plant adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3 Ecosystems in danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4 Volcanic eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5 Star gazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6 Eureka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7 Newtons apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8 Teneguia, a very young mountain . . . . . . . . . . 66
9 The Azores Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
10 Batuecas Natural Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
11 Spains ageing population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
12 Organisation of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
13 Our ancestors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
14 The Roman legions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
15 The Way of St James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
ANSWER KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
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Parts of a cell
Name
EXTENSION
Date
The invention of the microscope allowed scientists not only to discover that all
animals and plants are made up of cells, but also to see that cells are made
up of different parts and organelles which carry out different functions.
Ribosomes
Tiny organelles
which produce
protein.
Cytoplasm
Centrosome
Liquid which contains

the organelles.
Small cylinders
which take part
in cell division.
Membrane
Covering which surrounds
the cell and separates
it from the outside.
Mitochondrion
Rod-shaped
organelles which
obtain energy.
Vacuoles
Sacs which store
substances.
Nucleus
Structure which controls
the cells functions.
Endoplasmic reticulums
Sacs which produce
and transport proteins.
Cells have different functions, and they have different shapes and sizes, but all
cells have a membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus.
A nerve cell, which transmits nerve impulses, is different from a red blood cell,
which carries oxygen.

What is the part that controls the cells functions?

Why do cells need to carry out the life processes of nutrition and reproduction?

52
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1
2
Look at the animal cell on the previous page. Label the parts of this plant cell.
Dont forget the chloroplast!
ch
Now, write about two differences you observed.

1.

2.

Match the cell types with their functions.

nerve
forms part of the bones
bone
takes part in reproduction
muscle
adipose
blood
sex
(spermatozoid)
epithelial
m
akes up the skin and covers
other parts of the body
transmits messages and orders.

Processes information
h
elps the body move
s
tores fat and protects body
organs
transports oxygen and other

substances throughout the body
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Plant adaptation
Name
EXTENSION
Date
Plants react to their environment and often have to adapt in order to survive. We can classify plant
adaptation in several ways:
Adapting to rainfall
In humid areas, plants can grow close to each other because there
is plenty of water. In dry areas, plants grow farther apart because
water is scarce.
Adapting to soil
Different types of soil allow different types of plants to survive.
This depends on the conditions of the soil. For example, ivy grows
well in rich, loose soil. Venuss navel is able to grow in the cracks
of rocks where there is very little soil.
Structural adaptations
The structure of cacti helps them survive extremely hot and dry
climates. A cactus plant can retain large amounts of water in
itsfleshy stem. Tough skin keeps water inside from evaporating.
The olive tree also grows in hot, dry climates. It has adapted
by growing hard, impermeable leaves.
Adapting to fauna
Some plants develop defence systems to avoid being eaten by
animals. For example, the castor oil plant produces venom. Rose
bushes have thorns. Thyme plants give off an unpleasant smell
that repels herbivores.

Why do plants have to protect themselves from animals?

Why do plants living in dry areas need to grow farther apart?

How do plants adapt to changes in the seasons? Write an example.

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2
3
Complete the chart with two examples for each type of adaptation.

to rainfall

to soil
Adaptation

to fauna

structural
Look at the pictures. How have these plants adapted to low rainfall or low light?
Stem:
Leaves:
Roots:
Stem:
Look at the picture. Name two types of adaptations of waterlillies. Explain.

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Ecosystems in danger
EXTENSION
Name
Date
All over the planet Earth, on land and at sea, there are entire ecosystems in danger of extinction. This
maps shows some of the richest and most endangered ecosystems on Earth.
Bering Sea
Siberia
Lake Baikal
Mediterranean
coastline
Rocky
Mountains
Jungles
of Guinea
Indian Ocean
Jungles of Liberia
Madagascar
Amazon
rainforest
Cape of Good
Hope
Bering Sea: an area of reproduction for grey whales, located in the northern Pacific Ocean.
Rocky Mountains: an area with some of the most characteristic landscapes of North America.
Amazon rainforest: the home to thousands of unique species of plants and animals.
Mediterranean coastline: a diverse ecosystem, especially for plants, birds and insects.
Equatorial jungles of eastern Africa: have some rare species such as the dwarf hippopotamus
and the okapi.
Cape of Good Hope: home to unique flora and fauna: zebras, antelopes, baboons, insects,
whales, hundreds of species of birds, and more.

Siberia: the taiga here is one of the largest natural forests in the world.
Lake Baikal: the largest lake in Asia. It contains 20% of all the fresh water on Earth.
Madagascar: the location of some of the richest and most exotic flora and fauna on Earth.
Indian Ocean: the largest corral reefs on Earth are found here.
What does this map show?

Find Spain on the map. Is there an ecosystem in danger near Spain? Which one?

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3
3

1. Permanent destruction
of trees and vegetation.
2. The longest river
in South America.
1
2
3. The ocean that is home

to important corral reefs.
4. The sea in the northern
Pacific Ocean which is rich
in fishing resources.
5. A large lake in Asia.
3
4
5
6. A type of natural forest.

A large one is in siberia.
Research and write a brief report about an ecosystem near where you live. Include pictures
or your own drawings.
Ecosystem:
Location:
Living things:

Physical environment:

Types of pollution:

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Volcanic eruptions
Name
EXTENSION
Date
Have you ever seen a film or television programme

about volcanic eruptions? Many documentaries have
captured the moment in which a peaceful mountain
landscape is turned into fiery fountains of lava.
As you know, volcanic activity can vary greatly. Some
volcanoes are extremely active, meaning they erupt
quite often and violently. Other volcanoes are less
active, and they erupt less frequently, with less intensity.
Some volcanoes are dormant, meaning they seem to be
asleep because they have not erupted for many years.
Other volcanoes are considered extinct.
According to how they erupt, volcanoes are classified
into four groups.
Hawaiian eruptions. There are no explosions with this
type of eruption. The lava is fluid, so it runs down the
side of the volcano. They get their name from the
volcanoes found on the islands of Hawaii.
Strombolian eruptions. These are passive eruptions,
so they are less dangerous than most. The lava is
fluid. They are characterised by small but frequent explosions which can occur over thousands
of years. They are named after the volcano Stromboli, in Italy, which has been in eruption
forhundreds of years.
Vulcanian eruptions. These are violent, noisy eruptions. The volcano comes to life suddenly after
adormant period and releases large clouds of ash. The magma that is released is viscous,
meaning it does not flow easily and it dries quickly. The name comes from Vulcano in the Aeolian
Islands off the coast of Italy, near Sicily.
Pelean eruptions. These are extremely violent eruptions. As dense magma rises through the
chimney, it cools and blocks the crater of the volcano. This builds up pressure inside the volcano
because the magma and gases cannot escape. Finally, the volcano erupts in an extremely violent
explosion, releasing the gas and lava. This type of eruption is named after the 1902 eruption of
Mount Pelee, Martinique, which completely destroyed this island in the Caribbean Sea.
Where do the names of the four types of eruptions come from?

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4
2
Identify and label each type of volcanic eruption.

A
Explain the difference between lava and magma.

Ancient Romans worshipped a god named Vulcan. Find out who Vulcan was and fill
in the information card.
God of
Son of
Husband of
Lived under
What is the name of a famous painting of Vulcan? Who painted it?
In what museum can you see this painting?

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Star gazing
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Scorpions and dragons, princesses and hunters,

chariots and arrows... If you look up at the sky on
a clear night, from a place without pollution, you
will see hundreds of stars that form outlines of
interesting shapes.
These groups of stars are constellations. And of
all the constellations, there is one that is easily
recognised by everyone: the Big Dipper, also known
as Ursa Major, the Plough, or the Big Bear.
The Big Dipper is located in the northern
hemisphere. It is made up of seven stars. Three
of these stars seem to form the handle and four
appear to form the bowl of a dipper, another name
for a ladle or scoop.
URSA MINOR
URSA MAJOR
The star at the end of the handle of the Little

Dipper is the North Star, also known as Polaris or
the Pole Star. Another way to find the North Star is
to draw a line through the last two stars of the bowl
of the Big Dipper. This line will point to the North
Star.
Close by is the constellation of Cepheus, which represents the legendary king of Ethiopia, Cefeo.
Beyond Cepheus you can see Cassiopeia, which will look like an M or W, depending on the season.
Winter is the best time of year to see the constellations Orion, the hunter, and Canis Major,
Orion's dog.
In total, there are 88 constellations.
Read and answer.

What is a constellation?

What constellation does the Pole Star belong to? In what hemisphere is it?

What constellation has the shape of a hunter and his dog?

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5
2
Connect the dots to draw five constellations.
URSA
MAJOR
URSA
MINOR
DRAGON
CEPHEUS
CASSIOPEIA
Where is the Pole Star? Circle it and explain its position.

Read these words backwards to find out the names of some of the stars that make up the constellation
of Orion. Now write them correctly.
1. esuegleteB
2. legiR
3. xirtalleB
4. akatniM
5. katimlA
6 malinlA
7. hpiaS
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Eureka
EXTENSION
Name
Date
About 2,200 years ago, Hieron, King of Syracuse,

in Sicily, commissioned a solid gold crown.
The crown was beautiful, but Hieron was worried
because he suspected that the goldsmith was
dishonest. Perhaps he hadstolen part of the gold
and used less valuable metals.
Can you find out

if the crown is
made of solid gold?
I will try
to find the
solution.
Hieron called Archimedes, the wisest man in the city.

A week later, while he was taking a bath, Archimedes
thought of a solution.
Archimedes took two bowls of water. He placed
the crown in one bowl. In the other one, he placed
another crown of solid gold with the same mass.
Eureka!
Ive got it!
Ive found
the solution.
Look how the water

spills out of the bowl.
The goldsmith tried
to cheat you!
Read and tick the correct answer.

How did Archimedes find out that the goldsmith had cheated Hieron?
Because one of the bowls had more water than the other.
Because both bowls contained the same amount of water.
What did Archimedes base his conclusions on?
Changing the shape of a body also changes its volume.
Two equal masses of the same substance have the same volume.
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6
2
Why is the block of lead smaller than the block of cork if they both have the same mass? Explain.
Lead 1 kg
Cork
1 kg

Look at the pictures of the ring in the liquid. Why is the second picture wrong?

Calculate the density of the ring. Its mass is 30 grams. Its volume is 1.5 cm3.
Look for information and answer the questions.

Who was Archimedes? Where was he born?

What were Archimedes most important contributions to science?

What does the word eureka mean?

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Newtons apple
Name
EXTENSION
Date
Many historical events have elements of reality and legend.

This is certainly the case with the discovery of the Universal
Law of Gravitation.
The legend tells the story of how Isaac Newton was resting
under an apple tree. When an apple fell from the tree
and hit him on the head, Newton suddenly discovered
the Law of Gravity.
In reality, Newton observed how an apple fell from a tree
towards the ground. This inspired him and made him start
thinking. Why do objects always fall downwards towards
the Earth and not upwards towards the Sun? Using
mathematical equations, Newton formulated one of the
most important laws of physics. Thanks to the apple,
this English scientist realised that there is an invisible
force called gravity that attracts all objects towards
the centre of the Earth.

Who was Isaac Newton?

What is gravity?

Why did a falling apple make Newton think of gravity?

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7
2
Read this newspaper story about the apple tree that inspired Isaac Newton.
21 September 2006
Newtons apple falls during Hurricane Gordon

At 10 oclock this morning, a very strong wind caused
the only apple growing on Newtons apple tree this year
to fall to the ground. This tree was planted in front
of the House of Science in A Corua in honour of the great
17th century English scientist.
In 1666, the apple that Newton observed, fell straight to the ground
towards the centre of the Earth. But today, the apple did not fall straight
to the ground. Instead, it landed at some distance from the tree. This
apple had two forces working on it at the same time: the force of gravity
and the force of the strong winds of Hurricane Gordon.
Remember, gravity is not the only force of nature on Earth.
What other forces do you know about? Write.

Apples play a role in many historical events and legends. Match.

Eve and the apple
Paris and the golden apple
Newtons apple
William Tells apple
The Universal Law of Gravitation

The Trojan War
The expulsion from paradise
The independence of Switzerland
Do you know any other stories in which an apple plays an important role? Write the name.

What kind of plant is the apple tree?
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Teneguia, a very young mountain
Name
EXTENSION
Date
In 1971, the inhabitants of La Palma in the Canary

Islands were witnesses to the birth of a new
mountain.
This is how it happened: at 3:00 p.m. on
26th October, the volcano Cumbre Vieja erupted.
A deep, 200-metre-long crack opened up in
the earth.
For three weeks, the earth continued to tremble.
It seemed as though the eruption was never
going to end. So much lava flowed out of the
volcanos cone and into the sea that it made
the island larger.
Finally, on 18th November 1971, the eruption ended
and the lava stopped flowing. Everything was
calm again.
Now, La Palma had a new mountain: the Teneguia.
Answer.
What happened?

Where did it happen?

When did it happen?

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8
2
Read, then complete the chart.

Mount Vesuvius, the volcano that buried three cities
Location: Naples, Italy
Height: 1,279 metres
Last eruption: 1944
Mount Vesuvius is not a very tall volcano, but its eruption in AD 79 was deadly. It completely buried
and destroyed the Roman cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiae. Over 16,000 people died.
Mauna Kea, the tallest volcano in the world

Location: Hawaii, USA
Last eruption: 4,500 years ago
This dormant volcano is about a million years old. When measured from the ocean floor, it is
more than 9,000 metres tall. It is so tall that is has regular snowfalls.
Etna, the most active volcano in Europe

Location: Sicily, Italy
Last eruption: 2001
Mount Etna first erupted in 423 BC. Since then, it has erupted over 200 times and killed
thousands of people.
Krakatoa, the volcano that destroyed an island

Location: Indonesia
Height: 813 metres
Last eruption: 2010
Krakatoas eruption in 1883 was catastrophic. The explosion was so powerful that two-thirds of
the island disappeared. It produced deadly tsunamis that destroyed villages in Java and Sumatra.
A thick cloud of ash and dust affected the weather around the world. Over 30,000 people died. It
was the loudest eruption in history: people 3,500 kilometres away heard the explosion.
European volcanoes
Non-European volcanoes
Name
Country
Height
This volcano is
famous because
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The Azores Islands
EXTENSION
Name
Date
The Azores are a group of nine Portuguese islands located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. They
are part of Macaronesia, which is made up of five archipelagos near the continent of Africa: the
Azores Islands, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, the Madeira Islands and the Savage Islands.
PORTUGAL
The Azores
SPAIN
ES
IA
Madeira Islands
Savage Islands
ON
AT L A N T I C
OCEAN
AR
The Azores high pressure system, known

as the Azores High, is an anticyclone
named after the Azores Islands because
it forms above them. When this area
of high pressure reaches the Iberian
Peninsula, it is responsible for fine
weather conditions: dry, sunny and
warm.
Canary Islands
AC
The climate in the Azores is mild and

regular all year long. Temperatures
average 20 C. Precipitation is abundant,
especially from November to May.
The Azores are volcanic islands. Ponta

do Pico, on Pico Island, is the highest
mountain in Macaronesia and in Portugal.
Its peak measures 2,351 metres above
sea level.
FRICA
Cape Verde Islands

The Azores Islands belong to
Portugal.
Spain.
The Canary Islands make up part of

the Azores Islands.
Macaronesia.
Africa.
127683macaronesia
Portugal.
Ponta do Pico volcano is

the highest peak in the Canary Islands.
the highest peak in Portugal.
the highest peak in Europe.
The Azores high pressure system is responsible for
good weather in the Iberian Peninsula.
good weather in Africa.
rain in the Azores.
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Why do we associate good weather with dry, hot weather? When it rains, isnt the weather also good?
Think and explain.

Make a chart from this data.

Average temperatures in Spain (C)
J
11
13
16
22
24
24
20
16
10
Average precipitation in Spain (l/m2)

J
50
48
55
44
47
13
18
39
78
60
55
l/m2
30
120
25
20
15
10
5
0
J
J
months
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
At what time of year does the Azores High affect Spain the most? Explain.

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10
Batuecas National Park
EXTENSION
Name
Date
In the year 2000, this area in the south of the province

of Salamanca was declared Batuecas National Park.
Its rich flora and fauna have fascinated people for at least
four thousand years.
Approximately 4,000 years ago, prehistoric man admired
the deep valleys, streams and waterfalls of this area.
Manycaves containing Neolithic paintings of animals, such
as fish and mountain goats, have been found in the park. In
the 15thcentury, Carmelite Monks founded a convent here
becauseit was the ideal place for them to live a peaceful
and solitary life.
Chorro
Waterfall
La Alberca
Batuecas
Monastery
Several rivers pass through the park. The Rivers Francia, Alagon and Batuecas all belong to the Tagus
river basin. The River Agadon is part of the Duero river basin.
Along the River Batuecas is possibly the most beautiful spot: the Chorro Waterfall. It is ten metres
high, and many people think it looks like paradise.
Today, Batuecas National Park is the home of many protected species: the wolf, the lynx, the royal
eagle and the black stork.
Read, think and answer.

In which province is Batuecas National Park?
What Autonomous Community does this province belong to?

When did people first settle in the Batuecas area?
What is the name of this period in history?

What religious order founded the Batauecas Monastery?
In what century was it founded?

What protected species are found in Batuecas National Park?

What rivers flow through Batuecas National Park? What watershed do they belong to?

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3
Why can rivers of different river basins be in the same watershed? Explain.

Circle the names of the main tributaries of the River Tagus and the River Duero. Then, classify them.
O
G
Z
U
T
B
O
W
P
P
A
C
E
U
J
R
O
A
N
I
R
I
B
R
R
A
E
M
R
G
E
D
E
S
L
A
O
D
B
C
M
E
G
A
T
U
O
U
V
A
L
D
E
R
A
D
U
E
Y
P
A
R
A
E
S
I
L
O
C
R
L
A
S
R
N
H
Y
F
B
T
A
G
J
T
J
A
R
A
M
A
E
K
L
A
Y
I
I
M
D
D
E
L
R
X
A
S
H
E
D
A
O
A
S
O
C
A
G
D
A
T
Y
H
P
J
O
M
H
S
O
I
D
A
M
O
D
A
C
X
E
I
N
R
T
R

Tributaries of the
River Tagus

Tributaries of the
River Duero

Look for this information: Where is Babia? In which Autonomous Community is it located? What is the
main river that flows through this Autonomous Community?

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Spains ageing population
Name
EXTENSION
Date
Spain is getting old. The number of people who are

over 65 years old has been increasing in recent
decades.
At the beginning of the 20th Century, five out of every
100 Spaniards were over 65. Today, 17 percent of the
population is over 65.
This percentage will continue to increase in the coming
years. It is estimated that in the year 2020, twenty
percent of the Spanish population will be over 65.
There are two reasons for this:
Lower birth rate: in the last 50 years, the birth rate
has gone from five children per woman to 1.4
children per woman.
Higher life expectancy: in other words, people are
living longer. In 1900, a person born in Spain could
expect to live an average of 35 years. Today, the
average life expectancy in Spain is 81 years.
Read and answer.

Why has the Spanish population aged in recent decades?

What is the life expectancy today for a baby born in Spain?

The Spanish population is getting older. What are some of the consequences? Give examples.

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3
Match.
A statistical study of a human population.
Death rate
The ratio between births and the population.
Demographics
The ratio between deaths and the population.
Population density
The number of inhabitants per square kilometre.
Birth rate
Moving from one country to another.
International emigration/immigration
Make population pyramids.

Sex
Age
groups
Women
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
1,100,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,100,000
1,400,000
1,800,000
2,000,000
1,900,000
1,800,000
Sex
Men
Age
groups
Women
Men
1,200,000
1,100,000
1,100,000
1,200,000
1,500,000
1,900,000
2,100,000
2,000,000
1,900,000
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85+
1,700,000
1,400,000
1,300,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
700,000
600,000
1,700,000
1,400,000
1,300,000
1,100,000
900,000
900,000
700,000
500,000
300,000
To make your population pyramids, transfer the data from the chart above to the axes.
Then, draw the corresponding horizontal line for each age group and gender.
Men
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
Age
groups
85+
80-84
75-70
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
population
Women
1,000,000
2,000,000
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3,000,000
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12
Organisation of Spain
Name
EXTENSION
Date
In December 1978, the Spanish people

approved the Constitution by referendum.
The Constitution is the most important
law in Spain. It guarantees freedom and
equality for all citizens. It also guarantees
political pluralism. In addition, it includes
the national institutions, the form
ofgovernment and the organisation of
Spains territory.
Spanish territory is organised in
municipalities, provinces and Autonomous
Communities.
Every Spanish citizen lives in a
municipality. The municipality belongs to
a province, and the province belongs to
an Autonomous Community.
Several municipalities in the same region which share similar characteristics can be grouped into
acomarca.
In Spain, there are 17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities: Ceuta and Melilla.
Read, think and explain.

What is a referendum?

Name four of the national institutions of Spain.

How is Spains territory organised?

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2
Complete the index card about your province.
Name:
Capital:
Autonomous Community:
Borders:


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The most important law in Spain. It establishes the rights and obligations of all citizens.
The largest of the Balearic Islands.
The leader of the government, elected by the Congress of Deputies and named by the King.
The lower chamber of the Parliament: Congress of .
The capital of Extremadura.
An Autonomous City.
How each island is governed in the Canary Islands.
The Head of State.
A small country which borders the north of Spain.
The upper chamber of the Parliament.
It is responsible for creating and approving laws and for controlling the government.
2
6
5
11
10
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Our ancestors
Name
EXTENSION
Date
Present day human beings evolved over a long, slow process.

Our first ancestors walked the Earth some five million years
ago. They are called the Australopithecus. They walked
upright.
Homo habilis appeared three million years ago. They walked
upright and lived in small groups of families. They got their
food by hunting and gathering fruits and roots. They were the
first human beings to make tools.
Homo erectus appeared 1,600,000 years ago. Their bodies
were similar to ours: they stood upright and could be as tall
as 180 cm. They were omnivores and they hunted. They
made stone axes and wooden spears. Homo erectus
discovered fire and used it for cooking and keeping warm.
Homo antecessor lived 800,000 years ago. They were
hunters and gatherers. They made tools from wood and
bones. Remains of this species have been found in
Atapuerca in the province of Burgos.
Homo neanderthalensis appeared about 200,000 years ago.
They were the first humans to bury their dead.
Homo sapiens sapiens, also called Cro-Magnon, appeared
about 150,000 years ago. We belong to this species of
human beings. They were sedentary. They were also the first
humans to farm and keep livestock. They made clothes from
animal skins. They were excellent hunters and fishermen. They also made cave paintings
that still exist today. Homo sapiens had larger, more highly developed brains. In Latin, homo sapiens
means wise man.

They are our first ancestors.
We belong to this species.
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens sapiens
Australopithecus
Homo antecessor
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo erectus
They were the first human beings to make tools.
They discovered fire.
Homo erectus
Homo antecessor
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
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2
When did Homo antecessor live? Where can we find some of their remains?

Match.
Homo habilis
buried their dead
3 million years ago
Homo neanderthalensis
had highly developed brains
200,000 years ago
discovered fire
150,000 years ago
Homo erectus
walked upright
1,600,000 years ago
What species of Homo is this? Explain.

Complete the timeline with the name of the human species.
5,000,000 years ago
1,600,000 years ago
3,000,000 years ago
150,000 years ago
800,000 years ago
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200,000 years ago
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14
The Roman legions
EXTENSION
Name
Date
The Roman legions made the Roman Empire great. Most

legionaries were well-trained and disciplined professional
soldiers. They made up the best army of their day, and
they were very successful. They steadily conquered
new territories. At one point, Rome controlled the
Mediterranean Sea, part of central Europe and even the
British Isles.
The main division of the army was the legion. Each legion
had about 6,000 elite soldiers. A legion was divided into
ten cohorts led by a senior officer called a legate. Each
cohort was made up of 600 soldiers who were led by
another senior officer. These cohorts were then divided
again into three maniples with about 200 legionaries in
each one.
Finally, each maniple was made up of two centuries each
containing a hundred men. Centurions were in charge of
both the centuries and the maniples.
How was the Roman army organised? Look at the organigram and complete the key.
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2
Match.
Lorica: armour
Scutum: shield
Pilum: spear
Galea: helmet
Gladius: sword
Greave: leg protector
Look at this Roman army camp. Then read the definitions and write the words.
Praetorium
Porta
decumana
Porta
principalis Tentoria
dextra
Intervallum
Fossa
Porta praetoria
Porta
principalis
sinistra
Via praetoria
Vallum
Via principalis
Main entrance to the camp.
Porta Praetoria
Gate opposite the main entrance.
Ditch to protect the camp.
Defensive barrier made of wood.
Space between the tents and the vallum.
Generals large tent.
Soldiers tents.
Gate on the left.
Gate on the right.
Road crossing from the left to the right side of the camp.
Road going from the main entrance to the rear entrance.
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The Way of St James
Name
EXTENSION
Date
A pilgrim is a believer who travels long distances

to visit a sacred place. Since the Middle Ages,
Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostela
have been the main destinations of pilgrimages.
The passion and crucifixion of Jesus Christ
happened in Jerusalem. Rome is home to the
Pope and the place where Saint Peter died. It is
believed that the remains of the apostle Saint
James are buried in the Cathedral of Santiago de
Compostela.
For centuries, pilgrims have walked the Way
of St James to Compostela to show their
devotion to St James. This journey can often
take months. During the reign of the Catholic
Monarchs, pilgrims from all over Europe walked
Way of St James. On their journey, they slept in
monasteries, hospitals and inns.
Since the Middle Ages, the Way of St James has
had several routes:
The French Way starts in Saint Jean Pied
dePort, France. It crosses Navarre, Rioja,
Castile-Leon and Galicia.
The Northern Way starts at the French border in Irun. It goes along the Cantabrian coast.
The Primitive Way starts in Asturias and passes through Lugo, where it joins the last part
of the French Way.
The Silver Way starts in Andalusia. It crosses Extremadura, Castile-Leon, and southern Galicia.
When pilgrims arrive at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, they go through the western
entrance, through the beautiful Portico de la Gloria.

What have been the main destinations of pilgrimages since the Middle Ages?

Why do people make pilgrimages to these places?

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What is a relic? What relic is in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela? Find out and explain.

Use the key and colour the different routes of the Way of St James.
red
French Way
blue
Northern Way
green
Primitive Way
yellow
Silver Way
Santiago
Look at the parts of 127683Camino
the Porticodede
la Gloria.
archivolts
tympanum
column
mainel
Now, write T (true) or F (false).

Archivolts are decorative bands that follow the shape of an arch.
The mainel is a column that divides the open space of a door into two parts.
The tympanum is a decorated semicircular space above a door.
Columns are vertical elements which support the weight of a building.
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Answer key
1 CELLS
1. Label the parts of the cell.
Left: cytoplasm, nucleus. Right: membrane.
2. Read the definitions and write the parts of the cell.
nucleus; cytoplasm; membrane.
3. Write animal cell or plant cell. Then, complete the sentences.
plant cell; animal cell. Animal cells can be many different
shapes. Sometimes their shape is very irregular. Plant cells
are bigger and have a regular shape. They have a hard cell
wall around the membrane.
2 TISSUES, ORGANS, SYSTEMS AND ORGANISMS
1. Write in order from the least complex to the most complex.
Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism.
2. Write two examples for each. M. A. (Model answer)
Tissues: muscle tissue, epidermis of a plant.
Organs: heart, leaf of a plant.
Systems: muscular system, digestive system.
3. What is an organism?
When all the systems work together, they form an organism,
which is a complete living thing.
4. Complete the sentences.
Animals; Plants.
3 BACTERIA, FUNGI, ALGAE AND PROTOZOA
1. Write the names of the five kingdoms of living things.
Animal, plant, fungi, bacteria, the fifth kingdom.
2. Answer the questions.
Bacteria can help make yoghurt, cheese and bread.
Fungi cannot move by themselves.
Bacteria; microbes; unicellular; protozoa; multicellular.
4. Write T (true) or F (false).
F; F; F.
4 PLANT CLASSIFICATION
1. Complete the chart.
flowering plants; Non-flowering plants: mosses
and ferns; Flowering plants: gymnosperms and
angiosperms.
2. Write Angiosperm or Gymnosperm.
Angiosperm, angiosperm, gymnosperm, angiosperm.
Reinforcement

This process only takes place during the day.
Mineral salts dissolve in water. Then, plants absorb this
water through their tiny root hairs.
Chlorophyll is a green substance which traps sunlight.
3. Match.
Phloem vessels: elaborated sap
Xylem vessels: raw sap
6 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
1. Label the parts of the flower.
Left top to bottom: pistil; ovule.
Right top to bottom: anther; stamen; ovary.
2. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, write the correct
sentences.
F, plants that use wind pollination produce large quantities
of pollen; T; F, plants that use insect pollination have large
attractive flowers.
3. Explain how each plant carries out reproduction.
This is a dandelion. Wind separates the seeds from
the plant. The seeds travel long distances as they float
in the wind, reaching the stigmas of other flowers.
A bee is pollinating the flower. The plant has attractive
flowers, which bees like. The pollen grains stick to the
bees, and they carry them to the stigma of other flowers.
7 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
1. Match and explain how the stems grow.
1 Tuber. Tubers are subterranean stems. Part of the stem
grows above the ground and part grows underground.
2 Rhizome. Rhizomes are specialised stems which extend
horizontally below the ground.
3 Stolen. Stolens are specialised stems which extend
horizontally above the ground from the mother plant.
A cutting is a fragment of a stem with a bud. It produces
a new root and becomes a plant.
Grafting is when a fragment of one plant is joined to
another plant. The grafted fragment grows exactly like the
plant it came from.
3. What types of asexual reproduction in plants are useful
inagriculture?
Many kinds are useful. For example, tuber: potatoes;
rhizome: onions; stolens: strawberries. Using cuttings
and grafting are also useful.

Mosses; ferns; non-flowering; Spores; plants; leaves.
5 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Label the parts of a plant.
Top to bottom: stomata; carbon dioxide; xylem vessels; root
hairs.
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Answer key Reinforcement

8 ECOSYSTEMS
physical environment; living things; environment; modify.
2. Look at the picture and answer the questions.
This ecosystem is made up of the physical environment
and the living things which inhabit it.
People, seals, walruses, fish, and seagulls.
A giraffe could not live in this ecosystem because there
are no plants and the climate is too cold. Giraffes need
awarm climate and plants to eat.
People modify this ecosystem by building igloos from ice
and sawing holes in the ice for fishing. Birds and seals
eat many of the fish.
9 NUTRITION IN ECOSYSTEMS
1. Number the living things in this food chain in order.
1 Grass (producer).
2 Grasshopper (primary consumer).
3 Mouse (secondary consumer).
4 Fox (tertiary consumer).
2. Write two examples for each type of consumer. M. A.
Primary consumer: aphid, sheep.
Secondary consumer: frog, fox.
Tertiary consumer: human being, tiger.
food chains; species; webs.
2. Which layer of the Earth does each thing belong to?

The water in a river: hydrosphere.
The rocks in a mountain: geosphere.
The air we breathe: atmosphere.
3. What part of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?
How does ozone protect the Earth?
The ozone layer is in the upper stratosphere. Ozone is a
gas that acts as a barrier against the Suns ultraviolet rays.
12 THE EARTHS CRUST
1. Match.
1 Water enters cracks in the rock and freezes.
2 When water freezes, it expands.
3 The rock breaks apart.
Rainvwater enters the cracks in a rock. When the
temperature is low, the water freezes. As the water
freezes, it expands and breaks the rock apart.
2. Number these processes in the correct order.
1 Wind and water erode a mountain.
2 Wind carries the eroded material.
3 The material settles at the foot of another mountain.
3. Copy the chart and write an example for each case. M. A.
Rivers and
streams
Rivers and
streams
erode river
beds, slowly
creating
valleys and
canyons.
Wind carries
loose soil and
sand, eroding
the lower part of
rocks.
Seawater
erodes the
lower parts
of cliffs.
Transport
Rivers and
streams
carry sand
and pieces
of rock.
Wind picks up
particles of sand
from the ground
and carries them
in the air.
Seas carry
sand and
pieces of
rock.
Sedimentation
Mud settles
at the
bottom of
rivers and
streams.
In the desert,
the wind
carries sand
and deposits
it to form sand
dunes.
Sand settles
at the
bottom of
the ocean
and on
beaches.
1. Write six factors that make up our environment.

M. A.: People, animals, buildings, parks, climate, water.
3. What human activities in the picture modify the

environment? M. A.
The tractor ploughing the land, the construction of
buildings, fences, streets, motorways, electrical power
lines, farm animals, etc.
Seawater
Erosion
10 PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT
2. Write a sentence about environmental problems using each

pair of words.
M. A.: Deforestation occurs when people cut down trees
to make space for farmland.
Hunting is one cause of the loss of biodiversity.
Wind
4. Explain why the loss of an animal or plant species in an

ecosystem is a serious problem. M. A.
It is a serious problem because all living things are part
of a food chain. When one species disappears, the living
things that feed on this species are affected.
11 THE EARTHS LAYERS
1. Complete the diagram.
Left labels: atmosphere: stratosphere; troposphere.
Right labels: geosphere: core; mantle; crust.
Below right: hydrosphere.
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13 ROCKS ON THE EARTHS CRUST
17 SPACE EXPLORATION

Example: granite.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other rocks
orpieces of living things. Example: coal.
Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat or pressure
changes the original rocks. Example: slate.
1. Complete the crossword puzzle.

1 Apollo eleven
5 Rockets
2 Sputnik
6 Space probes
3 Gagarin
7 Shuttles
4 Mars
8 Neil Armstrong

T; F; T; T; F.
1. Write mass, volume or density.

Density is the relationship between the mass and the
volume of an object.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
Volume is the amount of space an object occupies.
Mass and volume are general properties of matter.
Density is a specific property of matter.
14 VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES

energy; eruptions; Earthquakes; crust; crust; magma.
2. Label the parts of a volcano.
Left top to bottom: volcanic chimney; magma chamber.
Right top to bottom: crater; volcanic cone.
crater; volcanic chimney; lava; volcanic cone.
15 THE SOLAR SYSTEM
1. Read the definitions and write the words.
Solar System; planets; asteroids; comets.
Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
Dwarf planet: Pluto.
3. Find and circle the two errors. Then, write the correct texts.
Shooting stars are small celestial bodies the size of dust
or sand particles. They burn up as they enter the Earths
atmosphere.
Meteorites are bodies that are too large to burn up
completely, so they crash into the Earth.
16 THE UNIVERSE
THE SUN
Colour: yellow.
Size: medium-sized.
Luminosity: the most luminous star in the sky.
Brightness: the brightest star in the sky.
18 MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

Left column top to bottom:
General properties
mass, volume, temperature
grams or kilograms
Right column top to bottom:
Specific properties
colour, hardness
19 PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
1. Correct these false sentences.
Mixtures consist of two or more pure substances.
Pure substances consist of just one type of matter.
Alloys are a type of homogeneous mixture.
2. How would you separate the different substances in these
mixtures? Choose the best answer. Explain. (M.A.)
Water and sawdust: filtration because with this method
we can separate a liquid from a solid.
Oil and water: decantation because with this method we
can separate two substances with different densities.
Water and salt: evaporation because with this method
the water evaporates and leaves the salt.

galaxy; elliptical; spiral; irregular; Milky Way.
3. Explain the differences between a constellation
and a galaxy.
M. A.: A constellation is much smaller than a galaxy. It is a
group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky, for example,
Ursa Major. A galaxy may contain millions of stars. They
have different shapes, for example, the Milky Way is a
spiral galaxy.
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20 CHEMICAL CHANGES
2. Describe what is happening in the picture. M.A.
1. What is a chemical change? Write an example. M.A.

A chemical change occurs when a substance changes into
another substance, for example, when iron oxidises, it
changes into rust.
2. Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
What happens to the ice cubes? They melt.
Can water change into ice? Yes, if we freeze water.
Can ice change into water? Yes, when ice melts.
Can wood change into ashes? Yes, if we burn it.
Can ashes change into wood? No. A chemical change has
occurred.
Which picture shows a chemical change? Explain.
The picture of the wood burning. It is an example of
combustion.
21 CHANGES OF STATE
1. Write the changes of state. Then, circle the words in the
wordsearch.
A gas becomes a liquid: condensation.
A liquid slowly changes into a gas at a lower temperature
than boiling: evaporation.
A solid becomes a gas, without first becoming a liquid:
sublimation.
A solid becomes a liquid: melting.
A liquid quickly changes into a gas when the substance
reaches a certain temperature: boiling.
C
The ball is moving. Friction between the ball and ground makes
the ball slow down. Friction is a force between two surfaces
that slows down moving objects. Eventually, the ball will stop.
3. Calculate the answer.
If a car takes four hours to travel 300 kilometres, its speed
is 300 divided by 4: 75 kilometres per hour.
23 GRAVITY AND MOVEMENT
1. Circle the correct word and write the complete sentence.
Gravity is the force which attracts all bodies towards the
Earths surface.
When you throw a ball, gravity pushes the ball downwards.
2. Explain what is happening to this moving ball M.A.
The force you use to throw a ball pushes the ball forward
and applies speed to it. At the same time, gravity pushes
the ball downwards. It starts to move downwards, faster
and faster. The result of these two movements makes the
ball move in a curved direction.
24 THE INNER PLATEAU
MOUNTAIN RANGES ON THE INNER PLATEAU
Central Mountain Chain
Mountains of Toledo
Northern Sub-plateau
Southern Sub-plateau
Now, look at the map and label the relief features of the
Inner Plateau.
Northern Sub-plateau, Central Mountain Chain,
Southern Sub-plateau, Mountains of Toledo.
25 MOUNTAINS AND RIVER BASINS
1. Write the names.
2. What is reverse sublimation? Explain and write an example.

M.A.
This is when a gas becomes a solid, without first becoming
a liquid. For example, when air saturated with water vapour
is cooled, it forms frost.
Mountains ranges surrounding the Inner Plateau: the

Mountains of Leon, the Cantabrian Range, the Iberian
Mountain Chain, the Sierra Morena.
River basins lying beyond the Inner Plateau: the
Guadalquivir river basin and the Ebro river basin.
Mountain ranges lying beyond the Inner Plateau: the
Galician Massif, the Basque Mountains, the Pyrenees,
the Catalan Coastal Chain, the Baetic Mountain Chain.
Look at the map and label mountains and river basins.
Top row: Cantabrian Chain, Basque Mountains, Pyrenees
Left column: Sierra Morena, Guadalquivir river basin
Right column: Ebro river basin, Baetic Chain
26 THE SPANISH COASTS AND ISLANDS
22 MOVEMENT AND SPEED

What makes a body move, change direction or stop?
A body moves, changes direction or stops when a force
acts upon it.
How is speed calculated? To calculate speed, we divide
the distance by the time it takes to travel this distance.
1. Use these names to label the coasts and archipelagos.

A Cantabrian Sea, B Atlantic Ocean, C Balearic Islands,
DCanary Islands, E Mediterranean Sea.
2. Write the names of the islands.
Canary Archipelago: Lanzarote, La Palma, Tenerife,
Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Gran Canaria.
Balearic Archipelago: Menorca, Mallorca, Cabrera, Ibiza,
Formentera.
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27 THE CLIMATES OF SPAIN
1. Use the key and colour the map.
See Student Book, page 107.
28 THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
1. Match.
Mediterranean climate: the dark grey area.
Continental Mediterranean climate: the medium grey area.
Which regions of Spain have these climates?
Mediterranean climate: the regions near the
Mediterranean Sea, from Catalonia to Andalusia.
The Balearic Islands, Ceuta and Melilla also have this
climate. Continental Mediterranean climate: the inland
regions of the Iberian Peninsula, including the Inner
Plateau and the Ebro river basin.
2. Describe temperature and precipitation for each type of
climate.
Mediterranean climate. Temperatures: mild. Precipitation:
little rain especially in the summer.
Continental Mediterranean climate. Temperatures:
more extreme, very low in summer and high in winter.
Precipitation: it normally rains in the spring and in the
autumn.
29 OCEANIC, SUBTROPICAL AND MOUNTAIN CLIMATES
1. Read and write the type of climate.
The climate in the northern regions: Oceanic climate.
The climate in the Canary Islands: Subtropical climate.
The climate in mountain regions: Mountain climate.
2. Look at the temperatures and precipitations on the
graphs. Write the climate.
Oceanic, Mountain, Subtropical.
30 RIVERS
1. Read the definitions and write the names.
The route of a river from its source
to its mouth: course.
The ground over which a river flows: riverbed.
The amount of water a river carries: flow.
Bodies of flowing water which start in the mountains
when rain accumulates or snow melts: rivers.
2. Label the picture.
Left column: reservoir, tributary, meander, delta.
Right column: upper, middle course, lower course.
2. Investigate and complete the index card about the River

Jucar. M.A.
Source: Iberian Mountain Chain
Mouth: Mediterranean Sea
Watershed: Mediterranean
Flow: not much water
Flow regime: irregular
32 THE POPULATION OF SPAIN
1. Read the text and explain why it is not correct.
It is not correct because natural growth is positive as the
birth rate is higher than the death rate. There are more
immigrants than emigrants, so migratory growth
is positive.
2. Write the provinces.
Provinces with fewer than 10 inhabitants per km2: Soria and
Teruel.
Provinces with more than 600 inhabitants per km2:
Barcelona and Madrid.
33 SERVICES
1 Transport. 2 Trade. 3 Domestic. 4 Tertiary. 5 Exports.
6Tourism. 7 Rural.
2. What are three types of transport? Give examples.
M. A.
Land transport: lorries. Sea transport: cargo ships.
Air transport: aeroplanes.
34 THE TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION OF SPAIN
1. Complete the charts.
Natural borders: North: Cantabrian Sea.
South: Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean.
East: Mediterranean Sea.
West: Atlantic Ocean.
Political borders: North: France and Andorra.
South: Morocco.
West: Portugal.
2. Label the borders of Spain on the map.
A Atlantic Ocean; B Cantabrian Sea; C France; D Andorra;
E Portugal; F Mediterrean Sea; G Morroco
31 THE WATERSHEDS OF SPAIN

1. Tick the correct answer.
Most rivers that flow into the Mediterranean are short
and do not carry much water.
The rivers in the Inner Plateau are the longest on the
Iberian Peninsula.
Rivers in the Cantabrian watershed are short and very
steep. They have regular, abundant flow regimes.
In the Canary Islands, there are gullies.
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35 THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF SPAIN
1. Tick the correct answer. Then, write the complete
sentence.
Spain is a Parliamentary Monarchy.
The Head of State is the King.
The Congress of Deputies and the Senate make up the
Parliament.
The President of the Government is elected by the Congress
of Deputies.
Institution
Head of
State
2. Look at the painting. Then, answer the question.

It is from the Neolithic Age because it shows a hunting
scene. It shows very simple figures.
3. Match.
Polished stone tools Neolithic They made more
sophisticated tools such as hoes and sickles.
Simple tools from wood, bones and stone Palaeolithic
They hit one stone against another until they obtained the
shape they wanted.
38 THE METAL AGES
Duties
He is Commander-in-Chief
of the Spanish Armed
Forces.
Made up of
(people)
The King
He represents Spain in
its relations with other
countries.
Parliament
It creates and approves

laws and controls the
government.
the Congress
of Deputies
and the Senate
Government
It governs the country in

accordance with the laws
approved by parliament.
It also establishes
economic, social and
political objectives,
and is responsible for
international relations.
the President
and the
ministers
Courts of
Justice
They ensure that laws are

obeyed and judge anyone
accused of committing a
crime.
judges and
magistrates
36 PREHISTORY: THE PALAEOLITHIC AGE

1. Match.
Prehistory is the first period in history and also the longest.
Prehistory starts with the appearance of human beings and
ends with the appearance of writing.
Prehistory is divided into three periods: the Palaeolithic Age,
the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages.
2. Complete the text.
In the Palaeolithic Age, human beings ate what they
found in nature. They fished, hunted and gathered fruit.
These men and women were nomads, people who move
continually, without settling in one place. They lived in
tribes, small groups formed by several families. They made
simple tools from animal bones, and they painted the inside
of caves.
37 THE NEOLITHIC AGE
1. Write characteristics of human beings during
the Neolithic Age.
They were sedentary; they cultivated crops; they kept
animals in stables; they wore clothes made of cloth.
1. Look at the timeline. Why is it not correct?

The periods of Prehistory are not in the correct order.
The correct order is Palaeolithic: 1,000,000 years ago.
Neolithic: 7,000 years ago. The Metal Ages: 6,000 years ago.
2. Write Palaeolithic, Neolithic or Metal Ages.
People lived in towns: Metal Ages.
People lived in villages: Neolithic.
People lived in caves: Palaeolithic.
People hunted and gathered fruit: Palaeolithic.
People farmed and kept animals: Neolithic.
People became soldiers and traders: Metal Ages.
People built megalithic monuments: Metal Ages.
People painted human figures on cave walls: Neolithic.
People painted animals on cave walls: Palaeolithic.
They made tools from polished stone: Neolithic.
They made tools from metal: Metal Ages.
They made simple tools from stone: Palaeolithic.
39 THE IBERIANS, THE CELTS AND THE FIRST COLONISTS
1. Use the key and colour the map. Then, answer the questions.
See Student Book page 166.
The Iberians lived in the south and east of the Peninsula.
The Celts lived in the centre of the Peninsula and on the
Atlantic coast.
M. A.: Iberian tribes: Bastetani, Edetani, Laietani.
Celtic tribes: Vettones, Astures, Cantabri.
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2. Wordsearch. Circle the names of the three colonising

civilizations. Circle one colony of each civilization. Then, write
them down.
Greek: Saguntum; Carthaginian: Cartago Nova;
Phoenician: Gadir.
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40 ROMAN HISPANIA
A mixture of stones, cement and sand used in Roman
construction: concrete.
The language spoken by the Romans: Latin.
The name the Romans gave to the Iberian Peninsula:
Hispania.
The official religion of the Roman Empire beginning in 380
A. D.: Christianity.
The name of the wars fought between the Romans and the
Carthaginians: Punic Wars.
Pictures made with tiles of stone or coloured glass:
mosaics.
The only pre-Roman language which has survived: Basque.
People without rights who were owned by another person:
slaves.
2. Look at the photo. Is it a Romanesque or a Gothic church?

Romanesque
W
rite some differences between Romanesque and Gothic
architecture.
M. A. Gothic buildings are taller. The walls of Gothic buildings
are thinner than the walls of Romanesque buildings. There
are more windows. Often the windows are made of stained
glass. The arches in Romanesque buildings are round, but
the arches of Gothic buildings are pointed.

Over 2,000 years ago, the Romans defeated the
Carthaginians and conquered the Iberian Peninsula. The
Romans called it Hispania.
The Romans divided Hispania into provinces. The Roman
language was Latin. The inhabitants of Hispania adopted
Roman customs. In 380 A.D., Christianity became the
official religion throughout the Roman Empire.
The Romans were excellent builders. They used two new
materials for building: cement and concrete. They decorated
floors and walls with paintings and mosaics.
41 THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES
1. Circle the correct answer. Then, write the sentence.
The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe.
The capital of the Visigoth kingdom was Toledo.
2. Write the correct dates. Then, number the sentences
chronologically: 1, 2 and 3.
1. In the year 711, Muslims invaded the Peninsula and
turned Al-Andalus into an emirate, a province which
depended on the caliph of Damascus.
2. In the year 756, Prince Abd-ar-Rahman I proclaimed
himself an independent emir and Al-Andalus separated
from Damascus.
3. In the year 929, the emir Abd-ar-Rahman III became a
caliph and established the caliphate of Cordoba.
3. Write the names of the Christian Kingdoms or counties in
the Iberian Peninsula at the beginning of the Middle Ages.
In Cantabria: The Kingdom of Asturias; The Kingdom of
Leon and the Kingdom of Castile
In the Pyrenees: the Kingdom of Navarre, the Kingdom of
Aragon and the Catalan Counties.
42 LIFE IN THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS
1. Complete.
Left column: privileged; noblemen, clergy.
Right column: non-privileged; peasants, craftsmen, merchants.
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Answer key
1 PARTS OF A CELL
The nucleus.
Cells need to carry out the life processes of nutrition,
reproduction and sensitiviy because they are living things.
2. Look at the animal cell on the previous page. Label the
parts of this plant cell.
Left top to bottom: cytoplasm; nucleus; endoplasmic
reticulum; chloroplast.
Right top to bottom: ribosome; vacuole; mitochondrion;
cell wall.
Now, write about two differences you observed.
1.Animal cells have an irregular shape. Plant cells have
a regular shape.
2.Plant cells have a hard cell wall around the membrane.
3. Match the cell types with their functions.
Nerve: transmits messages and orders. Processes
information.
Bone: forms part of the bones.
Muscle: helps the body move.
Adipose: stores fat and protects body organs.
Blood: transports oxygen and other substances throughout
the body.
Sex (spermatozoid): takes part in reproduction.
Epithelial: makes up the skin and covers other parts of the
body.

Plants have to protect themselves from animals so the
animals dont eat them.
Water is scarce in dry areas, so plants grow farther apart
in order to have access to more water.
2. How do plants adapt to changes in the seasons? M. A.
Some plants produce flowers in spring. Seeds germinate
in spring. Fruit ripens in summer and autumn. Many trees
lose their leaves in autumn. Bulbs hibernate underground
in winter.
3. Complete the chart with two examples for each type
ofadaptation. M. A.
Adaptation to rainfall growing close together, growing
far apart
Adaptation to fauna
5. Look at the picture. Name two types of adaptations of

waterlillies. Explain. M. A.
The leaves of the water lily are large and convex so they
can float. The stems are flexible so they dont break in the
current.
3 ECOSYSTEMS IN DANGER
1. What does this map show?
It shows some of the richest and most endangered
ecosystems on Earth.
2. Find Spain on the map. Is there an ecosystem in danger
near Spain? Which one?
The Mediterranean Coast is in danger.
6
ivy, Venuss navel

rose bushes, thyme
Structural adaptation cacti, olive trees

4. Look at the pictures. How have these plants adapted to low
rainfall or low light? M. A.
Cactus stem: thick, fleshy stem for storing water.
Cactus roots: shallow roots which spread out to collect water.
Ivy leaves: broad leaves to receive more sunlight.
Ivy stem: vines which grow around the tree so they
receive sunlight from all directions.
89
4 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
1. Where do the names of the four types of eruptions
come from?
Hawaiian: from volcanoes on the islands of Hawaii.
Strombolian: from the Stromboli volcano in Italy.
Vulcanian: from Vulano, one of the Aeolian islands off the
coast of Italy.
Pelean: from Mount Pelee on the island of Martinique in the
Caribbean Sea.
2. Identify and label each type of volcanic eruption.
A. Pelean, B. Vulcanian, C. Hawaiian, D. Strombolian.
3. Explain the difference between lava and magma.
Magma is liquid rock stored deep inside the Earth. When
magma comes to the surface, it is called lava.
4. Ancient Romans worshipped a god named Vulcan. Find out
who Vulcan was and fill in the information card.
God of fire and metal.
Son of Jupiter and Juno.
Husband of Venus.
Lived under Mount Etna.
The Forge of Vulcan was painted by Diego Rodriguez de
Silva y Velazquez. It is in the Prado Museum.
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4. Research and write a brief report about an ecosystem near

where you live. Include pictures or your own drawings. O. A.
2 PLANT ADAPTATION
Adaptation to soil
EXTENSION
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Answer key EXTENSION

5 STAR GAZING
1. Read and answer.
A constellation is a group of stars that seems to form a
pattern in the sky. For example, Ursa Major, in the Northern
Hemisphere.
The Pole Star belongs to Ursa Minor also known as the
Little Dipper. It can be seen in the Northern Hemisphere.
Orion is the constellation of the hunter. His dog is the
constellation Canis Major.
2. Connect the dots to draw five constellations. O. A.
Where is the Pole Star? Circle it and explain its position.
The Pole Star is at the end of the handle of the Little
Dipper.
3. Write these words backwards to find out the names of some
of the stars that make up the constellation of Orion.
What does the word eureka mean? Eureka means Ive

found it. This word is used when we make a discovery
or when we find a solution to something.
7 NEWTONS APPLE
1. Answer the questions. M. A.
Who was Isaac Newton?
He is one of the greatest scientists in history. He
made important advances in the fields of physics,
mathematics, and chemistry. He discovered
gravitational force, calculus and the three Universal
Laws of Motion.
What is gravity?
1. esuegleteB: Betelgeuse
Gravity is the force which attracts all bodies towards

the Earths surface.
2. legiR: Rigel
3. xirtalleB: Bellatrix
Why did a falling apple make Newton think of gravity?
4. akatniM: Mintaka
When Newton saw the apple fall to the ground, he

began to wonder why it fell towards the Earths surface.
He concluded that the force of gravity attracted all
bodies towards the centre of the Earth.
5. katimlA: Almitak
6. malinlA: Alnilam
7. hpiaS: Saiph
2. Read this newspaper story about the apple tree that

inspired Isaac Newton.
6 EUREKA
What other forces do you know about? Write.
1. Read and tick the correct answer.

How did Archimedes find out that the goldsmith had
cheated Hieron? Because both bowls contained the same
amount of water.
What did Archimedes base his conclusions on? Two
equal masses of the same substance have the same
volume.
2. Why is the block of lead smaller than the block of cork if
they both have the same mass? Explain.
The block of lead is smaller because it has less volume. It
occupies less space than the block of cork.
3. Look at the pictures of the ring in the liquid. Why is the
second picture wrong?
Because if we put an object in a liquid, the volume of
the liquid plus the object is greater, not smaller, than the
volume of the liquid alone.
Calculate the density of the ring. Its mass is 30 grams.
Its volume is 1.5 cm3.
The density is 20 grams per cubic centimetre.
(30 divided by 1.5 = 20)
4. Look for information and answer the questions. M. A.
Who was Archimedes? Where was he born?
Archimedes was a mathematician, physicist, engineer,
astronomer and inventor. He was born in Syracuse,
Italy.
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What were Archimedes most important contributions

to science? Besides the Archimedes Principle, he
also discovered why pulleys work and invented the
compound pulley.
M. A. The force of friction, magnetic force, contact

forces, etc.
3. Apples play a role in many historical events and legends.
Match.
Eve and the apple: The expulsion from paradise.
Paris and the golden apple: The Trojan War.
Newtons apple: The law of universal gravitation.
William Tells apple: The independence of Switzerland.
Do you know any other story in which an apple plays an
important role? O.A.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
What kind of plant is the apple tree? O.A.
Apple trees are deciduous. (They lose their leaves in the
autumn). Apple trees are angiosperms because they have
flowers.
8 TENEGUIA, A VERY YOUNG MOUNTAIN
1. Answer.
What happened? The volcano Cumbre Vieja erupted. So
much lava flowed out of the volcanos cone that it formed
a new mountain: the Teneguia.
Where did it happen? On La Palma in the Canary Islands.
When did it happen? On 18th November 1971.
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2. Read, then complete the chart.
European volcanoes
Mount Vesuvius
Mount Etna
Italy
Italy
1,279 metres
3,322 metres
In 79 A.D., it buried
It is the most active
Hurculaneum, Pompeii
volcano in Europe.
and Stabiae.
Name
Country
Height
This volcano
is famous
because
9 THE AZORES ISLANDS
2. What rivers flow through the Batuecas National Park? What

watershed do they belong to?
The Rivers Francia, Alagon, Agadon and Batuecas. They
belong to the Atlantic watershed.

The Azores Islands belong to Portugal.
The Canary Islands make up part of Macaronesia.
Ponta do Pico volcano is the highest peak in Portugal.
The Azores high pressure system is responsible for
good weather in the Iberian Peninsula.
2. Why do we associate good weather with dry, hot weather?
O. A.
3. Make a chart from this data.
C
l/m2
30
120
25
20
15
10
5
0
J
J
months
Non-European volcanoes
Mauna Kea
Krakatoa
The United States of America
Indonesia
4,205 metres
813 metres
In 1883 an explosion
It is the tallest volcano
killed over 30,000
in the world.
people.
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
4. At what time of year does the Azores High affect Spain the
most? Explain.
In the spring and summer, because this is when the
weather in Spain is hot and dry.
10 THE BATUECAS NATIONAL PARK
1. Read, think and answer.
In which province is Batuecas National Park? Salamanca.
What Autonomous Community does this province belong
to? Castile and Leon.
When did humans first settle in the Batuecas area?
4,000 years ago.
What is the name of this period of history? The Neolithic
Age.
What religious order founded the Batauecas Monastery?
In what century was it founded? The Carmelite order
founded the monastery in the 15th century.
What protected species are found in Batuecas National
Park? The wolf, the lynx, the royal eagle and the black stork.
3. Why can rivers of different river basins be in the same

watershed? Explain.
M.A. A watershed is an area where there can be several
rivers and their river basins. All the rivers are in the same
watershed because they flow into the same sea.
4. Circle the names of the main tributaries of the River Duero
and the River Tagus. Then, classify them.
Tributaries of the River Tagus: Guadarrama, Tietar, Alberche,
Jarama and Alagon.
Tributaries of the River Duero: Pisuerga, Tormes,
Valderaduey, Adaja and Esla.
5. Look for this information: Where is Babia? In which
Autonomous Community is it located? What is the main
river that flows through this Autonomous Community?
Babia is in the province of Leon in the Autonomous
Community of CastileLeon. The main river that flows
through CastileLeon is the River Duero.
11 SPAINS AGEING POPULATION
1. Read and answer.
Why has the Spanish population aged in recent decades?
The Spanish population has aged in recent decades
because of the lower birth rate and higher life expectancy.
What is the life expectancy today for a baby born in Spain?
The life expectancy today for a baby born in Spain is 81 years.
2. The Spanish population is getting older. What are some of
the consequences?
Give examples. M. A.
Fewer child day care centres and schools are needed. More
retirement centres and nursing homes are needed. More
hospitals and health care centres need to specialise in
caring for older people. More people will need to retire later,
when they are over 65. Pensions may be affected.
3. Match.
A statistical study of a human population: demographics.
The ratio between births and the population: birth rate.
The ratio between deaths and the population: death rate.
The number of inhabitants per square kilometre: population
density.
Moving from one country to another: international
emigration / immigration.
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4. Make population pyramids.
Men
300,000
500,000
700,000
900,000
900,000
1,100,000
1,300,000
1,400,000
1,700,000
1,900,000
2,000,000
2,100,000
1,900,000
1,500,000
1,200,000
1,100,000
1,100,000
1,200,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
Age
groups
85+
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
population
5. Complete the timeline with the name of the human species.

5,000,000 years ago: Australopithecus.
3,000,000 years ago: Homo habilis
1,600,000 years ago: Homo erectus.
800,000 years ago: Homo antecessor.
200,000 years ago: Homo neanderthalensis
150,000 years ago: Homo sapiens sapiens or Cro-Magnon.
Women
600,000
700,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,300,000
1,400,000
1,700,000
1,800,000
1,900,000
2,000,000
1,800,000
1,400,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,100,000
1,000,000
2,000,000
14 THE ROMAN LEGIONS

1. How was the Roman army organised? Look at the
organigram and complete the key.
Left column: legion; cohort. Right column: maniple; century.
3,000,000
12 ORGANISATION OF SPAIN
1. Read, think and explain.
What is a referendum? A referendum is when citizens vote
yes or no on a law or proposal.
Name four of the national institutions of Spain: the Head
of State, the Parliament, the Government and the Courts of
Justice.
How is Spains territory organised? In Spain, there are 50
provinces. There are 17 Autonomous Communities and
two Autonomous Cities.
2. Complete the index card about your province. M. A.
Name: Malaga; Capital: Malaga; Autonomous Community:
Andalusia; Borders: Provinces of Cadiz, Seville, Cordoba
and Granada and the Mediterranean Sea
1 Constitution; 2 Mallorca; 3 President; 4 Deputies; 5
Merida; 6 Melilla; 7 Inter-island Council; 8 King; 9 Andorra;
10 Senate; 11 Parliament.
13 OUR ANCESTORS
They are our first ancestors: Australopithecus.
They were the first human beings to make tools: Homo habilis.
They discovered fire: Homo erectus.
We belong to this species: Homo sapiens sapiens.
2. When did Homo antecessor live? Where can we find some
of their remains?
Homo antecessor lived 800,000 years ago, in the
Paleolithic Age. Some remains of this species are in
Atapuerca in the province of Burgos.
3. Match.
Homo habilis: walked upright; 3 million years ago.
Homo neanderthalensis: buried their dead; 200,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens sapiens: had highly developed brains;
150,000 years ago.
Homo erectus: discovered fire; 1,600,000 years ago.
4. What species of Homo is this? Explain.
This is homo erectus because he is carrying a torch. Homo
erectus discovered fire.
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2. Match.
Lorica chest protection; pilum spear in his right hand;
gladius sword at his waist; scutum shield in his left
hand; greave protection on his shins.
3. Look at this Roman army camp. Then read the definitions
and write the words.
Gate opposite the main entrance: Porta decumana.
Ditch to protect the camp: Fossa.
Defensive barrier made of wood: Vallum.
Space between the tents and the vallum: Intervallum.
Generals large tent: Praetorium.
Soldiers tents: Tentoria.
Gate on the left: Port principalis sinistra.
Gate on the right: Port principalis dextra.
Road crossing from the left to the right side of the camp:
Via principalis.
Road going from the main entrance to the rear entrance:
Via praetoria
15 THE WAY OF ST JAMES
What have been the main destinations of pilgrimages
since the Middle Ages?
Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostela.
Why do people make pilgrimages to these places?
The passion and crucifixion of Jesus Christ happened in
Jerusalem. Rome is home to the Pope and the place where
Saint Peter died. It is believed that the remains St James
are buried in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.
2. What is a relic? What relic is in the Cathedral of Santiago
de Compostela? Find out and explain.
A relic is a body part or a personal item of a saint. The relic
in Santiago de Compostela is the remains of the body of
the apostle Saint James.
3. Use the key and colour the different routes of the Way of
St James.
Solid, dark line: French Way (red); Solid, light line: Northern
Way (blue); Arch shaped dashed line: Primitive Way (green);
Vertical dashed line: Silver Way (yellow).
4. Look at the parts of the Portico de la Gloria. Now, write
T (true) or F (false).
T; T; T; T.
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Diagnostic tests
1 The human body and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2 Living things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3 Protecting the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4 Matter, energy and machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5 Population, economy and maps . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Individual results chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
ANSWER KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
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Name
1
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Date

Hard, strong, rigid organs that form the skeleton.
A place where bones join together.
Elastic organs which hold moveable joints together.
Label the diagram. Colour the organs which are part of the digestive system.
Look at the diagram. How does the brain allow us to see?

Write a sentence about healthy habits using these words.

hygiene
rest
exercise
good posture
healthy diet

94
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1
5

The respiratory system continually moves blood around the body.
Blood circulates through blood vessels.
The stomach is the organ that pumps blood to all parts of the body.
Arteries, veins and capillaries are blood vessels.
The kidneys clean blood and produce urine.
Look at the food wheel and answer the questions.
Name the food groups in the food wheel.

What types of food should we eat a lot of?

Give three examples of food we should only eat a little of.

Write the four main stages of life.

Women can have children.
Our milk teeth fall out.
A boys voice gets deeper.
Our bones become fragile.
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Living things
Name
1
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Date
Look at the pictures. What life processes can you see? Explain.
The life process is nutrition because the rabbit is eating.

Label the parts of the flower.

stamen
stigma
sepal
petal
Label the diagram.

Plants need
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Plants produce
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2
4
Write some differences between vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

Complete the chart.

Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
They breathe
through
Their body is
covered with
Their limbs
are
Their reproduction
is
Match.
mollusc
arthropod
jellyfish
earthworm
Label the parts of the insect.
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Name
1
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Date
Describe the Earths orbit.

Name the four Moon phases.

Complete the chart.

freezing
melting
solid
condensation
liquid
evaporation
gas
Read about the water cycle. Number the sentences in order.

Water vapour condenses and forms clouds.
Wind moves the clouds over the land.
Rain falls into rivers and goes to the sea.
Some rain goes into the ground as groundwater.
Water from clouds falls as rain, snow or hail.
1 Water from the sea evaporates.
Look at the pictures. Write three properties of air.
98
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3
6
Complete the definitions.

refers to temperature, wind and precipitation
at a particular time and place.

is the typical weather pattern in one area over a long time.
Tick the true sentences.

All minerals are made up of only one substance.
Minerals are the solid part of the Earth.
Rocks are made up of only one mineral.
Rocks are the solid part of the Earth.
What is soil? Explain.


Which living thing is the producer?

Which living thing is the secondary consumer?

10 Label the picture.

bay
mountain
river
cape
plain
cliff
11 Describe the relief of your Autonomous Community or City.

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Name
1
Matter
Volume
Date
Match.
Mass
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Everything around us is made of this.

The amount of space an object occupies.
The amount of matter in an object.
Are these examples of a physical change or a chemical change?

Water freezes.
Butter melts.
Iron rusts.
A candle burns.
Write a material for each property.

strong
elastic
flexible
transparent
What type of energy do they have?

food
lightning
uranium
petrol
Complete the chart.

Energy sources
renewable
for example
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for example
petroleum
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4
6
Is this sentence true? Explain.

White light is made up of all the colours of light.

Complete the sentence.

The primary colours of light are
Match the types of simple machines.
pulley
lever
ramp
Complete the chart.

one or few parts
lever
ramp
pulley
simple
compound
two or more simple machines working together
Machines
can be

are made up of

for example

are made up of

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carpenter
Name
farmer
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Date
Tick the correct option.

A municipality is made up of
one or several provinces.
one or several cities or towns governed by a local council.
A comarca is
larger than a municipality.
smaller than a municipality.
The basic services in a comarca are located in

the oldest municipality.
the municipality with the best means of transport and communication.
A province is made up of
many municipalities.
an Autonomous Community.
Spain is divided into

two Autonomous Communities and 17 Autonomous Cities.
17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities.
Write the difference between natural growth and migratory growth.

Match.
Makes the laws and approves the budgets
of an Autonomous Community.
European Parliament
Responsible for organising municipal

services.
Autonomous
Community Parliament
Proposes laws for the member countries.
Local Council
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5
4
Write the definitions and jobs in the correct box.

Obtains resources directly from nature.
Provides services for people.
Transforms raw materials into manufactured products.
Economic sector
miner
shoemaker
carpenter
Definition
architect
lawyer
farmer
Jobs
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
Look at the map. In which direction should you walk to reach these places?
Dor Wood
Upton
River Severn
Mount Sky
Green Wood
N
Middletown
W
Blue Lake
Church Town
From Upton to Middletown:
From Mount Sky to Blue Lake:
From Church Town to Mount Sky:
Match the scales to the maps.

N
N
W
Puig
Major
E
S
n
ta
un
m
Tra
E
Puig Major
e
ng
Ra
S
u
m
Tra
aR
an
nt
Menorca
ge
an
Mallorca
Eivissa/Ibiza
Mallorca
Mediterranean
Sea
If the scale is

0
0
Kilometres
25
Mediterranean
Sea
Formentera
47
10
, will Mallorca appear larger or smaller? Explain.
127679_FsicodeMallorca_BIS
127679_FsicodeMallorca
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0
Kilometres
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History
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Name
1
Date
Look at the picture. Circle five errors.

Why are they errors?

Match.
Millenium
10 years
Decade
1,000 years
Century
100 years
Write the century.
69
1115
1789
203
1456
1894
What is a timeline?

Make your own timeline.

Date
Event
I was born.
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6
5
Number in order from the oldest to the most recent.
Complete the chart.

Many thousands
of years ago
2,000 years ago
1,000 years ago
People lived in
People travelled in/on
Historical remains
Look at the picture. What period in history does it represent? Explain.

Write one example for each.

An important monument in your Autonomous Community or City:

A famous historic person from your Autonomous Community or City:

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Name
Date
Yes
NP*
Comments

Identify the function of bones, muscles
and joints.
Understand a diagram of the human body.
Identify the organs of the digestive,
respiratory and circulatory systems.
Explain how the brain allows us to see.
Recognise the components of the
digestive system.
Identify healthy habits.
Recognise what makes up a healthy diet.
Identify the four main stages of life.
Living things
Identify and describe life processes.
Identify the parts of a flower.
Understand how plants make food.
Differentiate invertebrates from
vertebrates.
Name the main characteristics of
vertebrates
Recognise molluscs, arthropods, jellyfish
and earthworms.
Identify the parts of an insect.

Describe the Earths orbit and name the
four phases of the Moon.
Identify the processes involved in the
changes of state of water.
Describe the water cycle.
Identify rocks and minerals.
Describe the components of soil.
Identify producers and consumers.
Identify features of landscapes.
106
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Yes
NP*
Comments

Describe the properties of mass, matter
and volume.
Identify examples of physical and
chemical changes.
Recognise the physical properties of
some materials.
Identify types of energy sources.
Differentiate renewable from
non-renewable sources of energy.
Describe white light and know the primary
colours of light.
Differentiate between simple and
compound machines.

Differentiate between municipalities,
comarcas, etc.
Differentiate natural growth from
migratory growth.
Recognise the responsibilities of political
organisations.
Distinguish between the three main
economic sectors.
Know how to use the points of a compass
to find directions.
Interpret scales on maps.
History
Relate historic remains to different
periods in history.
Relate people and inventions to their time
in history.
NP: Needs practice.
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Answer key
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
1 THE HUMAN BODY AND HEALTH

Bones, joints, muscles.
2. Label the diagram. Colour the organs which are part of the digestive system.
Left column: lungs, heart; right column: mouth, stomach, intestines. Colour: mouth, stomach, intestines.
3. Look at the diagram. How does the brain allow us to see?
The eye captures information which is sent to the brain. The optic nerve sends this information from the eyes
to the brain. The brain receives and interprets this information. This is how we see.
4. Write a sentence about healthy habits using these words.
M. A.: Some good habits are hygiene, rest, exercise, good posture and a healthy diet.
F; T; F; T; T.
6. Look at the food wheel and answer the questions.
Six groups: cereals, fats, proteins, dairy products, vegetables, fruits. We should eat a lot of the foods that appear
larger in the food wheel. We should eat only a little of the foods that appear smaller in the food wheel.
M. A.: Cookies, meat and cheese.
7. Write the four main stages of life.
Women can have children: adulthood; Our milk teeth fall out: childhood; A boys voice gets deeper: adolescence;
Our bones become fragile: old age.
2 LIVING THINGS
1. Look at the pictures. What life processes can you see? Explain.
The life process is nutrition because the rabbit is eating.
Sensitivity because the cat is reacting to something it sees.
Reproduction because the turtle is laying eggs, which will be offspring.
2. Label the parts of the flower.
Left column: petal, stigma; right column: stamen, sepal.
3. Label the diagram.
Plants need: carbon dioxide, sunlight, minerals and water. Plants produce: oxygen and food for other living things.
4. Write some differences between vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
Vertebrates have skeletons made up of bones. For example: mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and amphibians.
Invertebrates are animals without bones. For example: jellyfish, worms, molluscs and arthropods.
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
They breathe through
gills
gills and lungs
lungs
lungs
lungs
Their body is covered with
scales
they have bare skin
scales
feathers
hair or fur
Their limbs are
fins
legs
legs
wings and
legs
most have four

legs
Their reproduction is
oviparous
oviparous
oviparous
oviparous
viviparous
6. Match.
Left column: jellyfish, arthropod; right column: mollusc, earthworm.
7. Label the parts of the insect.
Left column: head, thorax, leg(s); right column: antenna(e), wing(s), abdomen.
1. Describe the Earths orbit.
The Earths orbit is when the Earth orbits the Sun. We call this movement revolution. This takes 365 days.
Revolution causes the seasons.
2. Name the four Moon phases.
New moon, waxing moon, full moon and waning moon.
Top labels: melting, evaporation; bottom labels: freezing, condensation.
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Answer key DIAGNOSTIC TEST

4. Read about the water cycle. Number the sentences in order.
1. Water from the sea evaporates. 2. Water vapour condenses and forms clouds.
3. Wind moves the clouds over the land. 4. Water from clouds falls as rain, snow or hail.
5. Rain falls into rivers and goes to the sea. 6. Some rain goes into the ground as groundwater.
5. Look at the pictures. Write three properties of air.
Air is invisible. Air occupies space. Air has weight.
6. Complete the definitions.
Weather. Climate.
7. Tick the true sentences.
All minerals are made up of only one substance. Rocks are the solid part of the Earth.
8. What is soil? Explain.
Soil is the top layer of the Earths surface, it is made up of water, air, the remains of rocks, animals and plants.
The grass is the producer. The owl is the secondary consumer.
10. Label the picture.
Left column: mountain, bay, cape; right column: river, plain, cliff.
11. Describe the relief of your Autonomous Community or City. O. A.
4 MATTER, ENERGY AND MACHINES
1. Match.
Mass: The amount of matter in an object. Matter: Everything around us is made of this. Volume: The amount of
space an object occupies.
2. Are these examples of a physical change or a chemical change?
Water freezes: physical change. Iron rusts: chemical change. Butter melts: physical change. A candle burns:
chemical change.
3. Write a material for each property.
M. A.: Strong: steel. Flexible: leather. Elastic: rubber. Transparent: glass.
4. What type of energy do they have?
Food: chemical energy. Uranium: nuclear energy. Lightning: electrical energy. Petrol: chemical energy.
5. Complete the chart. M.A.
Renewable: for example, sunlight, wind. Non-renewable: for example, petroleum, coal.
6. Is this sentence true? Explain.
True, because if we hold a glass prism up to a white wall, when white light passes through the prism, we can see
all the colours of the rainbow on the wall.
7. Complete the sentence.
The primary colours of light are red, green and blue.
8. Match the types of simple machines.
From left to right: pulley, ramp, lever.
Machines can be simple: are made up of very few parts, for example, the inclined plane, the pulley, the lever.
Machines can be compound: are made up of two or more simple machines working together.
5 POPULATION, ECONOMY AND MAPS
1. Tick the correct option.
A municipality is made up of one or several cities or towns governed by a local council.
A comarca is larger than a municipality.
Basic services in a comarca are located in the municipality with the best means of transport and
communication.
A province is made up of many municipalities.
Spain is divided into 17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities.
2. Write the difference between natural growth and migratory growth.
Natural growth is the difference between the number of people who are born in an area in one year and the
number of people who die. Migratory growth is the difference between the number of immigrants who come to live
in a place and the number of emigrants who leave.
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Answer key DIAGNOSTIC TEST

3. Match.
Makes the laws and approves the budgets of an Autonomous Community: Autonomous Community Parliament.
Responsible for organising municipal services: Local council.
Proposes laws for the member countries: European Parliament.
4. Write the definitions and jobs in the correct box.
Economic sector
Definition
Jobs
Primary sector
Obtains resources directly from nature.
miner
farmer
Secondary sector
Transforms raw materials into manufactured products.
shoemaker
carpenter
Tertiary sector
Provides services for people.
architect
lawyer
5. Look at the map. In which direction should you walk to reach these places?
From Upton to Middletown: You should walk east. From Mount Sky to Blue Lake: You should walk south.
From Church Town to Mount Sky: You should walk north.
6. Match the scales to the maps.
The 0__25 scale belongs to the map of Mallorca, the 0__47 scale belongs to the Balearic Islands.
Mallorca Island will appear larger because each centimetre is equal to 10 kilometres in reality.
6 HISTORY
1. Look at the picture. Circle five errors.
The athlete, the motorbike, the helicopter, the mobile and the armoured soldier. M. A.: They are errors because at
that time, they were either from the future or from the past.
2. Match.
Millenium 1,000 years, decade 10 years, century 100 years.
69: the 1st century, 1115: the 12th century; 1789: the 18th century; 203: the 3rd century; 1456: the 15th century;
1894: the 19th century.
3. What is a timeline?
A timeline is a drawing which shows important events in chronological order (the order in which they happened).
4. Make your own timeline.
O. A.
5. Number in order from the oldest to the most recent.
2, 5, 1, 4, 3, 6.
Many thousands of years ago
2,000 years ago
1,000 years ago
People lived in
caves or simple huts, later

in villages.
domus, insulae and villas.
Noblemen lived in castles.

Peasants lived in huts built
in villages near the castle.
People travelled
in/on
on foot, in carts and in

sailboats.
on foot, on horseback, in
horse-drawn carriages and
in sailboats.
on foot, on horseback, in
horse-drawn carriages, and
in sailboats.
Historical remains
Cave paintings, simple

tools and clay pots.
Theatres, circuses,
temples, bath houses,
aqueducts, and Latin.
Romanesque and Gothic

churches.
7. Look at the picture. What period in history does it represent? Explain.

It is from Medieval times, 1,000 years ago. M. A.: During this age, noblemen lived in castles built on hills. The
castles had guard towers and were surrounded by walls made of thick stones.
8. Write one example for each.
O. A.
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Assessment

Unit
assessments
Unit
tests
1 Living things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112
142
2 The plant kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
114
143
3 Protecting the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
116
144
4 The Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118
145
5 The Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
146
6 Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
147
7 Forces and movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124
148
8 The relief of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126
149
9 The climates of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
128
150
10 The rivers of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
130
151
11 Population and the economy of Spain . . . . . . .
132
152
12 Institutions of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
134
153
13 Prehistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
136
154
14 Ancient history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
155
15 The Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140
156
Term assessments
Term 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Term 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Term 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Term tests
Term 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Term 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Term 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Final assessment and test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Answer keys
Unit assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Term assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Final assessment and test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
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Living things
ASSESSment
Name
1
Date

What is a cell?

Why are cells living things?

Label the parts of a cell.
How are plant cells different from animal cells? Explain.


Where are unicellular living things found?

How can we see unicellular living things?

Write in order from the simplest to the most complex.

system
organ
cell
organism
tissue

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1
6
Match.
tissue
organism
system
organ
a group of similar cells

a group of similar tissues
a group of similar organs
a group of various systems
Why are bacteria called microbes? Write two examples for each.

Helpful bacteria:
Harmful bacteria:
Write the name of the kingdom.
They depend on other organisms for food. They are fixed to something; they cannot move by themselves.

They eat other living things and can move from one place to another.

They use sunlight and substances from the soil and air to make their own food.

The smallest and most abundant of all living things.


Why are viruses not included in any of the five kingdoms?

What kingdom do algae belong to?
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The plant kingdom
Name
1
Date
Complete the chart.
Plants
flowering
mosses

2
ASSESSment

What are spores?
What plants have spores?
How are angiosperms different from gymnosperms? Explain.

Look at the picture. How would you classify this plant?


The process plants use to make their own food.
Carbon dioxide enters through these tiny pores situated

on the underside of the leaves.
Chlorophyll is found in these special organelles inside plant cells.
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2
6
Circle the picture that shows photosynthesis.

Carbon
dioxide
Carbon
dioxide
Oxygen
Oxygen
Now, explain your choice.

Look at the pictures. Explain the process of pollination and how it can happen in two ways.
Anther
Pistil

Read the text and cross out the three errors.

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen of one flower to the shoot of another flower. After
pollination, seeds and fruit begin to grow. Fruit forms from the ovule. Then, seeds are formed from the
ovary.
Label the type of asexual reproduction.

A
10 How do plants carry out the proces of sensitivity? Give examples.

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Name
1
ASSESSment
Date
What is an ecosystem? Explain.

Can a pond be an ecosystem? Explain.

Write a definition for each word.

Population

Habitat

Community

Which factors influence living things in these environments?

Terrestrial
Aquatic
Number the pictures in order to make a food chain.
116
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3
6
Write an example for each.

Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

Match.
Parasites
Predators
Scavengers
Animals that eat the dead bodies of other animals.
Animals that hunt other animals for food.
Animals that feed off other living things without killing them.
Explain how people affect the environment.

10 What can responsible governments do to protect the environment?

Write an example of a protected area.

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The Earth
Name
1
ASSESSment
Date

The
is the layer of air which surrounds the Earth.
The
is the solid part of the Earth.
The
is all the water on Earth.
Label the layers of the geosphere.

A
Now, write the characteristics of each layer.

Number the processes of weathering in order.

River water deposits the pieces of eroded soil and rock material in other places.
River water carries pieces of eroded soil and rock material.
The river erodes soil and rock material from the river bed.
Look at the picture. Explain how this geographical feature was made.

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4
6
What are the three components of soil?

Write a definition for each.

A volcanic eruption

An earthquake

Label the parts of a volcano.
Complete the chart.

Types of rocks, depending on how they are formed

for example

for example
for example
10 What is the rock cycle? Explain.

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The Universe
ASSESSment
Name
1
Date
Write the names of the planets in order, starting with the closest to the Sun.
1.
5.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.

Which planets in the Solar System are mainly composed of gas?

Which planets in the Solar System have a rocky surface?

Which are the two planets closest to the Earth?

What is the difference between a satellite and a dwarf planet?

Complete the text.

The Moon is a satellite of the planet , which belongs to the
System.
The only star of the Solar System is the , which belongs to a galaxy
called the .
What are comets? When do they show a bright tail?

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6

The Earth is the brightest celestial body in the sky.
The Milky Way is an elliptical shaped galaxy.
Constellations are giant spheres of gas. In their interior, they produce enormous amounts of energy.
The Kuiper Belt is made up of asteroids.

A collection of thousands or millions of stars.
Small celestial bodies that burn up as they enter the Earths
atmosphere.

Small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun.
A group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky.
Write the four properties of stars.

What kind of celestial body is this? What are its characteristics?

10 Answer the questions.

Who is Neil Armstrong?

What was the name of the first artificial satellite launched into space?

Who was Yuri Gagarin?

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Matter
ASSESSment
Name
1
Date
What are general properties of matter? Give three examples.

Name three specific properties of matter.

Write the names of the units we use to measure.

The amount of matter in an object.
The amount of space an object occupies.
Explain the difference between mass and volume.

Look at the picture. Which substance is the densest? Explain.

oil
water
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6
Tick the correct box.

Homogeneous mixture
Heterogeneous mixture
Pure substance
Seawater
Granite
Sugar
Soil
Steel
Water
What method would you use to separate the substances in each mixture?
Water and oil
Sand and iron filings
Water and coffee grounds

is when a gas becomes a liquid.
is when a liquid becomes a gas.
is when a liquid becomes a solid.
is when a solid becomes a liquid.
is when a solid becomes a gas, without first becoming a liquid.
If we wash a glass and leave it to drain, a while later the glass will be dry. What happened to the water
on the glass?

10 Write change of state or chemical change.

Paper burns and changes into ashes.
Iron oxidises and changes into rust.
Clothes are hung out to dry in the Sun.
Lava cools and changes into hard rock.
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Forces and movement
Name
1
ASSESSment
Date
What is friction?

Read and answer the question.

As a cyclist approaches a stop sign, he stops pedalling.
However, the bicycle keeps moving.
What must the cyclist do to stop the bicycle? Explain.

Look at the picture. Answer the question.

Why is it so difficult to stop when ice skating?

Draw arrows to show movement and the force of friction.
Solve the problem.
A motorist drives 100 kilometres

in one hour. How many kilometres
will he drive in three hours if he
maintains the same speed?
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6
What is gravity?

Look at the picture. What force makes the ball fall? Explain.

Draw the direction in which the ball will move.

A
Why kind of machine are they using?

What is this machine used for?

In which picture does the boy need to use less force?
Explain.

10 What is a third-class lever? Give an example.

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The relief of Spain
Name
1
ASSESSment
Date
Which territories make up Spain?

Name the three rivers that cross the Inner Plateau.

Name the two mountain ranges on the Inner Plateau.

Read and underline the two mistakes.

The Guadalquivir river basin is in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula.
It is triangular in shape. The River Guadalquivir flows across it, and it is surrounded
by the Baetic Mountain Chain, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic Ocean.
Name the five mountain ranges which lie beyond the Inner Plateau.

Read and name the mountain range.

A mountain range in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. The mountains are not very high,
less than 1,300 metres. There are few valleys between these mountains.
This complicates transport networks between the Inner Plateau and Andalusia.
The name of this mountain range is
What two seas or oceans bathe the Galician coast? Describe this coast.

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8

What are Spains two large archipelagos?

What is the highest peak in Spain? Where is it?

What is the largest island of the Balearic archipelago?
Describe the relief of your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City.

10 Complete the map with the names of the relief features.

Cantabrian Sea
N
W
B
C
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
E
F
Scale
0
81
Kilometres
H
ATLANTIC OCEAN
it
Med
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a
err
Se
n
nea
o 127
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ASSESSment
Name
1
Date
What is climate?

What factors affect climate?

Read and name the climate.

In inland Spain, on the Inner Plateau and in the Ebro river basin,
temperatures are extreme because these regions are a long way from the coast.
Winter temperatures can be 4 C, while summer temperatures are around 23 C.
Precipitation normally occurs in spring and autumn. Rainfall is about 400 l/m2 during the year.
The climate is
Cross out the plants that are not typical of Mediterranean forests.
holm oak
tabaibas
eucalyptus
fir tree
lavender
oak tree
rosemary
Which climate is shown in the climate graph?

C
l/m2
30
25
20
15
10
5
40
30
20
10
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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6
Complete the chart.

Mediterranean
climate
Temperatures
mild
Precipitation
little rain
Continental
Mediterranean
climate
Oceanic
climate
Subtropical
climate
Mountain
climate
Look at the picture of vegetation in the Canary Islands. Why is it not correct?
tabaiba
laurel
forest

Canary Islands pine
What is the climate? Use the key and colour.

Red
Yellow
Green
Oceanic climate
Blue
Mountain climate
Orange
Subtropical climate
Write about the vegetation in your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City.

10 Why does Spain have such a variety of climates? Think and explain.

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The rivers of Spain
ASSESSment
Name
1
Date
Write the definitions.

flow
flow regime
Explain the influence of relief on rivers.

Identify the three watersheds in Spain. Use the key and colour.
N
W
Cantabrian Sea
Red
Mediterranean watershed
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Me
Ceuta
Melilla
Yellow
Atlantic watershed
Green
Cantabrian watershed
ea
di
te
n
ra
S
n
ea
Scale
220
Kilometres
Why are rivers in the Atlantic watershed longer than rivers in the Cantabrian watershed?
127679vertientes E s pana

Complete the chart with the name of the watershed.

Watershed
Characteristics
The majority of rivers are short. They do not carry much water.
They have an irregular flow regime.
The rivers are short and very steep. They have quite regular,
abundant flow regimes.
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10
6
Identify the rivers on the map. Then, write if each river is a main river or a tributary.
N
Cantabrian Sea
10
1
9
2
63
46
75
14
ATLANTIC
27
OCEAN
89
3
10
58
an
ne
a
rr
te
di
e
M
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Ceuta
Melilla
a
Se
Scale
140
Kilometres
U10- 3
Pisuerga
Sil
Tagus
Mundo
Gallego
Narcea
Segura
Mio
Guadalquivir
Ebro
Which river basin are these rivers in?

Aragon
Genil
Tormes
Tietar

A small lake.
A coastal lagoon in Valencia.
The largest glacial lake in Spain.
Deep channels where water flows when it rains heavily.
Describe the rivers and lakes in your Autonomous Community or City.

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The population
and the economy of Spain
Name
1
ASSESSment
Date
Name three types of migration Spain experienced in the 20th Century.

What is the formula we use to calculate population density?

Write the descriptions.

The population density of Spains inland provinces.

The population density within each province.

Explain why the Spanish population is growing.

Complete the text.

Today, the population in Spain is over
because of
the
million. This increase has happened
and . The population is concentrated in
and on the .
Is the population in your Autonomous Community or City growing? Explain.

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7
The active population of Spain is divided into three economic sectors. Read the graph and explain.
Tertiary
sector
(65%)

Primary
sector
(5%)
Secondary
sector
(30%)

Write T (true) or F (false). Then, corrected the false sentences.

The active population works in three sectors: agriculture, livestock farming and fishing.
In Spain, cereals, grapes and olives are the most abundant irrigated crops.
The secondary sector includes industry and trade.
The tertiary sector employs more people than any other sector.

Explain the difference between domestic trade and foreign trade.


What economic sector employs the most people in your Autonomous Community or City?

What are the main jobs in this sector?

How important is agriculture?

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Institutions of Spain
ASSESSment
Name
1
Date
Write the name of the capital of each Autonomous Community.

Aragon
Canary Islands
Extremadura
Galicia
What is the difference between a natural border and a political border?

What are the natural and political borders of Spain?

North
East
South
West
Write the name of the Autonomous Community.

The Autonomous Community with the most provinces.
The Autonomous Communities that border the Atlantic Ocean.
The Autonomous Community that borders Andorra.
Complete the chart with the names of the institutions.

Autonomous Communities
and Autonomous Cities
Institutions
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Municipalities
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6
Complete.
The , approved in , is the most important law in Spain.
The Head of State is the . His main duties are

The government is made up of the President and his
The government is responsible for

The parliament of Spain is called Las Cortes. It is made up of two chambers:
and .
It is responsible for
The Courts of Justice are responsible for
They are made up of and .
Write two rights and two obligations which the Constitution establishes.
Rights:

Obligations:

Who elects these people?

The President of the Government
The members of Las Cortes
Who attends a cabinet meeting?

10 What are the main responsibilities of an Autonomous Community parliament?

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13
Prehistory
ASSESSment
Name
1
Date
What is Prehistory?

Complete the timeline to show the three periods of Prehistory.
1,000,000 years ago
years ago
years ago
Complete these sentences about human beings in the Palaeolithic Age.

They lived in
They ate
They lived for only about
They made simple tools from
They painted
Underline the two errors. Explain why this information is not correct.
In the Palaeolithic Age, men and women lived in tribes. They were hunters and farmers.
They made tools from stone and bronze. They painted animals on the walls and ceilings
of caves and made small stone sculptures which represented women.

Number in order starting from the oldest.
spear or harpoon
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metal dagger
ceramic bowl
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6
Complete the text.

About 7,000 years ago, human beings became crop farmers and . They
built villages. People learned to
stone in order to make more sophisticated
tools. Two other important developments were the making of andpottery.

They painted scenes of in caves. This period is known
asthe .
Look at the picture. What period of Prehistory is it? Explain.

Compare.
The Neolithic Age
The Metal Ages
Where did people live?

What tools did they use?
What works of art did they make?
Label menhir, dolmen or cromlech.
10 Write about your Autonomous Community or City. What kind of Prehistoric remains have been found
there? What period do they belong to?

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Ancient History
ASSESSment
Name
1
Date
Complete the text.

Two groups of people lived on the Iberian Peninsula in the first millennium B.C.:
the
and the . Then, the first colonists arrived from
across the Mediterranean Sea: the , the

and the .
Complete.
THE CELTS
Their houses were
They ate
They were expert
Complete the chart.

Phoenicians
Greeks
Carthaginians
They came from

They settled on
Founded colonies such as
Use the key and colour the map.

Cantabrian Sea
red
blue
Iberian zone
green
Phoenicians
yellow
Greeks
orange
Carthaginians
VA
CCA
EI
ES
OCEAN
ASTURES
LU
VETTONES
CA
Emporion
AREVACI
LA
RP
AN
ET
AT L A N T I C
SO
Rhode
NI
I E TA
Saguntum
Hemeroskopeion
CONTESTANI
CELTICI
TURDETANI
NI
E TA
BAST
Sexi
Abdera
Malaca
Gadir
Ebyssos
MEDITERRANEAN
SEA
Cartago Nova
138189736 Test_Diagnostic TestTop8Science

p 1 5 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educacin, S.L.
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5
What group of people lived in your Autonomous Community before the Roman conquest?


When did the Roman conquest of Hispania begin?
Who did the Romans defeat in the Punic Wars?
Why did the Romans occupy Hispania?

What were the last territories that the Romans conquered?

Describe the Roman way of life.

The Romans divided Hispania into five provinces. What were their names?

Write correct versions of these sentences.

In 218 B.C., the Carthaginians arrived in Ampurias and defeated the Romans.

In Hispania, each province was ruled by an emperor.

There were two groups of people in Roman society: merchants and farmers.

10 What aspects of Roman culture have survived until today? Think and answer.

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The Middle Ages
ASSESSment
Name
1
Date
Read the text and name the kingdom.

Before the year 400 A.D., the Roman Empire frequently came under attack from Germanic tribes, who
came from the north of Europe. One of these Germanic tribes arrived in Hispania
and founded a kingdom with Toledo as its capital.

Write correct versions of these sentences

In 711 A.D., an army of Moors arrived from Africa and invaded the Roman Empire.

At first, Al-Andalus was a caliphate which depended on the caliph of Damascus.

The emir Abd-ar-Rahman III took the title of caliph and established the caliphate of Granada.

Put the events in chronological order.

Taifas
Caliphate
Independent
emirate
Kingdom
ofGranada
Conquest
and Emirate
Look at the map. What period of the Middle Ages does it show? Explain.

CHRISTIAN ZONE
MUSLIM ZONE


Where were the first Christian Kingdoms?
Who was Pelayo?

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6
Circle the names of the Christian Kingdoms that existed in the Iberian Peninsula around 1200.
Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Asturias
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Granada
Kingdom of Leon
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Castile
Complete the text.

In 1212, the Battle of
took place. The armies of Castile, Navarre
and Aragon together defeated the Moorish troops. After this battle, King Ferdinand III and, after him,
Alfonso X, conquered nearly all of . Only one Muslim territory remained
on the Peninsula: the Kingdom of , which was conquered in 1492 by
the .
Look at the picture and answer.

What kind of building is it?
Describe the walls.

Describe the arches.
What period does this building belong to? Explain.

What is the difference between mozarab and muladi?


What materials did Moorish architects use?

Describe the walls.
What kind of arches did they use?
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Living things
TEST 1
Name
Date

1. All living things are made up of
7. Bacteria are
a. systems.
a. unicellular living things.
b. bacteria
b. multicellular living things.
c. cells.
c. non-living things.
2. The covering which surrounds a cell and

separates it from the outside is
8. Living things are classified into large

groups called
a. the membrane.
a. systems.
b. the nucleus.
b. kingdoms.
c. the cytoplasm.
c. animals and plants.
3. Organelles are in
9. The smallest living things are
a. the membrane.
a. plants.
b. the nucleus.
b. bacteria.
c. the cytoplasm.
c. fungi.
4. Multicellular living things are made up of
10. Protozoa belong to
a. one cell.
a. the bacteria kingdom
b. a large number of cells.
b. the fifth kingdom.
c. bacteria and fungus.
c. no kingdom.
5. A group of organs that work together to

carry out a common function make up
a. a system.
b. an organism.
c. tissues.
6. Multicellular living things that cannot
move by themselves and depend on other
organisms for food are
a. plants.
b. animals.
c. fungi.
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The plant kingdom
TEST 2
Name
Date

1. The two main groups of non-flowering
plants are
7. The final stage in plant reproduction is

a. germination.
a. angiosperms and gymnosperms.
b. pollination.
b. fungi and mushrooms.
c. growth.
c. mosses and ferns.

2. Gymnosperms
a. do not produce fruit.
b. produce seeds inside the fruit.
c. do not have flowers.
3. Raw sap reaches the leaves by travelling
through
8. Plants reproduce asexually when

a. more than one plant is involved.
b. they reproduce without flowers or
seeds.
c. pollen from one plant reaches
another.
9. Rhizomes are
a. the xylem vessels.
a. underground stems.
b. the phloem vessels.
b. fragments of one plant joined to

another.
c. the blood vessels.

4. Plants make their own food through
a. pollination.
b. photosynthesis.
c. germination.
5. In respiration, plants
a. take in carbon dioxide.
c. cuttings.
10. When leaves react to changes in the
environment by turning to face the Sun,
the plant is carrying out the process of
a. nutrition.
b. reproduction.
c. sensitivity.
b. give off oxygen.

c. take in oxygen and give off carbon
dioxide.
6. Anthers
a. are the female part of a flower.
b. produce pollen.
c. protect the seeds.
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TEST 3
Name
Date

1. A community of living things in a physical
environment is
6. Carnivorous animals that hunt other

animals for food are
a. a natural area.
a. producers.
b. an ecosystem.
b. parasites.
c. biodiversity.
c. predators.
2. An ecosystem made up of planet Earth

and all the living things that inhabit it is
7. are the best way to show

food relationships in ecosystems.
a. the biosphere.
a. Food wheels
b. biology.
b. Food chains
c. biodiversity.
c. Food pyramids
3. All members of one species living in the

same ecosystem is
8. All the species of living things in an

ecosystem is
a. a species.
a. biodiversity.
b. a population.
b. the environment.
c. a community.
c. biology.
4. In aquatic ecosystems, are

the producers.
9. All the populations that interact in an

ecosystem make up
a. plants
a. a community.
b. bacteria
b. an organism.
c. algae
c. a species.
5. Primary consumers are

a. plants.
10. Animals that eat the dead bodies of

other animals are
b. carnivorous animals.
a. scavengers.
c. herbivorous animals.
b. predators.
c. producers.
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The Earth
TEST 4
Name
Date

1. The inner layer of the geosphere is
a. the crust.
7. In a volcano, magma goes up through

a vent called
b. the mantle.
a. the magma chamber.
c. the core.
b. the volcanic cone.
2. The removal of soil and rock material by

water, wind or ice is
a. erosion.
c. the volcanic chimney.

8. The remains of living things found in
sedimentary rocks are
b. transport.
a. fossils.
c. sedimentation.
b. coal.
3. The energy in the interior of the Earth

produces
c. petroleum.
9. The ozone layer is found in
a. transport and sedimentation of rock

material.
a. the troposphere.
b. the rock cycle.
c. the geosphere.
c. earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

4. Basalt is an igneous rock formed by
10. Sand settling on the bottom of oceans

is an example of
a. the atmosphere.
a. erosion.
b. volcanoes.
b. transport.
c. wind erosion.
c. sedimentation.
5. The layer closest to the Earths surface is

a. the hydrosphere.
c. the troposphere.
6. The three components of soil are
a. solid, liquid and gas.
b. erosion, transport and deposition.
c. igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic.
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The Universe
TEST 5
Name
Date

1. Large sphere-shaped bodies that orbit the
Sun in an almost circular path are
6. The first human to see the Earth from

outer space was
a. satellites.
a. Pedro Duque.
b. planets.
b. Yuri Gagarin.
c. galaxies.
c. Neil Armstrong.
2. The amount of energy produced in the

nucleus of a star is its
7. Giant balls of ice which orbit the Sun in

a long, elliptical path are
a. luminosity.
a. comets.
b. brightness.
b. planets.
c. colour.
c. asteroids.
3. Man-made objects designed to orbit the

Earth are
8. Galaxies can have different shapes:

a. elliptical, spiral or round.
a. comets.
b. spherical, elliptical or irregular.
b. artificial satellites.
c. elliptical, spiral or irregular.
c. asteroids.
9. Spaceships designed to explore the far

reaches of the Universe with no human
crew are
4. Saturn is
a. an outer planet.
b. a satellite.
a. comets.
c. a dwarf planet.
b. space probes.
5. The closest star to the Earth is

a. Ursa Major.
c. space shuttles.
10. The planet farthest from the Sun is
b. the Milky Way.
a. Mercury.
c. the Sun.
b. Neptune.
c. Uranus.
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Matter
TEST 6
Name
Date

1. The amount of matter in an object is its
a. mass.
b. density.
c. volume.
2. The method used to separate
homogeneous mixtures of substances
with different densities is
a. decantation.
b. filtration.
c. evaporation.
3. Condensation is when
a. a liquid becomes a solid.
b. a solid becomes a gas.
c. a gas becomes a liquid.
4. Chemical changes occur when
a. a substance changes into one
or more substances.
b. a substance changes its state.
c. a substance changes its size
or colour.
5. We calculate the density of an object by
a. dividing its volume by its mass.
b. dividing its mass by its volume.
c. dividing its mass and volume by its
density.
6. An alloy is
a. a mixture of pure substances in
which one substance is a gas.
b. a heterogeneous mixture in which
one or more of the substances is
a liquid.
c. a homogeneous mixture in which
one or more of the substances is
a metal.
7. is when a solid becomes
a gas, without first becoming a liquid.
a. Sublimation
b. Solidification
c. Vaporisation
8. is a chemical reaction that
occurs when a substance combines with
oxygen.
a. Photosynthesis
b. Oxidation
c. Combustion
9. Mass, volume and temperature are
a. characteristic properties.
b. specific properties.
c. general properties.
10. Mineral salts dissolved in water is a
a. heterogeneous mixture.
b. homogeneous mixture.
c. magnetic mixture.
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Forces and movement
TEST 7
Name
Date

1. is a force between two
surfaces that slows down moving objects.
6. is a simple machine that

reduces friction with the ground.
a. Friction
a. The lever
b. Gravity
b. The wheel
c. Speed
c. The pulley
2. Gravity is the force which

a. attracts all bodies towards the
atmosphere.
7. If a car takes three hours to drive

210kilometres, its average speed on
this journey is
a. 700 km. per hour.
b. attracts all bodies towards the Earths

surface.
b. 210 km. per hour.
c. makes all bodies stop.
c. 70 km per hour.
3. A pulley is
8. When we throw a ball, it moves in
a. a compound machine.
a. a straight direction.
b. a singular machine.
b. a curved direction.
c. a simple machine.
c. an inclined direction.
4. If a body is in motion and no force makes

it stop or change direction,
a. it will continue to move in a straight
line.
b. it will continue to move in a zigzag.
c. it will be attracted towards the Earths
surface.
9. Our arms are examples of

a. first-class levers.
b. second-class levers.
c. third-class levers.
10. A slope or ramp that makes it easier to
lift heavy objects is
a. a lever.
5. Gravity is the force which

a. slows down objects moving in
an upwards direction.
b. an inclined plane.
c. a pulley.
b. slows down objects moving in

a downwards direction.
c. accelerates objects moving in
an upwards direction.
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The relief of Spain
TEST 8
Name
Date

1. is in the centre of the
Iberian Peninsula.
6. The Tramuntana Range is on the island of

a. Tenerife.
a. The Inner Plateau
b. Menorca.
b. The Pyrenees
c. Mallorca.
c. The Sierra Morena

2. The Picos de Europa belong to
a. the Sierra Morena.
b. the Cantabrian Range.
c. the Pyrenees.
3. The Andalusian coast is bathed by
a. the Mediterranean Sea and the
Cantabrian Sea.
b. the Atlantic Ocean.
c. the Mediterranean Sea and the
Atlantic Ocean.
7. There are two mountain ranges in the

Inner Plateau:
a. the Central Mountain Chain and the
Mountains of Toledo.
b. the Cantabrian Range and the
Mountains of Leon.
c. the Iberian Mountain Chain and the
Basque Mountains.
8. Aneto is the highest mountain in
a. the Sierra Morena.
b. the Pyrenees.
c. the Baetic Mountain Chain.
4. On the edges of the Inner Plateau, there is

high moorland called
9. The longest coast in Spain is
a. La Alcarria.
a. the Mediterranean.
b. the Mountains of Toledo.
b. the Atlantic.
c. the Duero river basin.
c. the Cantabrian.
5. is part of the Iberian

Mountain Chain.
a. The Morena Range
b. The Moncayo Range
c. The Galician Massif
10. The Guadalquivir river basin is

surrounded by
a. the Pyrenees, the Iberian Mountain
Chain and the Catalan Coastal Chain.
b. the Baetic Mountain Chain, Sierra
Morena and the Atlantic Ocean.
c. the Baetic Mountain Chain, the
Catalan Coastal Chain and the
Mediterranean Sea.
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TEST 9
Name
Date

1. is the characteristic state of
the atmosphere in a place over a number
of years.
a. Weather
6. Beech trees are typical in

a. Oceanic climates.
b. Mountain climates.
c. Subtropical climates.
b. Meteorology
7. Mountain climates are colder because
c. Climate
2. The climate in the Balearic Islands is
a. Mediterranean.
b. temperatures fall when land is closer

to the ocean.
b. Subtropical.
c. Continental Mediterranean.
3. In an Oceanic climate, precipitation is
a. abundant all year round.
b. abundant in summer.
8. In areas with a Mediterranean climate,

precipitation is more abundant in
b. winter.
4. Regions near receive more

heat.
a. the Poles
c. spring and autumn.

9. Laurel forests are typical in
a. Catalonia.
b. the Equator
b. Galicia.
c. rivers
c. the Canary Islands.
5. The European fan palm and esparto grass

grow
a. in the mountain areas in the north of
the Iberian Peninsula.
b. in the Canary Islands.
c. in the more arid areas in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula.
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c. as altitude increases, temperatures

rise.
a. summer.
c. abundant in spring.
150
a. as altitude increases, temperatures

fall.
10. On the peaks in mountain

areas, grow.
a. only grass and some shrubs, such
as broom
b. oak trees
c. pine and fir forests
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The rivers of Spain
TEST 10
Name
Date

1. The variation in the flow of a river
throughout the year is
a. the flow regime.
b. the bed.
c. the course.
2. The Ebro is the longest river in
a. the Atlantic watershed.
b. the Mediterranean watershed.
c. the Cantabrian watershed.
3. The Mequinenza reservoir is in the river
basin of
a. the River Tagus.
b. the River Duero.
c. the River Ebro.
4. Rivers which flow into another river are
a. streams.
b. tributaries.
c. main rivers.
5. The smallest watershed in Spain is
6. Lake Gallocanta is
a. a mountain lake, formed by the
accumulation of rainwater.
b. a lake on the plains, formed by the
c. a coastal lagoon, formed by the
7. Each main river and its tributaries flow
over a low-lying plain called
a. a reservoir.
b. a relief.
c. a river basin.
8. The rivers of Galicia have
a. an abundant flow and a regular flow
regime.
b. a low water level in summer.
c. an irregular flow regime.
9. There are no continuous watercourses in
the Canary Islands because
a. the mouth of the river is close to the
ocean.
a. the Mediterranean watershed.
b. the climate is very dry.
b. the Atlantic watershed.
c. the rivers start in the mountains, far

from the ocean.
c. the Cantabrian watershed.
10. The Jucar River starts in

a. the Baetic Mountain Chain.
b. the Catalan Coastal Chain.
c. the Iberian Mountain Chain.
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Population and the economy of Spain

Name
TEST 11
Date

1. The Spanish population is growing
because of
6. are the most abundant

livestock in Spain.
a. a rising birth rate and emigration.
a. Lambs
b. positive natural growth and

immigration.
b. Pigs
c. Cows
c. positive natural growth and emigration.

2. Retired people are a part of
of a country.
7. In Spain, 65 out of every 100 people

work in
a. the construction sector.
a. the active population
b. the industrial sector.
b. the unemployed population
c. the service sector.
c. the inactive population

8. Population density in Spain is highest
3. Products made and sold within the same
country are examples of
a. domestic trade.
b. near the Pyrenees.

c. in the countryside.
b. foreign trade.
9. The secondary sector includes
c. community trade.
4. The most important sector in the Spanish
economy is
a. the primary sector.
a. agriculture and livestock farming.

b. construction and industry.
c. trade and transport.
10. Travelling to other places for the purpose
of relaxation or fun is
b. the secondary sector.

c. the tertiary sector.
5. is the number of
inhabitants per square kilometre.
a. Population density
a. in the cities.
a. transport.
b. trade.
c. tourism.
b. Natural growth
c. Population evolution
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Institutions of Spain
TEST 12
Name
Date

1.
Spain.
is a natural border of
6. Autonomous Communities and

Autonomous Cities are governed by
a. The Mediterranean Sea
a. a president and ministers.
b. Andorra
b. an Autonomous Parliament, a
president and a government.
c. The Cantabrian Range
c. deputies and senators.

2. The Spanish Constitution was passed in
the year
a. 1987.
7. The territory of every province is divided

into
b. 1798.
a. Autonomous Communities.
c. 1978.
b. Autonomous Cities.
c. municipalities.
3. The most important law in your

Autonomous Community or City, after the
Constitution, is
8. is responsible for
creating and approving laws.
a. municipal ordinances.
a. The Head of State
b. provincial laws.
b. The Parliament
c. the Statutes of Autonomy.
c. The President of the Government
4. In the west, Spain borders

a. the Mediterranean Sea.
b. Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.
c. France.
5. The Commander-in-chief of the armed
forces is
a. the King.
b. the Minister of Defense.
c. the President of the Government.
9. , Spains borders are

the Atlantic Ocean, Morocco and the
Mediterranean Sea.
a. In the south
b. In the north
c. In the east
10. The Parliament is made up of two
chambers, the Congress of Deputies and
a. the Government.
b. the Senate.
c. the Supreme Court.
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Prehistory
TEST 13
Name
Date

1. The first period in history is
7. Writing appeared about
a. the Neolithic Age.
a. 3,000 years ago.
b. the Middle Ages.
b. 30,000 years ago.
c. Prehistory.
c. 3,000,000 years ago.
2. Human beings became crop farmers in

a. the Palaeolithic Age.
8. During the Neolithic Age, people made

tools
b. the Neolithic Age.
a. by hitting one stone against another.
c. the Metal Ages.
b. with polished stone.
3. In the Metal Ages, human beings
c. with cement.
9. During the Metal Ages, human beings
lived in
a. invented the plough.

b. discovered fire.
c. made tools from animal bones.
a. towns.
b. caves.
4. In the Palaeolithic Age, people
c. small villages.
a. were crop farmers and animal farmers.

b. were soldiers and traders.
c. hunted animals and gathered fruits
and roots.
5. During the , artists painted
archers and people dancing on cave walls.
10. During the Neolithic Age, human beings

became
a. nomads.
b. citizens.
c. sedentary.
a. Palaeolithic Age
b. Neolithic Age
c. Metal Ages
6. In the Metal Ages, people made objects
out of
a. stone and bones.
b. clay and wood.
c. copper, bronze and iron.
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Ancient History
TEST 14
Name
Date

1. The Iberians lived in
a. the south and east of the Iberian
Peninsula.
b. the south and west of the Iberian
Peninsula.
c. the east and north of the Iberian
Peninsula.
2. The Romans and the Carthaginians fought
each other in
7. Many of todays laws in Spain are based

on
a. Iberian law.
b. Roman law.
c. Hispanic law.
8. Hannibal was the leader of
a. the Carthaginian army.
b. the Roman army.
c. the Greek army.
a. the Baetic Wars.

b. the Punic Wars.
9. The Celts lived in
c. the Hispanic Wars.
a. hill forts.
b. cement homes.
3. The Phoenicians came from
c. town houses.
a. northern Europe.
b. Asia.
10. The Roman language was
c. northern Africa.
a. Latin.
4. In 218 B.C., the Romans arrived in
b. Greek.
c. Italian.
a. Ampurias.
b. Corduba.
c. Gallaecia.
5. Emporion was a
colony.
a. Phoenician
b. Greek
c. Carthaginian
6. The Celts were expert
a. construction workers.
b. tradesmen.
c. metalworkers.
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The Middle Ages
TEST 15
Name
Date

1. The capital of the Visigoth kingdom was
a. Cordoba.
6. was the first king of the

Crown of Aragon.
b. Toledo.
a. Ramon Berenguer IV
c. Oviedo.
b. Fernando III
c. Alfonso I
2. In the year 1212,

a. the Moors invaded the Visigoth
kingdom.
7. The were Christians who

continued to practise their religion.
b. the caliphate of Cordoba was

established.
a. Muladis
c. the Battle of Navas de Toloso took

place.
c. Jews
3. The main part of cities in Al-Andalus was

a. the medina.
b. unions.
c. the souq (the market).
c. districts.
4. There were two groups of people in the

Christian Kingdoms:
a. the privileged and the non-privileged.
b. the noblemen and the clergy.
c. craftsmen and merchants.
5. The caliphate of Cordoba was
established by
b. Abd-ar-Rahman III.
c. Almanzor.
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8. In the Middle Ages, craftsmen from the

same trade formed
a. guilds.
b. the mosque.
a. Pelayo.
b. Mozarabs
9.
construction.
were used in Gothic
a. Metal arches
b. Pointed arches
c. Round arches
10. At the end of the Middle Ages, only one
Moorish territory remained,
a. the Nasrid Kingdom of Cordoba.
b. the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada.
c. the Nasrid Kingdom of Castile
andLeon.
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Answer key
1 LIVING THINGS
Cells are the smallest parts that make up a living thing.
Cells are living things because they carry out life processes:
nutrition, sensitivity and reproduction.
2. Label the parts of a cell.
assessments
2 THE PLANT KINGDOM

Plants: n
on-flowering: ferns, mosses;
flowering: gymnosperms, angiosperms.
Left: cytoplasm.
Spores are special cells that germinate and grow into a

new plant.
Right top to bottom: membrane; nucleus.
Non-flowering plants: mosses and ferns.
3. How are plant cells different from animal cells? Explain.

Plant cells are usually bigger than animal cells. They have
a regular shape. Animal cells can be different shapes:
spherical, cubic, star-shaped or very irregular.
They are found everywhere: in water, in soil, in the air and in
our bodies.
We can only see them through a microscope.
5. Write in order from the simplest to the most complex.
Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism.
6. Match.
tissue: a group of similar cells.
organism: a group of various systems.
system: a group of similar organs.
organ: a group of similar tissues.
7. Why are bacteria called microbes? Write two examples for
each. M. A.
Because they can only be seen through a microscope.
Helpful bacteria: the bacteria we use to make yoghurt or
bread.
Harmful bacteria: the bacteria which causes pharyngitis
or cholera.
8. Write the name of the kingdom.
fungi kingdom; animal kingdom; plant kingdom; bacteria
kingdom.
Because viruses are so small and simple that scientists
cannot agree if they are living things or not.
Algae belong to the fifth kingdom.
TEST 1
1. c, 2. a, 3. c, 4. b, 5. b, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. b, 10. b.
3. How are angiosperms different from gymnosperms?

Explain.
Gymnosperms have small, simple flowers. They do not
produce fruit. The seeds are grouped together in cones.
Angiosperms have large, beautiful flowers. They produce
fruit with seeds inside.
4. Look at the picture. How would you classify this plant?
This is an apple tree. It produces fruit, so it is an
angiosperm.
5. Read the definitions and write the word.
top to bottom: photosynthesis; stomata; chloroplast.
6. Circle the picture that shows photosynthesis.
The first diagram.
Now, explain your choice.
During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide
and give off oxygen.
7. Look at the pictures. Explain the process of pollination and
how it can happen in two ways.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to
the ovary within the same plant or between plants of the
same type. This can happen by insect pollination or wind
pollination.
8. Read the text and cross out the three errors.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen of
one flower to the shoot (ovary) of another flower. After
pollination, seeds and fruit begin to grow. Fruit forms from
the ovule (ovary). Then, seeds are formed from the ovary
(ovule).
9. Label the type of asexual reproduction.
Stolon; tuber; rhizome.
10. How do plants carry out the process of sensitivity? Give
examples.
M. A.: Plants react to changes in the environment. For
example: Stems and leaves grow towards light. Vines wrap
themselves round a support and grow along it.
TEST 2
1. c, 2. a, 3. a, 4. b, 5. c, 6. b, 7. a, 8. b, 9. a, 10. c.
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Answer key ASSESSMENTs

10. What can responsible governments do to protect the

environment?
1. What is an ecosystem? Explain.

An ecosystem is made up of a community of living things
in a physical environment.
2. Can a pond be an ecosystem? Explain.
Yes, because a pond is a specific physical environment,
and there are living things which interact with each other
in a pond.
M. A.: They can make nature reserves and national parks

to protect ecosystems. They can pass laws to protect
animals andto restrict hunting and fishing.
Write an example of a protected area. O. A.
TEST 3
1. b, 2. a, 3. b, 4. c, 5. c, 6. c, 7. b, 8. a, 9. a, 10. a.
3. Write a definition for each word.

Population: all the members of one species living in the
same ecosystem.
Habitat: the place within an ecosystem where a
population lives.
Community: all the populations that interact in an
ecosystem.
4. Which factors influence living things in these
environments? M. A.
Terrestrial: climate, soil conditions, the terrain.
Aquatic: salinity, amount of light, type of seabed
or riverbed.
5. Number the pictures in order to make a food chain.
1 Grass, 2 snail, 3 small bird, 4 bird of prey.
6. Write an example for each. M. A.
Producer: grass.
Primary consumer: grasshopper.
Secondary consumer: frog.
Tertiary consumer: stork.
7. What is the difference between a food chain and a food
web?
Food chains show how the species in an ecosystem are
connected to one another by food relationships. Food
webs are better at showing how plants and animals are
interconnected because they are a combination of various
food chains.
8. Match.
Parasites: Animals that feed off other living things without
killing them.
Predators: Animals that hunt other animals for food.
Scavengers: Animals that eat the dead bodies of other
animals.
9. Explain how people affect the environment.
M. A.: People affect the environment with their actions, for
example, cutting down trees, burning fossil fuels, hunting
animals, building constructions.
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4 THE EARTH
atmosphere; geosphere; hydrosphere.
2. Label the layers of the geosphere.
A crust; B mantle; C core.
3. Now, write the characteristics of each layer.
The crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is solid and
made up of rocks. It is thicker beneath the continents and
thinner beneath the oceans. The mantle is the middle layer
of the Earth. It is made up of very dense, rocky substances.
The core is the inner layer of the Earth. It is made up
primarily of iron. The core is divided into the outer core,
which is liquid and the inner core, which is solid.
4. Number the processes of weathering in order.
1 The river erodes soil and rock material from the river bed.
2 River water carries pieces of eroded soil and rock material.
3 River water deposits the pieces of eroded soil and rock
material in other places.
5. Look at the picture. Explain how this geographical feature
was made.
The river has eroded the river bed, creating a canyon.
6. What are the three components of soil?
The solid components are a mixture of minerals and organic
matter. The liquid component is water, which contains
dissolved minerals. The gas component is air, which
contains carbon dioxide and oxygen.
7. Write a definition for each.
A volcanic eruption: when magma comes to the Earths
surface through an opening in the crust.
An earthquake: a strong movement of the Earths crust
caused by the sudden release of energy from below the
surface.
8. Label the parts of a volcano.
5 THE UNIVERSE
1. Write the names of the planets in order, starting with the
closest to the Sun.
1. Mercury, 2. Venus, 3. Earth, 4. Mars, 5. Jupiter,
6. Saturn, 7. Uranus, 8. Neptune.
The outer planets are mainly composed of gas.
The inner planets have a rocky surface.
Venus and Mars are the planets closest to the Earth.
3. What is the difference between a satellite and a dwarf
planet?
Satellites are small celestial bodies that orbit the planets.
Dwarf planets are spherical bodies that orbit the Sun.
They are much smaller than planets.
Earth; Solar; Sun; Milky Way.
5. What are comets? When do they show a bright tail?
Comets are giant balls of ice. They orbit the Sun in a long,
elliptical path. When they get close to the Sun, they show
a bright tail that reflects light.
F; F; F; T.
galaxy; shooting stars; asteroids; constellation.
8. Write the four properties of stars.
Colour, size, luminosity, and brightness.
9. What kind of celestial body is this? What are its
characteristics?
This is a spiral galaxy. It is a collection of thousands or
millions of stars. It also contains rocks and gases.
Left top to bottom: crater, volcanic chimney.
He was the first human being to set foot on the Moon.
Right top to bottom: volcanic cone; lava; magma chamber.
Sputnik I.
9. Complete the chart. M. A.
He was the first person to travel into outer space. He was

the first person to see the planet Earth from outer space.
Types of rocks, depending on how they are formed:

Igneous rocks, for example, granite.
TEST 5
Sedimentary rocks; for example, coal.
1. b, 2. a, 3. b, 4. a, 5. c, 6. b, 7. a, 8. c, 9. b, 10. b.
Metamorphic rocks; for example, marble.

10. What is the rock cycle? Explain.
The rock cycle is a set of processes which form and
change rocks over time. The processes can take
thousands or millions ofyears.
TEST 4
1. c, 2. a, 3. c, 4. b, 5. c, 6. a, 7. c, 8. a, 9. b, 10. c.
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6 MATTER
7 FORCES AND MOVEMENT
1. What are the general properties of matter? Give three

examples.
1. What is friction?
Friction is a force between two surfaces that slows down
moving objects. Friction happens when two things rub
against each other. The direction of the force of friction is
always contrary to the movement.
The general properties of matter are common to all matter,

for example, mass, volume and temperature.
2. Name three specific properties of matter.
Colour. Hardness. Density.
3. Write the names of the units we use to measure.
The amount of matter in an object. Grammes or
kilogrammes.
The amount of space an object occupies. Millilitres or
litres.
4. Explain the difference between mass and volume.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
Volume is the space an object occupies.
5. Look at the picture. Which substance is the densest? Explain.
Water is the densest substance. The oil is floating on the
water so it is less dense than the water.
6. Tick the correct box.
2. Read and answer the question.

What must the cyclist do to stop the bicycle? Explain.
He must stop pedalling and use the brakes. The brakes
increase the friction on the wheels and make the
bicycle stop.
3. Look at the picture. Answer the question.
Why is it so difficult to stop when ice skating?
It is difficult to stop when ice skating because there is
very little friction between the skates and the ice.
4. Draw arrows to show movement and the force of friction.
Movement: an arrow pointing to the left.
Friction: an arrow pointing to the right.
5. Solve the problem.
Homogeneous mixture: seawater, steel.

Heterogeneous mixture: granite, soil.
Pure substance: sugar, water.
100 3 = 300. He will drive 300 kilometres in three

hours.
6. What is gravity?
7. What method would you use to separate the substances in

each mixture?
Water and oil: decantation.
Sand and iron filings: magnetic separation.
Water and coffee grounds: filtration.
Condensation is when a gas becomes a liquid.
Vaporisation is when a liquid becomes a gas.
Gravity is the force which attracts all bodies towards the

Earths surface.
7. Look at the picture. What force makes the ball fall?
Explain.
Gravity makes the ball fall to the ground. As nothing
interrupts the force, the speed of the ball continues
to increase.
Solidification is when a liquid becomes a solid.
8. Draw the direction in which the ball will move.

It will move up and to the right.
Melting is when a solid becomes a liquid.
Sublimation is when a solid becomes a gas, without

first becoming a liquid.
9. If we wash a glass and leave it to drain, a while later the
glass will be dry. What happened to the water on the glass?
The water evaporated. In other words, it changed from a
liquid to a gas.
10. Write change of state or chemical change.
Paper burns and changes into ashes: chemical change.
Iron oxidises and changes into rust: chemical change.
Why kind of machine are they using? An inclined plane.

What is this machine used for? It makes it easier to
move heavy objects.
In which picture does the boy need to use less force?
Explain. In picture B. Because the smaller the angle
between the plane and the ground, the smaller the
force required.
10. What is a third-class lever? Give an example. (M. A.)
In third-class levers, the force is applied between the
fulcrum and the load. Example: our arms.
Clothes are hung out to dry in the Sun: change of state.

Lava cools and changes into hard rock: change of state.
TEST 7
1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. a, 5. a, 6. b, 7. c, 8. b, 9. c, 10. b.
TEST 6
1. a, 2. a, 3. c, 4. a, 5. b, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. c, 10. b.
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8 THE RELIEF OF SPAIN
1. Which territories make up Spain?
Spain covers most of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic
Islands, the Canary Islands and Ceuta and Melilla in North
Africa.
2. Name the three rivers that cross the Inner Plateau.
The Duero, the Tagus and the Guadiana.
3. Name the two mountain ranges on the Inner Plateau.
The Central Mountain Chain and the Mountains of Toledo.
4. Read and underline the two mistakes.
The Guadalquivir river basin is in the north-east of the
Iberian Peninsula. It is triangular in shape. The River
Guadalquivir flows across it, and it is surrounded by the
Baetic Mountain Chain, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic
Ocean.
9 THE CLIMATES OF SPAIN

1. What is climate?
Climate is the characteristic state of the atmosphere in
a place: the temperatures, precipitation and wind over a
number of years.
2. What factors affect climate?
Distance from the sea, altitude and proximity to the
Equator.
3. Read and name the climate.
The climate is the Continental Mediterranean climate.
4. Cross out the plants that are not typical of Mediterranean
forests.
Cross out tabaibas, eucalyptus and fir tree.
5. Which climate is shown in the climate graph?
5. Name the five mountain ranges which lie beyond the Inner
Plateau.
Subtropical climate.
The Galician Massif, the Basque Mountains, the Pyrenees,

the Catalan Coastal Chain and the Betic Mountain Chain.
6. Read and name the mountain range.

The name of this mountain range is the Sierra Morena
or Morena Range.
7. What two seas or oceans bathe the Galician coast?
Describe this coast.
It is bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and Cantabrian Sea.
The Galician coast is a high rocky coast, with many inlets.
The principal capes are Finisterre and Ortegal.
What are Spains two large archipelagos?
The Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands.
What is the highest peak in Spain? Where is it?
Mount Teide, in Tenerife.
What is the largest island of the Balearic archipelago?
Mallorca.
9. Describe the relief of your Autonomous Community or
Autonomous City. O. A.
10. Complete the map with the names of the relief features.
A Cantabrian Range, B Pyrenees, C Iberian Chain,
D Catalan Coastal Chain, E Central Mountain Chain,
F Mountains of Toledo, G Morena Range, H Betic Chain.
TEST 8
1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. a, 5. b, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. a, 10. b.
Mediterranean climate: mild temperatures; little rain.

Continental Mediterranean climate: very cold in winter
and very hot in summer; precipitation only in spring and
autumn.
Oceanic climate: mild temperatures; abundant
precipitation.
Subtropical climate: mild temperatures; little rain.
Mountain climate: cold in winter, cool in summer;
abundant precipitation.
7. Look at the picture of vegetation in the Canary Islands.
Why is it not correct?
Top to bottom: The Canary Islands pine is typical in the
mountain areas. Laurel forests are typical in areas of
medium altitude. Tabaibas are typical in areas of low
altitude.
8. What is the climate? Use the key and colour.
See SB page 107.
9. Write about the vegetation in your Autonomous Community
or Autonomous City. O. A.
10. Why does Spain have such a variety of climates? Think and
explain. M. A.
Because Spain has both coastal regions and inland
regions a long way from the coast. Spains relief is varied
with extensive mountainous regions as well as large
plains.
TEST 9
1. c, 2. a, 3. a, 4. b, 5. c, 6. a, 7. a, 8. c, 9. c, 10. a.
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10 THE RIVERS OF SPAIN
11 THE POPULATION AND THE ECONOMY OF SPAIN
1. Write the definitions.
1. Name three types of migration Spain experienced in the

20th Century.
flow: the amount of water the river carries.

flow regime: the variation in the flow of a river
throughout the year.
2. Explain the influence of relief on rivers.
Relief affects the length and speed of rivers. Rivers are
short when they rise in mountains near the sea. Rivers
are long when they rise a long way from the sea.
3. Identify the three watersheds in Spain. Use the key and
colour.
See Student Book page 119.
4. Why are rivers in the Atlantic watershed longer than rivers
in the Cantabrian watershed?
Rivers in the Atlantic watershed are longer than rivers in the
Cantabrian watershed because they rise in mountains a long
way from the Atlantic Ocean, which they flow into.
5. Complete the chart with the name of the watershed.
Mediterranean: The majority of rivers are short. They donot
carry much water. They have an irregular flow regime.
Cantabrian: The rivers are short and very steep. They have
quite regular, abundant flow regimes.
6. Identify the rivers on the map. Then, write if each river is a
main river or a tributary.
1 Narcea: tributary
6 Gallego: tributary.
2 Mio: main river 7 Tagus: main river

3 Sil: tributary 8 Guadalquivir: main river
4 Pisuerga: tributary 9 Mundo: tributary
5 Ebro: main river
10 Segura: main river
7. Which river basin are these rivers in?
2. What is the formula we use to calculate population

density?
Divide the total number of inhabitants in a place by its
surface area.
3. Write the descriptions.
The population density of Spains inland provinces:
they are less densely populated than on the coasts and
on the islands, with the exception of Madrid.
The population density within each province:
the population is concentrated in the cities, particularly
the capital city.
4. Explain why the Spanish population is growing.
The Spanish population is growing because of positive
natural growth and immigration.
Today, the population in Spain is over forty-seven million.
This increase has happened because of positive natural
growth and immigration. The population is concentrated in
the cities and on the coasts.
6. Is the population in your Autonomous Community or City
growing? Explain.
O. A.
7. The active population of Spain is divided into three
economic sectors. Read the graph and explain.
M. A.: In Spain, five out of every 100 people work in the
primary sector. Thirty out of every 100 people work in the
secondary sector. Sixty-five out of every 100 people work
in the tertiary sector.
8. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, corrected the false
sentences.
Aragon: Ebro river basin

Genil: Guadalquivir river basin
Tormes: Duero river basin
Tietar: Tagus river basin
A small lake: pond.
A coastal lagoon in Valencia: Albufera.
The largest glacial lake in Spain: Lake Sanabria.
Deep channels where water flows when it rains heavily: gullies.
9. Describe the rivers and lakes in your Autonomous
Community or City. O. A.
F: The active population works in three sectors: the

primary sector, the secondary sector and the tertiary
sector. F: In Spain, cereals, grapes and olives are the
most abundant dry crops. F: The secondary sector
includes industry and construction. T.
9. Explain the difference between domestic trade and foreign
trade.
Domestic trade is commerce within a country. Foreign
trade is commerce with other countries.
O. A.
TEST 11
TEST 10
1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. b, 5. c, 6. b, 7. c, 8. a, 9. b, 10. c.
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International emigration, internal migration and

international immigration.
1. b, 2. c, 3. a, 4. c, 5. a, 6. b, 7. c, 8. a, 9. b, 10. c.
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12 INSTITUTIONS OF SPAIN
1. Write the name of the capital of each Autonomous
Community.
Aragon: Zaragoza; Canary Islands: Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife; Extremadura: Merida.
Galicia: Santiago de Compostela.
2. What is the difference between a natural border
and a political border?
Natural borders are natural landforms that separate two
countries, for example, rivers, mountains or deserts.
Political borders are lines established by agreement
between two countries.
3. What are the natural and political borders of Spain?
North: France, Andorra, the Bay of Biscay;
7. Write two rights and two obligations which the Constitution

establishes. M. A.
Rights: freedom of speech and access to health-care.
Obligations: obeying laws and paying taxes.
8. Who elects these people?
The President of the Government: Congress of Deputies
Members of Las Cortes: Spanish citizens
9. Who attends a cabinet meeting?
The president and government ministers.
10. What are the main responsibilities of an Autonomous
Community parliament?
Making laws, approving budgets, electing the President of
the Autonomous Community from among its members.
East: the Mediterranean Sea;

South: the Mediterranean Sea, Morocco and the Atlantic
Ocean;
TEST 12
1. a, 2. c, 3. c, 4. b, 5. a, 6. b, 7. c, 8. b, 9. a, 10. b.
West: Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.

4. Write the name of the Autonomous Community.
The Autonomous Community with the most provinces:
Castile-Leon.
The Autonomous Communities that border the Atlantic
Ocean: Andalusia, the Canary Islands and Galicia.
The Autonomous Community that borders Andorra:
Catalonia.
5. Complete the chart with the names of the institutions.
Autonomous Communities and Cities: Autonomous
Parliament, president and government.
Provinces: Provincial Council. In the Canary Islands, an
Inter-island Council.
Municipalities: mayor and local councillors.
6. Complete.
The Constitution, approved in 1978, is the most important
law in Spain. The Head of State is the King. His main
duties are Commander-in-Chief of the Spanish Armed
Forces and to represent Spain in its relations with other
countries.
The government is made up of the President and his
ministers.
The government is responsible for governing the country in
accordance with the laws approved by parliament.
The parliament of Spain is called Las Cortes. It is made
up of two chambers: the Congress of Deputies and the
Senate. It is responsible for governing the country in
accordance with the laws approved by parliament. The
Courts of Justice are responsible for ensuring that laws
are obeyed and for judging anyone accused of a crime.
They are made up of judges and magistrates.
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13 PREHISTORY
8. Compare.
Neolithic
The Metal Ages
Villages
Towns
What tools did

they use?
Polished stone
Copper, bronze
and iron
What works
of art did they
make?
Paintings of
hunting scenes,
people dancing or
gathering fruit
Megalithic
monuments
1. What is Prehistory?
Prehistory is the first period in history and also the
longest. On the Iberian Peninsula, it starts with the
appearance of human beings, about a million years ago,
and ends with the appearance of writing, about 3,000
years ago.
2. Complete the timeline to show the three periods of
Prehistory.
1,000,000 years ago: Palaeolithic Age
Where did people

live?
7,000 years ago: Neolithic Age
9. Label menhir, dolmen or cromlech.
6,000 years ago: Metal Ages

3. Complete these sentences about human beings in the
Palaeolithic Age.
They lived in the open or in caves or simple huts.
They ate what they found in nature.
They lived for only about twenty years.
They made simple tools from wood, bones and stone.
They painted animals on the walls and roofs of caves.
4. Underline the two errors. Explain why this information is
not correct.
In the Palaeolithic Age, men and women lived in tribes. They
were hunters and farmers. They made tools from stone and
bronze. They painted animals on the walls and ceilings of
caves and made small stone sculptures which represented
women.
In the Palaeolithic Age, men and women were not farmers.
They gathered fruits and roots. They did not make tools
from bronze. They made simple tools from wood, bones
and stone.
5. Number in order starting from the oldest.
1 spear or harpoon, 2 ceramic bowl, 3 metal dagger
About 7,000 years ago, human beings became crop
farmers and animal farmers. They built villages.
People learned to polish stone in order to make more
sophisticated tools. Two other important developments
were the making of cloth and pottery. They painted scenes
of hunting and dancing in caves. This period is known as
the Neolithic Age.
7. Look at the picture. What period of Prehistory is it?
Explain. M. A.
It is the Neolithic Age. It shows a village near a river,
crops, stables for animals and several pots.
cromlech, menhir, dolmen.

10. Write about your Autonomous Community or City. What
kind of Prehistoric remains have been found there? What
period do they belong to?
O. A.
TEST 13
1. c, 2. b, 3. a, 4. c, 5. b, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. a, 10. c.
14 ANCIENT HISTORY
Two groups of people lived on the Iberian Peninsula in the
first millennium B.C.: the Iberians and the Celts. Then, the
first colonists arrived from across the Mediterranean Sea:
the Phoenicians, the Greeks and the Carthaginians.
2. Complete.
Their houses were round and not organised in streets.
They ate the food they produced.
They were expert metalworkers.
3. Complete the chart. M. A.
Phoenicians: came from Asia; settled on the coast of
Andalusia; founded Gadir, Sexi and Abdera.
Greeks: came from Greece; settled on the Mediterranean
coast; founded Rhode, Emporion and Saguntum.
Carthaginians: came from Africa; settled on the Balearic
Islands and in the east of the Peninsula; founded Ebusus
and Cartago Nova.
4. Use the key and colour the map. See Student Book page 170.
5. What group of people lived in your Autonomous
Community before the Roman conquest? M. A.
When did the Roman conquest of Hispania begin?
It began in 218 B.C.
Who did the Romans defeat in the Punic Wars?
They defeated the Carthaginians.
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Why did the Romans occupy Hispania? They were attracted
by its natural resources, especially metals.
What were the last territories that the Romans conquered?
They conquered the north last (Asturica Augusta).
7. Describe the Roman way of life.
The inhabitants of Hispania gradually adopted Roman customs.
They learnt to speak Latin, and they became Christians.
8. The Romans divided Hispania into five provinces. What
were their names?
Baetica, Lusitania, Tarraconense, Gallaecia and Cartaginense.
9. Write correct versions of these sentences.
In 218 B.C., the Romans arrived in Ampurias and defeated
the Carthaginians.
6. Circle the names of the Christian Kingdoms that existed in

the Iberian Peninsula around 1200.
Kingdom of Leon, Kingdom of Navarre, Crown of Aragon,
Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Portugal
In 1212, the Battle of Navas de Tolosa took place. The
armies of Castile, Navarre and Aragon together defeated
the Moorish troops. After this battle, King Ferdinand
III and, after him, Alfonso X, conquered nearly all of AlAndalus. Only one Muslim territory remained on the
Peninsula: the Kingdom of Granada, which was conquered
in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs.
8. Look at the picture and answer.
In Hispania, each province was ruled by a governor.
What kind of building is it?

It is a church.
There were two groups of people in Roman society: free

people and slaves.
Describe the walls.

They are thick stone walls.

M. A.: Many Roman buildings still remain standing, for
example, the aqueduct in Segovia, and the Roman theatre
and amphitheatre in Merida. Many people in Spain are
Christians. Spanish, Galician and Catalan are Latin-based
languages.
Describe the arches.

They are round.
What period does this building
belong to? Explain. (M.A.) It is Romanesque because the
building is not very tall and the walls are very thick. The
windows are small. The arches are round.
9. What is the difference between mozarab and muladi?
TEST 14
1. a, 2. b, 3. b, 4. a, 5. b, 6. c, 7. b, 8. a, 9. a, 10. a.
The Mozarabs were Christians who continued to practise

their religion in Al-Andalus. The Muladi were Christians
who accepted the Muslim religion.
15 THE MIDDLE AGES

1. Read the text and name the kingdom.
The Visigoth kingdom.
In 711 A.D., an army of Moors arrived from Africa and
invaded the Visigoth kingdom.
At first, Al-Andalus was an emirate which depended on the
caliph of Damascus.
What materials did Moorish architects use? They used

poor materials such as plaster and brick.
Describe the walls. They were highly decorated.
What kind of arches did they use? They used many kinds
including horseshoe-shaped arches.
TEST 15
1. b, 2. c, 3. a, 4. a, 5. b, 6. c, 7. b, 8. a, 9. b, 10. b.
The emir Abd-ar-Rahman III took the title of caliph and

established the caliphate of Cordoba.
3. Put the events in chronological order.
1 Conquest and Emirate, 2 Independent emirate,
3 Caliphate, 4 Taifas 5 Kingdom ofGranada
4. Look at the map. What period of the Middle Ages does it
show? Explain. M. A.
It shows the beginning of the Middle Ages because most
of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands are
Muslim territory.
Where were the first Christian Kingdoms? They were in the
north of the Iberian Peninsula.
Who was Pelayo? He was a Visgoth nobleman who
founded the Kingdom of Asturias.
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TERM ASSESSMENT
Name
1
Date
Identify the kingdom.

They do not make their own food. They cannot move by themselves.
They eat other living things. They can move by themselves.
They are unicellular. They can live inside other living things.
Match.
A group of similar cells
A group of various systems
A group of similar organs
A group of similar tissues
a tissue
an organism
a system
Plants
Flowering plants
an organ

What do plants need to carry out photosynthesis?

Define the words.

Ecosystem

Parasite

Biosphere

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1
6
Write an example for each of these living things.

Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Write the names of the Earths layers.

The outer layer of the Earth. It is solid and made up of rocks.

The layer of the atmosphere which is essential for life on Earth.

All the water on Earth, which can be solid, liquid or gas.

Complete the chart.

Types of rock
How they are formed
Examples
Complete the definitions.

The
A
is the closest star to the Earth.
is a group of stars that seems to form a pattern in the sky.
The
are large, sphere-shaped bodies which orbit around the Sun.
Our
is called the Milky Way.
are giant balls of ice which orbit the Sun in a long, elliptical path.
10 Write the names of the planets.

Inner planets

Outer planets

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TERM ASSESSMENT
Name
1
Date

What are the two types of properties of matter?

What is volume?
What are the two types of changes in matter?

When do chemical changes occur?

Define three methods used to separate different substances in a mixture.

Explain the difference between the force of gravity and the force of friction.

Write the class of lever.
Describe the Cantabrian coast.

Location:
Characteristics:
Main landforms:
168
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2
6
Write an example for each relief feature.

A mountain chain on the Inner Plateau.
A mountain range surrounding the Inner Plateau.
A river basin beyond the Inner Plateau.
A mountain range beyond the Inner Plateau.
Describe the temperatures and precipitation of an Oceanic climate.

What regions of Spain have an Oceanic climate?

Describe the vegetation of a Mediterranean forest.

Write the names of the rivers numbered on the map.
FRANCE
ANDORRA
R.
R...............
UG
PO
RT
O C E A N
....
....
...
2
AL
A T L A N T I C
1
Llobregat
R.
M
i
o
Na
ln
R.
R.
n
R. Ne r vi
Cantabrian Sea
R. ..........
........
R. .........
.....
......
......
R. ..
R. Se
gu
ra
Se
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Ceuta
3
r
R. Jca
Me
Melilla
t
di
er
ra
n
ea
5
Scale
0
4
150
Kilometres
U10-3
10 Name the three main watersheds in Spain.

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TERM ASSESSMENT
Name
1
Date
What is population density?

Now, calculate the population density of Asturias.
Asturias
Inhabitants
Surface area (km2)
1,084,341
10,604
Population density
Explain the graph. This part represents the active population of Spain.

Tertiary
sector
(65%)

Primary
sector
(5%)
Secondary
sector
(30%)

Give examples of jobs in each economic sector.

Primary sector
Secondary sector
Service sector
Complete
the diagram.
Political
institutions
of Spain
the King
parliament
judges
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3
5
Copy and complete the chart.

Palaeolithic Age
Neolithic Age
Metal Ages

What works of art did they make?
Name three inventions from the Metal Ages.

Look at the map. What does it show?
Cantabrian Sea
GALL AE C I A
OCEAN

Pompaelo
Asturica
Augusta TA R R AC O N E N S I S
Numantia
Cesaraugusta
LUSITANI A
Olisipo
AT L A N T I C
Tarraco
Toletum
C A RTAG I N E N S I S
Emerita
Augusta
Hispalis
Main Roman
roads
Corduba
BA E T I C A
MEDITERRANEAN
SEA
Who were the colonizing civilizations in Spain? Where did they settle?

179247U14p170h2 vas romanas

When was the Battle of Navas de Tolosa?
What armies fought each other?

Which army won?
10 Describe Romanesque buildings.

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TERM 1 TEST
Name
Date

1. All living things are made up of
a. bacteria.
6. are carnivorous animals

that hunt other animals for food.
b. cells.
a. Scavengers
c. bones and muscles.
b. Parasites
2.
things.
are the smallest living
c. Predators
7. The ozone layer is in the upper
a. Fungi
a. troposphere.
b. Bacteria
b. hydrosphere.
c. Algae
c. stratosphere.
3. do not produce fruit. The

seeds are grouped together in cones.
8. is the removal of soil

and rock materials by water, wind or ice.
a. Gymnosperms
a. Sedimentation
b. Fungi
b. Transport
c. Angiosperms
c. Erosion
4. is made when raw sap

mixes with carbon dioxide.
9. are the four planets

closest to the Sun.
a. Elaborated sap
a. Dwarf planets
b. Phloem vessels
b. The outer planets
c. Chlorophyll
c. The inner planets
5. is made up of all the

populations that interact in an ecosystem.
10. is a collection of
thousands or millions of stars.
a. A population
a. A constellation
b. An individual
b. A comet
c. A community
c. A galaxy
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TERM 2 TEST
Name
Date

1.
in an object.
is the amount of matter
6. goes from Estaca de

Bares Point to the Mio estuary.
a. Mass
a. The Galician coast
b. Density
b. The Atlantic coast
c. Volume
c. The Mediterranean coast
2. Minerals are
a. pure substances.
7. The climate of the regions in the north of

the Peninsula is
b. homogeneous substances.
a. the Oceanic climate.
c. heterogeneous substances.
b. the Mediterranean climate.
3. is a force between two

surfaces that slows down moving objects.
a. Gravity
c. the Mountain climate.

8. In the north of the Canary Islands with
the highest altitudes, there are many
b. Friction
a. eucalyptus forests.
c. Speed
b. oak forests.
4. In , the force is applied

between the fulcrum and the load.
c. laurel forests.
9. The River Duero is in
a. first-class levers
a. the Mediterranean watershed.
b. second-class levers
b. the Cantabrian watershed.
c. third-class levers
c. the Atlantic watershed.
5. The Picos de Europa are in
10. The Serena reservoir is in
a. the Cantabrian Range.
a. the Guadiana river basin.
b. the Iberian Mountain Chain.
b. the Tagus river basin.
c. the Sierra Morena.
c. the Ebro river basin.
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TERM 3 TEST
Name
Date

1. The Spanish population is growing
because of
a. positive natural growth and
immigration.
b. high birth rate and high death rate.
c. emigration and natural growth.
2. The active population includes
7. The Phoenicians founded

a. Gadir.
b. Cartago Nova.
c. Rhode.
8. The Emperor completed
the Roman conquest of Spain.
a. Hannibal
a. children under 16 and retired people.
b. Augustus
b. students and people who are ill.
c. Viriathus
c. people who are of legal working age

and are employed.
3. employs the most people
and generates the most wealth in Spain.
a. The primary sector
9. The Muslims arrived from Africa and

invaded the Visigoth kingdom in
a. 308.
b. 711.
c. 1212.
b. The secondary sector

c. The tertiary sector
4. In Spain, the Head of State is
a. the President.
b. the King.
c. the President and the Parliament.
5. In the Palaeolithic Age, people
a. were nomads.
10. After the conquest of the Kingdom

ofGranada, there were four kingdoms:
a. the Crown of Castile, the Crown of
Aragon, Al-Andalus, the Kingdom
ofNavarre.
b. the Crown of Castile, Al-Andalus, the
Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom
ofNavarre.
c. the Crown of Castile, the Crown
ofAragon, the Kingdom of Portugal,
the Kingdom of Navarre.
b. became sedentary.
c. lived in villages.
6. The wheel was invented in
a. the Palaeolithic Age.
b. the Neolithic Age.
c. the Metal Ages.
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Answer key
TERM assessments
TERM 1 ASSESSMENT
1. Identify the kingdom.
They do not make their own food. They cannot move by themselves: fungi kingdom.
They eat other living things. They can move by themselves: animal kingdom.
They are unicellular. They can live inside other living things: bacteria kingdom.
2. Match.
A group of similar cells: a tissue. A group of various systems: an organism. A group of similar organs: a system.
A group of similar tissues: an organ.
Flowering plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Non-flowering plants: mosses and ferns.
4. What do plants need to carry out photosynthesis? Water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide and sunlight.
5. Define the words.
Ecosystem: all the living things and the physical environment in one place.
Parasite: a living thing that feeds off other living things without killing them.
Biosphere: the planet Earth and all living things that inhabit it.
6. Write an example for each of these living things. M. A.
Producer: a plant (grass). Primary consumer: a herbivore (rabbit). Secondary consumer: a carnivore (owl).
7. Write the names of the Earths layers.
The crust; the troposphere; the hydrosphere.
Igneous rocks: formed when magma cools and solidifies. Examples: granite and basalt.
Sedimentary rocks: formed from pieces of other rocks or pieces of living things. Examples: coal and sandstone.
Metamorphic rocks: formed when heat or pressure changes the original rocks. Examples: marble and slate.
9. Complete the definitions.
Sun; constellation; planets; galaxy, Comets.
10. Write the names of the planets.
Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars. Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
TERM 1 TEST
1. b, 2. b, 3. a, 4. a, 5. c, 6. c, 7. c, 8. c, 9. c, 10. c.
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Answer key TERM ASSESSMENT

TERM 2 ASSESSMENT
What are the two types of properties of matter? Matter has general properties and specific properties.
What is volume? Volume is the amount of space an object occupies.
What are the two types of changes in matter? Chemical changes and changes of state.
When do chemical changes occur? Chemical changes occur when substances change into other substances.
2. Define three methods used to separate different substances in a mixture. M. A.
Filtration can be used to separate a liquid from a solid.
Decantation can be used to separate homogeneous mixtures of substances with different densities.
Evaporation can be used to separate homogeneous mixtures.
3. Explain the difference between the force of gravity and the force of friction.
Gravity is the force which attracts all bodies towards the Earths surface. Friction is a force between two surfaces that slows
down moving objects. Friction happens when two things rub against each other.
4. Write the class of lever.
First-class lever; second-class lever; third-class lever.
5. Describe the Cantabrian coast.
Location: It extends from the Estaca de Bares Point to the French border.
Characteristics: high and rocky with many cliffs and estuaries.
Main landforms: Cape Matxitxako, the Bay of Biscay, the Aviles estuary, Cape Ajo and Estaca de Bares Point.
6. Write an example for each relief feature. M. A.
A mountain chain on the Inner Plateau: the Central Mountain Chain.
A mountain range surrounding the Inner Plateau: the Mountains of Leon.
A river basin beyond the Inner Plateau: the Ebro river basin.
A mountain range beyond the Inner Plateau: the Galician Massif.
7. Describe temperatures and precipitation of an Oceanic climate.
Temperatures are mild all year round. Precipitation is abundant all year round.
What regions of Spain have an Oceanic climate? The regions in the North of the Peninsula have an Oceanic climate:
Navarre, the Basque Country, Asturias, Galicia and part of Aragon and Castile-Leon.
8. Describe the vegetation of a Mediterranean forest.
A wide variety of plants grow in a Mediterranean forest, for example, trees: such as holm oak, cork and pine trees; shrubs:
such as the Kermes oak, rockrose and some aromatic plants, such as thyme, lavender, broom and rosemary.
9. Write the names of the rivers numbered on the map.
1. Duero; 2. Tagus; 3. Guadiana; 4. Guadalquivir; 4. Ebro.
10. Name the three main watersheds in Spain.
The Cantabrian watershed.
The Mediterranean watershed.
The Atlantic watershed.
TERM 2 TEST
1. a, 2. a, 3. b, 4. c, 5. a, 6. a, 7. a, 8. c, 9. a, 10. a.
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Answer key TERM ASSESSMENT

TERM 3 ASSESSMENT
1. What is population density?
Population density is the number of inhabitants per square kilometre.
Now, calculate the population density of Asturias.
1,084,341 divided by 10,604 = 102.
2. Explain the graph. This part represents the active population of Spain.
Five out of every 100 people in Spain work in the primary sector. Thirty out of every 100 people work in the secondary sector.
Sixty-five out of every 100 people work in the tertiary sector.
3. Give examples of jobs in each economic sector. M. A.
Primary sector: fishing, agriculture, mining.
Secondary sector: chemical industries, electrical supplies, construction industries.
Service sector: education, health services, tourism.
Head of State: the King
The Parliament: deputies / senators
The Government: the President / the ministers
Courts of Justice: magistrates / judges
5. Copy and complete the chart.

Palaeolithic Age
Neolithic Age
Metal Ages
In the open, in caves and in

simple huts
In small villages
In towns
Simple tools from wood, bones

and stone
Polished stone tools: hoes,

sickles and hand mills
Tools made from copper,

bronze and iron
What works of art did they

make?
They painted animals on the

walls and ceilings of caves. They
made small stone sculptures.
Painters depicted hunting

scenes and people dancing
or gathering plants
They built monuments

with huge stones called
megaliths.
6. Name three inventions from the Metal Ages.

The wheel, the sail and the plough.
7. Look at the map. What does it show?
It is a map of Roman Hispania. It shows how the Romans organised the territories into five provinces.
8. Who were the colonising civilizations in Spain? Where did they settle?
The Phoenicians settled on the coast of Andalusia. The Greeks settled on the Mediterranean coast. The Carthaginians
settled on the Balearic Islands and in the east of the Peninsula.
When was the Battle of Navas de Tolosa? In the year 1212.
What armies fought each other? The armies of Castile, Navarre and Aragon together fought the Moorish troops.
Which army won? The armies of Castile, Navarre and Aragon.
10. Describe Romanesque buildings. M. A.
Romanesque buildings were not very tall. They had very thick walls and few windows. Consequently, they were dark inside.
The doors and windows had round arches.
TERM 3 TEST
1. a, 2. c, 3. c, 4. b, 5. a, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. b, 10. c.
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FINAL ASSESSMENT
Name
1
Date
Complete.
All living things are made up of . Cells have three main parts:
the , the and the cytoplasm.
Living things are classified into five kingdoms: , ,
, and the fifth kingdom, which includes protozoa and algae.
What main group of flowering plants does this tree belong to? Explain.

Planet Earth
is made up of
the geosphere
is made up of
is made up of
other exterior
layers
What are three specific properties of matter?

Draw arrows showing the force of friction

and movement.
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Write the names.

These mountains divide Castile-Leon from Asturias
and Cantabria.
The highest peak on the Iberian Peninsula.
A very long mountain range which goes from

the Cantabrian Sea to the Mediterranean. The highest
mountain is the Aneto.
This coast extends from the Estaca de Bares Point to the

French border.
The main mountain range on the Balearic Islands.
The highest peak in Spain.
A river which has many tributaries such as the Aragon,

the Gallego and the Segre.
Describe the climate of your Autonomous Community or City.

Write the period of Prehistory.

Simple tools were made from bones and stone.
The plough was invented.
People built dolmens.
Human beings became sedentary.
People hunted and gathered fruits and roots.
Write a few sentences about the Roman conquest of Hispania.


When did the Muslims invade the Visigoth kingdom?
Who was Abd-ar-raman III?
Who were the Catholic Monarchs?
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FINAL TEST
Name
Date

1. Similar cells that carry out a common
function are grouped together to form
6. Living beings that eat the dead bodies of

other animals are
a. an organism.
a. scavengers.
b. a tissue.
b. parasites.
c. systems and organisms.
c. predators.
2. Plant cells have special organelles called
7. The inner layer of the Earth is the
a. organs.
a. crust.
b. membranes.
b. mantle.
c. chloroplasts.
c. core.
3. Angiosperms produce
a. fruit with seeds inside.
8. are formed from pieces

of other rocks or pieces of living things.
b. seeds grouped together in cones.
a. Igneous rocks
c. seeds with fruit inside.
b. Sedimentary rocks
4. Elaborated sap is distributed from the

leaves to all parts of the plant through
a. roots.
b. phloem vessels.
c. Metamorphic rocks
9. The four planets farthest away from the
Sun which are composed mainly of gas
are
a. the inner planets.
c. xylem vessels.
b. the outer planets.

5. Herbivores are
c. the dwarf planets.
a. primary consumers.
b. secondary consumers.
c. producers.
10. Our Solar System belongs to a spiral

galaxy called the
a. Kuiper Belt
b. Milky Way.
c. Ursa Mayor.
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FINAL TEST
Name
Date

11. Specific properties of matter
a. are common to all matter.
b. vary from one substance to another
and enable us to distinguish one
object from another.
c. are the amount of space an object
occupies.
12. is when a solid becomes
a gas, without first becoming a liquid.
a. Condensation
b. Sublimation
c. Boiling
13. is the force which
attracts all bodies towards the Earths
surface.
a. Friction
b. Attraction
c. Gravity
14. The pulley
a. reduces friction with the ground.
b. changes the direction needed to
apply force.
c. allows you to pull upwards and lift
the object.
15. separates Castile-Leon
from Asturias and Cantabria.
16. extends from the Estaca

de Bares Point to the French border.
a. The Cantabrian Coast
b. The Atlantic Coast
c. The Mediterranean Coast
17. The Canary Islands have
a. an Oceanic climate.
b. a Subtropical climate.
c. a Mediterranean climate.
18. The climate of the highest areas in Spain
is called
a. Mountain climate.
b. Oceanic climate.
c. Subtropical climate.
19. is the route of the river
from its source to its mouth.
a. The flow
b. The regime
c. The course
20. Rivers in the Cantabrian watershed
a. are long with very abundant flow
regimes.
b. are short with abundant flow
regimes.
c. have an irregular flow.
a. The Cantabrian Range

b. The Iberian Mountain Chain
c. The Subbetic Range
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FINAL TEST
Name
Date

21. The population density of Spain is
greater
a. in coastal areas, on the islands and
in the province of Madrid.
26. is a megalithic
monument consisting of a large standing
stone.
a. A dolmen
b. in the inland provinces.
b. A menhir
c. in the north.
c. A cromlech
22. includes people who do

not receive a salary because they are ill.
a. The active population
b. The inactive population
c. The unemployed population
23. There are two types of trade:
a. exports and imports.
b. domestic trade and foreign trade.
c. the primary sector and secondary
sector.
27. The Celts lived

a. in the centre of the Peninsula and on
the Atlantic coast.
b. on the coast of Andalusia, where
they founded colonies, such as Gadir.
c. on the Balearic Islands and in the
east of the Peninsula.
28. The Romans divided Hispania into
a. legionaries.
b. Autonomous Communities.
c. provinces.
24. The parliament is made up of

a. the Congress of Deputies and the
government.
29. The Catholic Monarchs conquered

a. the Canary Islands in 711.
b. the Constitutional Court and the

Supreme Court.
b. Al-Andalus in the Battle of Navas de

Tolosa.
c. the Congress of Deputies and the

Senate.
c. the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in

1492.
25. The Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age

and the Metal Ages are periods of
a. Prehistory.
b. Ancient history.
c. the Middle Ages.
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30. Gothic churches are characterized by

a. cement and concrete.
b. large doors and windows with
pointed arches.
c. doors and windows with round
arches.
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Answer key
FINAL assessments
1. Complete.
cells; membrane, nucleus; animal, plant, fungi, bacteria.
2. What main group of flowering plants does this tree belong to? Explain.
It is a gymnosperm plant because we can see that its seeds are grouped together in a cone.
Geosphere: crust, mantle, core
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere
4. What are three specific properties of matter?
Colour, density and hardness.
5. Draw arrows showing the forces of friction and movement.
Friction = an arrow pointing to the left. Movement = an arrow pointing to the right.
6. Write the names.
These mountains separate Castile-Leon from Asturias and Cantabria: the Cantabrian Range.
The highest peak on the Iberian Peninsula: Mulhacen.
A very long mountain range which goes from the Cantabrian Sea to the Mediterranean.
The highest mountain is the Aneto: the Pyrenees.
This coast extends from the Estaca de Bares Point to the French border: the Cantabrian Coast.
The main mountain range on the Balearic Islands: Tramuntana Range.
The highest peak in Spain: Mount Teide.
A river which has many tributaries such as the Aragon, the Gallego and the Segre: the River Ebro.
7. Describe the climate of your Autonomous Community or City. O. A.
8. Write the period of Prehistory.
Simple tools were made from bones and stone: the Palaeolithic Age.
The plough was invented: the Metal Ages.
People built dolmens: the Metal Ages.
Human beings became sedentary: the Neolithic Age.
People hunted and gathered fruits and roots: the Palaeolithic Age.
9. Write a few sentences about the Roman conquest of Hispania. M.A.
The Roman conquest of the Peninsula started in 218 B.C. and ended in 19 B.C. The Romans organised Hispania into
provinces, spread the Latin language, created cities and introduced Christianity. Hispano-Roman society consisted of two
groups of people: free people and slaves.
When did the Muslims invade the Visigoth kingdom? In the year 711.
Who was Abd-ar-Rahman III? He was a caliph who established the caliphate of Cordoba.
Who were the Catholic Monarchs? Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
FINAL TEST
1. b, 2. c, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a, 6. a, 7. c, 8. b, 9. b, 10. b.
11. b, 12. b, 13. c, 14. b, 15. a, 16. a, 17. b, 18. a, 19. c, 20. b.
21. a, 22. b, 23. b, 24. c, 25. a, 26. b, 27. a, 28. c, 29. c, 30. b.
189725 _ 0166-0184.indd
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14:52
Top Science 5 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana,
under the supervision of Enric Juan Redal and Vicki Caballero.
English adaptation: David Folkers
Managing editor: Sheila Tourle
Editorial team: Sheila Klaiber, Vassilia Katte and Grace Lloyd
Art director: Jos Crespo
Design coordinator: Rosa Marn
Design Team:
Interiors design: Jorge Gmez Tobar
Cover design: Pep Carri
Cover illustration: Javier Vzquez
Design development coordinator: Javier Tejeda
Design development: Jos Luis Garca and Ral de Andrs
Technical director: ngel Garca Encinar
Technical coordinator: Marisa Valbuena
Layout: Hilario Simn and Antonio Daz
Art coordination: Carlos Aguilera
Illustrations: Jordi Baeza, Paul Coulbois, Carlos Fernndez, Digitalartis, Jorge Salas and Bartolom Segu.
Photo research: Amparo Rodrguez
Photographs: I. Rovira; J. Jaime; TERRANOVA INTERPRETACIN Y GESTION AMBIENTAL; ISTOCKPHOTO; ARCHIVO SANTILLANA.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise without the
prior permission in writing of the copyright holders. Any infraction of the rights mentioned
would be considered a violation of the intellectual property (Article 270 of the Penal Code).
If you need to photocopy or scan any fragment of this work, contact CEDRO
(Centro Espaol de Derechos Reprogrficos, www.cedro.org).
However, the publisher grants permission for the photocopying of those pages marked
photocopiable, for individual use or for use in classes taught by the purchaser only.
Under no circumstances may any part of this book be photocopied for resale.
2011 by Santillana Educacin, S. L. / Richmond Publishing

Torrelaguna, 60. 28043 Madrid
Richmond Publishing is an imprint
of Santillana Educacin, S. L.
Richmond Publishing
58 St Aldates
Oxford OX1 ST
United Kingdom
PRINTED IN SPAIN
ISBN: 978-84-294-9240-8
CP: 189725
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Top Science 5 PRIMARY

Reinforcement and extension worksheets

The Earths crust

These groups of stars are constellations. And of

The Big Dipper is located in the northern

The rock breaks apart.

Water enters cracks in the rock

Scorpions and dragons, princesses and hunters,

The star at the end of the handle of the Little

When water freezes,

Now, explain how water causes rocks to break down.

Number these processes in the correct order.

Wind and water erode a mountain.

Read and answer.

The material settles at the foot of another mountain.

Write an example for each case.

Rivers and streams

What constellation has the shape of a hunter and his dog?

Number in order from the oldest to the most recent.

Complete the chart.

Look at the picture. Circle five errors.

Write the century.

2,000 years ago

1,000 years ago

Look at the picture. What period in history does it represent? Explain.

Write one example for each.

Make your own timeline.

An important monument in your Autonomous Community or City:

A famous historic person from your Autonomous Community or City:

Individual results chart

Individual results chart

IndIvIduAL RESuLTS CHART

The human body and health

Matter, energy and machines

Identify the function of bones, muscles

describe the properties of mass, matter

understand a diagram of the human body.

Identify examples of physical and

Identify the organs of the digestive,

Identify types of energy sources.

Population, economy and maps

understand how plants make food.

differentiate between municipalities,

name the main characteristics of

differentiate natural growth from

Identify the parts of an insect.

distinguish between the three main

Protecting the environment

Know how to use the points of a compass

describe the Earths orbit and name the

Interpret scales on maps.

Identify the processes involved in the

Recognise the physical properties of

Identify the parts of a flower.

differentiate invertebrates from

Time and space

Identify producers and consumers.

NP: needs practice.

Answer the questions.

a group of similar cells

a group of similar tissues

a group of similar organs

Why do we call cells living things?