K thut phn tp

M u
Phn tp (diversity) l k thut gi cng 1 k
hiu trn cc ng truyn c lp, tng hp
cc phin bn nhn c ti ni thu s cho kt
qu tin cy hn. y l phng php hiu qu
chng fading. C th thc hin trong min
thi gian, khng gian hay tn s
Trong thi gian, n gin nht l ma lp li
Trong khng gian: dng nhiu anten phn tp c pht
ln thu
Trong tn s, s xem xet 3 trng hp: Mt sng
mang vi b cn bng, trai ph day trc tip, hp
knh cc tn s trc giao

Cc s phn tp tinh vi s dng tnh cht

phn tp ca knh v ng thi ca bc t do ca
n. So vi ma lp li ngoi h s phn tp chng
cn cung cp h s ma

B tc
Mt xc sut iu kin (cn gi l hm kh
nng-likelihood) v xc sut hu nghim
Xc sut hu nghim ca U biu din theo hm
kh nng (qui tc Bayes)
Vi mt tng hp ca V l:
p0 v p1 l xc sut trc ca ngun
Qui tc quyt nh sau (hu nghim)

Qui tc ML
Biu din theo t s hm kh nng:
Khi p0=p1, qui tc quyt nh theo hu
nghim cc i chuyn thnh qui tc quyt
nh theo kh nng ln nht
Khi a v hm loga ca t s th xc sut
ln nht ca hm kh nng chuyn thnh
khong cch nh nht

Tch nh phn trong knh n Gaus

V d: phn b n Gaus
Tn hiu U(a,-a) qua knh n quan st
c l V=a+Z. ta c hm kh nng
T s kh nng
Ly loga:

Ngng quyt v xc sut li

Ngng:

Vi U=-a, li khi gi tr n ln hn
Hay

coi a2 nh nng lng bit Eb

Khi p0=p1

Tch nh phn khng ng b trong

knh Rayleigh phng
Knh chun ha c phn b h s (gain) knh
pha phn b u [0,2]
Bnh phng h s knh c phn b l:
Tn hiu qua knh:
Do khng bit pha phi dng 2 tn hiu trc giao
uA=(a,0), uB(0,a)
Vi
l tng ca 2 thnh phn
Gaus phc, thnh phn 1 phng sai l a2/2 thnh
phn 2 l N0W/2

Xc sut lin kt
Tc l V0 l bin ngu nhin
Cn V1 l
Mt xc sut lin kt trong 2 trng
hp

Hm t s:
Quyt nh l
nu ngc li

v l

Li trong knh fading

Li s xy ra khi bt ng thc khng mong
mun. t

V X1>X0 l iu kin li khi U=(a,0) v cng

sut tn hiu tb=a2/2 (do thi gian khng
c) nn:

 Quyt nh ging nh
so snh hnh chiu
Trn hai trc
Kt qua nay rt km.
c Pe=10-3 cn
SNR~500 (27dB).
truyn tin cy hn
cn cng sut ln
hn nhiu.

 Khi Tch ng b theo iu ch BPSK t l li s l

trung bnh ca hm Q theo h
Tnh trung binh hm Q theo phn b ca h

~1/(4SNR)
Nhn xt :
Pe gim vi hm m ca SNR trong knh AWGN
trong khi gim nghch o vi SNR trong knh fadinh
chi c 3dB khc nhau gia tch ng b v khng
ng b trong knh fadinh. Do nguyn nhn tch
ti khng phai do kem hiu bit knh truyn m l
knh c xc sut gim su ln

Kt lun
So vi tch ng b
C 2 biu thc u suy gim theo hm m vi Eb/N0
chi khc h s. Xc sut li khi tch khng ng b
vn cao hn khi tch ng b nhng khng t nh
khi khng bit knh.
Nu Eb/N0 l ln th chi b thit 3dB
Trong knh fading chi c th da vo hoc thay i
tc truyn hoc dng ma, phn tp. Tuy nhin
hiu bit knh s c ch cho vic trng s b thu
xc sut li nh hn.

 T BPSK n QPSK ( s dng bc t do) mt

k hiu BPSK c th truyn ng thi trn knh I,Q
c lp. Do tch c lp nn xc sut li trn
2a 2
AWGN vn l:
Q 2 SNR
Q

N 0

i vi BPSK SNR=a2/N0 trong khi i vi QPSK

SNR=2a2/N0 v dng 2 knh I,Q. Do xc sut li
bit c th nhn c l:
pe

1
SNR
1
1

2
2 SNR
2 SNR

Do b tr chm sao theo 2 bc t do: thc v phc,

nn vi cng xc sut li (k/c cc v tr sao bng
nhau), s BPSK i hi cng sut ln hn
(1/4SNR)

Mt khc c th nh ngha suy gim su l khi

/h/2.SNR<1 hay l /h/2<1/SNR
(suy t Pe=Q(2/h2/SNR))
Ly tch phn phn u ca hm phn b
Rayleigh v xp xi gn ng bc 1 ta c xc sut
suy gim su l:
P(/h/2<1/SNR)~1/SNR (mt ng
tuyn tnh theo dB)
Nhn xt:
Xc sut suy gim su v xc sut li t l vi
nhau v vi nghch o SNR (hay ni cch khc
li trong knh fadinh l li do suy gim su)
c xc sut li ca QPSK trong knh Rayleigh
chi cn thay SNR bng SNR/2 vo trong biu
thc ca BPSK ta c: Pe=1/(2SNR) .

Phn tp
Phn tp thi gian c th nhn c bng ma,
hay ghep xen: Thng tin c ma v phn tn
trn nhng khong thi gian ln hn thi gian
kt hp ca knh hoc nhng khong tn s ln
hn rng bng kt hp ca knh
Trong khi ma lp li c h s phn tp cc i
(song tc d liu b gim), th cc s phc
tp hn vn c th tng tc d liu ng thi
vn c c h s phn tp cng vi h s ma.
bi ton n gin ta xet trng hp thu ng
b: b thu bit knh v c th t hp ng cc
nhnh phn tp. iu ny c thc hin thng
qua pilot (trong khong thi gian kt hp knh)
v cng sut thu c ca tn hiu pht.

Phn tp thi gian

Kt qu phn tp thi gian t c bng cch
ly trung binh fading theo thi gian
Do thi gian kt
hp knh thng bng
Hng chc hay hng
trm di k hiu
Nn m bo cc
k hiu a ma c pht
qua fading c lp hay
gn c lp, vic ghep xen cc t ma c
yu cu. Trung bnh fading mi c ngha

 Gi s t ma l: x=[x1,x2,xL]t c L k
hiu. Tn hiu nhn c l:
Gi s ghep xen lm cho cc k hiu xl
xa nhau v c hl l c lp. Thng s L
c gi l s nhnh c lp.
Ma n gin nht l ma lp li theo
(ging h L
knh song song), dng vecto biu din l
y=[y1,y2,yL]t, h=[h1,h2,hL]t, w=[w1,w2,
wL]t

 Khi tch ng b vi b thu bit h s

knh. Cu trc thu l b lc ph hp, cn
gi l b t hp t s cc i: trng s tn
hiu nhn c theo mi nhnh t l vi
ln ca n v sp hng pha ca tn hiu
tng c SNR cc i. Cu trc thu cng
c gi l t hp ng b.
Vi x1=a, xc sut li vi iu kin h l :
(ch y l vec t h ch khng phi l v
2
hng h)
Q 2 h SNR

 ||h||2 l tng bnh phng ca 2L bin ngu

nhin thc Gauss c lp. mi s hng /hl/2 l
tng bnh phng ca cc phn thc v phc
ca hl. l phn b Chi square vi 2L bc t
do c hm mt l :
f ( x)

1
x L 1e x
( L 1)!

Xc sut li c th tnh y :

Vi

SNR
1 SNR

 Ti SNR cao ta c :
1
1
2

1
1

2
4 SNR

Thm na
L 1 l 2 L 1

l
l 0
L
L 1

Nhn xt : Xc sut li gim theo nghch

o lu tha ca SNR tng ng vi
dc L (theo thang dB/dB).
tm nguyn nhn ta kim tra xc sut
suy giam su.

 Ti SNR cao li vn xy ra khi h l nh.

iu ny xy ra vi xc sut :

P h

1 / SNR

khi L ln ui ca phn b chi-square t

gn zero hn. vi x nh, hm mt xc
sut ca xp xi :
f ( x)
P h

1 / SNR

1
x L 1
( L 1)!

1 / SNR

1
( L 1)!

1
x L dx

L ! SNR L

 Phn tch trn l rt th, khng c c hng s

chnh xc trc 1/SNRL song c c nghch
o ly tha L ca SNR. Hay ni khc i xc
sut li chnh l xc sut suy gim su
V c bn li xy ra khi h c bc bng hoc
nh hn 1/SNR. iu ny xy ra khi tt c cc
bin /hl/2 ng thi nh hn 1/SNR. V xc
sut /hl/2 nh hn 1/SNR l 1/SNR ng thi
cc h s l c lp, nn xc sut h s ton
th nh hn 1/SNR l 1/SNRL (lc xy ra li) .
L c gi l h s phn tp ca h.
2

M rng m lp li
Du t c h s phn tp cao, ma lp li li
khng s dng ht bc t do c sn trong knh
v n lp li cng mt k hiu trn L khoang k
hiu. S dng ma tinh vi hn, ngoi h s phn
tp h s ma cng c th nhn c.
C nhiu kiu ma c dng. Ta trnh by y
ma quay gii thch vn thit k ma cho
knh fading.
Xet trng hp L=2. Tc l lp li k hiu BPSK
2 ln nhng chi truyn 1 bit thng tin. Vic pht 2
k hiu BPSK c lp u1,u2 qua 2 thi gian k
hiu s s dng bc t do c sn hiu qu hn,
nhng khng c h s phn tp : li s c khi
mt trong 2 h s h1,h2 b fading su.

 c c h s li trn c 2 phng din phn

tp v bc t do xet s pht vecto qua 2 thi
gian k hiu vi ma trn quay
u1
x R
u2

cos
R
sin

sin
cos

Dng 4 t ma c th l:

Tn hiu lp li l
Do kh nhn c biu thc chnh xc v xc sut
li chnh xc nn ta tm gii hn trn
pe P{x A x B } P{x A xC } P{x A x D }

 Vi h s knh h1,h2
hx
u A 1 A1
h2 x A 2
hx
u B 1 B1
h2 x B 2

u A uB

P{x A x B / h1 , h2 } Q

SNR=a2/N0

2 N /2
0

SNR ( h1 d1 h2 d 2 )

2
2

v
l hiu chun ho ca 2 t
ma, chun l nng lng=1/thigian k hiu

 S dng BT

Q( x) e

x2 / 2

SNR ( h1 2 d1 2 h2 2 d 2 2 )

P{x A x B / h1 , h2 } exp

Ly trung bnh h1,h2

Do
Nu d1 hoc d2=0 th h s phn tp ca ma chi
bng 1. Nu c 2 chng u khc zero th ti
SNR cao bin trn ca xc sut li cp tr thnh

 Vi
l khong cch tch bnh phng gia xA
v xB (tch gia hiu 2 thnh phn tng
ng), khi nng lng tb ca t ma c
chun ho trong 1 thigian k hiu.
Tng t c th nh ngha ij l khong
cch tch bnh phng gia xi v xj vi
i,j=A,B,C,D. tng hp kt qu li

 ij>0 i vi tt c i,j ta lun c h s phn tp

l 2. Khoang cch tch bnh phng ti thiu
(mu s) xc nh h s ma ca s ngoi h
s phn tp. thng s ny ph thuc v ta c
th tm cc i h s ma.
y AB= AD =4sin22 v
AC=16cos22
Gc * lm cc i khoang cch tch binh
phng nh nht s lm AB= AC
Ta tm c *=(1/2)tan-12 v minij=16/5
Bin trn by gi thnh

 hiu v sao khoang cch tch l quan

trng, ta thy vic nhm ln gia xA v xB
xy ra khi khoang cch Euclid bnh phng
(xem li cng thc hmQ(.))
gia hiu cc t ma nhn c c bc
1/SNR. iu ny cho c lng th khi c

1
1

v1 iu
ny
u c bc 1/SNR
xy ra vi
SNR
d SNR d SNR
d d

xc sut
2

 Nh vy rt quan trng l c
l ln m bo phn tp chng li
fading trong c 2 thnh phn. so snh
ma ny vi ma lp li ta cho tc bit
ging nhau (vn chuyn 2 bit/2 k hiu
thc). S ma lp li dng iu ch 4PAM (-3b,-b,b,3b)
T xc sut li gia 2 t ma cnh nhau :

P{x A x B } E Q

SNR ( h1 d 1 h2 d 2 )

2

2

 SNR=5b2/N0 l trung bnh SNR/thi gian k hiu

i vi 4-PAM v
l hiu cc thnh phn chun ho gia cc t ma
cnh nhau. Khong cch tch bnh phng nh
nht i vi ma lp li l 16/25, cn khong cch
tch bnh phng nh nht 16/5 i vi ma quay.
V xc sut li t l vi SNR-2 trong c 2 trng
hp nn ta kt lun m quay c h s m tt hn
m lp li theo ngha tit kim cng sut pht
bng mt nhn t ,(3,5dB) i vi cng khong
cch tch

 S ci tin ny c c t s tng khong cch

tch ton th, iu ny li c c khi tri t ma
trn khng gian 2 chiu ch khng phi ng gi
trong khng gian 1 chiu nh ma lp li. y
cng chnh l nguyn nhn lm ma QPSK hiu
sut hn BPSK.

n tp gia k
K thut tri ph
Knh Gaus v knh Rayleigh
Dung nng knh Gaus v dung nng knh
fading
K thut phn tp theo thi gian