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giáo trình kiến trúc
giáo trình kiến trúc
CHNG 1
CC B PHN CU TO
V H KT CU CHU LC C BN NH DN DNG
1.1 NGHA MN HC:
Cu to kin trc nh dn dng l mn hc nghin cu cc nguyn tc v cc l
lun c bn nht thit k, ch to cc b phn ca nh nhm tho mn hai mc tiu
sau:
Tao ra v bc bao che cho cng nng s dng bn trong v bn ngoi ngi nh.
Xc nh h kt cu chu lc tng ng vi v bc nu trn.
Mn hc ny cn c chc nng gii thiu cc cu to thng dng thng dng,
ng thi ch ra hng ci tin, thay i cc cu to theo s pht trin ca khoa
hc k thut v s i mi ca hnh thc kin trc.
1.2 CC YU T NH HNG N GII PHP CU TO KIN TRC:
Sng to ra kin trc l con ngi mong mun to ra mt mi trng sng tt
hn so vi mi trng t nhin. C ngha l khai thc cc mt c li v hn ch cc
mt bt li ca mi trng t nhin cng nh ca bn thn con ngi tc ng n
mi trng sng m h sng to ra.
Nhng mt bt li ny c th qui thnh hai loi:
Do nh hng ca thin nhin.
Do nh hng trc tip ca con ngi.
1.2.1 nh hng ca thin nhin
Trong thin nhin cng trnh lun chu nh hng ca iu kin kh hu t nhin,
lc trng trng, ng t, bo t, cc loi cn trng ... Mc nh hng ln hay
nh tu theo v tr a l ca tng khu vc xy dng cng trnh. nh hng bt li ca
iu kin kh hu t nhin gm :
Ch bc x ca mt tri: qu o, cng bc x mt tri...
Ch gi (tn xut xut hin, tc gi, hng gi...)
Ch ma, tuyt..
Ch thu vn, ngp lt
a hnh, a mo
a cht cng trnh ( sc chu ti ca nn t, nc ngm, ln, mc ng
u ca cu to cc lp t, n nh ca t..)
Mc xm thc ho - sinh ca mi trng.
Ngoi ra nhng ni c nhiu cn trng, c bit nh kt cu g cn c bin
php chng mi, mt ,mc, chng s ph hoi ca cn trng.
TRANG 1
TRANG 2
TRANG 3
Ngoi ra tng l kt cu bao che lm nhim v phn chia khng gian trn mt
phng ngang v bao che nh.
Yu cu: cng ln, cng cao, bn chc v n nh.
Tng khng chu lc ti trng no gi l tng t mang
Tng ngoi phi c kh nng chng c tc dng ca thin nhin nh ma, gi,
bo, bc x mt tri v c kh nng cch m, cch nhit.
1.3.3 Sn, gc
Sn l b phn kin trc chia khng gian nh thnh cc tng, sn cn l b phn
kt cu chu lc theo phng ngang. Sn ta ln tng hay ct thng qua h thng
dm.
1.3.4 Cu thang
:
Cu thang l b phn giao thng theo chiu thng ng, ni lin cc khng gian
khng cng cao . Cu thang cn c xem l mt b phn kt cu lm vic theo
phng ngang.
1.3.5 Mi
Mi l phn bn trn cng ca nh. Mi nh va l b phn chu lc ng thi l
kt cu bao che v bo v cho cc b phn bn di.
Yu cu: kt cu mi bn lu, khng thm nc, thot nc nhanh v cch nhit
cao, c cng ln, cch m, c kh nng chng thm.
1.3.6 Ca i, ca s
Ca i dng lin h gia cc phng, ngn cch bn trong v bn ngoi nh, bo
v an ninh cho ngi nh. Ca s c tc dng ly nh sng v thng gi cho phng. H
thng ca cn c tc dng trang tr cho ngi nh.
Yu cu: cch m, cch nhit, c kh nng phng ho...
1.4 CC H KT CU CHU LC C BN CA NH DN DNG
H thng kt cu chu lc ca nh dn dng thng c 3 loi:
Kt cu tng chu lc
Kt cu khung chu lc
Kt cu khng gian chu lc
1.4.1 Kt cu tng xy chu lc
Khi nim v h tng xy chu lc l khi ton b ti trng trc khi truyn xung
mng nh phi thng qua kt cu tng.
Vt liu ch to tng thng l gch t st nung v c th c thay bng vt
liu khc c cng tnh cht hoc tt hn. B dy ti thiu ca tng l 200mm v
dng loi gch c kh nng chu nn ln hn 50kg/cm2.
Phm vi ng dng cho cc nh c s tng 5 tng, B 4m, L6m
TRANG 4
TRANG 5
TRANG 6
TRANG 7
TRANG 8
CHNG 2
NN V MNG
1. NN (gm nn ca mng 2.1 v nn nh 2.1*)
2.1. NN CA MNG
2.1.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V YU CU V NN CA MNG
Nn mng l lp t nm di mng chu ton b hoc phn ln ti trng ca cng
trnh, phn cn li gi l t nn.
2.1.2. PHN LOI V TRNG HP P DNG
NGUYN NGC BNH ( su tm v bin son )
TRANG 9
TRANG 10
TRANG 11
Phng php ng cc: dng cc bng g tre, thp hoc btng ct thp c khi
dng cc ct ng xung t nn lm cho t nn cht hoc do ma st gia cc
v t lm cho mc chu ti ca t nn tng thm.
Cc chng : l loi cc c ng xuyn qua lp t mm bn trn v trc tip
truyn ti trng ln lp t cng pha di.
Cc ma st : l loi cc c ng n v tr lng chng trong lp t mm tc
dng ch yu ca cc l lc ma st gia thn cc v t chng cng trnh
hoc lm cht t . Trong cc cng trnh dn dng nc ta, thng dng cc tre,
trm theo mt trung bnh 25cc /1m2 80 -100mm vi chiu di 2,5m cho cc
tre v 4-5m cho cc trm. Tc dng ch yu ca ca cc l lc ma st gia thn cc
TRANG 12
Mt nn:
= 100200
+ BT dm (46),
50# 100#, =
100 200
+ BT 24 ,
50# 100#, =
100 200
+ BT 12 ,
+ BT mi , , 50# 100#,
50100
Phn p thm: c th s dng vt liu ct, si, t, t cp phi i,hoc
hn hp. Bn trn lp t nguyn th, cc loi vt liu nu trn c
tng lp 20 cm, ti nc m nn k
2.1*.2.2. Cu to Nn nh rng:
Khi cng trnh c yu cu chng m cho nn nh nh nn kho lng thc, thc
phm thuc men..v.v..Hoc khi mt nn cao hn mt t t nhin hoc mt t thc
TRANG 13
TRANG 14
2.2 MNG
2.2.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V YU CU
2.2.1.1. Khi nim v Mng : l b phn c cu to phn thp nht ca cng
trnh nm ngm di mt t. Thng qua mng, ton b ti trng ca cng trnh c
truyn u xung t nn chu ti. Cc b phn ca mng gm: tng mng, gi
mng, mng lp m chiu su chn mng.
TRANG 15
TRANG 16
theo yu cu to hnh bt k, tit kim vt liu, thi cng nhanh khi dng gii php
thi cng lp ghp.
2.2.2.2. Theo hnh thc chu lc:
Mng chiu ti ng tm: L loi mng bo m hng truyn lc thng ng
t trn xung trung vo phn trung tm ca y mng p ng c yu cu
chu lc tt nht cng s phn phi lc u di y mng.
Mng chu ti lch: Hp lc cc ti trng khng i qua trng tm ca mt
phng y mng , loi mng c kt cu phc tp. p dng i vi mng v tr
c bit nh khe ln, gia nh c v nh mi.
TRANG 17
TRANG 18
TRANG 19
mng cc cho php gim khi lng t o mng khong85%, b tng 3540% t gi thnh ca mng cc c th h c 35%. (Hnh 2.17)
2.2.2.4. Phn theo phng php thi cng:
Mng nng : loi mng c xy hay c trong h mng o ton b vi
chiu su chn mng < 5m. p dng cho cc cng trnh kin trc nh hoc trn
t nn c sc chu ti cao ngay trn mt Hnh thc mng c ng dng
trong trng hp ny thng l mng bng mng chic , mng b.
Mng su: Loi mng khi thc hin th khng cn o hoc ch o mt phn
h mng v s dng gii php cu to chuyn ti trng t trn xung thng
qua mng vo lng t nn, t chiu su thit k nh nh gii php mng trn
cc, mng trn ging chm. p dng trong trng hp ti trng cng trnh
tng i ln m lp t nn chu ti li di su.
Mng di nc: Mng s c thc hin trong vng t ngp nc nh ao,
h, sng, rch, bin. Phng php tin hnh thc hin loi mng ny l xy
dng nhng b vy kn nc bao quanh v tr mng cng trnh bm thot
nc lm kh khi thi cng mng.
2.2.3. Cc b phn ca mng:
2.2.3.1. Tng mng : l b phn c tc dng truyn lc t trn xung chng lc
p ca nn nh hoc lc y ngang ca khi t v nc ngm bao quanh tng
ngm. Tng mng thng c cu to dy hn tng nh nn nh ra hn chn
tng nh, to cm gic chc chn v b th cho nh, v iu chnh sai s trong qu
trnh thi cng cc phn cng trnh.
2.2.3.2. Gi mng : l b phn chu lc chnh ca mng c cu to theo tit
din ch nht hoc hnh thp hay dc bc nhm tc dng gim p sut truyn ti n
mng. ng thi vi yu cu y mng phi m rng hn so nhiu vi phn cng
trnh tip xc vi mng v cng ca t nn thng nh hn nhiu so vi vt liu
xy dng cng trnh
2.2.3.3. mng : l lp git cui cng ca gi mng tip xc nm ngang gia
mng v m mng.
2.2.3.4 Lp m: lp c tc dng lm chn , lm phng nhm phn u p sut
di y mng.Vt liu c dng l b tng gch v hoc c mc 25#, 50#, 75#
dy 10cm-15cm hoc l lp ct m cht.
2.2.3.5. Chiu su mng ngm trong t : l khong cch t y mng ti mt
t thin nhin hoc mt t thc hin. Tr s c chn s tu thuc tnh hnh t ai,
tnh cht ca nc ngm, kh hu, lc tc ng t ngoi , c im ca bn thn cng
trnh, kt cu mng v phng php thi cng cng tnh trng ca cc cng trnh k cn
nu c.
2.2.4. Cu to cc loi mng thng dng:
TRANG 20
TRANG 21
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TRANG 26
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TRANG 28
TRANG 29
CHNG 3
TNG V VCH NGN
3.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Tng l b phn quan trng trong cng trnh kin trc n c chc nng khng nhng
l kt cu bao che, ngn cch gia cc khng gian m cn l kt cu chu lc trong nhng
cng trnh tng chu lc. Ch yu chu nn, ngoi ra cn chu cc lc y ngang ca gi
bo.
Tng chim khi lng vt liu tng i ln, thng oc xy bng gch,
hay btng ct thp .B dy ca tng ph thuc vo chiu cao , ti trng cng trnh,
vt liu v hnh thc kt cu.
3.2.CC YU CU CA TNG
Trong kt cu nh dn dng tng chim vo khong 40-65% trng lng vt liu
ton nh, gi thnh chim khong 20-40% gi thnh ca nh. Do vic chn vt liu
lm tng cn hp l, phng php cu to ng cch ng vai tr quan trng lm
gim gi thnh ca nh.
Cn c vo v tr v tc dng ca tng, thit k tng cn tho mn cc yu cu
sau:
Cng chu lc: tng quan vi chiu di tng m bo chu lc: Trng
lng bn thn tng, trng lng sn v mi truyn xung tng. Chu lc
y ngang ca gi, bo, chn ng trong v ngoi nh.
bn v cng :Tng quan vi mc ca vt liu sc chu ti ca nn t
v mng tng, chiu cao, chiu dy v chiu di ca tng, ng thi cng
cn tng quan n k thut thi cng, kiu cch sp xp khi xy v mch va
bo m tnh ton ca tng.
Kh nng chu lc ca tng cn c tng cng bng lanh t, ging tng, tr
tng
Cn c vo yu cu s dng v qiu lut thay i nhit , chn vt liu xy
dng b dy v cch cu to tng bo m tng khng b rn nt khi gp thi tit
bt li, v trong nh vo ma ng m, ma h mt.
Cn c yu cu s dng m ch gii php cu to loi tng cch m vi vt liu
v vt liu xy dng. Bo m ngn ting n t ngoi vo nh, gia cc phng vi
nhau, tho mn nhu cu ngh ngi, yn tnh trong sinh hot ca con ngi. i vi cc
cng trnh biu din nh nh ht, rp chiu phim, phng ho nhc, yu cu thit k
cch m cho tng cng quan trng v phc tp.( trong nh dn dngtng thng
xy dy 22cm c kh nng cch m 50 xiben, tng 110 kh nng cch m c
th t 30 xiben.
TRANG 30
Tng ngoi nh bo m khng cho nc ma thm qua. Tng cho khu v sinh
v tng hm phi c bin php chng m, chng thm tt hn.
Tu theo bc chu la ca cng trnh v yeu cu s dng m cu to tng phng
ho vi khong cch , vt liu thch hp.
tho mn yu cu tin nghi v m quan trong cng trnh kin trc ngy cng
cao, cc thit b ng ng phc v ( hi t, in , nc, v sinh..) cn nm bn
trong tng, do i hi tng phi cng v rng t ng.
S dng vt liu hp l c kh nng cng nghip ho v thi cng c gii ho.Vt
liu lm tng nn chn vt liu nh, nh vy gim c trng lng bn thn, tit
kim vt liu, gim gi thnh v bt sc lao ng - Phng chm s dng vt liu ca
chng ta l: trng lng nh, cng cao,dng ph liu nh my, vt liu a
phng, tit kim thp.
TRANG 31
3.3.1.Theo v tr:
Tng trong nh ngn chia khng gian trong nh hoc chu lc.
Tng ngoi nh bao che, ngn ma, gi, cch nhit, cch m..hoc chu
lc
3.3.2. Theo vt liu xy dng:
Tng t: cn gi l tng trnh, dng t c thnh tng
Tng : dng nhng phin gia cng hoc cha gia cng xy tng.
Tng gch: dng gch t nung, gch silict, gch latarit, gch x, gch
btng... xy tng.
Tng btng ct thp: c th dng nhng tm btng ct thp c sn hoc
ti ch lm tng.
3.3.3. Theo phng php thi cng:
C th chia thnh my loi:
Tng xy: dng va lin kt cc vin gch li vi nhau bng phng php th
cng thnh tng (tng gch, tng )
Tng ton khi: dng cppha b tng ti ch hoc p t lm tng
trnh
Tng lp ghp: ch to ti cng xng hay ti cng trng cc tm ( to hay
nh tu theo thit k) v dng c gii hoc bn c gii lp thnh tng, lin
kt gia cc tm tng c th l hn, bulng hoc ton khi.
3.4.KCH THC TNG GCH
3.4.1. c im:
Gch dng xy tng xy tng ph thng nht l gch t st nung ngoi ra cn
c gch than x, gch lmit, gch silicat....
Gch t st nung c hai loi:gch my v th cng;
Trng lng ring:1600- 2000kg/m2
Kch thc vin gch tiu chun ca Vit Nam: 220 X 105 X 55
Cng chu lc ca gch my
:R=75-200kg/cm2
Cng chu lc ca gch th cng
:R=35-75kg/cm2
Chiu di vin gch tiu chun bng hai ln chiu rng cng vi mch va
Chiu rng vin gch tiu chun bng hai ln chiu dy cng vi mch va
Chiu rng mch va ca tng gch l 10mm
Va: va xy lin kt gm ct xi mng, v mt lng nc thch hp
3.4.2. Kch thc c bn ca tng gch:
3.4.2.1. Chiu dy ca tng gch:
Yu cu chu lc: bo m uc yu cu chu lc c tng khi thit k chiu
dy ca tng cn da vo:
Tnh cht v ln ca ti trng tc dng ln tng
TRANG 32
TRANG 33
Hnh
3.4.3.3
Kiu
xy
tng
gch
TRANG 34
TRANG 35
TRANG 36
TRANG 37
Hnh 3.5.3 B ca s
Thn tng hai bn l ca.
Ca c khun: hai bn bn l ca thng lm phng hoc li, lm .B tr chn
bch st hoc gch, g lin kt khun ca vo tng.
Ca khng khun: vng kh hu lnh, hoc do yu cu cch m, Ca khng
khun c th lm thnh ch L hoc ch T nh vy che ma tt, li tng thm kin
c, trnh c di ng khi ng m. Kch thc li lm thng rng bng 1/2 gch,
dy 1/4 gch.
TRANG 38
TRANG 39
va nh nht 7 mm. cao va bng 1 gch hoc 1,5 gch . Vin gch ngoi cng
nghing 100-200 mm (hnh 2)
. Lanh t gch ct thp
p dng cho chiu rng l ca l 2000 mm Trn l ca ph mt lp va xi mng
mc 50 hoc 75 dy 20-30 mm trong t thp 6mm hoc thp bn 20 x 1 mm, c
1/2 gch t 1ct thp, hai u n su vo tng 250 v b qup ln hng gch pha
trn, sau pha trn dng va xi mng mc 50-75 xy 5-7 hng gch vi cao h
1/4l
. Lanh t cun vm
p dng cho chiu rng l ca l = 1500-1800 mm
Hnh cung ca cun vm l mt on cung trn. Nu bn knh bng l ta c cun vnh
lc, bn knh bng 1/2l ta c cun vm bn nguyt. cao ca cun bng (1/21/12)l , thng thng l 1/8l , t gch xy nghing, mch va rng hp cng trong
khong 7-20mm
Gch xy cun vung gc vi ng p lc. nh cun l vin kho ( vin l).
mch va quy v tm, ch ln nht khng ln hn 25, chh nh nht khng nh hn
5. Va xy cun dng va ximng mc 50
. Lanh t b tng ct thp :c hai loi ti ch v c sn
Lanh t b tng ct thp ti ch thng c chiu rng bng chiu rng ca
tng. Chiu dy v s lng ct thp trong lanh t do tnh ton quyt nh .Khi
tng ln hn mt gch th chiu rng ca lanh t khng cn bng chiu rng ca
tng, lc ny lanh t c th lm ch L. Trng hp sn ti ch khi cao ca
lanh t v cao ca sn gn bng nhau th c th kt hp sn v lanh t l mt,
Lanh t btong ct thp lp ghp c u im thi cng nhanh, c th vt c cc
khu ln . Tit din ca lanh t thng hnh ch nht ,nhng i khi l ch L chiu
cao ly theo bi s ca kch thc ( bng chiu dy 2,3,4 vin gch). Lanh t c
chn su vo tng 1-1,5 vin gch, nhng khng c nh hn 1/15 chiu rng
c.
. Lanh t thp :Trng lng nh ,vt c khu ln, thng dng thp hnh, li
ny t dng v khng cn thit.
. vng, vng kt hp lanh t ( mi ht)
L b phn nm pha trn l ca s, ca i c tc dng che nng che ma
ng thi lm nhim v nh lanh t l phn tng bn trn. vng khng a ra
hn 1200 thng c cu to kiu cngxon.
TRANG 40
TRANG 41
TRANG 42
3.6.1. Tng lan can: l loi tng xy cao t 800 -1000 bo v v trang tr. c
th sng to nhiu mu khc nhau. C th xy 220,105 hoc 60, pha trn phi
ging btng ct thp.
3.6.2. Tng hoa trang tr: l loi tng dng trang tr cc v tr thch hp trong
cng trnh, ngoi ra cn dng thng thong
3.6.3. Tng gch rng: l loi tng dng gch2,3,4 l xy vch ngn gia cc
bc gian. C tc dng cch nhit, cch m tt, ti trng nh.
3.6.4. Tng btng ct thp c sn: c b dy mng, tit kim c din tch, thi
cng nhanh nhng gi thnh cao
L ca ra vo trong ngoi nh cn phi lm mi ht, thng lm bng btng. Khun
ca lp mp trong tng hoc mp ngoi. Khi khun ca lp mp ngoi thng nn lm
g mc nc kt hp vi lanh t hoc mi ht ngn khng cho nc thm vo nh.
3.7. CU TO MT TNG
Lp mt tng lm nhim v bo v thn tng nh chng nh hng ca thi
tit, v cc tc hi vt l ho hc hoc ph hoi khc do con ngi gy ra. Ngoi ra
cn c nhim v trang tr, gi v sinh v cch nhit, cch m cho cng trnh.
3.7.1. Mt tng ngoi : Mt tng ngoi c th chia ra lm 3 loi
Mt tng khng trt : xy gch trn khng trt va , lm mch va li hoc
lm, mt tng yu cu phi xy thng, gch tt, vung hnh sc cnh, khng
cong, khng sc m, mch va phng v u. nc ma khng thm vo
qua mch th lp va xy mc cao 50-75. Lm mch va li hoc lm. p
dng cho nh tm hoc nh c yu cu ngh thut cao ,dng gch mc .
TRANG 43
Hnh3.7.1 Mt tng p dy
3.7.2. Mt tng trong :
Do yu cu v sinh nn dng tng trt va, cn ch my im sau
khu vc c nc nh v sinh,tm,x : dng va ximng mc cao trt cao1600
hoc c th p gch trng men chng thm
gc tng : trt va bng xi mng mc cao trnh st m
chn tng: trt va xi mng hoc p gch men hay np g
TRANG 44
CHNG 4
CU TO SN NH
4.1.KHI NIM V YU CU CA SN .
4.1.1.Khi nim:
Sn nh l b phn nm ngang c cu to phn khng gian ca nh thnh cc
tng lu nhm tng din tch s dng cc cao trnh khc nhau trn cng mt din
tch xy dng. Sn c coi nh mt sn nm ngang ging gi, lin kt vi ct,
dm v tng m bo tnh n nh chung cho ton nh.
4.1.2. Yu cu i vi sn
Sn l b phn kt cu ng thi lm hai nhim v chu lc v bao che ca nh
nh. L kt cu chu lc, sn chu tt c cc loi ti trng thng xuyn v tm thi tc
ng ln do trng lng bn thn ca tng vch.
Phng n kt cu sn v loi sn phi da trn c s l sn chu oc tt cc tc
ng c hc do ngi i li, do di chuyn vt dng, chuyn dch v vn chuyn hng
ho, chng chu tc ng xm thc ca axt ,kim ... gim thiu tnh dn nhit v
truyn m, thun tin vic bo qu , v sinh phng c. Do , m bo an ton v
s dng tt, cu to sn cn p ng cc yu cu c bn sau:
m bo cng :
Ngoi vic sn chu ti trng ca bn thn cng tng vch t trc tip ln sn ,
theo yu cu phn chia phng c kt cu chu lc ca sn cn phi sc chu ti
trng ca con ngi, vt dng gia nh hoc cc thit b my mc phc v con ngi.
Do yu cu sn phi cng v cng, bo m khng b gy, sp gy nguy
him cho con ngi v h hng vt dng c tng trn v tng di.
Cch m v cch nhit:
bo m s dng tt, thoi mi, cu to sn phi gii quyt tt vn cch m,
cch nhit khi i li , lm vic v ngh ngi cc tng khng b nh hng ln
nhau.
Chng chy cao :
Vt liu lm sn kh hay khng chy v chu c nhit cao m khng lm
bin dng kt cu gy ra mt n nh cc b hay ton b cng trnh.nhng trng hp
khc phi c bin php phng chy thch ng nh cc sn g th cc dm chu lc
phi c qut ph lp vt liu kh chy.
Chng n mn v chng thm:
Tu theo v tr v tnh cht s dng mi ni m cc yu cu cu to c khc nhau
nh: sn nh th nghim ho cht th phi quan tm n gii php chng xm thc: sn
TRANG 45
TRANG 46
TRANG 47
Lp cch m
Lp cch hi
4.4. CU TO SN B TNG CT THP TON KHI:
4.4.1. c im:
Sn btng ct thp ton khi l loi sn c p dng ph bin trong xy dng
kin trc dn dng v cng nghip.
u im:
Cu to n gin bn chc c ln cng.
Kh nng chng chy tt, khng mc nt, t phi bo tr, d tho mn cc yu
cu v v sinh.
Vt c khu tng i ln, din tch rng.
Nhc im:
Sa cha ,ci tin kh.
Kh nng cch m khng cao, cn c bin php cch m cho sn theo yu cu.
Tn vn khun v sc lao ng, thi gian thi cng chm v chu nh hng ca
thi tit.
Ti trng bn thn ln., c th ch to bng b tng nng hoc btng nh (
nh btng keramzit, btng x, btng peclit.v.v..)
4.4.2. Phn loi:
4.4.2.1. Sn btng ct thp hnh thc bn:
Sn btng ct thp bn k hai cnh: l loi ton khi n gin nht . Bn chu
lc theo mt phng, vi ch s chiu di ln hn hay bng hai ln chiu rng. Nhp
ca bn sn nn ly trong khong 2000-3000mm , sn c b dy 60-100mm, c gc
su vo tng ti thiu 120mm. Loi sn ny thch hp cho hnh lang, sn nh v
sinh hay cc phng c khu nh.
Sn btng ct thp bn k bn cnh: l loi sn m bn sn chu lc theo hai
phng, t s chiu di nh hn hai ln chiu rng, nhp ca bn sn nn ly 40005000mm sn c b dy khong 80-120mm c gc su vo tng ti thiu 120mm.
Loi sn ny thch hp cho sn nh c mt bng gn vung.
TRANG 48
TRANG 49
TRANG 50
Hnh 4.7 Sn c
4.4.2.3. Sn nm : gm mt bn dy c mt bng vung hoc trn c t trn
mt u ct chu lc trung tm bn, ch sn ta vo u ct, ng sut cc b s rt
ln c th m thng sn, khc phc cu to m ct loe ra theo gc 450, rng 0.20.3 bc ct, Chiu dy bn sn thng ly bng 1/35- 1/40 khong cch ct, thng
bng 150-200mm, vi mt s trng hp bn sn c th dy hn, bn sn ta ln mt
li ct 6000x6000mm, 8000x8000mm. Loi sn ny thch hp cho cng trnh kin
trc c mt bng tng i ln nh siu th, ch hoc xng ch to.
Loi sn ny c u im mt trn phng, m quan v c kh nng chu lc chn
ng cng nh ti trng ln. Nhng c nhc im khng tinh t v tn vt liu . Sn
np p dng trong trng hp khi sn phi chu ti trng ln hayc yu cu c bit.
TRANG 51
Hnh 4.4b Sn nm
4.5. CU TO MT SN THNG THNG
4.5.1. Mt sn lng :
4.5.1.1. Mt sn lng va xi mng ct, nh mu bng xi mng nguyn cht :
Lp mt sn cu to bng hn hp xi mng ct vng 1:2 - 1:3
Trn lp b tng ct thp chu lc ca sn ri mt lp cch m bng btng x
hoc btng gch v dy 6-8 cm mc 50, trn lp cch m l lp va lng xi mng ct
dy 2-3 cm. ng thi vi vic lng va l nh mu bng xi mng nguyn cht, c
th k vung30x30cm hay 40x40cm v khi cn thit ln bu xt chng trn.
u im : Cu to n gin, d thi cng, c kh nng chng thm, ga thnh
h, p dng ph bin trong nh dn dng cp II-III.
Nhc im: khng p, khng bn, d rn nt, d sinh bi, khng m bo v
sinh v m quan
4.5.1.2. Mt sn trt granit :
Cu to tng t mt sn lng va xi mng ct, c lng va granit dy 1-2 cm
(va granit tnh theo trong lng gm: 2 phn cm thch xay c 3-8 mm, 1 phn
xi mng trng v 1/10 bt mu )
TRANG 52
TRANG 53
TRANG 54
TRANG 55
4.6.4. Mt sn n hi
Thng lm bng sn g. Nguyn tc cu to nh sau: mt sn g khng c ta
trc tip ln lp chu lc ca sn m ta ln mt h thng cc n gnh di 1200mm
.Cc n gnh ny bng g , cc u mt ch mng 30-40mm v gia dy 80100mm tu theo n hi cn thit do tnh ton quyt nh , chiu rng n gnh l
100mm t cch nhau 400mm ta ln cc sng cng rng 100mm cao 60mm chy
song song cch nhau 400mm cc dm chy mt sn ta ln cc n gnh theo cng
phng vi n v cch n bng nhng con ln gn u n. Mt sn bn trn gm
hai lp vn mt lp pck gia hai lp c lp giy du. G lm mt sn khng nn
lm g qu cng m nn l g n hi , mm.
TRANG 56
Hnh 4.6.4 Mt sn n hi
TRANG 57
CHNG 5
CU THANG
5.1. KHI NIM V DC CU THANG, YU CU THIT K CU
THANG
5.1.1. Khi nim.
Trong cng trnh kin trc cu thang l phng tin giao thng ln xung gia cc
mt phng nm ngang cn gi l sn nh c cao khc nhau.Cc cng trnh kin trc
nhiu tng u phi thit k ng giao thng ln xung lin h gia cc tng trong
gm: Cu thang thng, thang my, thang t chuyn, ng dc.v.v.
- ng dc: gii hn dc t 0 200. dc t 1:8 tr xung lm ng dc
thoi.ng dc thoi chim nhiu din tch nn ch s dng mt s cng trnh c
bit nh bnh vin, gara t nhiu tng
- Cu thang thng: gii hn c dc t 200 450. Thch hp nht l <=350 cho
nh cng cng, <= 400 cho nh , <= 450 cho thot ngi, <= 600 cho k thut, 70900 dng cho v sinh b nc hoc mi nh.
- Cu thang t chuyn: dng nhng ni c lung ngi i li rt nhiu nh ca
hng bch ho , nh ga .v.v...
- Thang my :dng cho cc nh cao tng nh nh , nh lm vic c c tng cao
trn 5 tng nhm gim bt hao ph nng lng ca ngi ln xung cu thang, tit
kim thi gian vn chuyn. Nh cao tng cn phi c thit b thang my song bn cnh
vn phi thit k cu thang thng. Thang my v cu thang t chuyn thit k c
thit b c kh phc tp bo qun sa cha tn km.
TRANG 58
TRANG 59
TRANG 60
TRANG 61
TRANG 62
Trong kin trc nh , cu thang ginh cho mt h s dng rng 0,9m -1,0m,
nhiu h s dng 1,1m.
i vi thang leo chiu rng thn thang khong 40-50cm.
5.3.1.3. Quan h gia chiu cao v b rng ca bc thang
dc cu thang quyt nh bi t l chiu cao (h) v chiu rng (b) ca bc
thang. Chiu cao v chiu rng ca bc thang c quan h mt thit vi chiu di ca
bc i. Bng di y a ra cc chiu cao v cc chiu rng ca bc thang thng
dng
Quan h gia chiu cao h v chiu rng b ca bc thang c th biu din bng
cng thc : m = 2h + b. Vi m = 590 640 l chiu di trung bnh ca bc i .
Trong cc cng trnh kin trc chiu cao bc trong nh thng dng l 140
200mm v chiu rng 320 220mm tng ng vi dc 200 450 .
Chiu cao ca bc thang thch hp c chiu cao h =150 - 180mm, chiu rng 240 300mm tng ng vi dc 260 330 .
dc cu thang cn tng quan n cng nng ca cng trnh.
Phn loi
Nh
Trng hc
Hi trng
Bnh vin Nh tr
Nh lm
Rp ht
vic
Chiu cao (h)
156 140 - 160
130 - 150
150
120 - 150
175
Chiu rng
250 280 - 320
300 - 350
300
250 - 280
(b)
300
i vi cu thang i li t ngi, c th lm hi dc mt t.
h / b = 170 / 260 mm
h / b = 175 / 250 mm
Thm ch h / b = 200 / 200 mm ( tng ng 450)
TRANG 63
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TRANG 67
chiu cao lan can tnh t tm tm mt bc thang tr ln l 0,8m -1,0m trung bnh ly
0.9m i vi ngi ln v 0,65m i vi tr em.
5.3.3.4. Khong cch i lt ( khong thot u)
cao thng thu cu thang cn m bo cho ngi i li bnh thng >1,80m
TRANG 68
TRANG 69
TRANG 70
CHNG 6
MI NH
6.1. KHI NIM & YU THIT K MI NH
6.1.1. Khi nim : Mi l b phn bao che v chu lc trn cng ca ngi nh .Cng
l b phn tip tc ca tng, c cu to nh mt sn c kh nng chng thm v
cch nhit cao. Mi dc cn to ra cn to nn mt khng gian m cch nhit di
mi trn trn v cng l b phn vin u cho cng trnh kin trc v phng din
thm m.
6.1.2. Yu cu: Mi nh cn m bo cc yu cu c trng ca kt cu bao che v
kt cu chu lc
Kt cu bao che: Yu cu chnh l chng thm, dt, che ma, chn nng cch
nhit, gi nhit, cch m ng thi vi kh nng chng pht chy chng tc hi
ca cc loi kh
Kt cu chu lc: Chu c tc ng ca ti trng tnh (ti trng bn thn, ti
trng ca lp lp, ca kt cu tm lp) v ti trng ng (sc gi, ma tuyt
..). ngoi ra n cng gp phn tng thm n nh cho cc tng v tnh kin
c ca ngi nh pha di.
Ton b kt cu mi cn bo m s vng bn di nh hng ca thi tit, cn
cn p ng c yu cu cng nghip ho, r tin, thi cng d, vt liu cu to thch
hp.
6.2. CC B PHN MI NH
Mi nh c cu to vi hai b phn chnh gm lp lp ( kt cu bao che) v kt
cu tm lp ( kt cu chu lc. ) Ngoi ra khi c yu cu mt di ca mi cn
bng phng th cu to trn nh di mi.
6.2.1. Tm lp: Nhim v ch yu l chng dt khng cho nc ma thm qua mi
vo nh v yu cu bao che ni chung. Vt liu lm lp lp c th dng loi tm lp
nh nh l, tranh, ngi, g , thu tinh, tm lp ln nh tn kim loi, Pibro ximng,
btng ct thp, cht do, policacbon, si thu tinh....
6.2.2. Kt cu mang lc mi : Bao gm cc h dm, dn, v ko vi x g, cu
phng, li t, cng vi cc tm ton khi hay lp ghp. Trong cc cng trnh hin i
c dng kt cu khng gian vi v mng mt xp, kt cu dy cng hoc gin
khng gian.
Vt liu dng lm kt cu tm lp c th dng l g thp , btng ct thp.
Vi g th dng nhng li d chy v cn tu b thng xuyn, thp l vt liu
thng dng nhng phi uc bo tr chng rt r. Hoc c th dng ghp phi hp
thp v gvi cc b phn bng g, ch yu chu lc nn v ng inh. Khi c
yu cu bo m tnh ton khi, gim thiu vic phi bo tr th dng btng ct thp.
TRANG 71
6.2.2. Trn nh: L kt cu di mi, l b phn c thc hin nhm tng kh nng
cch nhit do c yu cu cch nhit- gi nhit dng thi s tu theo yu cu c th
ca mi loi cng trnh kin trc m kt cu cn i hi phi c kh nng cch m,
phn quang, m quan v m bo v sinh.
TRANG 72
TRANG 73
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TRANG 75
6.5. CU TO MI BNG
6.5.1. c im
Mi bng l gii php cu to mi ph bin cho cc cng trnh, p ng c cc
yu cu kin trc linh hot v a dng. C th cu to bng vt liu g, thp, nhng
ch yu bng btng ct thp ton khi hoc lp ghp.
Mi bng c u im l dc nh, do chu c p lc ca gi bo t, kt cu bn
chc, kh nng chng chy cao. Mt bng ca mi c th lm sn thng, sn phi,
nhng p ng c yu cu ny th phn kt cu bn trn mt mi s phc tp hn.
So vi mi dc , mi bng c nhc im l m ln, d b thm v nng. Do
cn phi nng cao cc yu cu v kh nng cch nhit, thot nc, chng thm cho
mi. Mi tng i nng v c gi thnh cao.
6.5.2. Cc b phn ca mi bng
Mi bng c cu to vi 2 b phn chnh gm kt cu chu lc v lp cu to
vt l kin trc.
Lp kt cu chu lc: y l b phn chu tt c ti trng tnh, ti trng ng ri
truyn vo tng hoc ct
Mt bng kt cu c b tr nh sn nh c kt hp vi yu cu cu to thot
nc, chng dt, chng thm v cch nhit.
Kt cu chu lc c th lm bng b tng ct thp ton khi, lp ghp hoc bn lp ghp
Lp cu to vt l kin trc :( lp chng nng, lp chng thm, lp cch m lp
bo v ca mi bng)
mi c chc nng cch nc v cch nhit th phi cu to nhiu lp, mi lp
c mt nhim v ring v c t nm theo v tr xc nh theo chiu thng ng bao
gm: lp bo v pha trn cng, lp chng thm ( cch nc), lp m, lp khng kh
thng gi, lp cch nhit, lp cch hi .
TRANG 76
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TRANG 78
TRANG 79
6.6.2. Cc b phn v cu to ca mi dc :
6.6.2.1. Tm lp
Tm lp c th l ngi, tm tn, tm fibrximang, tm btng, tm giy du. Tc dng
chnh ca n l bao che v bo v cho cc b phn bn di ng thi trang tr kin
trc cho ngi nh.
6.6.2.2. H thng kt cu mang lc ca mi dc
Vt liu ch to kt cu mang lc ca mi dc thng lm bng g, thp, gch
hoc btng ct thp di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau: cu phng , v ko hay bng cc
tm lp ghp.
*. Kt cu tng thu hi chu lc :
Dng tng ngang chu lc xy thu hi lm kt cu chu lc chnh.
Trn tng thu hi gc x g (n tay), trn x g gc cu phong (rn, rui) hoc lt
vn g v trn cu phong t cc lit (m, lch) , cui cng l lp lp .
Vt liu lm x g : g hoc b tng ct thp.
TRANG 80
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TRANG 83
Hnh 6. 6.2.2 B tr kt cu v ko
H thng kt cu v ko cng theo gm 3 b phn: b phn u hi, b phn
gia nh v b phn ni tip.
Kt cu on gia nh :Dn v ko
Khong cch gia cc v ko t 3 - 6m ty thuc vt liu lm v ko v x g l
g hay thp.
Tit din cc thanh ca dn ty thuc khu ca v ko. tit kim vt liu
th gim khu v ko. Cho nn khi b tr v ko cn chn khu ngn nht, cn
tn dng ct hoc tng lm gi ta trung gian.
i vi nh hnh lang gia c th li dng tng hoc ct hai bn hnh lang
lm im ta , nh vy v ko c th nh li hoc s dng bn v ko, 2 na v ko
cn c lin kt vi nhau bng h ging.
Cc v ko cn phi lin kt n nh tng cp mt bng cc thanh, h ging
cho. ng thi phi cu to lin kt gia cc v ko vi tng chu lc hoc ct
chu lc to thnh h kt cu vng chc.
Cu to lin kt gia cc v ko vi gi cn phn b lc u, trnh lc tc
dng cc b, c th dng g m u ko. Gi l lin kt di dng du v ko
trnh ni lc sinh ra do dn n ca v ko.
Kt cu on u hi :
Nh 2 mi dc :
Trng hp mi khng ua ra khi tng : tng u hi c nng cao che
mi, phi ch cu to m bo v (ng b nc) ng thi chng thm v chng
dt dc theo ng tip gip gia mi v tng.
TRANG 84
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TRANG 86
TRANG 87
TRANG 88
Ngi my : l loi ngi c rnh. C 2 kiu : kiu 13 vin cho 1m2 c kch c
400 x 240 x 35mm v kiu 22 vin cho 1m2 c kch c 220 x 300 x 30mm .
Ngi mc: l loi ngi phng thng dng 70 vin / m2.
Ngi m dng hay ngi lng mng .
Ngi p sng nc: ngi b hnh mng 1/2 trn hay ch V
TRANG 89
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TRANG 91
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TRANG 94
Mi c thm c hay b nc cn
Dng thm c th phi bo m lun c xanh mt vi lp t mu du 40 cm
- Cch nhit cho mi dc :
Cu to cch nhit
- Dng mi lp c 2 tng nhm to nn lp khng kh trung gian thng lu
gia, nhit bc x b tiu hao khi truyn qua lp khng kh ny
- ng thi kt hp vi vic cu to trn treo tng hiu qu cch nhit
T chc thng gi thot hi cho hm mi
Mc ch :
Chng mc nt cho g
iu ho nhit bn trong hm mi
Nng cao kh nng cch nhit cho mi
Phng php thc hin:
B tr ca ht v ca thot gi cc v tr trn, mi, tng thu hi, tng u hi,
trn mi ua, ca s mi
Dng b nc th phi thay nc theo nh k v mc nc trong b nc cao 30 cm.
6.7.2.2. Cu to trn nh
L b phn cu to mt di ca kt cu mi nhm che khut v ko cho m
quan v nng chn rc bi t trn ri xung. C hai loi trn : trn vi rm v trn
treo.
Mt trn c my loi sau :
- Mt trn bng vi rm
- Mt trn bng va xi mng ct li thp
- Mt trn bng cc tm g dn, tm thch cao, tm dm bo p
Trn vi rm:
c thc hin bng cch ng la ti trc tip ln x g, sau trt va vi rm
Trn c mt nghing theo mi, ch c on nh lm bng, c th tn dng
c 1 phn khng gian di mi.
Loi kt cu ny n gin nn gi thnh h.
Trn treo :
Thc hin nhm to nn mt trn phng, nm ngang, tu theo khong cch gia
cc v ko m mt bng kt cu trn treo c 1 h dm hoc 2 h dm.
Trn c mt h dm :
+ p dng khi khong cch gia cc v ko < 4m
+ Dm trn c treo trc tip vo qu giang, tit din ca dm c 6 x8 cm, 5 x10
cm vi khong cch gia cc dm 40-50 cm
+ Di dm trn c ng lati 1x3 cm, cha khe h gia 1cm trt va
Trn c hai h dm
TRANG 95
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TRANG 100
6.6.2.3. B chn mi :
Tng ngoi oc xy cao che mi dc theo tng bin du hi ca mi. t
chc thot nc tt, c th t mng nc nm dc pha bn trong tng chn mi,
vi mng c ch to bng tn km hoc c bng b tng ct thp, mt trong tng
chn mi v mng nc cn trt xi mng ct 1/3 v nh mu
TRANG 101
CHNG 7
CA S - CA I
7.1. KHI NIM
Khi nim
Trong cc cng trnh kin trc, ca l b phn bao che, ngn cch c kt cu ng
hoc c nh khi thit k ca nhm m bo cc chc nng
Yu cu
Giao lu: Kim sot gn lc tip thu nh sng, nng m, thng thong v n c
gi mt, i li thun tin gia nt tht v ngoi vi cng lin lc vi t nhin thun
tin.
Ngn chn: Nhng tc hi khc nghit ca thi tit kh hu nh gi rt, ma bo,
nng chi. Cch m tt, v yu cu kn o v an ton
Thm m kin trc: trang tr v x l mt ng cng trnh v m bo ngh thut.
Phn loi v kch thc
Theo yu cu s dng ca c hai loi chnh l ca s v ca i.
Trong cc cng trnh kin trc dn dng cc loi ca thng c cu to bng g,
nhm, thp. ngoi ra c th dng knh , vt liu p, cht do... lm ca theo chc
nng v yu cu s dng c th ca phng c v loi cng trnh.
Kch thc cc loa ca cn tu thuc vo
V tr trong b cc mt bng kin trc
V tr trn b cc mt ng cng trnh
7.2. CA S
7.2.1. YU CU V PHN LOI:
7.2.1.1. Yu cu chung.
Khi thit k cc ca s cn bo m yu cu s dng ca n. Mt ca s hp l
cn tho mn cc yu cu sau:ly snh sng y , thng gi tt, m bo phng
nng, ma, chng bo, ng m linh hot thun tin , lau chi d dng v an ton.
7.2.1.2. Phn lai ca, s lp, hnh thc ng m
S lp ca ca s ch yu cn c vo iu kin kh hu v yu cu s dng ca
nh quyt nh, c th l ca s mt lp, hai lp v ba lp.
nhng vng kh hu lnh m bo trong phng kh hu bnh thng v trong
mt s nh yu cu cch m, cch nhit thng dng hai lp ca hoc ba lp.
Ca m theo chiu ng.
Trc quay ca cnh ca theo chiu thng ng c hai loi:
- Trc quay bn cnh: l loi ng dng rng ri nht trong kin trc. i vi ca
s mt lp cn phn thnh m ra ngoi hoc trong nh. i vi ca hai lp th mt
TRANG 102
TRANG 103
TRANG 104
7.2.2.1. Cc b phn ca s
Ca s do 2 b phn chnh hp thnh: Khun ca, cnh ca cng cc ph kin i
km
Khun ca: khun ca c lm g, gm c hai thanh ng, thanh ngang trn v
thanh ngang di. Ngoi ra cc vt liu lm ca cn c dng bng thp hay nhm,
thu tinh, v c th lm bng btng ct thp
Cnh ca: Bao gm thnh phn khung ca cnh v b phn trm kn khong
trng gi khung c th knh, l chp, pan bng vn g, g dn, li thp, li ngn
rui mui.
Ph kin: bao gm cc thnh phn lin kt n nh, v bo v khun, khung
cnh nh bn l, then ci, kho, ke.
TRANG 105
TRANG 106
TRANG 107
TRANG 108
TRANG 109
thanh thp gc, v cc thanh thp trn ui c c chn vo l tng, dng bulng
vt cht khun ca vo thp gc, sau dng va ximng .
Ca s khun kim loi gi thnh tng i cao, ch to c yu cu k thut cao.
Nhng ca khun kim loi c nhiu u im: kin c, bn lu, ng m kn, phng
chy, m t, khng b bin hnh, tit din nh tit kim khun nn din tch ly sng
nhiu.
7.2.3.5. Cu to ca s nhiu lp
Ca s hai lp m ra pha ngoi hoc pha trong ch cn lm khun kp, hai bn
trong v ngoi u c hm lp cnh ca. h8.21a
Ca s hai lp u m vo phi trong c th lm mt khun ca ( khun kp), c
hai hm u hng vo trong nh vi c im ca loi ny l ca trong ln hn ca
ngoi . Khi khong cch gia hai ca tng i ln c th lm hai khun ca ri nhau.
7.2.3.6. Cu to ca s li thp mt co
Ca li thp mt co c th hm c nh hoc ng m, c th lp pha trong
hoc pha ngoi ca knh ( li mt co c th l li thp, ng, hoc cht do). Ca
ny trng lng nh, chu lc nh cho nn tit din v kch thc ca khun v khung
cnh ca tng i nh, kch thc thng dng l dy 20-30mm rng 45-50mm
7.2.3.7. Cu to ca khng khun.
tit kim g, ca s c th c lm khng khun. Bn l oc chn vo gch
btng c sn kch thc 55x105x220, hoc chn trc tip vo tng gch. Phn
tng xung quanh ca c bit phn xy bao quanh gch btng bn l khng oc
dng va thng m phi dng va xi mng mc 50-75. Hm ca phi trt phng v
thng , lp ca khng b vnh v ch phi dng va mc 50.
Cu to mt ca s khng khun,hnh dng v kch thc bn l gng c th
hin hnh di .
TRANG 110
Hnh 7.2 Mt s Ca i, s
7.3. CA I
NGUYN NGC BNH ( su tm v bin son )
TRANG 111
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