Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M u
Phn tp (diversity) l k thut gi cng 1 k
hiu trn cc ng truyn c lp, tng hp
cc phin bn nhn c ti ni thu s cho kt
qu tin cy hn. y l phng php hiu qu
chng fading. C th thc hin trong min
thi gian, khng gian hay tn s
Trong thi gian, n gin nht l ma lp li
Trong khng gian: dng nhiu anten phn tp c pht
ln thu
Trong tn s, s xem xet 3 trng hp: Mt sng
mang vi b cn bng, trai ph day trc tip, hp
knh cc tn s trc giao
B tc
Mt xc sut iu kin (cn gi l hm kh
nng-likelihood) v xc sut hu nghim
Xc sut hu nghim ca U biu din theo hm
kh nng (qui tc Bayes)
Vi mt tng hp ca V l:
p0 v p1 l xc sut trc ca ngun
Qui tc quyt nh sau (hu nghim)
Qui tc ML
Biu din theo t s hm kh nng:
Khi p0=p1, qui tc quyt nh theo hu
nghim cc i chuyn thnh qui tc quyt
nh theo kh nng ln nht
Khi a v hm loga ca t s th xc sut
ln nht ca hm kh nng chuyn thnh
khong cch nh nht
Vi U=-a, li khi gi tr n ln hn
Hay
Khi p0=p1
Xc sut lin kt
Tc l V0 l bin ngu nhin
Cn V1 l
Mt xc sut lin kt trong 2 trng
hp
Hm t s:
Quyt nh l
nu ngc li
v l
Quyt nh ging nh
so snh hnh chiu
Trn hai trc
Kt qua nay rt km.
c Pe=10-3 cn
SNR~500 (27dB).
truyn tin cy hn
cn cng sut ln
hn nhiu.
~1/(4SNR)
Nhn xt :
Pe gim vi hm m ca SNR trong knh AWGN
trong khi gim nghch o vi SNR trong knh fadinh
chi c 3dB khc nhau gia tch ng b v khng
ng b trong knh fadinh. Do nguyn nhn tch
ti khng phai do kem hiu bit knh truyn m l
knh c xc sut gim su ln
Kt lun
So vi tch ng b
C 2 biu thc u suy gim theo hm m vi Eb/N0
chi khc h s. Xc sut li khi tch khng ng b
vn cao hn khi tch ng b nhng khng t nh
khi khng bit knh.
Nu Eb/N0 l ln th chi b thit 3dB
Trong knh fading chi c th da vo hoc thay i
tc truyn hoc dng ma, phn tp. Tuy nhin
hiu bit knh s c ch cho vic trng s b thu
xc sut li nh hn.
N 0
1
SNR
1
1
2
2 SNR
2 SNR
Phn tp
Phn tp thi gian c th nhn c bng ma,
hay ghep xen: Thng tin c ma v phn tn
trn nhng khong thi gian ln hn thi gian
kt hp ca knh hoc nhng khong tn s ln
hn rng bng kt hp ca knh
Trong khi ma lp li c h s phn tp cc i
(song tc d liu b gim), th cc s phc
tp hn vn c th tng tc d liu ng thi
vn c c h s phn tp cng vi h s ma.
bi ton n gin ta xet trng hp thu ng
b: b thu bit knh v c th t hp ng cc
nhnh phn tp. iu ny c thc hin thng
qua pilot (trong khong thi gian kt hp knh)
v cng sut thu c ca tn hiu pht.
Gi s t ma l: x=[x1,x2,xL]t c L k
hiu. Tn hiu nhn c l:
Gi s ghep xen lm cho cc k hiu xl
xa nhau v c hl l c lp. Thng s L
c gi l s nhnh c lp.
Ma n gin nht l ma lp li theo
(ging h L
knh song song), dng vecto biu din l
y=[y1,y2,yL]t, h=[h1,h2,hL]t, w=[w1,w2,
wL]t
1
x L 1e x
( L 1)!
Xc sut li c th tnh y :
Vi
SNR
1 SNR
Ti SNR cao ta c :
1
1
2
1
1
2
4 SNR
Thm na
L 1 l 2 L 1
l
l 0
L
L 1
P h
1 / SNR
1 / SNR
1
x L 1
( L 1)!
1 / SNR
1
( L 1)!
1
x L dx
L ! SNR L
M rng m lp li
Du t c h s phn tp cao, ma lp li li
khng s dng ht bc t do c sn trong knh
v n lp li cng mt k hiu trn L khoang k
hiu. S dng ma tinh vi hn, ngoi h s phn
tp h s ma cng c th nhn c.
C nhiu kiu ma c dng. Ta trnh by y
ma quay gii thch vn thit k ma cho
knh fading.
Xet trng hp L=2. Tc l lp li k hiu BPSK
2 ln nhng chi truyn 1 bit thng tin. Vic pht 2
k hiu BPSK c lp u1,u2 qua 2 thi gian k
hiu s s dng bc t do c sn hiu qu hn,
nhng khng c h s phn tp : li s c khi
mt trong 2 h s h1,h2 b fading su.
cos
R
sin
sin
cos
Dng 4 t ma c th l:
Tn hiu lp li l
Do kh nhn c biu thc chnh xc v xc sut
li chnh xc nn ta tm gii hn trn
pe P{x A x B } P{x A xC } P{x A x D }
Vi h s knh h1,h2
hx
u A 1 A1
h2 x A 2
hx
u B 1 B1
h2 x B 2
u A uB
P{x A x B / h1 , h2 } Q
SNR=a2/N0
2 N /2
0
SNR ( h1 d1 h2 d 2 )
2
2
v
l hiu chun ho ca 2 t
ma, chun l nng lng=1/thigian k hiu
S dng BT
Q( x) e
x2 / 2
SNR ( h1 2 d1 2 h2 2 d 2 2 )
P{x A x B / h1 , h2 } exp
Do
Nu d1 hoc d2=0 th h s phn tp ca ma chi
bng 1. Nu c 2 chng u khc zero th ti
SNR cao bin trn ca xc sut li cp tr thnh
Vi
l khong cch tch bnh phng gia xA
v xB (tch gia hiu 2 thnh phn tng
ng), khi nng lng tb ca t ma c
chun ho trong 1 thigian k hiu.
Tng t c th nh ngha ij l khong
cch tch bnh phng gia xi v xj vi
i,j=A,B,C,D. tng hp kt qu li
1
1
v1 iu
ny
u c bc 1/SNR
xy ra vi
SNR
d SNR d SNR
d d
xc sut
2
Nh vy rt quan trng l c
l ln m bo phn tp chng li
fading trong c 2 thnh phn. so snh
ma ny vi ma lp li ta cho tc bit
ging nhau (vn chuyn 2 bit/2 k hiu
thc). S ma lp li dng iu ch 4PAM (-3b,-b,b,3b)
T xc sut li gia 2 t ma cnh nhau :
P{x A x B } E Q
SNR ( h1 d 1 h2 d 2 )
2
2
n tp gia k
K thut tri ph
Knh Gaus v knh Rayleigh
Dung nng knh Gaus v dung nng knh
fading
K thut phn tp theo thi gian