Chapter - 1: Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass
Chapter - 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The transformation of Sri Kempegowdas 16th Century Garden City
Bangalore to todays Silicon Valley has been rapid. The city has grown from 21
Sqkm. in 1897 to 800 Sqkm. in 2013. The capital of Karnataka, Bangalore, is the
fifth largest city in the country, is the perfect blend of natural beauty man made
marvels of architecture and technology. The city is the second fastest growing in
the world after Mexico City.
The city which was originally developed as a garden city subsequently
became an administrative, industrial center and lately transformed itself into the
software hub of India. Bangalore city, which had an area of 28.85 sq. km in 1901,
had grown to 174.7 Sq. km in 1971 and presently it has expanded to nearly 800
Sq. km. The last three decades have witnessed rapid growth in the population of
Bangalore city. The city, which had a population of 29.14 lakh in 1981, has
currently reached a level of nearly 8.426 million in 2011. It is expected that the
population will be about 110 lakh by 2015. Traffic and other infrastructure has
become one of the key problems due to the rapid growth of the city. There were
hardly any high rise buildings. The population of the city exploded during the last
three decades. From a population of about 2.9 million in 1981, it is going to
surpass 12 million by 2022. Figure 1.1 shows the growth of population projected
as on 2022 in Bangalore. The value as on 2020 will be of the order of 121 lakhs
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Fig 1.1
1.2 Key Map

The proposed grade separator is located in the western part of
Bangalore City, acts as a link between Magadi road and
Basaveshwara nagar and is one of the busiest stretches in the
city. This junction attracts a lot of traffic throughout the day as
either side of the corridor is populated with establishments like
Adyar Anand Bhavan, Government Homeopathy College, A D Halli
Park, and also well-developed Residential Areas like Vijaynagar,
Govindrajnagar, Priyadarshini Layout, K H B Layout , etc. fig 1.2
shows the key map of the proposed grade separator.
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Fig 1.2
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Chapter - 2
Objectives and scope of study
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Chapter - 2
Objectives and scope of study
2.1 General
Junctions located in the Western Part of the City. The Project Junction along
Magadi Road connects with Outer Ring Road in the west at a distance of
about 2.2km away and with Chord Road in the east at a distance of about
1.5km away. The Junction is surrounded by Residential Layouts such as
Vijay Nagar, K. H. B. Colony, Govindaraja Nagar, Kamakshipalya, Prashant
Nagar Colony, Basaveshwara Nagar, etc. and Industrial Establishments like
Rajaji Nagar Industrial Town, Kamakshipalya Industrial Estate, etc.
The Primary Objectives of the Study are
To effectively and optimally manage Traffic at the Project Junction.
To conduct necessary Surveys and Investigations to arrive at Alignment
Alternatives for Traffic Improvement at the Project Junction.
To suggest Optimal and Feasible Junction Improvement Measures to
reduce travel time.
To improve the existing Junction to streamline Traffic Flow at Grade
Level.
To improve the Environmental Conditions near the Project Junction by
reducing Idle Time.
To reduce the Vehicle Operation Cost of the Road Users commuting
through this Junction.
To reduce Traffic Accidents at the Junction.
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To summarise, the Main Objective of the Study of this Junction is to offer to

the Road Users commuting through this Junction Comprehensive
Connectivity, Convenience, Comfort, Affordability, Safety and Aesthetics.
2.2 Project Scope

The Scope of the Study to be carried out involves the following.
Review of Available Data and Reports.
Topographical Survey of the Project Junction.
Necessary Traffic Survey to obtain Data and its Analysis for the Concept
Proposal.
Geotechnical Investigation.
Study of Alternative Solutions and Evaluation of the same.
Selection of Feasible Alternative.
Work out Traffic Management / Diversion and Traffic Engineering
Schemes.
2.3 Approach Methodology
The Activities that are involved in the Preparation of Detailed Project Report
for Construction of Underpass at the Junction of Magadi Road and
Basaveshwara Nagar Road, Bangalore are briefed below.
2.3.1 Stage 1
To define the Objectives and Scope of Work.
To plan Approach and Methodology, Data Collection.
Carry out Field Reconnaissance Survey that includes Site Appreciation,
Identification of Survey Locations and Site Constraints.
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2.3.2 Stage 2
Data Collection
Engineering Surveys and Investigations
1. Classified Turning Traffic Volume Survey.
2. Topographic Survey.
3. Geotechnical Investigation.
Secondary Data
1. Economic Indicators affecting Traffic Growth.
2. Details of any on going Road Improvements, Junction
Improvements, Grade Separator Schemes; Footpath Improvement
Scheme.
Analysis of Traffic Volume Count in deciding the Alignment of Grade
Separation Scheme.
Analysis of Surface Level Improvements based on the Traffic Data and
Proposed Grade Separation Scheme.
Analysis of Traffic Circulation at Surface Level based on Proposed
Scheme.
Design suitable Traffic Improvement Measures to reduce Conflicting
Traffic Stream.
Preparation of Layout Drawings and Longitudinal Sections of the
Proposals conceptualized.
2.3.3 Stage 3
Basic Engineering Designs, Drawings and Longitudinal
Sections of the Approved Concept.
Geometrical design.
Designing of Retaining wall of Underpass
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Designing of Box Portion of Underpass
2.4 Design Philosophy
The Technical Proposal given in this Detailed Project Report

consists of four lanes divided bi directional Underpass along
Magadi Road, its Basic Engineering Designs and Drawings and all
relevant Technical Data / Details based on the Studies and
Investigations stated in Section 2.2.
The Design Standards that will be adopted in the Design of
Proposed Underpass at the Junction of Magadi Road and
Basaveshwara Nagar Road, Bangalore shall be in accordance with
the Codal Provisions of India as stipulated by the Indian Road
Congress (IRC), the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
(MoRT&H) and the Bureau of Indian Standard Specifications
(BIS). Deviations may be considered in Planning Parameters, if
absolutely necessary, considering the Dense Urban Conditions
from the present Codal Provisions. These Modifications in the
Design shall be adopted based on Sound Engineering Practices.
The Basic Engineering Designs and Drawings presented as part of
this Detailed Project Report are based on the Studies and
Investigations carried
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2.5 Approach Methodology
Traffic
Survey
Designing
of
Retaining
wall
Geometrica
l Design
Designing
of Box
portion
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Chapter - 3
Site Characteristics
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Chapter 3
Site Characteristics
3.1 Junction Details Physical
The Junction of Magadi Road Basaveshwara Nagar Road is one of the
most important and busiest Junctions located on Magadi Road (SH 17E) in
the Western Part of the City. The Project Junction along Magadi Road
connects with Outer Ring Road in the west at a distance of about 2.2km
away and with Chord Road in the east at a distance of about 1.5km away.
The Junction is surrounded by Residential Layouts such as Vijay Nagar, K.
H. B. Colony, Govindaraja Nagar, Kamakshipalya, Prashant Nagar Colony,
Basaveshwara Nagar, etc. and Industrial Establishments like Rajaji Nagar
Industrial Town, Kamakshipalya Industrial Estate, etc. This is a typical three
legged (T Shaped) Intersection in which Magadi Road forms the East
West Axis and Road towards Basaveshwara Nagar forms the North Axis.
The Details of the Arms forming this Intersection are as follows.
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3.1.1 Arm (Magadi Road) towards Chord Road Side of the

Intersection
This part of the Road is divided bi directional with 0.3m wide Central
Median. The Carriageway Width of this Stretch varies between 20m and
21m whereas the ROW of this Road varies between 39m and 40m near the
Junction. Slip Road of average width of 9m is present on southern side of
this Stretch of Road. The Gradient is slopping away from the Junction.
Thickly Developed Commercial and Residential Establishments are present
on either side of this Stretch of Road.
3.1.2 Arm (Magadi Road) towards Outer Ring Road Side of the
Intersection
This Part of the Road is divided bi directional with 0.9m wide Central Median. The
Width of Carriageway varies between 21m and 22m whereas the ROW of this
Road varies between 35m and 36m near the Junction. Slip Road of average width
of 7m is present on southern side of this Stretch of Road. The Gradient is slopping
towards the Junction. Well Developed Commercial and Residential Establishments,
Public Service Buildings are present along this Stretch of Road. Bus Stop is
located on either side of this Stretch of Road at about 100m away from the
Junction.
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3.1.3 Arm towards Basaveshwara Nagar Side of the Intersection

This part of the Road is divided bi directional with 0.4m wide Central
Median. The Width of Carriageway varies between 15m and 16m whereas
the ROW of this Road is 24m near the Junction. The Gradient is slopping
towards the Junction. Either side of this Stretch is populated with thickly
developed Residential and Commercial Establishments.
3.2 Existing Traffic Regulations

Two directional movements are present along all the three arms of the
Junction. It is permitted to move from one arm to other two arms of the
Junction. There are Signals present at the Junction. At present the Traffic
Flow at the Junction is being controlled by Automated Traffic Signal
manned with Traffic Police Personnel.
3.3 Street Lighting Pattern

Road Side Street Lighting Arrangement along the Project Stretch is not
adequate. Hence, Provision of adequate Nos. of Street Lights along all the
Approach Arms to the Project Junction shall be incorporated in the Project
Proposal for the effective illumination.
3.4 Bus Stops
The presence of Bus Stops on the Intersecting Arm of the Junctions, four on
the Arm towards Outer Ring Road Side of the Intersection inside the
Carriageway hinders the smooth traffic movement along the Corridor near
the Junction.
3.5 Pedestrian Movement

The presence of Bus Stops, Educational Institutions, Hospital Building,
Commercial Establishments and their related activities in the vicinity of the
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Junction leads to hazardous movement pattern of the Pedestrians across the

Road, thus reducing the Safety Aspects. Further, presence of Trees, other
Utilities and Hawkers Activities on the Footpath has reduced the Effective
Width of the Footpath and in turn is obstructing the Pedestrian Movement.
Chapter - 4
Field studies and Analysis
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Chapter - 4
Field studies and Analysis
4.1 General
This Chapter presents the various Studies (Reconnaissance Survey, Traffic
Survey, Topographical Survey, etc.) and thereafter the Data, obtained as a Result of
these Studies, Analysis carried out. The Results of Analysis form Inputs for
Planning and Design of Proposed Junction Improvement Scheme, Traffic Forecast
and Economic Analysis.
4.2 Reconnaissance Survey

Reconnaissance Survey has been carried out at and around the Project
Junction and the Physical Characteristics of the Junction such as Road Geometrics,
Pavement Structure, Traffic Controls (Signs, Signals, Road Markings and Parking
Restrictions), Side Walks, Shoulders, Adjacent Land Use, Service Lines (for
example Water, Electricity, Telephone), Storm Water Drains and the Intensity of
Non Traffic Activities, which encroach upon Road Space (such as Hawkers,
Builders Materials, Market Stalls, etc.) have been studied. The Data recorded have
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been detailed out in Chapter 3 Site Characteristics. At present no Improvement

Scheme has been taken up in and around Basaveshwara Nagar Road Junction.
4.3 Traffic Surveys
To establish the Vehicular Traffic Flow Characteristics such as Hourly Variation,
Composition, Peak Hour Flows at the Junction, Turning Movement Survey of
Vehicles at the Project Junction has been conducted on first week of April.
4.3.1 Methodology for Traffic Surveys

4.3.1.1 Turning Movement Survey of Vehicles at the Junction
24 hours Manual Traffic Counts have been conducted to cover all the Vehicular
Movements at the Junction. The Vehicle Classification System adopted for the
Study is given in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
Vehicle Classification System
Motorised Traffic
Non Motorised Traffic
2 Wheelers, Auto Rickshaw,
Passenger Car: Car, Taxi and Jeep
Bicycle, Cycle Rickshaw, Animal

Drawn Vehicle, Hand Drawn Cart
Utility Vehicle: Van and Tempo

Bus
Truck
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Mini Bus
Standard Bus
Light
Commercial
Vehicle (LCV)
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Heavy
Commercial
Vehicle (HCV)
The Turning Movement Survey has been conducted to obtain Information on Mode
wise and Direction wise Turning Movement of Traffic at the Intersection. The
Survey has been conducted for 24 hours (0600 hrs. to 0600 hrs.) covering Morning
and Evening Peak Hours.
Traffic Counting has been carried out manually in two twelve hour shifts by trained
enumerators, using Hand Tally. The Count Data have been recorded at 15 minute
intervals using Hand Tallies and total per hour for each vehicle category has been
computed. The Traffic Volume Count Data has been processed using the commonly
used Spreadsheet Package. The processed Hourly Traffic Volume Data has been
compiled Direction wise.
The Peak Hourly Directional Vehicular Movement Data has been used to plan and
design the Improvement Scheme such as Grade Separation and At Grade
Intersection with Traffic Signals.
4.4 Analysis of Traffic Study Data

The Data and Pertinent Information collected from the Traffic Survey have been
analysed using the Utility Software Packages (MS Excel) to obtain the required
Information concerning Traffic Characteristics at the Intersection. Findings and the
brief Discussions thereon are presented in this Section.
4.4.1 Analysis of Turning Movement Count Data

Data have been processed on quarter hourly basis to establish the most appropriate
Peak Hours. Data collected from Survey have been computerised and analysed to
study Hourly Variation of Traffic, Peak Hour Flows, Traffic Composition, etc. and
are presented below. The Counts have been classified by Category of Vehicles and
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by Direction of Movement. The various Vehicle Types having different Sizes and
Characteristics have been converted into Equivalent Passenger Car Units. The
Passenger Car Unit (PCU) Factors recommended by Indian Road Congress in
Guidelines for Capacity of Urban Roads in Plain Areas (IRC: 106 1990) have
been used. The same are detailed in Table 4.2
Table 4.2
Recommended PCU Factors for Various Types of Vehicles in Urban Roads
Sl. No.
Vehicle Type
Equivalent PCU
Factors
% Composition of
Vehicle Type
Up to 10%
10% and
above
Fast Vehicles
Two wheelers, Motorcycle or Scooter, etc.
0.5
0.75
Passenger car, Pick up Van
1.0
1.0
Auto Rickshaw
1.2
2.0
Light Commercial Vehicle
1.4
2.0
Truck or Bus
2.2
3.7
Agricultural Tractor Trailer
4.0
5.0
Slow Vehicles
Cycle
0.4
0.5
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2
Cycle Rickshaw
1.5
2.0
Tonga (Horse drawn vehicle)
1.5
2.0
Hand Cart
2.0
3.0
4.4.2 Hourly Variation of Traffic

Hourly Variation of Vehicular Traffic Flow is presented in Fig. 4.1. The Hourly
Traffic Volume observed at the Junction varied in the range of 527 8243 PCUPH
(Passenger Car Unit per Hour). Peak Hour Flows are observed during 0900 1000
hrs. in the morning (8243 PCU) and 1800 1900 hrs. in the evening (7876 PCU).
This Junction handles more than 5500 PCU / hr. for most part of the day (0700
2200 hrs.)
Fig.4.4.2
4.4.3 Direction wise Traffic
Peak Hour Direction wise Vehicular Traffic Flow is presented in Fig. 4.2 for the
Junction of Magadi Road and Basaveshwara Nagar Road. The Major Flow is along
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Magadi Road in which Current Peak Hour Flow is 4301 PCU, which amounts to
52.18% of Junction Volume.
4.4.4 Traffic Composition

Composition of Traffic (on 24 hour basis) has been observed at the Junction and is
shown in Fig. 4.3. Share of Two Wheelers is high (32.44%). The Analysis of
Composition of Vehicles in the Traffic Stream at the Junction brings out the
following.
Passenger Vehicle Category: Two Wheelers along with Car / Jeep / Taxi and Auto
constitute 68.01% while Buses account for 7.74%.
4.5 Topographic Survey

A Comprehensive Topographic Survey has been conducted using Total Station
Equipment to accurately map the Area and obtain the Present Information on Road
Width, Adjoining Land Use, Building Offsets and Levelling Data using Auto
Level. The GTS Bench Mark has been transferred to the Site by carrying out Fly
Levelling and the Bench Marks have been established at Site. The entire Levelling
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has been carried out using GTS Bench Mark. The Profiles and Levels of the Road
Network within the Study Area have been also captured by taking Longitudinal
and Cross Section Levels. The Extent of Survey has been limited to 300m on all
the Approach Arms of the Junction and the Details have been captured adequately
for Planning and Designing of Grade Separation Scheme. The Data captured are in
3D Format, which could be directly downloaded to computers and compatible for
Modern Design Softwares. The Existing Site Features collected during
Topographical Survey are enumerated in Chapter 3 Site Characteristics.
4.6. Traffic volume survey
Table 4.6.1
Traffic Volume at the Junction of Magadi Road and Basaveshwara Nagar Road,
Bangalore(MONDAY)
Ti
Dir
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Fast Moving Vehicles
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Slow
Total
Total
Trucks
er
ecti
on
io
Whe
eler
Car /
Two
Auto
Jeep
/
Taxi
Van
Vehic
Vehicles
les
Min
Te
Bus
al /
Bus
L
C
V
H
CV
PCU
An
im
mp
Moving
Ha
nd
Cyc
les
Dr
h
e
r
aw
n
08
00
09
00
1-2
377
255
159
183
117
193
1289
1822
1-3
174
138
106
80
85
584
782
2-1
394
228
249
176
147
234
1435
2026
2-3
298
185
129
98
74
785
986
3-1
155
115
93
89
61
514
664
3-2
373
179
166
174
53
947
1098
Tot
1771
1100
902
800
537
429
5554
7377
1-2
427
282
177
204
131
215
1447
2039
1-3
192
154
110
89
97
647
874
2-1
470
259
278
196
150
261
1623
2262
2-3
332
196
143
110
82
873
1089
3-1
189
124
112
99
68
596
754
3-2
414
202
183
194
59
1054
1225
Tot
2024
1217
1003
892
587
483
14
12
6240
8243
1-2
384
259
161
186
119
196
1310
1854
1-3
177
140
108
81
87
595
798
2-1
401
232
253
179
150
238
1460
2060
al
09
00
10
00
al
10
00
11
00
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2-3
303
188
131
100
75
799
1001
3-1
158
117
94
91
62
525
681
3-2
380
182
169
177
54
964
1117
Tot
1803
1118
916
814
547
439
5653
7510
1-2
323
219
136
157
101
165
1108
1568
1-3
149
118
91
68
73
503
674
2-1
338
196
214
151
126
201
1231
1736
2-3
256
159
110
84
63
673
844
3-1
133
99
80
76
52
440
568
3-2
320
154
143
149
46
814
942
Tot
1519
945
774
685
461
369
4769
6332
1-2
271
183
114
132
85
139
928
1313
1-3
125
99
76
132
61
494
636
2-1
284
164
179
57
106
169
960
1383
2-3
215
133
93
127
53
623
766
3-1
112
83
67
71
44
377
485
3-2
269
129
120
64
38
620
727
Tot
1276
791
649
583
387
310
4002
5312
1-2
240
162
101
117
78
128
831
1181
1-3
111
88
68
51
57
377
508
2-1
251
146
159
112
98
155
924
1312
2-3
190
118
82
63
49
503
633
3-1
99
74
59
57
40
330
428
3-2
238
114
106
111
35
605
703
Tot
1129
702
575
511
357
287
3570
4765
245
126
138
113
92
151
870
1227
al
11
00
12
00
al
12
00
13
00
al
13
00
14
00
al
14
1-2
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00
15
00
1-3
111
51
45
26
69
304
412
2-1
126
106
125
80
106
184
729
1150
2-3
249
120
79
85
58
592
721
3-1
159
103
82
67
48
459
580
3-2
289
234
156
143
42
865
1078
Tot
1179
740
625
514
415
339
3819
5169
1-2
261
135
147
121
98
162
929
1312
1-3
119
54
48
27
73
324
439
2-1
135
113
133
86
113
196
778
1230
2-3
266
128
84
91
62
631
767
3-1
170
110
87
72
51
491
621
3-2
309
250
166
152
45
923
1151
Tot
1260
790
665
549
442
361
4076
5519
1-2
307
158
173
141
116
190
1089
1539
1-3
140
64
56
32
86
379
512
2-1
158
132
156
101
132
231
916
1446
2-3
312
151
99
106
73
744
906
3-1
199
128
103
84
60
576
728
3-2
362
294
195
179
52
1082
1348
Tot
1478
927
782
643
519
423
4786
6479
1-2
352
182
199
162
133
218
1253
1769
1-3
160
73
64
37
98
437
593
2-1
182
152
179
116
152
265
1049
1659
al
15
00
16
00
al
16
00
17
00
al
17
00
18
00
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2-3
358
173
113
122
84
850
1034
3-1
228
147
118
96
69
663
837
3-2
416
337
224
205
60
1245
1552
Tot
1696
1064
897
738
596
487
5497
7443
1-2
371
192
210
171
140
230
1325
1872
1-3
169
77
68
39
104
463
626
2-1
191
160
189
122
160
279
1110
1753
2-3
378
183
120
129
88
904
1101
3-1
241
156
124
102
72
701
887
3-2
439
356
237
216
63
1313
1637
Tot
1789
1124
948
779
627
517
12
10
10
5816
7876
al
18
00
19
00
al
Table 4.6.2
Bangalore(TUESDAY)
Tota
m
e
Dir
ecti
er
on
io
Vehicles
Vehi
Total
PCU
cles
Car
Two
Whe
Auto
eler
Jee
p/
Tax
i
08
00
09
00
Slow Moving
Ti
Van
/
Te
mp
o
Min
i
Bus
Bus
Truck
Ani
mal /
H
C
Han
d
Dra
Cy
Ot
rs
cle
he
wn
1-2
345
277
165
170
120
180
1264
1816
1-3
143
140
111
78
88
563
776
2-1
401
266
232
150
153
220
1427
2043
2-3
323
156
135
104
82
802
978
3-1
143
170
92
77
59
547
751
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3-2
398
192
150
192
59
993
1159
Tot
1753
1201
885
771
561
405
10
5596
7523
1-2
420
288
155
210
123
221
1428
2027
1-3
186
164
127
77
103
664
912
2-1
501
268
234
201
142
271
1625
2267
2-3
320
188
153
123
92
882
1103
3-1
193
136
127
85
53
599
750
3-2
420
213
176
176
63
1055
1240
Tot
2040
1257
972
872
576
502
17
12
6253
8299
1-2
365
244
146
186
123
178
1247
1764
1-3
189
165
123
101
88
669
894
2-1
378
232
233
154
154
245
1403
2020
2-3
299
156
165
123
88
833
1019
3-1
168
112
76
98
76
536
704
3-2
365
189
134
176
70
940
1124
Tot
1764
1098
877
838
599
431
5628
7524
1-2
343
222
145
143
121
176
1158
1652
1-3
133
133
86
77
68
503
690
2-1
354
202
222
145
132
193
1256
1761
2-3
256
144
98
77
55
632
779
3-1
144
111
92
82
65
495
647
al
09
00
10
00
al
10
00
11
00
al
11
00
12
00
3-2
329
143
154
143
49
819
938
Tot
1559
955
797
667
490
374
4863
6467
266
176
122
138
90
123
917
1284
al
12
00
1-2
SET -JU
Page 27

13
00
1-3
132
101
64
143
56
498
636
2-1
298
172
187
51
109
176
997
1437
2-3
198
142
99
132
54
627
785
3-1
121
65
72
66
54
380
480
3-2
154
132
111
72
43
513
658
Tot
1169
788
655
602
406
302
3932
5279
1-2
254
171
99
109
85
122
843
1199
1-3
121
76
54
61
63
379
503
2-1
234
156
165
109
85
158
910
1300
2-3
187
121
89
54
54
505
644
3-1
109
76
70
64
33
355
443
al
13
00
14
00
3-2
243
123
111
101
29
610
710
Tot
1148
723
588
498
349
284
3602
4799
1-2
254
133
143
121
102
143
899
1265
1-3
119
45
56
31
76
331
440
2-1
133
98
112
76
111
179
710
1122
2-3
239
132
85
72
55
585
724
3-1
145
98
91
75
54
463
590
3-2
291
154
139
151
32
769
891
Tot
1181
660
626
526
430
328
3757
5032
1-2
254
145
143
128
85
154
912
1281
1-3
123
65
56
21
87
355
497
2-1
145
123
123
92
98
201
784
1230
2-3
221
111
92
85
71
580
721
3-1
187
93
78
69
43
472
571
al
14
00
15
00
al
15
00
16
00
SET -JU
Page 28

3-2
293
134
173
145
51
799
923
Tot
1223
671
665
540
435
358
3902
5224
1-2
312
159
165
154
121
188
1102
1555
1-3
154
70
71
29
78
407
535
2-1
134
123
159
123
141
222
906
1431
2-3
320
164
109
91
82
770
955
3-1
176
131
111
92
51
564
714
3-2
354
301
178
165
61
1063
1351
Tot
1450
948
793
654
534
413
4812
6541
1-2
343
178
201
171
121
221
1240
1743
1-3
169
65
64
43
113
460
625
2-1
176
165
183
98
145
263
1033
1645
2-3
348
182
121
132
87
872
1072
3-1
232
156
101
104
72
671
856
3-2
404
321
231
197
51
1206
1489
Tot
1672
1067
901
745
589
489
5482
7430
1-2
356
193
198
182
151
231
1319
1884
1-3
181
77
73
43
98
480
635
2-1
198
132
199
131
153
281
1103
1709
2-3
178
204
112
134
93
727
1000
3-1
231
143
133
98
65
675
841
al
16
00
17
00
al
17
00
18
00
al
18
00
19
00
3-2
419
332
212
211
76
1258
1580
Tot
1563
1081
927
799
636
520
13
10
13
5562
7649
al
SET -JU
Page 29

Table 4.6.3
Bangalore(WEDNESDAY)
Ti
m
e
P
er
io
Slow
Di
re
cti
on
Two
Wheel
er
Trucks
Car
Auto
Jee
p/
Tax
Van
/
Tem
po
Min
i
Bus
Vehicle
Vehicles
Ani
H
C
V
Han
d
Dra
wn
Total
PCU
C
y
th
er
12
365
265
134
178
125
193
1264
1819
13
183
143
114
71
89
603
810
21
401
221
253
187
151
236
1456
2044
23
287
193
131
103
69
786
991
31
163
124
86
76
71
520
688
32
385
165
178
183
49
966
1095
To
1784
1111
896
798
554
431
5595
7446
12
434
272
183
198
141
213
1453
2046
13
189
164
121
76
88
646
874
21
465
265
261
211
143
264
1616
2256
23
340
201
139
99
88
876
1104
3-
192
133
99
103
76
609
784
tal
09
00
10
00
i
08
00
09
00
Moving
mal
Bu
Total
SET -JU
Page 30

1
32
420
197
193
204
63
1081
1251
To
2040
1232
996
891
599
485
15
10
6281
8314
tal
10
00
11
00
12
392
263
171
193
121
193
1339
1884
13
183
132
112
76
91
599
799
21
411
241
243
181
145
234
1458
2053
23
299
173
141
96
81
795
991
31
163
121
102
87
71
547
715
32
371
177
156
182
49
940
1087
To
1819
1107
925
815
558
434
5678
7529
12
322
222
143
145
97
163
1095
1550
13
156
112
87
71
65
498
655
21
345
205
221
145
134
204
1262
1788
23
133
143
98
92
71
540
737
31
142
102
76
65
59
445
582
32
332
145
151
152
51
833
956
To
1430
929
776
670
477
372
4673
6267
265
191
121
141
91
141
954
1358
tal
11
00
12
00
tal
12
00
13
12
SET -JU
Page 31

00
13
132
101
67
139
56
498
636
21
276
158
181
45
112
165
939
1361
23
221
141
88
131
61
644
804
31
98
89
59
79
54
380
511
32
251
134
131
72
41
629
749
To
1243
814
647
607
415
309
4044
5418
12
249
176
108
121
76
131
864
1227
13
119
93
71
63
63
412
554
21
243
138
163
109
101
156
913
1298
23
181
124
89
54
53
501
643
31
103
81
63
61
47
360
475
32
246
104
112
119
40
622
714
To
1141
716
606
527
380
293
3672
4912
12
239
132
123
120
87
154
860
1221
13
109
62
51
31
78
335
468
21
132
90
131
69
113
187
723
1139
23
256
115
89
91
63
616
744
31
167
97
75
71
52
462
580
tal
13
00
14
00
tal
14
00
15
00
SET -JU
Page 32

32
193
226
145
139
34
740
960
To
1096
722
614
521
427
347
3736
5113
12
254
143
154
133
101
165
952
1351
13
123
64
54
32
78
355
486
21
141
109
123
93
120
198
784
1239
23
253
134
78
81
54
601
738
31
178
103
93
75
60
510
642
32
303
259
172
159
51
947
1192
To
1252
812
674
573
464
366
4149
5648
12
312
163
167
153
121
187
1107
1563
13
134
67
61
42
91
398
542
21
165
143
145
97
138
229
922
1465
23
320
149
105
89
80
747
915
31
187
139
91
91
54
566
725
32
359
302
187
167
61
1076
1361
To
1477
963
756
639
545
419
4816
6572
339
192
186
149
141
215
1226
1760
tal
15
00
16
00
tal
16
00
17
00
tal
17
00
18
00
1
2
SET -JU
Page 33

13
171
79
71
43
109
480
653
21
189
161
183
121
143
267
1067
1676
23
345
181
121
131
78
858
1048
31
238
132
123
86
71
652
809
32
417
321
119
199
68
1129
1431
To
1699
1066
803
729
610
487
5412
7376
12
365
201
198
178
153
234
1337
1914
13
171
67
76
43
109
474
634
21
189
171
195
112
14
272
958
1428
23
367
176
112
134
99
896
1102
31
253
143
131
91
78
700
876
32
446
345
243
223
67
1328
1644
To
1791
1103
955
781
520
514
10
5693
7598
tal
18
00
19
00
tal
Table 4.6.4
Ti
Di
re
cti
on
er
io
SET -JU
Slow Moving

Two
Wheel
er
Auto
Car /
Jeep
/
Van
/
Te
Min
i
Bus
Bus
Page 34
Vehicles
Trucks
LC
CV
An
Total
Vehicle
s
im
Cy
cle
Ot
al /
rs
he
Total
PCU
d
08
00
09
00
Ha
nd
365
240
162
175
85
185
Dr
0
1216
1688
13
178
145
99
75
90
589
800
21
405
212
250
165
135
252
1430
2011
23
283
178
129
102
70
762
953
31
160
125
101
95
72
554
726
32
362
170
175
183
55
948
1096
To
1753
1070
916
795
507
440
10
5499
7274
12
436
271
189
215
130
254
1507
2132
13
183
150
125
75
97
637
864
21
483
265
285
183
142
249
1616
2233
23
352
205
135
116
85
902
1127
31
193
135
119
101
65
615
780
32
395
205
180
180
60
1023
1204
To
2042
1231
1033
870
579
514
12
11
6300
8340
12
401
300
150
174
125
205
1364
1964
tal
10
00
11
mp
12
tal
09
00
10
00
Taxi
SET -JU
Page 35

00
13
165
135
98
95
90
586
791
21
385
245
265
171
151
251
1475
2109
23
298
192
145
110
78
828
1039
31
165
125
92
100
70
554
724
32
352
175
173
185
55
944
1098
To
1766
1172
923
835
569
461
10
5751
7725
1
2
319
220
135
142
111
160
1093
1560
13
51
110
84
60
82
395
596
21
342
185
215
135
135
190
1208
1700
23
250
163
117
95
68
694
877
31
138
101
89
82
59
469
606
32
323
161
135
129
39
792
920
To
1423
940
775
643
494
356
4651
6258
12
255
172
115
129
70
145
892
1261
13
132
98
78
135
65
509
653
21
285
159
185
65
111
155
961
1368
23
201
125
93
139
62
625
775
31
105
85
72
69
45
379
494
tal
11
00
12
00
tal
12
00
13
00
SET -JU
Page 36

32
272
135
121
72
39
639
753
To
1250
774
664
609
392
303
4005
5304
12
245
160
108
115
70
119
823
1151
13
121
90
70
55
60
401
539
21
240
135
165
102
92
152
890
1259
23
185
120
85
59
52
504
639
31
102
75
65
57
45
346
452
32
252
106
99
121
52
632
740
To
1145
686
592
509
371
279
3596
4780
12
235
151
141
38
98
145
817
1203
13
105
52
48
29
78
316
440
21
135
117
135
85
99
195
767
1202
23
251
132
78
83
62
607
752
31
162
111
83
61
55
474
609
32
270
236
165
151
48
873
1103
To
1158
799
650
447
440
348
3854
5310
265
142
139
120
102
155
932
1319
tal
13
00
14
00
tal
14
00
15
00
tal
15
00
16
00
12
SET -JU
Page 37

13
132
55
45
28
75
341
459
21
140
140
130
85
104
201
802
1275
23
255
125
88
91
55
615
742
31
161
99
93
75
45
474
588
32
292
245
155
162
52
910
1148
To
1245
806
650
561
433
363
4074
5531
12
299
165
179
125
125
188
1087
1555
13
141
62
65
45
90
406
544
21
165
129
155
99
145
292
989
1603
23
322
163
109
110
78
788
969
31
203
131
95
85
65
583
744
32
365
295
186
185
55
1086
1356
To
1495
945
789
649
558
487
10
4939
6770
12
355
170
218
135
112
245
1240
1751
13
180
65
68
40
83
447
579
21
175
165
190
105
145
265
1048
1663
23
351
172
110
125
88
846
1036
31
265
129
115
62
60
637
776
3-
420
341
243
173
56
1239
1549
tal
16
00
17
00
tal
17
00
18
00
SET -JU
Page 38

2
To
1746
1042
944
640
544
525
5457
7355
12
378
173
221
175
135
225
1319
1834
13
175
78
73
45
120
499
683
21
180
165
195
135
165
285
1134
1797
23
345
180
115
119
85
849
1048
31
263
145
120
111
65
713
878
32
445
349
245
232
60
1334
1647
To
1786
1090
969
817
630
522
17
5848
7887
tal
18
00
19
00
tal
Day 1
SET -JU
Page 39
Hourly variation of traffic flow
Total PCU day 1
Day-1 Hourly variation of Traffic flow(fig.4.6.1)
Day 2
Total PCU day 2
Day-2 Hourly variation of Traffic flow(fig.4.6.2)
Day 3
SET -JU
Page 40
Total PCU day 3
Day-2 Hourly variation of Traffic flow(fig.5)
Day 4
Total PCU day 4
Day-2 Hourly variation of Traffic flow(fig.6)
SET -JU
Page 41
Chapter - 5
Designing
Chapter - 5
SET -JU
Page 42
Design
Fig.5
5.1 Planning and Investigations

SET -JU
Page 43
The Junction Improvement Scheme has been discussed in Detail in Chapter

6. Diversion of the Underground Services like Water, Sewer, Electricity, etc.,
which will affect the Construction Activities will be programmed prior to the
Excavation Work.
5.2 General Arrangement

Care has been taken while designing so that the structure generally fulfills
the following requirements.
The Soundness of the Structure and its Durability are of the highest
standards.
Aesthetics is in harmony with the surroundings.
Speedy and Practicable Construction.
Economy in Construction.
5.3 Design Loads

1. Live Load
Live Load has been considered as per IRC: 6 2010.
2. Seismic Force
The Underpass has been designed for the Seismic Force as per the
Provisions of IRC: 6 2010.
3. Earth Pressure
The Soil Properties for Embankment like Dry Density of Soil 1.85 t /
cum.; Saturated Density 2.00 t / cum.; = 300 and c = 0 have been
considered for Estimation Purpose.
SET -JU
Page 44
Saturated Density of the Backfill (minimum 2 t / cum) has been

considered for calculating Active Earth Pressure for Estimation
Purpose.
4. Temperature Range
For Design of Structure, to account for Temperature, the following Formula
has been considered.
(DL) = Lt,
The value of t shall be 170C.
Where = Coefficient of expansion or contraction
L = Length of the member
(DL) = Expansion / Contraction due to Temperature Variation in Appropriate
Units.
The Super Structure has been designed for Effects of Distribution of Temperature
across the Deck Depth as per the relevant Codal Provisions. For Calculation,
Thermal ForceEffect (E) of 50% of the Insulation Value has been considered so
that to account for Effect of Creep on Thermal Strain.
5.4 Design of Underpass
5.4.1 General
The Length of the Underpass has been determined based on the Depth of
Deck Slab, where a minimum Vertical Clearance of 5.5m has to be provided.
By considering the Economy of the Project, Open Cut System has been
considered both for Ramp and Covered Portion of the Underpass. The
Covered Portion of the proposed Underpass has been designed as Cast in
Situ RCC Closed Box Section. For Approaches and Open Box, Conventional
RCC Retaining Structure has been adopted.
5.4.2 Foundation
SET -JU
Page 45
a. Retaining Walls
The Retaining Walls for the Approaches have been proposed to be of RCC
appropriate with the Site Conditions. The Depth of the Foundation shall
be determined based on the Soil Investigation Report. Maximum
Settlement allowed is 10mm. Adequate Protection shall be given to
Reinforcement against Corrosion.
b. Concrete Grade
Closed and Open Portions of the Underpass including Retaining Walls shall be
of minimum M35 Grade Ready Mix Concrete.
5.4.3 Joints
5.4.3.1 Expansion Joint
Expansion Joint in Covered and Open Portions of the Underpass has been
considered at every 30m interval and also at the Junction of Wall and Slab at
top and bottom with size 12mm X 25mm with Gun Grade Polysulphide
Elastomeric Joint Sealant over a Bitumen Pad fixed in the Joints, applying
the Joints with NITOSEAL Primer or equivalent, including Preparation of
Surface, Primer Coat, Finishing Cost of all Materials, Labour including Cost
of Bitumen Pad.
5.4.3.2 Contraction Joint
Contraction Joint will be provided along the Pavement in the Underpass as per the
Design approved by the Engineer.
5.4.4 Crash Barriers
Concrete Crash Barriers shall conform to Clause 809 of MoRT&H Specifications.
The Height of the Concrete Crash Barrier is 1000mm above the Finished Road
Level. It has been designed to resist an Impact of 30t Axle Loads.
5.4.5 Wearing Coat
SET -JU
Page 46
Wearing Coat conforming to Clause 2702.1 of MoRT&H Specifications for

Road and Bridge Works (Latest Edition) has been provided for Smooth
Riding Surface.
5.4.6 Approach Slab
The Approach Slab conforming to Clause 2704 of MoRT&H Specifications
for Road and Bridge Works (Latest Edition) has been provided.
5.5 Durability
From the Durability Consideration, the following minimum Grades of
Concrete are to be considered for Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) and
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC).
a. Minimum Grade of Concrete shall be as below.
PCC for Levelling Course M15
RCC for Open Foundation, Substructure and Superstructure M35
b. Minimum Cement Content, Diameter of Bar and Cover Requirements
For PCC and RCC, the value given below regarding minimum Cement
Content and maximum Water Cement Ratio shall be followed.
The minimum Nominal Diameter of Reinforcement is 8mm.
5.6 Drainage
Drainage of Storm Water collected in the Underpass and at Surface Level
Roads are essentially based on
IRC: SP: 42 1994 Guidelines on Road Drainage.
IRC: SP: 50 1999 Guidelines on Urban Drainage.
The Drainage Spouts conform to Clause 2705 of MoRT&H Specifications.
5.7 Traffic Signs, Markings and other Road Appurtenances
Traffic Signs, Markings and other Road Appurtenances shall conform to
Clause 800 of the MoRT&H Specifications for Road and Bridges (Latest
Edition). Road Markings shall conform to IRC: 35 1997 and Road Signs
shall confirm to IRC: 67 2012.
5.8 Medians, Kerbs and Footpaths
SET -JU
Page 47
Medians, Kerbs and Footpaths shall conform to Clause 407, 408 and 409 of the
MoRT&H Specifications for Road and Bridges (Latest Edition).
5.9 Lighting
The Lighting within the Covered and Open Portion of Underpass, Slip Roads,
Junction at Surface Level over the Covered Portion of Underpass, etc. has been
provided as per relevant Codal Provisions. The Illumination proposed is an average
40 lux throughout.
5.9.1 Designing of Retaining walls

What are retaining walls?
Retaining walls are soil structure systems intended to support earth back fills
Some of the types of retaining wall
Gravity retaining wall

Semi-gravity retaining wall
Cantilever retaining wall
Counterfort retaining wall
Basic Principles of Cantilever wall

Cantilever walls are made of reinforced concrete, and come in different
geometries.
Rely on their self-weight to resist sliding & overturning, but derive part of
their stability from the weight of backfill above the heel of the wall. Basic
principles of cantilever wall
SET -JU
Page 48
(fig 5.9.1)
SET -JU
Page 49
Typical dimension of Cantilever Retaining wall
(fig.5.9.2)
External stability
In analyzing or designing for external stability, all the forces acting on the
structure are considered. These forces include lateral earth pressures, the
self-weight of the structure, & the reaction from the foundation soil.
The stability of the wall is then evaluated by considering the relevant
forces for each potential failure mechanism.
The wall has to stable against
Sliding FS>1.5
Overturning FS>2.0
Bearing failure FS>1.5
SET -JU
(fig 10)
Page 50
SET -JU
Page 51
Retaining walls of Underpass

Underpass consists of eight Retaining walls and the of all the eight
Retaining walls are shown below
Designing of retaining wall R1
Problem :Density of soil =20KN/m
= 30
= 0
= 20
= 90
SET -JU
Page 52
SBC = 350KN/m
Ka = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=0.33
Kp = (1+sin)/(1-sin)=3
SET -JU
Page 53
Design constant
fck = 30 Mpa
fy = 500 Mpa
cbc =7.5(IRC 21-2000 Tab-9)
st = 200(IRC 21-2000Tab-10)
modular ratio m = 280/3cbc = 12.44
Co-efficient of N.A K= (mcbc)/(mcbc+st) =
co-efficient of Leq Arm j =1-
=1-
=0.893
co-efficient of moment of resistance R= cbc Kj

=0.5*7.5*0.318*0.893
=1.06
Stability Analysis
To calculate BM
Earth pressure
Ph= KaH
=0.5*0.33*20*(2.75)
=25KN
M=Ph*
=25*
=22.9KN-m
Surcharge pressure
Ph = KaqH
SET -JU
Page 54
q=1.2*20[IRC-6-2000 Cl 217.1]
= 24 KN/m
Ph= 0.33*24*2.75
= 21.78 KN
M = Ph*
= 29.94 KN-m
Total over turning movement
M = 22.9+29.94
= 52.84 KN-m
Total pressure Ph = 25+21.78
= 46.78 KN
Item
Stem
Rectangle
Triangular
Base slab
Earth filling
Above heel
Super imposed
Load
Load in
(KN)
Distance from
Toe
(m)
0.8+(0.2/2)=0.90
1*0.2*2.45*25=
12.25
(1/2)*0.1*2.45*25= 0.8+0.2+(0.1/2)=
3.0625 KN
1.05
2.5*0.3*1*25=
(2.5/2)=1.25
18.75 KN
1*1.4*2.45*20 =
0.8+0.3+(1.4/2) =
68.6 KN
1.8
1*1.4*24=
0.8+0.3+(1.4/2)=
33.6 KN
1.8
W=136.26
Check Against overturning :FOS = (MR/M)=
SET -JU
= 4.19 > 1.44(safe)
Page 55
BM
(KN-m)
11.25
3.21
23.43
123.48
60.48
M=221.85
Check against sliding

FOS = (/Ph) =
= 1.45 1.44(safe)
Let ((MR-M)/ =
= 1.24
Eccentricity e = (b/2)-
=
-1.24
= 0.01 <
=0.41 (ok)
max,min = (/b)[1(6c/b)]
=
[1
max = 54.78 KN/m < SBC (350 KN/m) (ok)

min = 52.21 KN/m > 0 (ok)
Design of Stem
Earth pressure Ph =
*Kah2 = 0.5*0.33*20*2.452 = 19.8 KN
MEp =19.8 *
SET -JU
= 16.1KN-m
Page 56
Surcharge pressure Ph = Kaqh = 0.33*24*2.45 = 19.4 KN

Msp = 19.4*
= 23.76 KN-m
Total moment = MEP+Msp

M = 16.1+23.76
= 39.86 KN-m
Mn = 39.86*1.5
= 59.79 KN-m
Check for depth
Mn = 0.138 fCK bd2
59.79*106 = 0.138*30*1000*d2
d = 120mm < 200mm (safe)
(Mn/bd2) =
*106
Assume clear cover 50mm
=2.65
D = 200mm
d= 200-50 = 150mm
From Sp-16,Table-4
Pt = 0.689
Ast =
*1000*150
= 1033.5
for #12mm
Spacing =
*1000
= 109.43 mm
Provide #12mm Spacing @ 100mm c/c
SET -JU
Page 57
Curtailment of Bars
Curtail by 50%
)2 = 0.5
h = 1.94 m
actual cut off = h-Ld
Ld = 50 = 50*
= 600 mm
Cutoff = 1.94-0.6
= 1.34 m From Top
Provide Spacing #12 mm @ 200 mm c/c
Distribution of Steel
Ast =
=
*b*D
*1000*200
= 300mm2
for # 8mm2 Spacing = (((8)2/4)/240) *100 = 209.44mm
Provide Spacing 38mm @200mmc/c
Check for Shear
v = (Vn/bd) =
= 0.392 N/mm2
tab 19,PP73 IS456-2000

c = 0.59 N/mm2
Hence v < c (safe)
SET -JU
Page 58
Design of Toe Slab
M1 = [0.8*0.3*1*25]
(self Wt)
M2 = [0.8*53.95*1]
(moment clue to upward
pressure)
M3 = [ *0.8*0.83*1]
(moment clue to upward pressure)

[M]=15.03 KN-m
Mn = 15.03*1.5 = 22.54 KN-m
SET -JU
Page 59
*106 = 0.36
from Sp-16
Pt = 0.0842
Ast =
= 210.5 mm2
for # 10mm spacing =
*102*1000
Hence provide spacing # 10@ 190 mmc/c

Ast =
*1000*300 = 360 mm2
Spacing for #10mm =
*102 = 218 mm
Provide spacing # 10 @ 200mm c/c

Check for shear :
v = (Vn/bd)
Vu = [(0.8*0.3*1*25)-(0.8*53.95*1)+(0.5*0.8*0.83)]
= 56.25 KN
v =
*103 = 0.22 N/mm2

=
c = 0.29 (IS456-2000,PP73)
Hence u < c (safe)
Design of Heel slab
SET -JU
Page 60
M1= 1.4*52.1
Upward pressure
M2=
Upward pressure
M3= 1.4*0.3*25
Soil over Burden pressure
M4= 1.4*2.45*20
Self wt
*1.4*1.43
M5=1.4*24*
64.77 KN-m
M = 64.77 KN-m
(M2/bd2)=
*106 = 1.55
from Sp-16 Pt = 0.381

SET -JU
Page 61
Surcharge load
Ast =
*1000*250
= 952.5 mm2
Spacing for #10mm =
*1000
= 82.41 mm
provide spacing #10 @ 75 mm c/c
Ast =
*1000*300
Ast = 360 mm2

Spacing for Shear :
*103=0.23 N/mm2
v = (vn/bd)=
=
as per PP- 73, IS456-2000

c = 0.458
v < c
(safe)

Density of soil =20KN/m
= 30
= 0
= 20
SET -JU
Page 62
= 90
SBC = 350KN/m
Ka = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=0.33
Kp = (1+sin)/(1-sin)=3
Design constant
fck = 30 Mpa
fy = 500 Mpa
cbc =7.5(IRC 21-2000 Tab-9)
st = 200(IRC 21-2000Tab-10)
SET -JU
Page 63
Co-efficient of N.A
K= (mcbc)/(mcbc+st) =
=1-
=0.893

=0.5*7.5*0.318*0.893
=1.06
Stability Analysis
To calculate BM
Earth pressure
Ph= KaH
=0.5*0.33*20*(3.75)
=47.65KN
M=Ph*
=47.55*( 3.8 3 )
=60.35KN-m
Surcharge pressure
Ph = KaqH
q=1.2*20[IRC-6-2000 Cl 217.1]
= 24 KN/m
Ph= 0.33*24*3.8
= 30.096 KN
SET -JU
Page 64
M = Ph*
= 30.096*(3.82)
57.18 KN-m
M = 57.18+60.35
= 117.53 KN-m
Total pressure Ph = 47.65+30.096
= 77.746 KN
Item
Stem
Rectangle
Triangular
Base slab
Earth
filling
Above heel
Super
imposed
Load
Load in
(KN)
Distance
from Toe
(m)
1*0.2*3.4*25= 0.8+(0.2/2)=0
17
.90
(1/2)*0.15*3.45* 0.8+0.2+(0.15
25=
/2)=
6.375 KN
1.075
2.95*0.4*1*25= (2.95/2)=1.47
29.5 KN
5
1*1.8*3.4*20 = 0.8+0.35+(1.8
68.6 KN
/2) =
2.05
1*1.8*24=
0.8+0.35+(1.8
43.2 KN
/2)=
2.05
W=218.475
Check Against overturning :355.13

FOS = (MR/M)= 117.53 = 3.02 > 1.44(safe)
SET -JU
Page 65
BM
(KN-m)
15.3
6.853
43.5
43.5
250.92
M=355.13

0.5 * 218.475
FOS = (/Ph) = 77.745
= 1.4 1.44(safe)
355.133 117.53
218.475
Let ((MR-M)/ =
= 1.08
2.95
= 2 -1.08
b
= 0.395 < 2 =0.491 (ok)
max,min = (/b)[1(6e/b)]
218.475
)
= 2.95 [1
(
6 * 0..395
]
2.95
max = 133.55 KN/m < SBC (350 KN/m) (ok)

min = 14.56 KN/m > 0 (ok)
Design of Stem
Earth pressure Ph =
*Kah2 = 0.5*0.33*20*3.42 = 38.14 KN
3.4
MEp =38.14 * 3 = 42.23KN-m

3.4
Msp = 26.92* 2 = 45.76 KN-m
SET -JU
Page 66

M = 43.23+45.76
= 88.99 KN-m
Mn = 88.99*1.5
= 133.48 KN-m
Check for depth
Mn = 0.138 fCK bd2
133.48*106 = 0.138*30*1000*d2
d = 180mm < 200mm (safe)
133.48
(Mn/bd ) = 1000 *150 *150 *106
Assume clear cover
50mm
=5.93
D=
200mm
d= 200-50
= 150mm
From Sp-16,Table-4
Pt = 1.13
1.13
Ast = 100 *1000*150
= 1695
for #12mm
12 *12 * 0.7854
1695
Spacing =
*1000
SET -JU
Page 67
= 66.72 mm
Curtailment of Bars
Curtail by 50%
h
( 3.8 )2 = 0.5
h = 2.68 m
Ld = 50 = 50*
= 600 mm
Cutoff = 2.68-0.6
= 2.08 m From Top
Ast =
=
*b*D
*1000*200
= 300mm2
for # 8mm2 Spacing = (((8)2/4)/240) *100 = 209.44mm
check for Shear
(138.14 26.92) * 1.5
(1000 *150)
v = (Vn/bd) =
= 0.650 N/mm2
100 Ast 100 *1615.68
1.07
bd
1000 * 150
tab 19,PP73 IS456-2000

SET -JU
Page 68
c = 0.67 N/mm2
Hence v < c (safe)
Design of Toe Slab

M1 = [0.8*0.4*1*25]
0 .8
] 1 .6
2
(self Wt)
0.8
] 16.20
M2 = [0.8*101.58*1] 2
[
(moment clue to
upward pressure)
M3 = [
2
[ * 0.8] 6.88
*0.8*32.27*1] 3
upward pressure)
[M]=24.68 KN-m
Mn = 24.68*1.5 = 37.02 KN-m
Mn
37.02
bd * d 100 * 250 * 250 *106 = 0.59
from Sp-16
Pt = 0.1386
0.1386
*1000 * 250
Ast = 100
= 346.5 mm2
SET -JU
Page 69
(moment clue to

0.78
for # 10mm spacing = 346.5 *102*1000

Ast =
*1000*400 = 480 mm2
0.75 *1000
480
Spacing for #10mm =
*102 = 163.5 mm

Check for shear :
v = (Vn/bd)
Vu = [(0.8*0.4*1*25)-(0.8*101.28*1)+(0.5*0.8*32.27)]
= 90.174 KN
90.174
v = 1000 * 250 *103 = 0.36 N/mm2
100 * 940
0.26
= 1000 * 350
c = 0.26 (IS456-2000,PP73)
Hence u < c (safe)
Design of Heel slab
1.8
] 23.58
M1= 1.8*14.56 2
[
M2 =
1.8
[ ] 31.34
*1.8*58.04 3
1.8
[ ] 16.2
M3= 1.8*0.4*20 2
Upward pressure
Upward pressure
Soil over Burden
pressure
1.8
[ ] 110.16
M4= 1.8*3.4*20 2
SET -JU
Page 70
Self wt

1.8
] 38.88
M5=1.8*24* 2
[
220.16 KN-m
M = 220.16*1.5=330.24 KN-m
33.024
(M2/bd2)= 1000 * 350 * 350 *106 = 2.69
from Sp-16 Pt = 0.701

0.701
Ast = 100 *1000*350
= 2453.5 mm2
78.5
Spacing for #10mm = 2453.5 *1000
= 32.01 mm
Ast =
*1000*400
Ast = 480 mm2

Check or Shear :
157.74
v = (vn/bd)= 1000 * 350 *103=0.45 N/mm2
100 * 2616.66
0.747
= 1000 * 350
as per PP- 73, IS456-2000

c = 0.588
v < c (safe)
SET -JU
Page 71
Surcharge load

= 30
= 0
= 20
= 90
SBC = 350KN/m
Ka = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=0.33
Kp = (1+sin)/(1-sin)=3
Design constant
fck = 30 Mpa
fy = 500 Mpa
cbc =7.5(IRC 21-2000 Tab-9)
st = 200(IRC 21-2000Tab-10)
SET -JU
Page 72
Co-efficient of N.A
=1-
=0.893

=0.5*7.5*0.318*0.893
=1.06
Stability Analysis
To calculate BM
Earth pressure
Ph= KaH
=0.5*0.33*20*(4.6)
=69.82KN
M=Ph*
4.6
=69.82* 3
=107.069KN-m
Surcharge pressure
Ph = KaqH
q=1.2*20[IRC-6-2000 Cl 217.1]
= 24 KN/m
Ph= 0.33*24*4.6
= 36.43 KN
SET -JU
Page 73
M = Ph*
= 83.79KN-m
M = 107.069+83.79
= 180.85 KN-m
= 106.258 KN
Item
Stem
Rectangle
Triangular
Base slab
Earth filling
Above heel
Super
imposed
Load
Load in
(KN)
Distance
BM
from Toe
(KN-m)
(m)
1*0.2*4.2*25= 0.8+(0.2/2)=0
18.9
21
.90
(1/2)*0.25*4.2* 1+0.2+(0.25/2
17.39
25=
)=
13.125 KN
1.325
3.5*0.4*1*25= (3.35/2)=1.67
56.1125
33.5 KN
5
1*2.1*4.2*20 = 0.8+0.45+(2.1
405.72
176.4 KN
/2) =
2.3
1*2.1*24=
0.8+0.45+(2.1
115.92
50.4 KN
/2)=
2.3
W=294.425
M=614.0425

FOS = (MR/M)= 190.859 = 3.21 > 1.44(safe)

0.5 * 294.425
FOS = (/Ph) = 106.25
= 1.38 1.44(unsafe)
SET -JU
Page 74
Therefore provide shear key

614.0425 190.859
294.425
Let ((MR-M)/ =
= 1.43
3.35
= 2 -1.43
= 0.245 <
=0.41 (ok)
max,min = (/b)[1(6c/b)]
294.425
)
= 3.35 [1
(
6 * 0.245
]
3.35
max = 126.45 KN/m < SBC (350 KN/m) (ok)

min = 49.32 KN/m > 0 (ok)
Design of Stem
Earth pressure Ph =
*Kah2 = 0.5*0.33*20*4.22 = 58.212 KN
4 .2
MEp =58.212 * 3 = 81.49KN-m
SET -JU
Page 75

4 .2
Msp = 33.264* 2 = 6985KN-m

M = 81.49+69.85
= 151.35 KN-m
Mn = 151.35*1.5
= 227.026KN-m
Check for depth
Mn = 0.138 fCK bd2
227.026*106 = 0.138*30*1000*d2
d = 234mm < 200mm (unsafe)
section is under reinforced
assume depth=450mm
d=450-50=400mm
227.02
(Mn/bd2) = 1000 * 400 * 400 *106
=1.41
From Sp-16,Table-4
Pt = 0.346
0.3446
Ast = 100 *1000*400
= 1378.4
for #12mm
12 * 12 * 0.7154
1378.4
Spacing =
*1000
= 82.049 mm
SET -JU
Page 76
Curtailment of Bars
Curtail by 50%
h
( 4.6 )2 = 0.5
h = 3.25 m
Ld = 50 = 50*30
= 1500 mm
Cutoff = 3.25-1.5
= 1.75 m From Top
Ast =
=
*b*D
*1000*450
= 540mm2
for # 8mm2 Spacing = (((8)2/4)/250) *100 = 200mm
check for Shear
(58.212 33.264) * 1.5
(1000 * 400)
v = (Vn/bd) =
= 0.34 N/mm2
100 Ast 100 * 1130.9
0.28
bd
1000 * 400
tab 19,PP73 IS456-2000

c = 0.38 N/mm2
SET -JU
Page 77
Hence v < c (safe)
Design of Toe Slab

M1 = [0.8*0.4*1*25]
0.8
] 3.2
2
(self Wt)
0.8
] 31.25
M2 = [0.8*97.67*1] 2
[
(moment clue to
upward pressure)
M3 = [
2
[ * 0.8] 2.21
*0.8*10.36*1] 3
upward pressure)
[M]=30.26 KN-m
Mn = 30.26*1.5 = 45.39 KN-m
Mn
45.39
bd * d 100 * 350 * 350 *106 = 0.37
from Sp-16
Pt = 0.0864
0.0864
* 1000 * 350
Ast = 100
SET -JU
Page 78
(moment clue to
= 302.4 mm2
0.78
for # 10mm spacing = 302.4 *102*1000=259.5

Ast =
*1000*400 = 480 mm2
0.785 * 1000
480
Spacing for #10mm =
*102 = 163.35 mm

Check for shear :
v = (Vn/bd)
Vu = [(0.8*0.4*1*25)-(0.8*97.67*1)+(0.5*0.8*10.36)]*1.5
= 99.34 KN
99.34
v = 1000 * 350 *103 = 0.283 N/mm2
100 * 301.9
0.086
= 1000 * 350
c = 0.29 (IS456-2000,PP73)
Hence u < c (safe)
Design of Heel slab
2.1
] 108.75
M1= 2.1*49.32 2
[
M2 =
2.1
] 35.53
*2.1*48.35 3
[
2.1
] 22.05
M3= 1.4*0.4*25 2
[
Upward pressure
Soil over Burden
pressure
SET -JU
Upward pressure
Page 79

2.1
] 185.22
M4= 2.1*4.2*20 2
[
2.1
] 52.92
M5=2.1*24* 2
[
115.91 KN-m
Mu = 173.865 KN-m
173.865
(M /bd )= 1000 * 350 * 350 *106 = 1.419
2
from Sp-16 Pt = 0.3469

0.3469
Ast = 100 *1000*350
= 1214.15 mm2
78.5
Spacing for #10mm = 1214.5 *1000
= 64.65 mm
Ast =
*1000*400
Ast = 480 mm2

78.5 * 1000
480
spacing for #10mm=
=163.5mm
provide spacing #10mm @ 200mmc/c
check for Shear :

93.53
v = (vn/bd)= 1000 * 350 *103=0.267 N/mm2
100 * 1046
0.298
= 1000 * 350
as per PP- 73, IS456-2000

SET -JU
Page 80
Self wt
Surcharge load
c = 0.3449
v < c (safe)
Design of shear key
Pressure at phase of toe
=159.1
Co-eff of passive earth pressure=kp=3
If a is a projection of shear key resistance offered by passive
Earth pr= kp*verticle pr
=3*108.030
=324.09a
w pp
Therefore FOS against F2= p
97.7592=324.09a+132.49
a=0.107m

= 30
= 0
= 20
= 90
SET -JU
Page 81
SBC = 350KN/m
Ka = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=0.33
Kp = (1+sin)/(1-sin)=3
Design constant
fck = 30 Mpa
fy = 500 Mpa
cbc =7.5(IRC 21-2000 Tab-9)
st = 200(IRC 21-2000Tab-10)
=1-
=0.893

SET -JU
Page 82
=0.5*7.5*0.318*0.893
=1.06
Stability Analysis
To calculate BM
Earth pressure
Ph= KaH
=0.5*0.33*20*(5.1)
=85.83KN
M=Ph*
=85.83*( 5.1 3 )
=145.91KN-m
Surcharge pressure
Ph = KaqH
q=1.2*20[IRC-6-2000 Cl 217.1]
= 24 KN/m
Ph= 0.33*24*5.1
= 40.39 KN
M = Ph*
= 40.39*(5.12)
102.99 KN-m
M = 102.99+145.91
= 248.9 KN-m
SET -JU
Page 83

= 126.22 KN
Item
Load in
(KN)
Stem
Rectangle
Triangular
Base slab
Earth filling
Above heel
Super imposed
Load
1*0.2*4.6*25=
23
(1/2)*0.3*4.6*25=
17.25 KN
3.8*0.5*1*25=
29.5 KN
1*2.3*4.6*20 =
211.6 KN
1*2.3*24=
55.2 KN
W=354.55
Distance from
Toe
(m)
1+(0.5/2)=1.25
BM
(KN-m)
1+0.2+(0.3/2)=
1.35
(3.8/2)=1.9
23.28
1+0.5+(2.3/2) =
2.65
1+0.5+(2.3/2)=
2.65
560.74

FOS = (MR/M)= 248.9 = 3.14 > 1.44(safe)

0.5 * 354.55
FOS = (/Ph) = 126.22 = 1.40 1.44(safe)
849.3 248.9
Let ((MR-M)/ = 354.55 = 1.69
3. 8
= 2 -1.69
b
= 0.21 < 2 =0.63 (ok)
max,min = (/b)[1(6e/b)]
SET -JU
Page 84
28.75
90.25
146.28
M=849.3

354.55
)
= 3.8 [1
(
6 * 0...21
]
3.8
max = 124.2 KN/m < SBC (350 KN/m) (ok)

min = 62.14KN/m > 0 (ok)
Design of Stem
Earth pressure Ph =
*Kah2 = 0.5*0.33*20*4.62 = 38.14 KN
4.6
MEp =69.82 * 3 = 107.05KN-m

4 .6
Msp = 36.43* 2 = 83.78 KN-m

M = 107.05+83.78
= 190.83 KN-m
Mn = 190.83*1.5
= 286.24 KN-m
Check for depth
Mn = 0.138 fCK bd2
SET -JU
Page 85
286.24*106 = 0.138*30*1000*d2
d = 180mm < 400mm (safe)
286.24
(Mn/bd2) = 1000 * 350 * 350 *106
=2.33
D = 400mm
d= 400-50 = 350mm
From Sp-16,Table-4
Pt = 0.595
0.595
Ast = 100 *1000*350
=2082.5
for #12mm
12 * 12 * 0.7854
2082.5
Spacing =
*1000
= 54.28 mm
Curtailment of Bars
Curtail by 50%
h
( 5.1 )2 = 0.5
h = 3.60 m
Ld = 50 = 50*
= 600 mm
Cutoff = 3.6-0.6
= 3 m From Top
SET -JU
Page 86
Distribution Steel
Ast =
=
*b*D
*1000*400
= 480mm2
for # 8mm2 Spacing = (((8)2/4)/480) *100 = 104.66mm
check for Shear
(69.82 36.43) * 1.5
(1000 * 350)
v = (Vn/bd) =
= 0.455 N/mm2
100 Ast 100 * 1538.6
0.439
bd
1000 * 350
tab 19,PP73 IS456-2000

c = 0.463N/mm2
Hence v < c (safe)
Design of Toe Slab
SET -JU
Page 87

1
[ ] 6.25
M1 = [0.5*1*1*25] 2
(self Wt)
1
[ ] 53.18
M2 = [1*107.96*1] 2
2
[ * 1] 5.423
*1*16.27*1] 3
M3 = [
[M]=65.65 KN-m
Mn = 65.65*1.5 = 98.47 KN-m
Mn
98.47
bd * d 100 * 400 * 400 *106 = 0.615
from Sp-16
Pt = 0.1446
0.1446
*1000 * 400
Ast = 100
= 578.4 mm2
0.78
for # 10mm spacing = 578.4 *102*1000

Ast =
*1000*500 = 600 mm2
0.75 *1000
600
Spacing for #10mm =
*102 = 130.83 mm

Check for shear :
v = (Vn/bd)
Vu = [(1*0.5*1*25)-(1*107.96*0.5)+(0.5*1*16.27)]
SET -JU
Page 88
= 79.73 KN
79.73
v = 1000 * 400 *103 = 0.199 N/mm2
100 * 1614.8
0.358
= 1000 * 450
c = 0.26 (IS456-2000,PP73)
Hence u < c (safe)
Design of Heel slab

2.3
] 165.07
M1= 2.3*62.41 2
[
M2=
2 .3
] 49.47
*2.3*37.14 3
[
2 .3
] 33.06
M3= 2.3*0.5*20 2
[
2 .3
] 243.24
M4= 2.3*4.6*20 2
[
Upward pressure
Upward pressure
2 .3
] 63.48
M5=2.3*24* 2
[
554.42 KN-m
M = 554.42*1.5=831.63. KN-m
831.63
(M2/bd2)= 1000 * 450 * 450 *106 = 4.106
from Sp-16 Pt = 1.13

1.13
Ast = 100 *1000*450
= 5085 mm2
SET -JU
Page 89

Self wt
Surcharge load

78.5
Spacing for #10mm = 5085 *1000
= 15.43 mm
Ast =
*1000*500
Ast = 600 mm2

Check for Shear :
396.13
v = (vn/bd)= 1000 * 450 *103=0.88 N/mm2
100 * 4906.25
1.090
= 1000 * 450
as per PP- 73, IS456-2000

c = 0.588
v < c (safe)

= 30
= 0
= 20
= 90
SET -JU
Page 90
SBC = 350KN/m
Ka = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=0.33
Kp = (1+sin)/(1-sin)=3
Design constant
fck = 30 Mpa
fy = 500 Mpa
cbc =7.5(IRC 21-2000 Tab-9)
st = 200(IRC 21-2000Tab-10)
=1-
=0.893

SET -JU
Page 91
=0.5*7.5*0.318*0.893
=1.06
Stability Analysis
To calculate BM
Earth pressure
Ph= KaH
=0.5*0.33*20*(5.7)
=107.21KN
M=Ph*
5.7
=25* 3
=203.71KN-m
Surcharge pressure
Ph = KaqH
q=1.2*20[IRC-6-2000 Cl 217.1]
= 24 KN/m
Ph= 0.33*24*5.7
= 45.144 KN
M = Ph*
= 128.66 KN-m
M = 128.66+203.71
= 332.37 KN-m
SET -JU
Page 92
= 152.354 KN
Item
Load in
(KN)
Stem
Rectangle
Triangular
1*0.2*5.2*25=
12.25
1*0.35*5.2*25=
45.5 KN
3.95*0.6*1*25=
59.25 KN
1*2.4*5.2*20 =
249.6 KN
1*2.4*24=
57.6 KN
W=437.95
Base slab
Earth filling
Above heel
Super imposed
Load
Distance from
Toe
(m)
1+(0.2/2)=0.90
BM
(KN-m)
1+0.2+(0.35/2)=
1.37
(3.95/2)=1.975
62.52
1+0.55+(2.4/2) =
2.75
1+0.35+(2.4/2)=
2.55

FOS = (MR/M)= 332.37 = 3.133 > 1.44(safe)

0.5 * 437.95
152.35
FOS = (/Ph) =
= 1.44 1.44(safe)
1041.55 332.37
437.95
Let ((MR-M)/ =
= 1.619
3.95
= 2 -1.619
= 0.35 <
=0.658 (ok)
max,min = (/b)[1(6c/b)]
SET -JU
Page 93
28.6
117.01
686.4
146.88
M=1041.45

437.95
)
= 3.95 [1
(
6 * 0.35
]
3.95
max = 169.81 KN/m < SBC (350 KN/m) (ok)

min = 51.92 KN/m > 0 (ok)
Design of Stem
Earth pressure Ph =
*Kah2 = 0.5*0.33*20*5.22 = 89.23 KN
5.2
MEp =89.23 * 3 = 154.66KN-m

5.2
Msp = 41.18* 2 = 107.08 KN-m

M = 154.66+107.08
= 261.72 KN-m
Mn = 261.72*1.5
= 392.58 KN-m
Check for depth
Mn = 0.138 fCK bd2
SET -JU
Page 94
392.5*106 = 0.138*30*1000*d2
d = 307.93 < 200mm (unsafe)
assume D=450mm
d=450-50=400mm
392.58
(Mn/bd ) = 1000 * 400 * 400 *106
2
=2.4536
D = 200mm
d= 200-50 = 150mm
From Sp-16,Table-4
Pt = 0.631
0.631
Ast = 100 *1000*150
= 2524
for #12mm
12 * 12 * 0.7854
2524
Spacing =
*1000
= 44.78 mm
Curtailment of Bars
Curtail by 50%
h
( 5.7 )2 = 0.5
h = 4.03 m
Ld = 50 = 50*
= 1500 mm
SET -JU
Page 95
Cutoff = 4.03-1.5
= 2.5 m From Top
Ast =
=
*b*D
*1000*450
= 540mm2
for # 8mm2 Spacing = (((8)2/4)/250) *100 = 200.56mm
Provide Spacing @8mm @200mmc/c
check for Shear
(89.23 41.18) *1.5
(1000 * 400)
v = (Vn/bd) =
= 0.4890 N/mm2
100 Ast 100 * 2261.95
0.565
bd
1000 * 400
tab 19,PP73 IS456-2000

c = 0.5234 N/mm2
Hence v < c (safe)
SET -JU
Page 96
Design of Toe Slab

1
[ ] 7 .5
M1 = [1*0.6*1*25] 2
(self Wt)
1
[ ] 69.98
M2 = [1*139.96*1] 2
2
[ * 1] 9.95
*1*29.85*1] 2
M3 = [
[M]=72.43 KN-m
Mn = 72.43*1.5 = 108.64 KN-m
Mn
108.64
bd * d 100 * 550 * 550 *106 = 0.359
from Sp-16
Pt = 0.0825
0.0825
* 1000 * 550
Ast = 100
= 453.75 mm2
0.78
for # 10mm spacing = 453.75 *102*1000

SET -JU
Page 97
*1000*600 = 720 mm2
Ast =
0.75 * 1000
720
Spacing for #10mm =
*102 = 109.627 mm

Check for shear
v = (Vn/bd)
Vu = [(1*0.6*1*25)-(1*139.96*1)+(0.5*1*29.85)]
= 209.82 KN
209.82
v = 1000 * 550 *103 = 0.3814 N/mm2
100 * 436.11
0.29
= 1000 * 550
c = 0.29 (IS456-2000,PP73)
Hence u < c (safe)
Design of Heel slab
2 .4
] 149.52
M1= 2.4*51.92 2
[
M2=
2.4
] 68.75
*2.4*71.62 3
[
Upward pressure
Upward pressure
2.4
] 43.2
M3= 2.4*5.6*25 2
2 .4
] 328.32
M4= 2.4*5.7*20 2
Self wt
2.4
] 69.12
M5=2.4*24* 2
[
222.37 KN-m
Mu = 333.55 KN-m
SET -JU
Page 98
Surcharge load

333.55
(M2/bd2)= 1000 * 550 * 550 *106 = 1.1026
from Sp-16 Pt = 0.2629

0.2629
Ast = 100 *1000*550
= 1445059 mm2
78.5
Spacing for #10mm = 1445.59 *1000
= 54.30 mm
Ast =
*1000*600
Ast = 720 mm2

78.5 * 1000
109.02
spacing for #10mm= 720
provide spacing @10@ 100mmc/c

check for Shear :
156.64
v = (vn/bd)= 1000 * 550 *103=0.284 N/mm2
100 * 1570
0.285
= 1000 * 550
as per PP- 73, IS456-2000

c = 0.3882
v < c (safe)

SET -JU
Page 99
= 30
= 0
= 20
= 90
SBC = 350KN/m
Ka = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=0.33
Kp = (1+sin)/(1-sin)=3
Design constant
fck = 30 Mpa
fy = 500 Mpa
cbc =7.5(IRC 21-2000 Tab-9)
st = 200(IRC 21-2000Tab-10)
Co-efficient of N.A
SET -JU
12.44 * 7.5
0.318
(
12
.
44
*
7
.
5
)
200
Page 100

K
0.318
co-efficient of Leq Arm j =1- 3 =1- 3 =0.893
1
co-efficient of moment of resistance R= 2 cbc Kj
=0.5*7.5*0.318*0.893
=1.06
Stability Analysis
To calculate BM
Earth pressure
1
Ph= 2 KaH
=0.5*0.33*20*(6.3)
=130.977KN
H
M=Ph* 3
=85.83*(6.3/3)
=275.05KN-m
Surcharge pressure
Ph = KaqH
q=1.2*20[IRC-6-2000 Cl 217.1]
= 24 KN/m
Ph= 0.33*24*6.3
= 49.89 KN
H
M = Ph* 2
= 49.89*(6.32)
157.15 KN-m
SET -JU
Page 101
M = 157.15+275.05
= 432.20 KN-m
= 180.86 KN
Item
Load in
Distance from Toe
(KN)
(m)
Stem
1*0.2*5.7*25=
1+(0.2/2)=1.1
Rectangle
28.5
Triangular
(1/2)*0.4*5.7*25=
1+0.2+(0.4/2)=
28.5 KN
1.4
Base slab
4.2*0.6*1*25=
(4.2/2)=1.9
63 KN
Earth filling
1*2.6*5.7*20 =
1+0.2+0.4+(2.6/2) =
Above heel
296.4 KN
2.9
Super imposed
1*2.6*24=
0.8+0.2+0.4+(2.6/2)
Load
62.4 KN
=
2.9
W=478.8
FOS = (MR/M)= 432.2 = 2.84 > 1.44(safe)

0.5 * 478.8
FOS = (/Ph) = 180.86 = 1.323 1.44(unsafe)
It is unsafe against sliding shear key is to be provided

1231.59 432.2
478.8
Let ((MR-M)/ =
= 1.66
4.2
= 2 -1.66
SET -JU
Page 102
BM
(KN-m)
31.35
39.9
132.3
859.56
168.48
M=1231.59

b
= 0.44 < 2 =0.7 (ok)
max,min = (/b)[1(6e/b)]
478.8
6 * 0.44
)
]
= 4.2 [1 4.2
(
max = 185.65 KN/m < SBC (350 KN/m) (ok)

min = 42.40KN/m > 0 (ok)
Design of Stem
1
Earth pressure Ph = 2 *Kah2 = 0.5*0.33*20*5.72 = 107.21 KN
5. 7
MEp =107.21 * 3 = 203.69KN-m

5.7
Msp = 45.14* 2 = 128.64 KN-m

M = 203.69+128.64
= 332.33 KN-m
Mn = 332.23*1.5
SET -JU
Page 103
= 498.49 KN-m
Check for depth
Mn = 0.138 fCK bd2
498.49*106 = 0.138*30*1000*d2
d = 346.99 200mm (unsafe)
Thickness is more than the limiting value hence the section is under reinforced
498.49
(Mn/bd ) = 1000 * 400 * 400 *106
2
=3.115
D = 400mm
d= 400-50 = 350mm
From Sp-16,Table-4
Pt = 0.8328
0.8328
Ast = 100 *1000*400
=3331.2
for #16mm
16 * 16 * 0.785
Spacing = 3331.2 *1000
= 60.32 mm
Curtailment of Bars
Curtail by 50%
h
( 6.3 )2 = 0.5
h = 4.45 m
Ld = 50 = 50*
= 1500 mm
SET -JU
Page 104
Cutoff = 4.45-1.5
= 2.95 m From Top
0.12
Ast = 100 *b*D
0.12
= 100 *1000*450
= 540mm2
for # 10mm2 Spacing = (((10)2/4)/540) *100 = 145.37mm
check for Shear
(107.21 45.14) * 1.5
(1000 * 400)
v = (Vn/bd) =
= 0.57 N/mm2
100 Ast 100 * 3349.33
0.837
bd
1000 * 400
tab 19,PP73 IS456-2000

c = 0.6143 N/mm2
Hence v < c (safe)
SET -JU
Page 105
Design of Toe Slab

1
[ ] 7 .5
M1 = [0.6*1*1*25] 2
(self Wt)
1
[ ] 75.77
M2 = [1*151.54*1] 2
2
1
[ *1] 11.37
M3 = [ 2 *1*34.11*1] 3
[M]=79.64 KN-m
Mu = 79.64*1.5 = 119.46 KN-m
Mn
119.46
bd * d 100 * 550 * 550 *106 = 0.394
from Sp-16
Pt = 0.0916
0.0916
* 1000 * 550
Ast = 100
= 503.8 mm2
0.78
for # 16mm spacing = 503.8 *162*1000
S = 398.88
SET -JU
Page 106
0.12
Ast = 100 *1000*600 = 720 mm2
0.75 * 1000
720
Spacing for #16mm =
*162 = 279.11 mm

Check for shear :
v = (Vn/bd)
Vu = [(1*0.6*1*25)-(1*151.54*0.5)+(0.5*1*34.11)]
= 230.39 KN
239.39
v = 1000 * 550 *103 = 0.418 N/mm2
100( Ast) provided 100 * 502.2
0.476
bd
= 1000 * 550
c = 0.44 (IS456-2000,PP73)
Hence u < c (safe)
2.6
] 143.312
M1= 2.6*42.4 2
Upward pressure
2 .6
1
[ ] 99.90
M2= 2 *2.6*88.67 3
Upward pressure
2 .6
] 50.70
M3= 2.6*0.6*25 2
[
2 .6
] 385.32
M4= 2.6*5.7*20 2
[
2 .6
] 81.12
M5=2.6*24* 2
[
473.72 KN-m
M = 473.72*1.5=710.59. KN-m
SET -JU
Page 107

Self wt
Surcharge load

710.59
(M2/bd2)= 1000 * 550 * 550 *106 = 2.34
from Sp-16 Pt = 0.5982

0.5982
Ast = 100 *1000*550
= 3290.1 mm2
78.5
Spacing for #10mm = 3290.1 *1000
= 23.85 mm
0.12
Ast = 100 *1000*600
Ast = 720 mm2

78.5
*100
Spacing for #10mm = 720
=109.027
Provide 10mm diameter bar @100mm c/c

Check for Shear :
v = (vu/bd)
vu=[(2.6*42.40)+(0.5*2.6*88.67)-(2.6*5.7*20)+(2.6*0.6*25)+(2.6*24)]*1.5
vu=258.43
258.43
= 1000 * 550 *103=0.469 N/mm2
100( Ast) provided 100 * 3140
0.57
bd
= 1000 * 550
as per PP- 73, IS456-2000

c = 0.5252
v < c (safe)
SET -JU
Page 108

= 30
= 0
= 20
= 90
SBC = 350KN/m
Ka = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=0.33
Kp = (1+sin)/(1-sin)=3
Design constant
fck = 30 Mpa
fy = 500 Mpa
SET -JU
Page 109
cbc =7.5(IRC 21-2000 Tab-9)

st = 200(IRC 21-2000Tab-10)
=1-
=0.893

=0.5*7.5*0.318*0.893
=1.06
Stability Analysis
To calculate BM
Earth pressure
Ph= KaH
=0.5*0.33*20*(7.1)
=166.3KN
M=Ph*
7.1
=25* 3
=394KN-m
Surcharge pressure
Ph = KaqH
q=1.2*20[IRC-6-2000 Cl 217.1]
= 24 KN/m
Ph= 0.33*24*7.1
SET -JU
Page 110
= 56.23 KN
M = Ph*
= 200KN-m
M = 394+200
= 594 KN-m
= 222.53KN
Item
Stem
Rectangle
Triangular
Base slab
Earth filling
Above heel
Super imposed
Load
Load in
(KN)
Distance from
Toe
(m)
1.2+(0.2/2)=1.3
1*0.2*6.5*25=
32.5
(1/2)*0.45*6.5*25= 1.2+0.2+(0.45/2)=
36.56 KN
1.625
4.65*0.7*1*25=
(4.65/2)=2.325
81.37 KN
1*2.8*6.5*20 =
1.2+0.65+(2.8/2)
36.4 KN
=
3.25
1*2.8*24=
1.2+0.65+(2.8/2)=
67.2 KN
3.25
W=581.63

FOS = (MR/M)= 594 = 2.84 > 1.44(safe)

0.5 * 581.63
FOS = (/Ph) = 222.53 = 1.30 1.44(unsafe)
Therefore provide shear key

SET -JU
Page 111
BM
(KN-m)
42.25
59.41
189.18
1183
218.4
M=1692.24

1692.24 594
Let ((MR-M)/w = 581.63 = 1.88
4.65
= 2 -1.88
b
= 0.445 < 6 (0.77) (ok)
max,min = (/b)[1(6e/b)]
58163
6 * 0.445
)
]
= 4.65 [1 4.65
(
= 125.08(10.574)
max = 196 KN/m < SBC (350 KN/m) (ok)
min = 53.2 KN/m > 0 (ok)
Design of Stem
1
Earth pressure Ph = 2 *Kah2 = 0.5*0.33*20*6.52 = 139.42 KN
6.5
MEp =139.42 * 3 = 302 KN-m
Surcharge pressure
Ph = Kaqh = 0.33*24*6.5 = 51.48 KN
SET -JU
Page 112

6.5
Msp = 51.48* 2 = 54.73 KN-m

M = 302+54.73
= 356.73 KN-m
Mn = 350.73*1.5
= 535 KN-m
Check for depth
Mn = 0.138 fCK bd2
59.79*106 = 0.138*30*1000*d2
d = 360 < 400mm (safe)
535
(Mn/bd2) = 1000 *150 *150 *106
=23.77
D = 200mm
d= 200-50 = 150mm
From Sp-16,Table-E
Pt = 1.13
1.13
Ast = 100 *1000*150
= 1695
12 *12 * 0.7854
1695
for #12mm Spacing =
*1000
= 66.72 mm
Curtailment of Bars
Curtail by 50%
h
( 7.1 )2 = 0.5
SET -JU
Page 113
h = 5.02 m
Ld = 50 = 50*30
= 1500 mm
Destination Steel
0.12
Ast = 100 *b*D
0.12
= 100 *1000*200
= 300mm2
check for Shear
(139.42 51.48) *1.5
(1000 *150)
v = (Vn/bd) =
= 0.0019 N/mm2
100 Ast 100 *1615.6
1.07
bd
1000 *150
tab 19,PP73 IS 456-2000

c = 0.685 N/mm2
Hence v < c (safe)
Design of Toe Slab

SET -JU
Page 114

1.2
[ ] 12.6
M1 = [1.2*0.7*1*25] 2
(self Wt)
1.2
[ ] 114.55
M2 = [1.2*159.1*1] 2
pressure)
2
1
[ *1.2] 17.71
M3 = [ 2 *1.2*36.9*1] 2
[M]=119.66 KN-m
Mn = 119.66*1.5 = 179.49 KN-m
Mn
217.29
bd * d 1000 * 650 * 650 *106 = 0.424
from Sp-16
Pt = 0.0987
0.0987
*1000 * 650
Ast = 100
= 641.55 mm2
0.7854
for # 10mm spacing = 641.55 *102*1000
= 122.24
0.12
Ast = 100 *1000*700 = 840 mm2
0.7854 *1000
840
Spacing for #10mm =
*102 = 93.5 mm
Provide spacing # 10mm @ 100mm c/c

Check for shear :
v = (Vn/bd)
Vu = [(1.2*0.7*1*25)-(1.2*159.1*1)+(0.5*1.2*36.9)]1.5
SET -JU
Page 115
= 221.67 KN
221.67
v = 1000 * 650 *103 = 0.34 N/mm2
100( Ast) provided 100 * 785.4
0.48
bd
= 1000 * 650
c = 0.485 (IS456-2000,PP73)
Hence u < c (safe)
Design of Heel slab
2 .8
] 208.54
M1=2.8*53.2 2
[
2 .8
1
[ ] 168.36
M2= 2 *2.8*85.9 3
Upward pressure
Upward pressure
2 .8
] 68.6
M3= 2.8*0.7*25 2
2 .8
] 360.64
M4= 2.8*4.6*20 2
Self wt
2.8
] 94.08
M5=2.8*24* 2
[
Surcharge load
M= 146.42 KN-m
Mu=146.42*1.5
Mu = 219.63 KN-m
219.63
(M /bd )= 1000 * 650 * 650 *106 = 0.57
2
from Sp-16 Pt = 0.1194

0.1194
Ast = 100 *1000*650
= 776.5 mm2
78.5
Spacing for #10mm = 776.1 *1000
SET -JU
Page 116
= 101.1 mm
0.12
Ast = 100 *1000*700
Ast = 840 mm2

78.5
*100 93.45
Spacing for 10mm = 840
mm
Provide spacing @10mm@100mm c/c

Check for Shear :
138.6
v = (vn/bd)= 1000 * 650 *103=0.213 N/mm2
100( Ast) provided 100 * 705.5
0 .1
bd
= 1000 * 650
as per PP- 73, IS456-2000

c = 0.29
v < c (safe)
Design of shear key
Pressure at phase of toe
=159.1
Co-eff of passive earth pressure=kp=3
If a is a projection of shear key resistance offered by passive
Earth pr= kp*verticle pr
=3*159.1
=477.3
w pp
Therefore FOS against F2= p
SET -JU
Page 117

0.9 * 0.5 * 581.63 477.3a
166.3
1.4=
a=0.060
Designing of retaining wall 8

= 30
= 0
= 20
= 90
SBC = 350KN/m
Ka = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=0.33
Kp = (1+sin)/(1-sin)=3
Design constant
fck = 30 Mpa
SET -JU
Page 118
fy = 500 Mpa
cbc =7.5(IRC 21-2000 Tab-9)
st = 200(IRC 21-2000Tab-10)
=1-
=0.893

=0.5*7.5*0.318*0.893
=1.06
Stability Analysis
To calculate BM
Earth pressure
Ph= KaH
=0.5*0.33*20*(7.6)
=190.60KN
M=Ph*
=190.60*(7.6/3)
=482.87KN-m
Surcharge pressure
Ph = KaqH
q=1.2*20[IRC-6-2000 Cl 217.1]
= 24 KN/m
SET -JU
Page 119
Ph= 0.33*24*7.6
= 60.192 KN
M = Ph*
= 60.192*(7.62)
228.72 KN-m
M = 228.72+482.87
= 711.59 KN-m
= 250.79 KN
Item
Stem
Rectangle
Triangular
Base slab
Earth filling
Above heel
Super imposed
Load
Load in
(KN)
1*0.2*6.9*25=
35.5
(1/2)*0.5*6.9*25=
43.125 KN
0.7*4.9*1*25=
85.75 KN
1*3*6.9*20 =
414 KN
1*3*24=
72 KN
W=649.37KN
Distance from
Toe
(m)
1.2+(0.2/2)=1.3
BM
(KN-m)
1.2+0.2+(0.5/2)=
1.65
(4.9/2)=2.45
71.156
1.2+0.7+(3/2) =
3.4
1.2+0.7+(3/2)=
3.4
1407.6

FOS = (MR/M)= 711.59 = 3.02 > 1.44(safe)

SET -JU
Page 120
44.85
210.08
244.8
M=1978.48KNM

0.5 * 649.37
FOS = (/Ph) = 250.79 = 1.29 1.44(safe)
1978.48 711.59
250.79
Let ((MR-M)/ =
= 1.95
4.9
= 2 -1.95
b
= 0.5 < 6 =0.81 (ok)
max,min = (w/b)[1(6e/b)]
649.37
)
= 4.9 [1
(
6 * 0 .5
]
4 .9
max = 213.62 KN/m < SBC (350 KN/m) (ok)

min = 51.38 KN/m > 0 (ok)
Design of Stem
Earth pressure Ph =
*Kah2 = 0.5*0.33*20*6.92 = 22.77 KN
6 .9
MEp =22.77 * 3 = 52.371KN-m

SET -JU
Page 121

6 .9
Msp = 54.64* 2 = 188.50 KN-m

M = 188.50+52.371
= 240.87 KN-m
Mn = 240.87*1.5
= 361.30 KN-m
Check for depth
Mn = 0.138 fCK bd2
361.30*106 = 0..138*30*1000*d2
d = 295.41mm >200mm (unsafe)
Thickness is more than limiting value hence the section is under reinforced
assume depth 450mm
d=450-50=400mm
D=450mm
where 50mm is cover
361.30
(Mn/bd2) = 1000 * 400 * 400 *106
=2.258
From Sp-16,Table-4
Pt = 0.574
0.574
Ast = 100 *1000*400
= 2296 mm2
for #16mm
16 * 16 * 0.7854
2296
Spacing =
*1000
= 87.52 mm
SET -JU
Page 122
Curtailment of Bars
Curtail by 50%
h
( 7.6 )2 = 0.5
h = 5.37 m
Ld = 50 = 50*
= 1500 mm
Cutoff = 5.37-1.5
= 3.87 m From Top
Ast =
=
*b*D
*1000*450
= 540mm2
for # 12mm2 Spacing = (((12)2/4)/4900) *1000 = 23.06mm
Check for Shear
(22.77 54.64) *1.5
(1000 * 400)
v = (Vn/bd) =
= 0.290 N/mm2
100 Ast 100 * 22.32.88
0.55
bd
1000 * 400
tab 19,PP73 IS456-2000

c = 0.518 N/mm2
Hence v < c (safe)
SET -JU
Page 123
Design of Toe Slab

[
M1 = [1.2*0.7*1*25]
1.2
] 12.6
2
(self Wt)
1.2
] 125.19
M2 = [1.2*173.38*1] 2
[
pressure)
2
[ * 1.2] 19.075
*1.2 *39.74*1] 3
M3 = [
pressure)
[M]=131.66 KN-m
Mn = 131.66*1.5 = 197.49 KN-m
Mn
197.49
bd * d 1000 * 650 * 650 *106 = 0.467
from Sp-16
Pt = 0.109
0.109
* 1000 * 650
Ast = 100
= 708.5 mm2
0.785
for # 12mm spacing = 708.5 *102*1000
SET -JU
Page 124

*1000*700 = 840 mm2
Ast =
0.75 * 1000
840
Spacing for #10mm =
*102 = 93.45 mm

Check for shear :
v = (Vn/bd)
Vu = [(1.2*0.7*1*25)-(1.2*173.58*1)+(0.5*1.2*39.74)]
= 211.13*1.5 =316.69KN
316.69
v = 1000 * 250 *103 = 0.36 N/mm2
100 * 785
0.22
= 1000 * 650
c = 0.48 (IS456-2000,PP73)
Hence u < c (safe)
Design of Heel slab
3
[ ] 231.21
M1= 3*51.38 2
M2=
3
[ ] 148.99
*3*99.33 3
3
[ ] 68.5
M3= 2.6*0.7*20 2
3
[ ] 538.2
M4= 2.6*6.9*20 2
3
[ ] 93.6
M5=2.6*24* 2
Upward pressure
Upward pressure
Self wt
Surcharge load
617.83 KN-m
SET -JU
Page 125
M = 617.83*1.5=926.74 KN-m
926.74
(M2/bd2)= 1000 * 650 * 650 *106 = 2.193
from Sp-16 Pt = 0.556

1.0845
Ast = 100 *1000*650
= 7049.25 mm2
78.5
Spacing for #10mm = 7049.25 *1000
= 11.1 mm
Ast =
*1000*760
Ast = 840 mm2

78.5 * 100
93.45
spacing @10mm= 840
provide at 10mm @ 100mm c/c

check for Shear :
245.34
v = (vn/bd)= 1000 * 650 *103=0.377 N/mm2
100 * 5233.34
0.805
= 1000 * 650
as per PP- 73, IS456-2000

c = 0.6054
v < c (safe)
SET -JU
Page 126
Chapter - 6
Geometrical Design
SET -JU
Page 127
Chapter - 6
Geometrical Design
6.1 General
The proposed grade separator at the junction of Magadi Road and
Basaveshwara nagar. The proposed Underpass is a 2x2-lane wide having a carriage
way of 7.50m
The proposed alignment is straight and underpass is intended to carry the traffic
from magadi road to Vijayanagar.
The horizontal alignment, vertical gradient, width of underpass, width of
service road, drain and foot path is proposed.
The vertical clearance of min 5.50m is proposed at box. This report presents
design of vertical alignment and salient features of the proposed grade separator in
the following pages
6.2 Design Standards

6.2.1 Design speeds
SET -JU
Page 128
The design speeds given in Table 6.2.1 shall be adopted for various terrain
classification
Table 6.2.1
Nature of
Cross slope of
Design speed
Terrain
the ground
(km/hr)
Ruling Minimu
m
Plain and rolling

Mountainous and
Up to 25 per cent
More than 25 per
steep
cent
100
60
80
40
6.2.2 Lane width of Carriageway

The standard lane width of the Project Highway shall be 3.5 m.
6.2.3 Median
The median shall be either raised or depressed. The width of median is the
distance between inside edges of carriageway. The type of median shall depend
upon the availability of Right of Way. The minimum width of median, subject to
availability of Right of Way, for various locations shall be as in Table 6.2.3.
Width of median
Table 6.2.3
Type of Section
Minimum Width of Median (m)

Plain and Rolling
Mountainous and
terrain
Raised Depressed
Open country with isolated built up
4.5
area
SET -JU
Page 129
median
7.0
Steep terrain
Raised
2.0
Built up area
Approach to grade separated structure
2.0
Not
2.0
4.5
Applicable
Not
2.0
Applicable
6.2.4 Shoulders
The shoulder width on the outer side (left side of carriageway) shall be as
given in Tables 6.2.4.1 and 6.2.4.2
Width of Shoulders in Plain and Rolling Terrain

Table 6.2.4.1
Type of Section
Width of Shoulder (m)
Paved
Earthen
Total
Open country with isolated built up area
Built up area
Approaches to grade separated
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
-
3.5
2.0
2.0
structures
Approaches to bridges
1.5
2.0
3.5
Width of Shoulders in Mountainous and Steep Terrain (Hilly Area)

Table 6.2.4.2
Type of Section
Width of Shoulder, including drain and

crash barrier as applicable (m)
Open country with isolated built up area
1.5 (on hill side)
Earthen Shoulder
Built up area and approaches to grade
2.0 (on valley side)

1.5 (on hill side)
Raised Footpath
separated structures bridges
2.0 (on valley side)
along with
provision of
adequate drainage
along and across
the footpath
SET -JU
Page 130
6.2.5 Roadway Width

The width of roadway shall depend upon the width of carriageway, shoulders
and the median. On horizontal curves with radius up to 300 m, width of pavement
and roadway in each carriageway shall be increased as per Table 6.2.5.
Extra Width of Pavement and Roadway in each

carriageway
Table 6.2.5
Radius of Curve
Extra Width
75-100 m
101-300 m
0.9 m
0.6 m
6.2.6 Sight Distance

The safe stopping sight distance and desirable minimum sight distance for
divided carriageway for various design speeds are given in Table 6.2.6. The
desirable values of sight distance shall be adopted unless there are site constraints.
A minimum of safe stopping sight distance shall be available throughout.
Safe Sight Distance

Table 6.2.6
Design Speed
Safe Stopping sight
Desirable minimum
(km/hr)
100
80
60
40
distance (m)
180
180
90
45
sight distance (m)

360
260
180
90
6.2.7 Vertical Alignment
SET -JU
Page 131
The vertical alignment should provide for a smooth longitudinal profile.

Grade changes shall not be too frequent as to cause kinks and visual discontinuities
in the profile. In this regard, directions given in IRC: 73 should be kept in view.
6.2.8 Gradients
The ruling and limiting gradients are given in Table 6.2.8.
Nature of terrain
Plain and rolling
Mountainous
Steep
Gradients
Table 6.2.8
Nature of terrain
3.3%
5.0%
6.0%
Limiting gradient
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
6.3 Lateral and Vertical Clearance at Underpasses

Wherever a cross road is proposed to be taken below the Project Highway,
minimum clearances at underpasses shall be as follows:
Lateral Clearance
Full roadway width at the approaches shall be carried through the underpass.
This width shall not be less than 12 m (7 m carriageway + 2 2.5 m
shoulder width on either side) or as indicated in Schedule-B.
Guardrails/crash barriers shall be provided for protection of vehicles from
colliding with the abutments and piers and the deck of the structures.
The width of cattle and/or pedestrian underpass shall not be less than 5 m.
Vertical Clearance
Vertical clearance at underpasses shall not be less than the values given
below:
Vehicular underpass
SET -JU
5.5 m
Page 132
Pedestrian and Cattle underpass
3.0 m (to be increased to 4.5m, in

case certain
categories of animals such as
elephant/camel
are expected to cross the Project
Highway frequently)
6.4 GEOMETRIC DESIGN

Design of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment is presented
below:
Design of Horizontal Alignment: HIP-01
Horizontal Alignment
HIP-01
Speed
50 Kmph
No of Lanes
Width of Carriage way
7.5 m
Width of Crash barriers
0.5 m
Total Width of Deck
8.5 m
Cross Camber in Carriage Way
2.50 %
Details of Curve
Radius of Curve
429.55 m
Deviation Angle
SET -JU
3.94
Page 133
Tangent Length
14.775
Beginning of Curve
82.323
Length of Curve
29.54 m
End of Curve
111.86
As per IRC-86-1983, Extra Widening and Super Elevation is not

required for Design Speed 50 KM/hr
Horizontal Alignment
HIP-02
Speed
50 kmph
No of Lanes
Width of Carriage way
7.5 m
Width of Crash barriers
0.5 m
Total Width of Deck
8.5 m
Cross Camber in Carriage Way
2.50 %
Details of Curve
Radius of Curve
458 m
Deviation Angle
5.42
Tangent Length
21.679
Beginning of Curve
627.89
Length of Curve
43.33 m
End of Curve
671.22
As per IRC-86-1983, Extra Widening and Super Elevation is not

required for Design Speed 50 KM/hr
Vertical Alignment
SET -JU
Page 134
The vertical The vertical alignment consists of 2 summit curves at the beginning of
approach ramps on Magadi Road side, and Vijayanagar side, 1 valley curves are
proposed near box. The vertical gradient provided is 1 in 10 towards Magadi, 1 in
25 towards Vijayanagar. The speed considered in the vertical alignment is 40Kmph
as per NIT.
Summit curve(VIP -01) at 106.629

Ch
Speed
Stopping site distance
40.000 Kmph
45.000 from table 8 IRC:86-
G1
G2
1993
0.012
-0.0500
Length of Valley curve(L)

Case 1- when L>S
N S2
L=
(1.5+0.035 S)
N= G1-G2=0.062
N S2
(1.5+0.03 S )
= 41.060 m
Case 2- when L<S

L=2 S
(1.5+ 0.035 S)
N
N= G1-G2=0.062
2 S
(1.5+0.035 S)
N
= 40.68164 m
Hence length of the curve = 41.05976 m

However provide L = 45 m
Beginning of Curve
SET -JU
CH = 84.124
Page 135
VIP Chainage
End of Curve
CH = 106.629
CH = 129.129
Ordinates of vertical curve

h=C X
C = G1 -G2/200L
C = 0.00069278
h = Tangent Correction
X = Distance from the point of curve
Beginning of Curve
VIP Chainage
End of Curve
RL on tangent at the
CH = 84.124
CH = 106.629
CH = 129.129
102.412
beginning of Curve
Vertical Gradient (from BC to VIP) 1 in 80.97
Vertical Gradient (from VIP to EOC) 1 in 20
Chaina
Distanc h(m)
RL on
ge
Tangen ed
t
84.129
0.00
0.000
Propos
Remark
s
Road
level
102.412 102.412 Beginnin
g of
86.379
88.629
90.879
93.129
SET -JU
2.25
4.50
6.75
9.00
0.004
0.014
0.032
0.056
102.440
102.468
102.495
102.523
Page 136
102.436
102.454
102.464
102.467
curve
95.379
97.629
99.879
102.12
11.25
13.50
15.75
18.00
0.088
0.126
0.172
0.224
102.551
102.579
102.607
102.634
9
104.37
20.25
0.284
102.662 102.378
9
106.62
22.50
0.351
102.690 102.339 VIP 1
9
108.87
20.25
0.284
102.577 102.293
9
111.12
18.00
0.224
102.465 102.240
9
113.37
15.75
0.172
102.352 102.181
9
115.62
13.50
0.126
102.240 102.114
9
117.87
11.25
0.088
102.127 102.040
9
120.12
9.00
0.056
102.015 102.959
9
122.37
6.75
0.032
101.902 101.871
9
124.62
4.50
0.014
101.790 101.776
9
126.87
2.25
0.004
101.677 101.674
9
SET -JU
Page 137
102.463
102.452
102.435
102.410
129.12
0.00
0.000
101.565 101.565 End of
curve
valley curve(VIP -02) at
353.129
Ch
Speed
40.000 Kmph
G1
G2
1993
-0.050
0.0400

Case 1- when L>S
L=
N S2
(1.5+0.035 S)
N= G1-G2=0.090
N S2
(1.5+0.03 S )
= 59.268 m
Case 2- when L<S

L=2 S
(1.5+ 0.035 S)
N
N= G1-G2=0.090
2 S
(1.5+0.035 S)
N
= 55.83333 m

SET -JU
Page 138
Beginning of Curve
VIP Chainage
End of Curve
CH = 323.129
CH = 353.129
CH = 383.129

h=C X 2
C = G1 -G2/200L
C = 0.00075
Beginning of Curve
VIP Chainage
End of Curve
CH = 323.129
CH = 353.129
CH = 383.129
91.865
beginning of Curve
Vertical Gradient (from VIP to EOC) 1 in 25.00
Chaina
Distanc h(m)
RL on
ge
Tangen ed
323.12
0.00
0.000
Road
91.865
level
91.865
9
SET -JU
Propos
Remark
s
Beginnin
g of
Page 139
curve
326.12
3.00
0.007
91.715
91.722
9
329.12
6.00
0.027
91.565
91.592
9
332.12
9.00
0.061
91.415
91.476
9
335.12
12.00
0.108
91.265
91.373
9
338.12
15.00
0.169
91.115
91.284
9
341.12
18.00
0.243
90.965
91.208
9
344.12
21.00
0.331
90.815
91.146
9
347.12
24.00
0.432
90.665
91.097
9
350.12
27.00
0.547
90.515
91.062
9
353.12
30.00
0.675
90.365
91.040
9
356.12
27.00
0.547
90.485
91.032
9
359.12
24.00
0.432
90.605
91.037
9
362.12
21.00
0.331
90.725
91.056
9
SET -JU
Page 140
VIP 1
365.12
18.00
0.243
90.845
91.088
9
368.12
15.00
0.169
90.965
91.134
9
371.12
12.00
0.108
91.085
91.193
9
374.12
9.00
0.061
91.205
91.266
9
377.12
6.00
0.027
91.325
91.352
9
380.12
3.00
0.007
91.445
91.452
9
383.12
0.00
0.000
91.565
91.565
End of
curve
summit curve(VIP -03) at 402.081

Ch
Speed
30.000 Kmph
G1
G2
1993
0.040
-0.0400

Case 1- when L>S
2
L=
NS
(1.5+0.035 S)
SET -JU
Page 141
N= G1-G2=0.080
N S2
(1.5+0.03 S )
= 28.235 m
Case 2- when L<S

L=2 S
(1.5+ 0.035 S)
N
N= G1-G2=0.080
2 S
(1.5+0.035 S)
N
= 28.325 m

Beginning of Curve
VIP Chainage
End of Curve
CH = 387.081
CH = 402.081
CH = 417.081

h=C X 2
C = G1 -G2/200L
C = 0.00133333
Beginning of Curve
VIP Chainage
End of Curve
CH = 387.081
CH = 402.081
CH = 417.081
91.723
beginning of Curve
Vertical Gradient (from VIP to EOC) 1 in 25.00
SET -JU
Page 142
Chaina
Distanc h(m)
RL on
ge
Tangen ed
387.08
0.00
0.000
Propos
Road
91.723
level
91.723
Remark
s
Beginnin
g of
curve
388.58
1.50
0.003
91.783
91.780
1
390.08
3.00
0.012
91.843
91.831
1
391.58
4.50
0.027
91.903
91.876
1
393.08
6.00
0.048
91.963
91.915
1
394.58
7.50
0.075
92.023
91.948
1
396.08
9.00
0.108
92.083
91.975
1
397.58
10.50
0.147
92.143
91.996
1
399.08
12.00
0.192
92.203
92.011
1
400.58
13.50
0.243
92.263
92.020
1
402.08
15.00
0.300
92.323
92.023
1
SET -JU
Page 143
VIP 1
403.58
13.50
0.243
92.263
92.020
1
405.08
12.00
0.192
92.203
92.011
1
406.58
10.50
0.147
92.143
91.996
1
408.08
9.00
0.108
92.083
91.975
1
409.58
7.50
0.075
92.023
91.948
1
411.08
6.00
0.048
91.963
91.915
1
412.58
4.50
0.027
91.903
91.876
1
414.08
3.00
0.012
91.843
91.831
1
415.58
1.50
0.003
91.783
91.780
1
417.08
0.00
0.000
91.723
91.723
End of
curve
Proposed Levels at various locations

SL No
1
SET -JU
Chainage
106.629
FRL
102.329
Page 144
Remarks
Vip-01
2
3
SET -JU
353.129
402.081
91.040
92.023
Page 145
Vip-01
Vip-01
Chapter - 7
Design of Box Portion
Designing of Box portion

7.1 LOAD CALCULATIONS:
1 Dead Load
Self weight of top slab
0.45*1*30=13.50 KN/m 2
Self weight of side wall
0.4*1*30=12.00 KN/m 2
Self weight of bottom slab
0.4*1*30=12.00 KN/m 2
2 Live load Surcharge

=30
=0
soil=20 KN /m 3
=20
=90
water=10 KN /m 3
ka = 0.297 from Coloumbs equation

live load surcharge
1.2*k a* =7.132 KN/m
3 Earth pressure
ka**h=42.70 KN /mt
4 Super imposed DL
1.44=2.00 KN /mt
SET -JU
Page 146
5 Crash barrier load
=7.75 KN /mt
6 Soil over burden pressure
*h=119.0 KN /mt
7 vehicular live load:

70R Tracked
70R Wheeled
2Class A
Dry condition:- Load Condition

1.Self Weight
2.Live load Surcharge(Both side)
3. Live load Surcharge(One side)
4.Earth Pressure(dry)
5.Wearing coat
6.Crash Barrier
7.Soil over birden force
8.Temperature rise
9.Temperature fall
Comb-1=1+2+4+5+6
Comb-2=1+3+4+5+6
Comb-3=Com-1+8
Comb-4=Com-2+8
Comb-5=Com-1+9
Comb-6=Com-2+9
Load Factors
AS PER IRC6:2010, TABLE 3.2, PAGE NO69, THE LOAD FACTORS
ARE UNDER
SET -JU
Page 147
1)Dead load
=1.35
2)Wearing coat
=1.75
3)LL Surcharge
=1.2
4)Earth Pressure
=1.5
5)Crash Pressure
=1.35
6)Buoyancy Force
=0.15
7)Water Pressure
=1
8)Temperature rise
=1
9)VLL
=1.5
IMPACT FACTOR:
70R-TRACKED
10%
70R-WHEELED
25%
Class A
30%
70R WHEELED
SET -JU
Page 148
Support Condition:
SBC of soil considered = 450kn/m 2
Vertical sub grade modulus = 40*SF*qa (Ref.page 503
,joseph E.bowles)
= 40*2.5*100
Spring constants = 45000 KN/m
The 2-D Analysis is carried out using Staad pro. And the forces are
noted at critical points for the Design of section.
Sections Considered:
TOP SLAB:
CENTER WALL
1-1
Center of wall
11-11 Center
of top slab
SET -JU
Page 149
2-2
Face of wall
12-12 Soffit
of top slab
3-3
End of Haunch
13-13 Center
of wall
4-4
Center of slab
14-14
At
bottom haunch
15-15
Face of bottom slab
16-16
Bottom slab level
SIDE WALL
BOTTOM SLAB
5-5
Center of top slab
17-17
Center of wall
6-6
Soffit of top slab
18-18 Face
of wall
7-7
Center of wall
19-19
End
of haunch
8-8
At bottom haunch
20-20
Center of bottom slab

9-9
Face of bottom slab
10-10 Bottom slab level
Effective width of dispersion

Following method is adopted for calculating beff, load
position resulting maximum BM from Staad pro is noted. Effective
SET -JU
Page 150
width of dispersion is calculated for the load position by

considering CG of the loading on deck corresponding to the
critical value of BM.
Consideration of vehicles for design
A)70R Tracked vehicle
B)70R Wheeled vehicles
C)Class A two Vehicles
1)Check for adequacy of top slab thickness
Summary of bending moments:
(Without Temperature)
1-1
2-2
Comb-1
130.46
105.84
Comb-2
125.93
118.6
Comb-3
0
0
Comb-4
0
0
Max BM
130.46
118.6
Values included is excluding VLL
3-3
130.33
149.36
0
0
149.36
4-4
185.67
208.3
0
0
208.3
BM due to VLL
VLL
70R
(L/C)
70
Wheeled
Beff
BM
Max BM
1-1
327.3
2-2
406.225
3-3
348.75
4-4
555.6
5.37
60.984
60.984
5.37
75.689
75.689
5.37
64.980
64.980
5.37
103.522
103.522
With Temperature (rise)

Comb-5
Comb-6
Comb-7
Comb-8
SET -JU
1-1
131.09
123.71
0.00
0.00
2-2
105.48
111.42
0.00
0.00
Page 151
3-3
130.82
147.01
0.00
0.00
4-4
186.57
205.44
0.00
0.00
Max BM
131.03
111.42
147.01
205.44
With Temperature (fall)

1-1
Comb-9
135.52
Comb-10
128.15
Comb-11
0.00
Comb-12
0.00
Max BM
135.52
Consider Max BM values
2-2
109.70
115.70
0.00
0.00
115.78
GRADE OF CONCRETE
= M-30
GRADE OF STEEL
=Fe-500
CLEAR COVER
=40
DIA OF MAIN BAR
=Y-16
DIA OF DISTR BAR
=Y-10
MU/b*d*d
=0.013*fck
Dreq
Sqrt(mu/Q*b)
3-3
135.51
151.70
0.00
0.00
151.70
4-4
192.28
211.15
0.00
0.00
211.15
bd
)
100
50 fck
x
fy
1(
Astreq=
As per IRC:112-2011,CL:16.5.1.1,pg no 175,

ASMIN=0.26*(fctm/fyk)*bt*d>0.001*3bt*d
Design of Top slab (main reinforcement)
Without Temperature
Max BM
1-1
130.46
2-2
118.60
due to DL
without
SET -JU
Page 152
3-3
149.36
4-4
208.30
temp
MAX VLL
60.98
75.69
64.98
103.52
moment
Design
191.44
194.29
214.34
311.82
BM
dreq
dpro
Check
219.05
402.00
Safe
220.67
402.00
Safe
231.77
402.00
Safe
279.55
402.00
safe
Bending
With Temperature
IN both case with temperature case is
max
1-1
135.52
2-2
115.78
3-3
151.70
4-4
211.15
60.98
75.69
64.98
103.52
moment
Design
196.50
191.47
216.68
314.67
BM
dreq
dpro
Check
206.94
402.00
Safe
204.27
402.00
Safe
217.31
402.00
Safe
261.87
402.00
safe
Max BM
due to DL
with temp
MAX VLL
Bending
Design of distribution steel:
(0.2*DL)
+(0.3*LL)
Max BM
1-1
26.09
2-2
23.72
due to DL
without
SET -JU
Page 153
3-3
29.87
4-4
41.66
temp
Max BM
27.10
23.16
30.34
42.23
18.30
22.71
19.49
31.06
45.40
106.67
389.00
Safe
46.43
107.87
389.00
Safe
49.83
111.76
389.00
Safe
73.29
135.53
389.00
safe
due to DL
with temp
MAX VLL
Bending
moment
Design BM
dreq
dpro
Check
SET -JU
Page 154
Chapter - 8
Discussions and Conclusions
SET -JU
Page 155
Chapter - 8
Discussions and Conclusions
8.1 General
Bangalore city is the fast growing metropolitan city in India, due
to this traffic volume rate is increasing enormously in the city and every
traffic junction is getting congested. Though fly-over, under-pass, metrorails has been constructed still the traffic volume rate and delay time is
on increasing side.
Magadi and basaveshwara road junction has been identified to estimate
the traffic volume as on 1st week of April, which indicates the peak hour
traffic volume of 8340 PCU/hr. Air pollution at this junction is
considerably increasing and will be further increased over the years.
8.2 Conclusion
From the results obtained, Underpass has to be constructed in order reduce
the traffic volume rate and delay time at Magadi and Basaveshwara road
junction.
SET -JU
Page 156
A 4 lane divided bi-directional carriageway and an underpass at the junction

has to be made. And the provision of underpass provides relief in the traffic
flow across the junction for the highest PCU values.
Looking at the future of the junction in terms of carbon footprint, use of ecofriendly vehicles for transportation has to be promoted.
References
1. As per IRC 006 2000, Standard specifications and code of practice for
Road Bridges.
2. As per IRC 86 1983, Geometrical Design Standards for Urban Roads in
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Plains.
As per SP 16, 1980, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS
As per IS 456 2000.
Manual Specifications and Standards.
Reinforced Cement Concrete, Krishna Raju.
Topographic Survey Drawing.
Documents of NIT.
Google Maps.
SET -JU
Page 157

Chapter - 1: Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

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Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

1.2 Key Map

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

To summarise, the Main Objective of the Study of this Junction is to offer to

2.2 Project Scope

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Box Portion of Underpass

2.4 Design Philosophy

The Technical Proposal given in this Detailed Project Report

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

2.5 Approach Methodology

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

3.1.1 Arm (Magadi Road) towards Chord Road Side of the

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

3.1.3 Arm towards Basaveshwara Nagar Side of the Intersection

3.2 Existing Traffic Regulations

3.3 Street Lighting Pattern

3.5 Pedestrian Movement

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Junction leads to hazardous movement pattern of the Pedestrians across the

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

4.2 Reconnaissance Survey

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

been detailed out in Chapter 3 Site Characteristics. At present no Improvement

4.3.1 Methodology for Traffic Surveys

Bicycle, Cycle Rickshaw, Animal

Utility Vehicle: Van and Tempo

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

4.4 Analysis of Traffic Study Data

4.4.1 Analysis of Turning Movement Count Data

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Two wheelers, Motorcycle or Scooter, etc.

Passenger car, Pick up Van

Light Commercial Vehicle

Agricultural Tractor Trailer

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Tonga (Horse drawn vehicle)

4.4.2 Hourly Variation of Traffic

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

4.4.4 Traffic Composition

4.5 Topographic Survey

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

4.6. Traffic volume survey

Fast Moving Vehicles

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Fast Moving Vehicles

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Designing of Retaining Wall and Box Portion of Underpass

Kah2 = 0.50.33202.452 = 19.8 KN

Surcharge pressure Ph = Kaqh = 0.33242.45 = 19.4 KN

1000300 = 360 mm2