MC LC

MC LC............................................................................................................. 1
1.1.

H thng thng tin v tinh c bn.....................................................................2

1.2.

Tn s s dng trong thng tin v tinh..............................................................3

1.3.

Ca s tn s............................................................................................... 4

a.

Suy hao trong khng gian t do.............................................................................................................5

b.

Suy hao do tng i lu.........................................................................................................................7

i.

Suy hao do tng in ly..........................................................................................................................7

ii.

Suy hao do thi tit................................................................................................................................7

iii.

Suy hao trong thit b pht v thu......................................................................................................8

iv.

Suy hao do phn cc khng i xng....................................................................................................9

1.4

Anten trong h thng thng tin v tinh..............................................................9

1.5

Tng kt chng......................................................................................... 10

CHNG II. L THUYT SIU VT LIU...............................................................11

2.1

Khi nim................................................................................................. 11

2.2

c im ca siu vt liu............................................................................. 11

2.3

Phng trnh Maxwell cho LHM...................................................................14

2.4

Mt s tnh cht ca siu vt liu...................................................................18

a.

iu kin Entropy................................................................................................................................18

b.

iu kin bin......................................................................................................................................19

c.

o ngc hiu ng Doppler..............................................................................................................20

d.

Cc h s Fresnel................................................................................................................................21

e.

o ngc nh lut snell: khc x m...............................................................................................23

2.5

L thuyt ng truyn siu vt liu..............................................................26

a.

Cc c tnh c bn ca ng truyn................................................................................................26

b.

Cu trc CRLH cn bng v khng cn bng.....................................................................................29

c.

ng truyn CRLH l tng..............................................................................................................31

CHNG III. THIT K V CH TO ANTEN........................................................33

3.1

Thit k phn t vi di................................................................................. 33

3.2

Phng php Defected Ground Structure....................................................34

3.3 T l vng l g ?..................................................................................... 35

3.4

M hnh, kt qu m phng v thc nghim ca anten ng dng t l vng............41

a.

M hnh v kt qu m phng anten ng dng t l vng......................................41

b. M phng s dng Defected Ground Structure.....................................................43

3.5

Tng kt chng......................................................................................... 45

KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI..........................................................46

TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................ 47

CHNG I. TNG QUAN V THNG TIN V TINH

1.1.

H thng thng tin v tinh c bn

Mt h thng thng tin v tinh bao gm hai phn c bn:

-

Phn trn khng l v tinh v cc thit b lin quan.

Phn mt t bao gm cc trm mt t.

Trong v tinh ng vai tr lp li tn hiu truyn gia cc trm mt t, thc

cht k thut thng tin v tinh l k thut truyn dn m trong mi trng truyn
dn l khng gian v tr vi khong cch ng truyn kh di. Ti y ta cng gp
li mt s vn i vi bi ton truyn dn, l cc vn iu ch tp m v
nhiu ng truyn, ng b gia hai u thu pht.

Hnh 1. 1- Lin lc gia hai trm mt t qua v tinh [3]

Hnh v l mt v d n gin v lin lc gia hai trm mt t thng qua v
tinh thng tin.
ng hng t trm mt t pht n v tinh c gi l ng ln (Up
link) v ng t v tinh n trm mt t thu gi l ng xung (Down link).
Hu ht, cc tn s trong khong 6GHz hoc 14GHz c dng cho ng ln v
tn s khong 4GHz hoc 11GHz cho ng xung.
Ti u pht, thng tin nhn t mng ngun (c th l knh thoi, truyn
hnh qung b, truyn s liu ...) s c dng iu ch mt sng mang trung

tn IF. Sau tn hiu ny c a qua b chuyn i nng tn (Up Converter)

cho ra tn s cao hn RF (Radio Frequency). Tn hiu RF ny c khuch i
b khuch i cng sut cao HPA (High Power Amplifier) ri c bc x ra khng
gian ln v tinh qua anten pht. Ti v tinh, tn hiu nhn c qua anten s c
khuch i v chuyn i tn s xung (Down Converter), sau c khuch i
cng sut ri c pht tr li trm mt t. trm mt t thu, tn hiu thu c
qua anten c khuch i bi b khuch i tp m thp LNA (Low Noise
Amplifier). Sau c chuyn i tn s xung trung tn qua b chuyn i h
tn (Down Converter) v cui cng c gii iu ch khi phc li tn hiu bng
gc.
1.2.

Tn s s dng trong thng tin v tinh

Cc tn s s dng trong thng tin v tinh nm trong bng tn siu cao SHF

(Super High Frequency) t 3 n 30 GHz, trong ph tn s s dng cho v tinh

ngi ta cn chia cc bng tn nh vi phm vi ca dy ph nh bng 1.1.
Bng 1. 1 Tn s s dng trong thng tin v tinh
Bng

Tn s(GHz)

Bc sng(cm)

3,4007,075

8,824,41

7,0258,425

4,413,56

Ku

10,9018,10

2,751,66

Ka

17,7036,00

1,950,83

Hin nay, bng C v bng Ku c s dng ph bin nht, bng C (4/6 GHz)
nm khong gia ca s tn s, suy hao t do ma, trc y c dng cho cc
h thng viba mt t. S dng chung cho h thng Intelsat v cc h thng khc
bao gm cc h thng v tinh khu vc v nhiu h thng v tinh ni a. Bng Ku
(12/14 v 11/14 GHz), c s dng rng ri tip sau bng C cho vin thng cng
cng, dng nhiu cho thng tin ni a v thng tin gia cc cng ty. Do tn s cao
nn cho php s dng nhng anten c kch thc nh, nhng cng v tn s cao nn
tn hiu bng Ku b hp th ln do ma.

Bng Ka (20/30 GHz) ln u tin s dng cho thng tin thng mi qua v
tinh Sakura ca Nht, cho php s dng cc trm mt t nh v hon ton khng
gy nhiu cho cc h thng viba. Tuy nhin bng Ka suy hao ng k do ma nn
khng ph hp cho thng tin cht lng cao
1.3.

Ca s tn s
Cc sng v tuyn in truyn n hay i t cc v tinh thng tin chu nh

hng ca tng in ly v kh quyn. Tng in ly l mt lp kh long b ion ho

bi cc tia v tr, c cao t 60km n 400km so vi mt t, lp mang in ny
c tnh cht hp th v phn x sng. Do cc bin i trng thi ca tng in ly,
lm gi tr hp th v phn x thay i gy ra s bin thin cng sng i vo,
gi l s thng ging. Tuy nhin tnh cht ny nh hng ch yu i vi bng tn
thp, khi tn s cng cao nh hng ca tng in ly cng t, cc tn s bng sng
viba (1GHz) hu nh khng b nh hng ca tng in ly. Khi tn s >10GHz th
cn tnh ton suy hao do ma nh hnh 1.2.

Hnh 1. 2- th biu din suy hao do ma v do tng in ly theo tn s[3]

T hnh v ta thy cc tn s nm trong khong gia 1GHz v 10GHz th suy
hao kt hp do tng in ly v ma nh l khng ng k, do vy bng tn ny c
gi l "ca s tn s". Lc nu sng nm trong ca s v tuyn th suy hao
truyn dn c th c xem gn ng l suy hao khng gian t do.
V vy, cho php thit lp cc ng thng tin v tinh n nh, nhng phi
lu n s can nhiu vi cc ng thng tin viba trn mt t v cc sng trong
thng tin viba cng s dng tn s nm trong ca s ny. Ngoi ra, khi ma ln th

suy hao do ma trong ca s tn s cn phi c tnh ton, xem xt thm kt

qu tnh ton c chnh xc cao hn.
Suy hao trong thng tin v tinh
Mt tuyn thng tin v tinh bao gm ng truyn sng t anten ca trm
pht n v tinh (tuyn ln-uplink) v t v tinh n anten ca trm mt t thu
(tuyn xung-downlink).
Do suy hao trong thng tin v tinh gm cc loi sau:
a. Suy hao trong khng gian t do
i vi v tinh a tnh cao 35.768 km, c ly thng tin cho mt tuyn
ln hay mt tuyn xung gn nht l 35.768 km. Do c ly truyn sng trong thng
tin v tinh ln nh vy nn suy hao trong khng gian t do l suy hao ln nht. Gi

suy hao ny l
4 d
Ltd

Ltd

, ta c

(1.1)

Trong , d[km]: l chiu di ca mt tuyn ln hay xung.

[m]

: bc sng cng tc

Bc sng

c i ra tn s cng tc vi quan h f=c/

c vn tc nh sng c=3.108 m/s

f: tn s cng tc [GHz]
trong n v dB
2

4 d
4 df

Ltd dB 10 l o g
10 l o g

4 df

20 log

(1.2)

Suy hao khng gian t do ca tuyn ln hay xung khi cng tc bng C
(4/6 GHz) vo khong 200dB. b vo suy hao ny, m bo cho my thu nhn

c mt tn hiu ln c -90dBm n -60dBm, ngi ta s dng anten c ng

knh ln hng chc mt h s tng ch ln khong 60dB v my pht cng
sut ln hng trm n hng ngn W.
Xt trng hp mt my pht c cng sut bc x l 100W cho mi sng
mang, cng tc bng C(6/4GHz). Nu ch tnh n suy hao trong khng gian t do
l 200dB th cng sut thu c sng mang s l:
PRx 10 log100(dBW ) 200(dB)
PRx 100 /1020 10 18 (W) 1015 ( mW)

Tnh theo dBW:

=20(dBW) - 200(dB)= -180(dBW)= -150(dBmW).
Vi cng sut nh nh vy th my thu khng th thu c tn hiu, c
c cng sut u vo my thu khong -70dBm th ta phi s dng anten pht v
thu c h s tng ch ln. Nu h s tng ch ca anten trm mt t l G R=50dB th
anten thu trn v tinh c h s tng ch GT=30 dB.
Ngoi suy hao chnh trong khng gian t do cn c cc suy hao khc tuy
khng ln nhng khi tnh ton tuyn thng tin v tinh m ta khng xt ht cc kh
nng xu nht do nh hng ca mi trng truyn sng th khi xy ra cc hin
tng cht lng thng tin s xu i v c th lm gin on thng tin. Cc suy
hao c trnh by sau y.
b. Suy hao do tng i lu
Tng i lu l lp kh quyn nm st mt t ln n cao (10km-15km)
(theo quy nh ca tng i lu tiu chun), bao gm cc cht kh chnh hp th
sng gy ra suy hao nh hi nc, Oxy, Ozon, Cacbonic. Suy hao ny ph thuc
nhiu vo tn s v gc ngng ca anten v ch ng k khi tn s cng tc t
10GHz tr ln, ngha l khi cng tc bng Ku (14/12GHz) hay bng Ka
(30/20GHz). Anten c gc ngng cng ln th suy hao tng i lu cng nh, do
ng truyn ca sng trong tng i lu cng ngn. Ti cc tn s 21GHz v

60GHz c cc suy hao cc i, l do s cng hng hp th i vi cc phn t

hi nc v Oxy.
i. Suy hao do tng in ly
Tng in ly l lp kh quyn nm cao khong 60km n 400km, do b
ion ho mnh nn lp kh quyn cao ny bao gm ch yu l cc in t t do,
cc ion m v dng nn c gi l tng in ly. S hp th sng trong tng in
ly gim khi tn s tng, tn s trn 600MHz th s hp th khng ng k.
ii. Suy hao do thi tit
Suy hao do cc iu kin thi tit nh my, ma, sng m, suy hao ny ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cng ma hay sng m, vo tn s, vo chiu di
qung ng i ca sng trong ma, chiu di ny ph thuc vo gc ngng anten.
Khi gc ngng tng, suy hao gim, vi gc ngng anten khong 400 tr ln th suy
hao khng ng k, lc suy hao do ma khong 0,6 dB, suy hao do sng m
khong 0,2dB, cn suy hao trong cc cht kh rt nh c th b qua. Ni chung khi
tn s v cng ma tng th suy hao tng nhanh, c bit trong khong tn s t
10GHz n 100GHz.
Suy hao thc t tu thuc vo gc ngng anten, cao t anten so vi mc
nc bin, chiu cao cn ma v sng m m on ng i thc t ca sng qua
vng l khc nhau. Suy hao trn ton b on ng c chiu di sng i qua l:

Ltt Le (dB)
(1.3)
Trong

: l h s suy hao trn on ng 1 km (dB/km), ph thuc tn

s, mi trng gy suy hao nh cng ma hay dy sng m.

Le: l chiu di thc t sng i qua vng gy suy hao (km), ph thuc gc ngng
anten, cao t anten, c xc nh theo cng thc:
Le

hm hs
(km)
sin E

(1.4)

Vi hm l cao ca cn ma (km), theo khuyn ngh 564 ca CCIR v t 0 0

n 560 ly hm=3+0,028(km)
hs l cao anten trm mt t so vi mc nc bin (km).
E l gc ngng anten().
iii. Suy hao trong thit b pht v thu

Hnh 1. 3- Suy hao trong thit b pht v thu [3]

Suy hao trong thit b pht v thu cn gi l suy hao do h thng fi, c hai
loi nh sau:
Suy hao LFTX gia my pht v anten, anten pht c cng sut PT cn
phi cung cp mt cng sut PTX u ra ca b khuch i pht, do vy:
PT=PTX-LFTX

[dB]

Suy hao LFRX gia anten v my thu, cng sut PRx u vo my thu bng:
PR=PRX-LFRX [dB]
Trong cc h thng v tinh hin nay, n gin thng ly h s tn hao
fi LFRX=LFTX=2dB. Suy ra LFTX=LFRX=10-0,2(ln).
iv. Suy hao do phn cc khng i xng
Suy hao do phn cc khng i xng xy ra khi anten thu khng ng hng
vi s phn cc ca sng nhn. V ng truyn phn cc trn, sng pht ch
c phn cc trn trn trc anten pht v n s tr thnh elip khi ra khi trc anten
. Khi truyn qua bu kh quyn cng c th lm thay i phn cc trn thnh
phn cc elip. Cn trong ng truyn phn cc thng th sng c th b quay mt
phng phn cc ca n khi ng truyn i qua kh quyn, do anten thu khng

cn mt phng phn cc ca sng ng v sng ti. Suy hao do lch phn cc

thng ch 0,1dB.

1.4 Anten trong h thng thng tin v tinh

c c cc vng ph sng khc nhau trn anten trn v tinh thng s
dng hai loi anten chnh anten loa v anten mt phn x vi cc b chiu x khc
nhau c tip sng theo cc phng php khc nhau.
-

Anten loa: c u im tin cy v n gin nhng tnh hng km nn c

s dng ph sng vi bp sng ton cu. Vi bng tn C, t c vng

ph sng ton cu th cn anten loa c ng knh 30m.

Anten phn x: l loi anten thng c s dng to ra bp sng dng vt
v dnh hnh th ring r. Anten ny bao gm mt mt phn x parabol v mt
hoc nhiu ngun pht x t ti tiu im ca mt phn x. iu chnh c
hng chm sng ca anten trn qu o bng cc lnh iu khin t xa, vic
thay i bp sng c thc hin bng cch thay i pha ca cc phn t bc
x. Vic lp t b pht x c t theo kiu ng trc hay lch trc. to ra
bp sng dng trn hay elip c thc hin bng cch thay i hnh th ring r
hay phc tp th c th c thc hin bng cch t mt dy cc phn t bc
x ti tiu im ca mt phn x c tip in ca cng mt tn hiu nhng
bin v pha lch nhau nh cc mch to bp sng.
Ngoi ra, hin nay anten mng cng ph bin trong thng tin v tinh vi s

pht trin ca k thut to bp sng s ( Digital Beamforming- DBF). V s dng k

thut to bp sng s c th d dng thay i pha hoc trng s ca mi phn t
trong Anten mng hay thay i c hng ca bp sng chnh. Chng ta c th thay
i th bc x ca anten bng cch n gin l thay i cc tham s ca n. Vi
k thut to bp sng s, cc hot ng dch pha, thay i bin cho mi phn t
ca mng v php ly tng cho my thu, my pht u bng s. V vy, n gip cho
anten mng linh hot hn v chng ta c th thay i th anten m khng cn
thay i c h thng anten. Hin ti vi sc mnh ca b x l tn hiu s gi thp,
b vi x l dng cho mc ch thng dng v ng dng nhng mch tch hp c

bit. lm cho h thng anten mng ng dng rng ri trong thng tin v tinh- u
im vt tri ca anten mng.
1.5 Tng kt chng
Trong chng ny, lun vn trnh by khi qut v h thng thng tin v tinh.
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh bao gm hai phn c bn:
-

Phn trn khng l v tinh v cc thit b lin quan.

Phn mt t bao gm cc trm mt t.

Cc tn s thng dng cho v tinh nh l bng tn C, X, Ku, Ka. Hin nay,

bng tn C v bng Ku l s dng nhiu nht. Ngoi ra, ta bit c cc yu t lm
suy hao trong thng tin v tinh nh l suy hao trong khng gian t do, do tng i
lu, do tng in ly v trong thit b pht v thucng nh cc loi anten thng
dng trong v tinh. Trong chng tip theo ti trnh by k hn v phn anten mng.

CHNG II. L THUYT SIU VT LIU

2.1 Khi nim
Metamaterials ( theo ting Hy Lp l beyond) l nhng loi vt liu nhn
to c nhng c tnh khc bit so vi vt liu thng thng trong t nhin.
Khi nim siu vt liu ln u tin c a ra bi nh vt l ngi Nga
Viktor Veselago vo nm 1967. Siu vt liu cho php chng ta vn dng t
thm v hng s in mi m ti u cc c tnh vt l ca chng trong cc ng
dng. Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca LHM l khc x m. LHM c s
khc x nh sng ngc li vi cc vt liu tun theo quy tc bn tay phi (Right
Handed Materials - RHM) thng thng nh c biu din trong hnh 3.1

Hnh 2. 1- S vector Poynting ca sng in t( bn tri: vt liu thng thng

(RHM), bn phi: siu vt liu (LHM))[13]
2.2 c im ca siu vt liu
Thng thng, cc vt liu c c trng bi hng s in mi v t
thm . Da vo hai ch s ny, cc loi vt liu c phn loi nh trong hnh
2.2

Hnh 2. 2- Phn loi vt liu[14]

 Nhn vo s phn loi trn, ta c th thy loi vt liu c > 0 v > 0 l loi vt
liu thng thng.
Loi vt liu c < 0 v > 0 l loi vt liu c cu trc meta thin-wire (TW)
c hin th trong hnh 3.3

Hnh 2. 3- Cu trc ca vt liu meta thin-wire[12]

Nu trng in E c kch thch song song vi trc z (E||z) th s sinh ra
dng cm ng v moment lng cc in tng ng, hm hng s in mi ca
loi vt liu ny c dng:

pe2
pe2
pe2
r 1 2
1 2
j
j
2
2 2

Trong

pe 2 c 2 / p 2 ln p / a

(3.1)

, vi c: vn tc nh sng, a: bn knh

0 p pe / a /
2

ca si dy) l tn s plasma in, v

liu) l h s suy hao ca vt liu. R rng l:

Re r 0

Nu

r 0

2
2 pe
2

khi

(3.2)

pe
khi

(: dn in ca vt

Mt khc, t thm

khi khng c vt liu t v khng c moment

lng cc t c to ra. Chng ta cn ch rng cc dy dn c gi nh l di

hn bc sng (v l thuyt l v hn), iu ny c ngha l cc dy dn c kch
thch ti cc tn s pha di xa tn s cng hng u tin ca chng.
Loi vt liu c > 0 v < 0 l loi vt liu c cu trc split-ring resonator
(SRR) c hin th trong hnh 3.4

Hnh 2. 4- Vt liu c cu trc sprit-ring resonator[12]

Nu trng t H c kch thch vung gc vi mt phng ca cc vng
(H

y), th cc dng cng hng cm ng c to ra trong vng v cc moment

lng cc t tng ng c to ra. Vt liu ny c hm ca t thm c dng:

r 1
1

F 2
2 02m j

F 2 2 02m

02m

Trong

0 m c

F a / p

F 2

02m
2

(3.3)

(a: bn knh trong ca vng nh hn),

3p
ln 2wa3 / 8
(w: chiu rng ca cc vng, : khong cch gia cc

vng) l tn s cng hng t, v

2 pR / a0

(R: tr khng ca vt liu trn

mt chiu di n v) l h s suy hao ca vt liu. Ta cn ch rng cu trc SRR

c p ng t bt chp vic khng c cc vt dn t do moment lng cc t c
cung cp bi cc vng cng hng[12].
Phng trnh (3.3) cho thy mt di tn c th tn ti khi m Re(r) < 0 trong
trng hp

r 0

. Trong trng hp khng tn hao

0 m
khi

0 m
pm
1 F

(3.4)

pm
y

l tn s plasma t. Vic cng hng ca cu trc l do cng

hng ca cc vng, c cho bi

02m 3 pc / ln 2 w / a 3

(p: chu k,

c 1 / 0 0

: tc nh sng, w: rng ca vng, : khong cch gia cc vng.

Loi vt liu c < 0 v < 0 chnh l siu vt liu hay LHM. C th to c vt
liu ny khi kt hp 2 tnh cht ca vt liu plasma in v plasma t.

Hnh 2. 5- Cu trc LH, kt hp ca TWs v SRRs : (a) cu trc LH mt chiu ;

(b) : cu trc LH hai chiu [12]

2.3 Phng trnh Maxwell cho LHM

Ta bit, h phng trnh Maxwell nh sau :
r
r
B r

Ms
t
r
r D r
H
Js
t

r
D
r
B

Trong :
r
D

(lut Faraday)

(lut Ampere)

(3.5b)

(lut Gauss in)

(3.5c)

(lut Gauss t)

(3.5d)

: (V/m): cng trng in;

(C/m2): mt thng lng in;

mt dng t;

(3.5a)

r
Js

r
B

r
H

(A/m): cng trng t;

(W/m2): mt thng lng t;

(A/m2): mt dng in;

r
Ms

(V/m2):

(C/m3): mt in tch;

(C/m3): mt t tch [12].

Nu mi trng l tuyn tnh (, khng ph thuc vo

khng sc (, khng ph thuc vo ) th cc cp vector

r r
D,

r
E

hoc

r r
B, H

quan h nh sau
r
r
r
r
r
D 0 P 0 1 e 0 r
r
r
r
r
r
r
B 0 H M 0 1 m H 0 r H H

(3.6)

(3.7)

r
H

) v

s c

Trong

r
P 0 e

r
M 0 m

l cc phn cc in v t.

ln

lt l cc cm ng (susceptibilies) ca in v t. 0 = 8.854 . 10-12 (F/m) v

0 = 4 . 10-7 (H/m) ln lt l hng s in mi v t thm ca khng kh;

r 1 e

r 1 m

ln lt l hng s in mi v t thm ca vt liu.

Khi , ta c th vit:

r j 1 j tan e ,

tan e

r j 1 j tan m ,

tan m

(3.8)

(3.9)

2 phng trnh trn, cc phn o ca v l cho cc suy hao:

hao do in mi,

l suy hao do dn in hu hn,

l suy hao do t,

l suy

suy hao do dn t hu hn. Gi s cc trng hi vi s ph thuc thi gian e+jt

v cc b phasor chung tng ng l

r r
r r
F r , t Re F r e j t

r
F

r r
Fr

[12].

(3.10)

l i lng vt l bt k trong phng trnh (3.5). Khi , phng

trnh Maxwell c th vit li nh sau:

r
r r
E j H M s
r
r r
H j E J s
r
D e

(3.11a)

(3.11b)

(3.11c)

r
B m

(3.11d)

r r
D E

(3.12a)

r
r
B H

(3.12b)

By gi, ta xt sng phng

rr
r r
E E0e j r

(3.13a)

r
r E0 j rrr
H
e

(3.13b)

r r
E /H
Trong

l tr khng sng.

n gin, ta xt trong mi trng khng tn hao (

khu vc khng c ngun (

r
r
M s Js 0

r r
r
E H

) trong cc

). i vi RHM, , > 0 v do :

(3.14 a)

r r
r
H E

(3.14b)

r r r
E , B, H
Trong

c hin th trong hnh 3.6(a);

li, vi LHM, , < 0. Do :

r r
r
E H

(3.15a)

l vector sng. Ngc

r r
r
H E

(3.15b)

r r r
E , B, H
V

c hin th trong hnh 3.6 (b)

r r r
E , B, H
Hnh 3. 6- Biu din trng in, trng t, vector sng (

) v vector

r
S

Poynting . (a): RHM vi , > 0; (b): LHM vi , < 0[12].

Khi , vn tc pha s l:
r
v p ,

r r
/

(3.16)

Trong LHM, vn tc pha l ngc li vi trong RHM. iu ny c th

hin qua 2 phng trnh (3.14) v (3.15). Do , ta c:
i vi RHM:

>0

(vp > 0)

(3.17a)

i vi LHM:

<0

(vp < 0)

(3.17b)

Hoc ta c th vit li 2 phng trnh (3.14) v (3.15) mt cch tng qut nh

sau[12]:
r r
r
E s H

(3.18a)
r r
r
H s E

(3.18b)

Trong s l hm du c nh ngha nh sau:

s = + 1 nu l RHM
s = - 1 nu l LHM

(3.19)

Hn na, ta c biu thc tnh s lng sng nh sau:

kn nk0 n

(3.20)

y, ch s khc x n c cho bi:

n r r

(3.21)
Du + khi vt liu l thng thng c > 0 v >0 (RHM) v du - khi
vt liu c < 0 v < 0 (LHM).
Chng ta cng cn nh rng, vector Poynting lun c xc nh theo quy

r r
E, H
tc bn tay phi vi

r r r
S E H*

(3.22)

r
vp
V hng ca vector vn tc pha

trng vi hng vector sng

r
k

. Nhng

r
vg
trong khi hng ca vector vn tc nhm

cng hng vi vecto Poynting

r
S

V vy m vector vn tc pha v vector vn tc nhm l ngc hng nhau khi

hng s in mi v t thm l cng m ( < 0 v < 0). Ngc li khi m vt
liu no c vn tc pha v vn tc nhm l ngc pha nhau th ta ni vt liu
c c tnh l c < 0 v < 0.

Hnh 3. 7- Biu din vector Poynting v vector sng: (a) vt liu thng thng
(RHM); (b) siu vt liu (LHM) [12]
2.4 Mt s tnh cht ca siu vt liu
a. iu kin Entropy
Nh ta bit, nng lng ca trng in t c cho bi:

W E2 H 2

(3.23)

Tuy nhin, do v u l hm ca tn s nn s tn ti tn s m v u
m. Do , iu kin Entropy c vit li nh sau:

( ) 2 ( ) 2
E
H

(3.24)

Cng thc ny dng c cho c trng hp c v cng m hoc cng

dng. Cng thc (3.23) ch l mt trng hp ca cng thc (3.24)[12]
b. iu kin bin
iu kin bin mt phn cch gia hai mi trng c xut pht trc tip
t cc phng trnh Maxwell. Do , n cng c p dng cho trng hp LHM:
r
r
n D2 D1 es

(3.25a)

r r
n B2 B1 ms

(3.25b)

r
r
r
n E2 E1 M s

(3.25c)

r
r
r
n H 2 H1 J s

(3.25d)

Trong , es l mt tch in b mt mt phn cch, ms l mt tch t

b mt mt phn cch, n l vector n v giao tip t mi trng 1 sang mi
trng 2. Hai phng trnh u ca (3.25), ta thy khng c es v ms (es = ms = 0)
b mt, cc thnh phn

thy khng c cc ngun (

r
E

r
H

l lin tc. hai phng trnh sau ca (3.25), ta

r
r
Js M s 0

) ti b mt, cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca

l lin tc, iu ny c ngha l:

D1n D2 n
B1n B2 n
E1t E2t
H1t H 2t

(3.26a)
(3.26b)
(3.26c)
(3.27d)

y, cc ch s n v t ln lt l thnh phn mc nh v tip tuyn.

By gi, chng ta xt trng hp c th c minh ha trong hnh:

Hnh 3. 8- Cc iu kin bin ti b mt gia hai mi trng RH v LH[12]

iu kin bin ca cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca

r r
E/H

khng b nh hng

ti b mt ny, khi cc quan h trn cc thnh phn tip tuyn khng ph thuc vo
v . Ngc li, iu kin bin trn cc thnh phn mc nh nht thit phi thay
i v chng lin quan ti vic thay i du ca v . Chng ta gi thit rng mi

trng LH l phn tn yu, khi chng ta thu c cc iu kin bin b mt

RH/LH nh sau[12].
E1n

2
E
1 2n

(3.27a)
H 1n

2
H
1 2 n

(3.27b)

E1t E2t

(3.27c)

H1t H 2t

(3.27d)

Khi , cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca

r r
E/H

vn lin tc trong khi cc thnh

phn mc nh ca chng tr thnh khng song song ti b mt gia mi trng RH

v mi trng LH. Cc iu kin bin trn cc thnh phn mc nh (normal) ca

r r
E/H

c th c vit li tng qut nh sau:

E1n s1s2

2
E2 n
1
(3.28a)

H1n s1s2

2
H 2n
1
(3.28b)

y si (i = 1, 2) l du ca mi trng i c nh ngha trong (3.19)

c. o ngc hiu ng Doppler
By gi, chng ta xt mt ngun S chuyn ng dc theo hng z v bc x ng
hng vi tn s

nh trong hnh 3.9. Khi , trng xa ca ngun c dng :

r
r
e j ( ,t )
E ( z , t ), H ( z , t )
r

( , t ) t r
,

vi

(3.29)

Hnh 3. 9- Hiu ng Doppler: (a) trong mi trng RH (

trng LH (

); (b) trong mi

)[12]

By gi chng ta xt sng c pht x theo hng chuyn ng ca ngun,

iu ny c ngha l r = z ( = 0). Nu cc ngun di chuyn v pha dng ca trc
z vi vn tc vs = z/t, th v tr ca n nh l hm ca thi gian: z = vs.t. Khi , pha
dc theo trc z s c dng[12]

t vst (1

v
v
vs )t (1 s )t (1 s s )t

vp
vp
(3.30)

/ vp
y

theo nh phng trnh (3.16). H s ca t l tn s Doppler

Doppler
, m s khc nhau tn s

Doppler l:

ca ngun ng yn (vs = 0) v s dch tn s

Doppler
,

vi

vs
vp
(3.31)

y, s l hm du c nh ngha trong phng trnh (3.19). Trong mi trng

RH,

Doppler
> 0 khi s = +1, v vy

Doppler
nn < 0 v do

> [12].

d. Cc h s Fresnel

< . Nhng trong mi trng LH th s = -1

Trong phn ny, chng ta s thy cc h s fresnel (h s phn x R v h s

truyn dn T) ti b mt gia hai mi trng bt k s b nh hng khi mt trong
hai mi trng l LH. n gin, chng ta xt ng truyn khng tn hao. Cc
h s phn x v truyn dn cho s phn cc ngang (vector E // vi mt phng ti
hay cn gi l TMz) v phn cc dc (vector E

mt phng ti hay cn gi l TE z)

[12].
R/ /

T/ /

r1k 2 z r 2 k1z 2 cos 2 1 cos 1

r1k 2 z r 2 k1 z 2 cos 2 1 cos 1

(3.32a)

2( r1 r 2 r 2 r1 )k1z
2 2 cos1

r1k2 z r 2 k1z
2 cos 2 1 cos1

(3.32b)

r 2 k1 z r1k2 z 2 cos 1 1 cos 2

r 2 k1 z r1k2 z 2 cos1 1 cos 2

(3.33a)

2 r 2 k1 z
22 cos 1

r 2 k1 z r1k2 z 2 cos1 1 cos 2

(3.33b)

y, i (i = 1, 2) l tr khng c tnh ca mi trng i.

i

i
i

(i = 1,2)

(3.34)

Vi cc thng s:

r 2 r 2

r2 r2

k2 z k2 z
;

, ta c th thy rng

cc h s Fresnel ti mt phn cch RH/LH c bin bng vi bin ca cc h

s Fresnel mt phn cch RH/RH. iu ny l do bin ca cc h s Fresnel
ch ph thuc vo cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca cc trng, m n khng thay i
t mt phn cch RH/RH ti RH/LH. Hn na, pha ca cc h s Fresnel ti mt
phn cch RH/LH cng bng pha ca cc h s Fresnel ti mt phn cch RH/RH.
Ngoi tr pha ca h s truyn dn cho phn cc ngang T|| l ngc nhau.

Hnh 3. 10- S khc x ca sng in t ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng:

(a): hai mi trng ging nhau (cng l RH hoc cng l LH); (b): hai mi trng
khc nhau: mt trong hai mi trng l RH hoc LH)[12]

Hnh 3. 11-Hiu ng gp i trong thu knh phng, mi trng LH vi dy d

v ch s khc x nL kp gia hai mi trng RH vi ch s khc x nR; nL = -nR[12]
e. o ngc nh lut snell: khc x m
Nh ta bit, mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca LHM l ch s
khc x m (NRI). Trong phn ny, chng ta s thy c h qu ca NRI khi mi
trng LH giao tip vi mi trng RH[12].
By gi, ta xt mt sng phng n bin gia hai mi trng nh c minh
ha trong hnh 3.12.

Hnh 3. 12- Minh ha sng n, sng phn x, sng khc x ti bin gia hai mi
trng[12]
r r

Thng thng, sng n

e jki r

trong mi trng 1, mt phn sng b phn

r r

e jkt r

r r

trong mi trng 1, v mt phn sng

e jkt r

b khc x trong mi trng

2. iu kin bin phng trnh (3.27) yu cu cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca

r
H

r
E

phi lin tc ti z = 0 vi tt c cc x v y. Gi cc bin ca thnh phn

tip tuyn ca sng n, sng phn x v khc x ln lt l Ei,tan, Er,tan, v Et,tan. Tt

c cc trng hp phi tha mn iu kin sau (z = 0)[12].
Ei ,tan e

j kix x kiy y

Er ,tan e

j krx x k ry y

Et ,tan e

j ktx x kty y

(3.35)
Khi trng tng l tng ca cc trng n v phn x trong mi trng 1 v
trng khc x trong mi trng 2. tha mn vi mi x v y th ta phi c:

Ei ,tan Er ,tan Et ,tan

, v do :

kix krx ktx k x

(3.36a)

kiy kry kty k y

(3.36b)

r
k tan k x x k y y

iu ny cho thy rng thnh phn tip tuyn ca s sng

lin tc ti bin gia hai mi trng

r
r
k1,tan k 2,tan

(3.37)
Quan h ny c gi l iu kin phi hp pha (phase matchingcondition)
Cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca s sng c th c biu din l mt hm ca
gc tng ng (hnh 3.12). Chng hn, vi cc thnh phn x, ta c:

kix ki sin i ;

krx kr sin r ;

ktx kt sin t

(3.38)

Trong , s lng sng l:

ki

r1 r1 n1

kr k1 ;
c
c

kt

r 2 r 2 n2

k2
c
c

(3.39)

Cc phng trnh (3.37) v (3.38) c p dng cho cc sng n v sng phn x.

iu ny dn ti quan h:

ki sin i kr sin r

. Kt hp vi phng trnh (3.39), ta

c[12]

r i

(3.40)
iu ny khng b thay i ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng RH v LH

v tia phn x v tia ti nm cng mt mi trng. Kt hp (3.37), (3.38) v (3.39),

ta c nh lut Snell khc x[12].

n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2

(3.41)

nh lut ny b thay i ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng RH v LH

do ch s khc x m ca mi trng LH. Do , nh lut Snell c th c vit li
mt cch tng qut nh sau[12].

s1 n1 sin 1 s2 n2 sin 2
(3.42)
Khi hai vt liu cng l RH hoc cng l LH th s 1 v s2 l cng du. Do ,
hin tng khc x s khng thay i. Nhng khi c mt vt liu l RH, mt vt
liu l LH th hin tng khc x s b o ngc li, nh c minh ha trong
hnh (3.13).

Hnh 3. 13- Khc x sng in t ti b mt gia hai mi trng: (a): hai mi

trng ging nhau (cng l RH hoc cng l LH); (b): hai mi trng khc nhau
(mt mi trng l RH, mt mi trng l LH)[12]
2.5 L thuyt ng truyn siu vt liu
a. Cc c tnh c bn ca ng truyn
M hnh ng truyn CRLH khng tn hao c hin th trong hnh
3.14

Hnh 3. 14 M hnh mch tng ng cho CRLH TL[12]

Nhn vo hnh trn, ta thy CRLH TL bao gm in cm

in

C L

v mt t in

C R

vi cun cm

LL

. Hai thnh phn

thnh phn tr khng Z (/m). Hai thnh phn

LR

C L

LR

LR

ni tip vi t

C L

to nn

to nn thnh phn dn

np Y (S/m). Trong , thnh phn tr khng Z v dn np Y ln lt c cho

bi nh sau:

1
Z j LR

CL

(3.43a)

1
Y j CR

LL

(3.43b)

Z L j C L 0
R rng l, nu thnh phn LH bng khng, tc l

C L

YL j / LL
= v

khc khng, c th l

(hay

Z R j LR

LL

(hay

. Khi , ch cn mi thnh phn RH l

YR jCR

. Lc ny, ta thu c cu trc RH

TL.

Ngc li, nu thnh phn RH bng khng (

cn li hai thnh phn

C L

LL

LR 0

C R 0

). Khi ch

, lc ny ta thu c cu trc LH TL. Cu trc kt

hp RH v LH c gi l CRLH-TL. Do cu trc LH TL khng tn ti trong t

nhin, do CRLH TL l cu trc MTM kh thi nht [12].
phn tch cu CRLH TL, chng ta bt u vi phng trnh telegraph:


dV
1
Z I j LR
I
2

dz

C
L

(3.44a)

dI
1
Y V j CR
V
2

dz

L
L

(3.44b)

Trong V v I ln lt l in p v dng in ti v tr z [V = V(z) v

I = I(z)]. T cc phng trnh (3.44a) , (3.44b), ta thu c:

d 2V
2 0
2
dz

(3.45a)

d 2I
2 0
2
dz

(3.45b)

y l hng s truyn sng phc c dng

j Z Y

(3.46)

Bng vic gii phng trnh (3.45), ta thu c:

V z V0 e z V0e z

(3.47a)

I z I 0 e z I 0e z

z
V0 e V0e z

(3.47b)

Tr khng c tnh Zc c th biu din thng qua in p v dng in:

Z c V0 / I 0 V0 / I 0

. Hn na, tr khng c tnh cn c th biu din thng

qua tr khng v dn np:

Z c Rc jX c

Z
Zc
Y

(3.48)

Bn cnh , chng ta cng cn nh li mt s cng thc sau:

1
LRCR

rad.m /s
(3.49a)

1
LLCL

rad/ m.s
(3.49b)

LRCL LLCR

s/rad

(3.49c)

V cc tn s cng hng ni tip v song song ln lt c cho bi:

se

1
LRCL

rad/s
(3.50a)

sh

1
LLCR

rad/s
(3.50b)

Bng vic thay phng trnh (3.43) vo phng trnh (3.46) v s dng
phng trnh (3.49), chng ta thu c hng s truyn sng phc nh sau:
2

j js

L L2


R

(3.51)

Trong s() l hm du v c nh ngha nh sau:

s() = -1 nu < min(se, sh) trong di LH
s() = +1 nu > max(se, sh) trong di RH

(3.52)

Ngoi ra, ta c bc sng, vn tc pha v vn tc nhm ca CRLH TL ln lt

c cho nh sau[12].

/ R

L /

L2

(3.53)

/ R

L /

L2

(3.54)
d
g

R2 3L2

/ R

L /

L2

(3.55)

b. Cu trc CRLH cn bng v khng cn bng

Chng ta c th chia CRLH TL thnh hai trng hp l cn bng v
khng cn bng. Ty theo tng trng hp m CRLH TL c nhng c tnh c th.
Khi se = sh th ta gi l cng hng cn bng. Ngc li, khi se sh th ta gi l
cng hng khng cn bng.
Vi se v sh c nh ngha nh phng trnh (3.50), khi se = sh ng
ngha vi vic:
LRCL LL CR

hay ZL = ZR

(3.56)

Trong ZL v ZR ln c cho bi:

ZL

LL
C L

(3.57a)
ZR

LR
C R

(3.57b)
Vi trng hp khng cn bng, tr khng c tnh s l:

Z c 0 min se , sh R

(thng di LH)

Z c min se , sh min se , sh I

Z c max se , sh R

(3.58a)

(3.58b)

(thng di RH)

(3.58c)

Ngc li, trong trng hp cn bng th gap b ng li v tr khng c

tnh s khng cn ph thuc vo tn s.

Zc Z L Z R

(3.59)

V iu ny cho php phi hp trn bng thng v hn.

Chng ta cng cn bit rng, tr khng c tnh ti = se v = sh ln lt
c cho bi:
Z c se 0
Z c sh

(3.60a)

(3.60b)

Tng ng vi ln lt tn s cng hng ni tip v song song.

Hnh 3.15 minh ha tr khng c tnh ca CRLH TL trong trng hp sh < se.

Hnh 3. 15 Tr khng c tnh ca CRLH TL khi sh < se[12]

V mt hng s truyn sng ca ng truyn cn bng. Khi , biu thc
cho

trong phng trnh (3.49c) tr thnh:


L 'R
C 'R
2
L 'R C 'R C 'L
L 'L

C 'R
L 'R
'L ' R

'2 L
Do ,

'L
'R

(3.61)

v biu thc trong du cn (3.51) c dng bnh phng

(square), iu ny dn n hng s truyn sng khi n gin cn:

L
R

(3.62)

Khi :
0 RL

(3.63)
R rng l tn s ca vic suy gim gap cc i ca CRLH TL tr thnh tn
s ca vic chuyn tip gap nh hn (gap-less) gia cc di RH v LH nu ng
truyn l cn bng. Do , tn s 0 cn c gi l tn s chuyn tip.
c. ng truyn CRLH l tng
ng truyn c gi l l tng nu n c th pht cc tn hiu tt c
cc tn s, t 0 ti v cng. ng truyn l tng l ng truyn ng nht, c
tit din ngang khng thay i dc theo hng lan truyn. Hnh 3.5.3.1 minh ha
mt ng truyn l tng[12].

Hnh 3. 16- Minh ha ng truyn l tng[12].

Mc d ng truyn ca vt liu thng thng (RH) l ng nht nhng vi

ng truyn siu vt liu (LH) hay CRLH th khng c gi l ng nht do loi
vt liu ny khng c trong t nhin. Tuy nhin, trong mt di tn gii hn, chng
ta c th coi LH hay CRLH l ng nht.
Vi cc ng truyn ng nht l tng th

z 0

, trong khi vi ng

z g
truyn ng nht l tng hiu dng l

g / 4
thng l

g
kch thc trung bnh ca cell n v v

l bc sng.

vi

z p

CHNG III. THIT K V CH TO ANTEN

3.1 Thit k phn t vi di

Hnh 4. 1- Anten vi di n gin

Thit k mt Microstrip Patch antenna hnh ch nht, cp ngun theo kiu
microstrip line c ng dy dn vo. Ming patch hnh ch nht c chn v cu
trc n gin v d thit k. Anten thit k y l m hnh anten mt lp, in

r 4.4
mi c s dng c hng s in mi

,v h=1.6 mm. Tnh ton xp x kch

thc ca anten da theo mt s cng thc [15].

-

Bc 1: Xc nh chiu rng ca patch:

1
2
c
2
W

2 f r 0 0 r 1 2 f r r 1
(4.1)

Bc 2: Xc nh hng s in mi hiu dng ca anten vi di :

1/2
r 1 r 1
h
reff

1 12
2

(4.2)
-

Bc 3: tng chiu di hiu ng ph

L 0.412h

reff

reff

0.264
h

0.258
0.8
h

0.3

(4.3)
-

Bc 4: Xc nh chiu di thc s ca patch

c
2 f r reff

2L

(4.4)
-

Bc 5: phi hp tr khng

tr khng ng vo ca anten l 50 Ohm, th im cp tn hiu cho anten s

ln su vo trong anten mt khong x=Fi
7
6
5
4
3
0.001699 r 0.13761 r 6.1783 r 93.187 r 682.69 r L
x 10

2
2561.9 r 4043 r 6697
2
4

(4.5)
3.2 Phng php Defected Ground Structure
Gn y, s quan tm ngy cng tng trong nghin cu microstrip line trong
di tn s nht nh s dng Defected Ground Structure. DGS c th thc hin
bng cch n mn ra hnh dng n gin trong mt phng t, ty thuc vo hnh
dng v kch thc ca cc khim khuyt, nhng dng phn phi trn mt phng
t b xo trn dn n mt s kch thch kim sot, nh hng n tr khng u
vo cng nh dng hin ti ca anten v s truyn ca sng in t thng qua cc
lp cht nn . Hnh dng n ca khim khuyt c th thay i t hnh dng n gin
ti phc tp cho hiu sut tt nht. Mt khim khuyt trong mt phng t l l do
tng hiu qu in dung v t cm.
Hnh dng khc nhau ca DGS c nghin cu nh tm vng trn, xon
c, hnh elip, hoc khe U v V m gip ci thin bng thng. Mi hnh dng
biu din nh l mt mch gm in cm v in dung, m c th dn n mt
khong cch bng tn s nht nh c xc nh bi hnh dng, kch thc v v tr
ca cc khim khuyt. DGS c th s dng vi nhiu loi ng dng nh l:

Hnh 4. 2 Mt s hnh dng in hnh ca DGS[9]

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Xon c
Khe cm mi tn
Hnh ch H
Vung m vng lp v khe cm trong phn gia
Open loop Dumbbell
Inter-digital DGS

Hnh 4. 3 S s dng phng php DGS

3.3 T l vng l g ?
Trong ton hc v ngh thut, hai i lng c gi l c "t l vng" nu t s
gia tng ca cc i lng vi i lng ln hn bng t s gia i lng ln
hn vi i lng nh hn. T l vng thng c ch nh bng k t (phi)
trong bng ch ci Hy Lp.

a. Hnh ch nht vng

Hnh ch nht vng l hnh ch nht c t l cc cnh bng 1: , tc l vo khong:
1:1.618. Cch lp mt hnh ch nht vng theo phng php Le Corbusier c m
t di y:

- V mt hnh vung cnh bng 1 ().

- V mt on thng t trung im ca mt cnh n mt trong hai giao im ca

hai cnh i din.
- Ly on thng va v lm bn knh, v mt ng trn. ng trn ny s nh
v im th ba ca hnh ch nht ti giao im ca ng trn v cnh cha tm
ng trn ko di.
b. Vng xon c vng hay ng xon c Fibonacci
Khi ng xon c Lgarit tip xc trong vi cc cnh ca mt chui cc hnh ch
nht vng th n c gi l ng xon c vng. Cc ng cho ca cc hnh
ch nht vng li ct hai vng xon lin tip ca ng xon c ny theo t l vng.

Ngi sao nm cnh "vng"

c. T l vng trong kin trc v hi ha

- T l vng c bit n t kh lu. y l t l tng chng cho thm m, cho
tnh cn i ca t nhin v to ha. Cc ha s v cc kin trc s t lu bit cn
i kch thc cc chi tit trong cng trnh hay trong cc bc v ca mnh t
c s hi ha ca t nhin. Hy cng do qua mt s v d in hnh m c l
bn s phi ngc nhin.
+ n Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens

Nhn vo hnh v ta d dng nhn ra cc t l vng xoay xung quanh mt hnh xon
c vng tng tng. C l, chnh nh s thit k ny, n Parthenon mi t c
s hi ha cn i, v tr thnh cng trnh kin trc c mt khng hai ca Hy Lp.
d. T l vng cc sn phm Apple
Ngay c thi nay, t l vng vn lun c cc nh thit k a chung s dng trong
cc sn phm ca mnh.
Logo qu to khuyt ca Apple th ai cng bit v rt ni ting nhng t ai bit cch
m cc nh thit k to ra n, hay ni cch khc l n c v ngu nhin hay
theo mt t l no? Tht tuyt vi khi ngi ta khm ph ra rng logo qu to
c thit k theo t l vng c giwois hi ha v kin trc p dng trn nhng

tc phm kinh in. C th, Rob Janoff to nn logo Apple da trn hnh ch
nht vng v dy s Fibonacci huyn o. Khng ch c logo qu to, logo iCloud
mi y, logo Mac OS Lion, iPhone 4 cng chu nh hng t t l vng (Golden
Ratio).

e. T l vng trong t nhin

- T l vng v v tr.
Trong v tr c rt nhiu thin h xon c theo ng t l ca ng xon c vng.
V d di ngn h NGC 5194 cch di ngn h ca chng ta 31 triu nm nh sng.
T l vng cn c thy cc hnh tinh. Sao Th l mt v d:

V ngay c mt trng v tri t cng xut hin nhng t l thn thnh ny:

- T l vng v bn cht con ngi.

Vt cht di truyn mc phn t ca con ngi l phn t AND. M hnh khng
gian ca phn t ny gm hai chui xon kp quanh mt trc tng tng. V iu
tuyt vi l kch thc ca m hnh cu trc ny cng cn i chn cht theo t l
thn thnh.

3.4 M hnh, kt qu m phng v thc nghim ca anten ng dng t l vng

a. M hnh v kt qu m phng anten ng dng t l vng
dy cht nn t=3.2mm

Hnh 1- Anten vi di ti tn s a bng

Bng 1- Kch thc ca anten n

Tham s

mm

62

100

Wf

3.6

D1

38

D2

14.5

D3

38.3

D4

11.7

D5

15

D6

23.9

Hnh 2- S11 ca phn t vi di

Hnh 3- th bc x m phng trn CST

Nhn xt: Ta c th thy, anten hot ng ti 3 tn s cng hng l 8 GHz ,
10GHz v 13.6GHz t yu cu tn s trung tm.. Bng thng t c 600 MHz
ti 6GHz, t 2.6GHz ti 10GHz, t 2.3GHz ti 14GHz. tng ch ca anten l
3.8dB.

b. M phng s dng Defected Ground Structure

M hnh v kt qu m phng anten ng dng t l vng

 dy cht nn t=3.2mm

Hnh 4- Anten vi di ti tn s a bng

L1

L2
L
3
L4

Hnh 5. Anten mng b khot phn ground

Bng 2- Kch thc ca anten n

Tham s

mm

62

100

Wf

3.6

D1

38

D2

14.5

D3

38.3

D4

11.7

D5

15

D6

23.9

L1

L2

15

L3

15

L4

60

Hnh 6- S11 ca phn t vi di s dng GDN

Hnh 7- th bc x m phng trn CST

Nhn xt: Ta c th thy, anten hot ng ti 3 tn s cng hng l 6 GHz ,
8.5GHz v 14GHz t yu cu tn s trung tm.. Bng thng t c 800 MHz ti
6GHz v 8.5GHz, t 3.5GHz ti 14GHz. tng ch ca anten l 4.067 dB.
3.5 Tng kt chng
Nh vy, trong chng ny chng ta tnh ton thit k, m phng v ch
to anten theo cc yu cu ca bi. Vi cc kt qu nh trn r rng l tha
mn cc yu cu ca bi t ra. Vi vic s dng phng php Defected
Ground Structure gip gii quyt c vn bng thng. Ngoi ra, s dng
cu trc siu vt liu gip chng ta gii quyt vn tng li v cng nh
tng bng thng ca vic thit k anten.
Vi cc u im ca anten nh kch thc nh, chi ph thp, n gin v
trng lng nh, anten c th c ng dng rng ri.

KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI

Trong thi gian nghin cu v thc hin ti, chng ta i su phn tch
v anten vi di cng nh s dng Defected Ground Structure v Metamaterial
khc phc nhc im v pht huy thm nhng u im ca anten vi di v s
c c nhng hng pht trin mi m rng v i su thm v mng anten vi di
ny.
Ngoi nhng iu thc hin c v thi gian hn ch nn ti cn mt s im
yu cn khc phc. li ca anten vn cn thp, v trong v tinh chng ta cn
li ca anten l rt cao.
HNG PHT TRIN TI
Cng vi s tin b ca cng ngh, i hi thit b ngy cng tinh vi hiu
qu cao v cc thit b th cng nh gn. Chnh v vy m vic nghin cu v thit
k cc dng anten vi di mi nh gn hiu sut cao ngy cng c ch trng. Nh
vy, hng pht trin ti tp trung vo cc vn thit yu sau y:
Tip tc a ra cc dng anten vi di mi vi nhiu tnh nng vt tri v
bng thng, li hiu sutph hp cho cc h thng thng tin ngy nay.
Nghin cu cch phi hp mng ln hn tng hiu sut ca anten vi di,
trong ti ny mng ch l 2x2 c th pht trin rng 4x4 hoc 16x16 anten
trong mt mng tng li.
Nghin cu thit k mt anten mng lm vic ti hai bng tn s ti bng tn
C ( 5.9 GHz 6.7 GHz v 3.4 GHz -4.2 GHz).

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Thi Hng Nh, Trng in t truyn sng v anten, NXB Khoa hc v k thut H
Ni.
[2] Phan Anh, L thuyt v k thut anten, NXB Khoa hc k thut v K thut, 2007.
[3] http://www.mediafire.com/download/uhf1jjumzzu/Chg4+%2815-9-09%29.pdf
[4] T Lng Phan Nguyn, Phm Duy Bnh, Thit k dy anten vi di bng tn 2.4
GHz, n tt nghip.
[5] Bi ging thng tin v tinh, Nguyn Trung Tn
[6] Nguyn Ngc Lan, Nghin cu gii php gim nh hng tng h gia cc phn t
anten dn trong h thng thng tin v nh v v tuyn a anten. , Lun vn cao hc.
[7] S.Chaimool, L.Chung and Akkaraekthalin, Bandwidth and gain enhancement of
microstrip patch antennas using reflective metasurface.
[8] S.Chaimool, Simultanous gain and bandwidth enhancement of a single-feed
circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna using a metamaterial reflective surface.
[9] L.H.Weng, Y.C.Guo, X.W.Shi,and X.Q.Chen, An overview on defected ground
structure.
[10] JR James & PS Hall, Handbool of Microstrip Antennas.
[11] Y.Wang, M.Berens, A.Nietsch and W.Mathis, Analysis and design of phased patch
array with a MoM-solver.
[12] Christophe Caloz, Tatsuo Itoh, Electromagnetic metamaterial: Transmission line
theory and microwave applications, John Wiley & Son, INC, 2005.
[13] Davi Bibiano Brito (2010),Metamaterial inspired improved antennas and circuits,
Doctor of Science.
[14] Chi Huyng Ahn (2010),Microwave metamaterial applications using complementary
split ring resonators and high gain retifying reflectarry for wireless power tranmission,
Doctor of philosophy.

[15] .Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna theory analysis and design 3 rd, John Wiley &
Son, INC.