Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3049269
3049269
by
BRYNJA GUDMUNDSDOTTIR
A REPORT
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
I N PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING
EDMONTON, ALBERTA
FALL 198 1
UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
Supervisor
Date
L A T E R A L L Y L O A D E D PILES
S u b m i t t e d in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s
for t h e d e g r e e of M a s t e r of E n g i n e e r i n g in
G e o t e c h n i c a l Engineering.
UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
F a l l 1981
Brynja G u d m u n d s d o t t i r
Table of Contents
Chapter
Page
. INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1
2 . DESCRIPTION OF METHODS ................................. 3
2.1 Introduction ......................................3
2.2 Subgrade reaction method ........................... 4
1
.....5
................ 8
2.5
2.6
........................................8
2.4.2 Ultimate or failure load ..................... 9
2.4.3 Moments by Broms method .....................14
Matlock-Reese hand solution .......................16
2.5.1 Deflections ................................. 16
2.5.2 Moments .....................................20
Construction of p-y curves ........................ 20
2.6.1 Overconsolidated clay (Reese and Welch
1975)
.......................................20
...21
.......................................23
2.7 Poulos method ..................................... 24
2.7.1 Elastic analysis ............................24
2.7.2 Calculation of displacement .................26
2.7.3 Calculation of moments ......................27
3 . CALCULATIONS .......................................... 41
3.1 Introduction ...................................... 41
3.2 Dimensions of pile and properties of soil .........41
3.4
......................................42
Calculation of p-y curves .........................42
3.4.1 Cohesive soil ...............................43
3.5
........................... 46
Matlock-Reese hand solution .......................52
3.5.1 Deflections .................................52
.....................................52
3.6 Poulos method .....................................61
3.7 Summary o f results ................................6 2
4 . DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ................................. 63
4.1 Introduction ......................................63
4.2 Cohesionless soil .................................63
4.3 Cohesive soil .....................................64
References ...............................................
68
3.5.2 Moments
L i s t of Tables
Table
Page
............ 39
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
3.2
Calculation of y and
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
.................. 39
...............................40
in example .................... 42
M by Broms method .............43
..............................44
..................................47
..........49
...............................................50
..............................53
.........................54
..................................56
Calculation of y and M by Poulos method ............ 61
Summary of results using different methods ......... 62
iii
List of Figures
Figure
Page
...........28
.....................28
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
..................................... 29
.....................................29
.........................................
.........................................31
Graphical definition of p-y curve ..................32
Typical reaction-deflection curves ................. 32
Trial plots of soil modulus values ................. 33
Interpolation for stiffness factor T ...............33
2.71
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
3.1
3.2
3.3
30
..........................................34
..................................34
................... 35
Influence factor I .................................35
Influence factor I and I .......................... 36
Influence factor I .................................36
Influence factor I ................................. 37
Maximum moment in free-head pile ...................37
Fixing moment at head of fixed-head pile ...........38
Example calculated ................................. 41
P-y curves for overconsolidated clay ............... 45
P-y curves for normally consolidated soil ..........48
Figure
Page
.................... 51
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
.......................................... 57
.............................. 58
.........................59
..................................6 0
NOTAT I ON
Symbol
A
Unit
Definition
Coefficient for ultimate soil resistance
(p-y curve :sand)
Coefficient for moment (Matlock-Reese)
Coefficient for slope (Matlock-Reese)
Coefficient for deflection due to shear
(Matlock-Reese)
Coefficient for soil resistance (p-y
curve:sand)
Coefficient for moment (Matlock-Reese)
Coefficient for slope (Matlock-Reese)
Coefficient for deflection due to moment
(Matlock-Reese)
Coefficient in the parabolic section (p-y
Youngs modulus
(=
pi
p)
Axial load
Unconfined compressive strength
Slope of the pile
Section modulus about an axis perpendicular
to the load plane
Relative stiffness factor (Matlock-Reese)
Shear force
Depth below ground surface
Depth below ground surface to transition
in coefficient of ultimate resistance
equation (p-y curve:soft clay)
Depth below ground surface to transition
in ultimate soil resistance equation (p-y
curve: sand)
Displacement of pile
Initial displacement, required for
increasing the coefficient of earth
pressure on a vertical wall from K O to K.
J'm
il:
1.
INTRODUCTION
.
Many different methods for calculating the lateral
2. DESCRIPTION OF METHODS
2.1 Introduction
is
pb.
The lateral
(2.1)
(2.2)
'
EI
dZ
Y
dx'
-M
2)
1/2k,
from Step 2
b. Moment of inertia I
--
lateral load
h. Dimensionless shape factor C, (for steel piles only):
1. Use 1.3 for piles with circular cross-section
2. Use 1.1
3.
i. M
STEP 5:
Determine factor
a.
b.
B
9
or
1:
z for cohesionless
STEP 6:
Determine the dimensionless length factor:
C,f,S
a. Cohesive soil
1. ,!3L > 2.5 (2.25) (long pile)
STEP
-8:
Determine other soil parameters:
a. Rankine passive pressure coefficient for cohesionless
soil
Kp=
6 = angle of internal
friction.
b. Average effective soil unit weight
over embedded
length.
c. Cohesion Cu= one-half the unconfined compressive
strength q,/2.
STEP 9:
Determine the ultimate (failure) load P, for a single pile:
a. Short Free- or Fixed-Headed Pile in Cohesive Soil
Using L/D (and e/D for free-headed case), enter Figure
2.5a, select the corresponding value of PU/C,D2, and
solve for P,
Kp
Pu/2.5
STEP 1 1 :
Calculate the working load for a single pile Pa
corresponding to a given design deflection y at the ground
surface, or the deflection corresponding to a given design
load. If P, a n d y are not given, substitute the value of Pm
from Step 10 for Pa in the following cases and solve for :
,
y
a. Free- or Fixed-Headed Pile in Cohesive Soil
Using pL (and e/L for the free-headed case),enter Figure
2.3, selecting the corresponding value of ykhDL/P,,
solve for Pa or y.
and
If Pa < P,
use Pa and y.
(Step 1 1 )
f)
(f
Cohesive soil:
The distance f and the maximum bending moment M
,
can
f = -
and
M
,
P(e + 1.5D
0.5f) (2.9)
Cohesionless soil:
Here it has been assumed that lateral deflections are
sufficiently large at failure to develop the full passive
resistance (equal to three times the passive Rankine earth
pressure), from the ground surface to the location of
= 0 . 8 2 J m
and
ME=
P(e
0.67f) + Qa
(2.10)
2.5.1 Deflections
equal
y = Cy-
Pt T3
EI
where C,,= A y +
wi
P, T
(2.12)
St
is:
M =
2
P"
Ast T
-
~ - B ~ ~ T
3.5
x/T
Ay
0.5T.
9) Calculate T . ~ f ~ ; =~ ~' d
10) Compare T~f~;"~dand
Tt,;,/ and when they are the same
the trial and error process is completed. Use a
graph of,,,T
vs T,bf,;&
value is made as a
2.5.2
Moments
Computations of values of bending moments along the
and B
are found in
2.6
2.6.1
1)
E,,,
&,,
resistance.
y,. = 2.5D6,,
(Beyond y
16y,,,
1)
E , ,
= 0.010 is probably
2) Ultimate resistance.
(2.20)
p, = N,,G D
where
N =
L'4
+ J
x
-
4)
Beyond y = 8y,,, p
resistance:
a = -d
, fl
= 45
+ 4T , K,
0
0.4, Ka= tan1(45-7)
resistance:
a ) Ultima~te resistance near ground surface:
KOH tan@s;np
PC+=YH(tan$-4)ro#
fan P
taofp-b)(D+HtanBtana)
gd=KaDyH(tan8fi-1) + K,DyHtan$tan'B
(2.24)
, where A is an
Bp, , where B is an
cy'ln
n = 9rr
"Y"
C = fk
y%
c
n/n-l
Y,= (k7;)
modulus E
y,
2)
y,=
+ I -
rvl
= +fJT
YM EL
y = I
P
-
YF E L
From theory
IyM and I,M should be the same but this is not quite true.
these charts the value M/PL is obtained from Figure 2.18 for
free-head piles and Figure 2.19 for fixed-head piles. For
free-head piles the maximum moment is at depth of 0.1L to
0.4L below the surface, the lower value being associated
with stiffer piles. For fixed-head piles the maximum moment
is at the head of the pile except i f the pile is very
flexible.
DIMENSIONLESS
LENGTH.
BL
g0
RESTRAINED
Y
J
,L
J
4
g
u
",
g
Y
0
OIMENSIONLESS
LENGTH, 11
EWEWENT
YIELD
LENGTH. L I D
MOMENT.
Mpleld /c,,03
Figure 2.9
B
20
10
B, (STATIC)
10-
P,(ST~TIC~
20-
20
b 30-
30
40-
40
50-
60
b ,50,
A.088
50
&,50,
8,=055
0, = 0 5
60
and Isp
- Free-head pile,
- Fixed-head pile,
Figure 2.18
Figure 2.19
Cosfficlent nl
0.32
0.5 to 2.0
0.36
0.40
Pile Material
Coefflclent na
Steel
1.00
Concrete
1.15
Wood
1.30
Relative Density
Range o f Values o f
3
(lbs/in )
2.6
RECOMMENDED VALUES OF
7.7
Medi um
7.7
26
Dense
26
51
( S t a t i c and C y c l i c Loading)
Relative Density
3
Recommended k ( l b s l i n )
Loose
Med ium
Dense
20
60
125
Table 2.3:
3 . CALCULATIONS
3.1 Introduction
Figure 3.1
Example calculated.
EI
= 5.6682
10SkNmZ
Table 3.1
--
overnormally
cohesionconsolidated consolidated
less
clay
soil
clay
unconfined
compressive
strength 9
30kPa
20kN/m3
2 0kN/m '
1 9kN/m3
cohesion Cu
5OkPa
15kPa
angle of
internal
friction 6
30'
lOOkPa
unit weight y
--
.
-
.
.
modulus of
elasticity E
3500kN/m2
940 kN/m2
3447 kN/m2
43
Table 3.2
--
cohesionovernormally
consolidated consolidated
less
soil
clay
clay
n,n280q, n , = 0.36
n, = 1.15
k; =
D
q = lOOkPa
Use Reese
recom.
n, = 0.32
n, = 1.15
q = 30kPa
k; (kN/m3 )
4140
1104
16290
kh=(l-1/3)k1
1380
368
16290
0.1485
'I
@ I
~.
0.4917
1.71
7.87
interm(1ong)
short
long
0.05
0.05
--
2.38
@L, qL (m)
length
0.1067 -
-.
e/L
~.
Y kh DL/P
5.7
4.8
y (m)
f
0.05
~.
.-
0.4
.-
0.0645
0.2038
0.00943
1.85
1.717
0.556
--
M (kNm)
455.6
585.2
390.0
is calculated according
E,,
= 0.005.
16y,,, p
p,
Table 3.3
--
Np=
3 +
rr,
Cu
J-X
9 below depth x,
OSE
082
012
'(V/NY)
Ofi I
d 'a2uelsTsaJ TTOS
DL
where depth x,
N
that is:
used is 0.010.
p,.
are: d
30, y = 19kN/m2, D
0.8m.
tanz30
=
80
6) yu= 3 D
D --
7 ) Ym= 6 0
where
Bp,
Table 3.5.
8) The slope of the initial portion of the p-y curve is k,,x
where k,=
16290kN/m3.
Table 3 . 5
--
depth x
x /D
B
-
0.0
-- -
0.000
2.87
2.14
0.625
2.38
1.78
1.0
1.250
1.95
1.38
1.5
1.875
1.57
1.11
0.5
.
2.0
2.5
.-
2.500
3.125
1.22
0.84
P
1.00
0.68
0.88
0.50
.
.
5.0
6.250
OSE
082
012
Oh1
OL
3.5.1'Deflections
The procedure for this method is given in section 2.5.1
and the results of calculations are given in Tables 3.7 to
3.9 for overconsolidated clay, normally consolidated clay
and cohesionless soil respectively. This method is an
iterative procedure. The results of the iterations are
presented in Figures 3.5 to 3.8 and in Tables 3.7 to 3.9.
3.5.2 Moments
Here the moment at the top of the pile is M = 0. The
maximum moment in the pile thus occurs when Am is maximum,
which is Am=0.772 at z = 1.4. The maximum moment for the
three soil types are given below.
Overconsolidated clay:
M,,,=
A,PtT
M,,
at depth x = 5.95m
Cohesionless soil:
,M
at depth x = 3.01m
Table 3.7
0.0
0.5
1.0
5
2.5
1.5
--
--
Z=X/T
AY
0.0
2.435
0.1
2.273
0.3
1.952
0.0936
.-
- -.
1005
125
1246
kobt =
140
1486
562.5
156
1812
..-
0.0861
--
comments
108
-- ---
0.1003
2.122
-
0.1074
- --
0.2
--
2.0
0.4
1.796
0.0792
170
2147
2.5
0.5
1.664
0.0725
183
2524
5.0
1.0
0.962
0.0424
233
5495
0.0
-
0.0
2.435
0.0143
63
4701
0.5
0.2
2.112
0.0116
73
6271
1.0
0.4
1.796
0.0099
79
7980
kobt =
1.5
0.6
1.496
0.0083
86
10424
3409
2.0
0.8
-
1.216
0.0067
92
13731
2.5
0.962
0.0053
97
18302
1.0
--
--
3.0
----- -
-P
--
T,bt =
T,bt=2.78
5.0
2.0
0.142
0.00078
75
95785
0.0
0.000
2.435
0.0232
73
3147
0.5
0.167
2.171
0.0207
84
4058
k t=
0.333
1.0
-
1.901
0.0181
94
5193
2 184.2
--
--
1.5
0.500
1.664
0.0159
102
6415
2.0
0.667
1.400
0.0133
108
8120
0.833
2.5
-
1.173
0.0112
113
10089
1.667
0.336
0.0032
121
37813
5.0
--
%bt-3.04
0.k.
Z,.,=5.33
--
Table 3.8
z = x/T
Ay
-P
0.0
0.0
2.435
0.1074
31
comments
288
--
0.5
0.1
~
1.0
2.273
0.1003
0.2
41
-~
.---
--
~~~-
2.112
0.0932
49
1.5
0.3
1.952
~.
2.0
0.0861
~
0.4
2.5
3.0
58
526
267.4
674
0.0792
66
833
0.5
1.664
0.0725
0.6
1.496
0.066079
~~
73
--.-
1007
T,bf =
4.6
1197
~-
~~~
5.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.962
0.0424
69
2.435
0.0134
16
~..
0.2
1627
1194
.-.
~~
0.5
kobt =
1.796
~~.~~
409
.
2.112
0.0116
20
1724
1.796
0.0099
24
2374
1.496
0.0083
26
3152
k.bt
1.0
0.4
1313.4
2.5
1.5
0.6
--
~.
.-
2.0
0.8
1.216
0.006729
2.5
1.0
0.962
0.0053
3.0
1.2
-
0.738
0.142
5.0
2.0
4328
Zbt =
31
5849
3.4
0.0047
33
7036
0.00078
19
24358
Table 3 . 8
--
continued
= x/T
0.0
0.0
2.435
~-
0 . 5 0.1176
2.245
-.
1.0
0.2353
.
4.25
~p
2.0
0.4706
2.5
0.5882
----
3.0
0.0660
27
0.0608
34
1.1765
comments
409
0.0557
559
k.bf
42
754
419.4
0.0506
48
949
0.0457
55
----
2.056
1.689
--
1.513
0.0410
60
1.345
0.764
1204
....
0.0365
1463
64
-
5.0
-.
0.7059
-P
--.
1.869
1.5 0.3529
-~
---
Ay
0.020754
'Gbt =
4.23
ok
1758
Z~.X=
2609
3.76
-.--
Table 3.9
--
= x/T
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.1
-P
2.435
0.1074
2.273
0.1003
70
2.112
0.0932
150
1.952
0.0861
224
AI
comments
697
kobf =
1608
1692
1.0
0.2
1.5
0.3
~-
2599
- ~ -
~~
2.0
0.4
1.796
0.0792276
2.5
0.5
1.644
0.0725
328
2.435
0.0134
0.0
0.5
.-
2.5
0.0
0.2
----
2.112
~-
1.0
0.4
1.796
1.5
0.6
1.496
- - ..
2.0
0.0067
2.15
k,bf =
9596
9230
147
21940
.
155
29245
0.0085
2.0598
0.0072
44
6111
1.6970
0.0060
80
13445
1.3563
0.0048
111
23319
1.0
0.962
0.0
0.0
2.435
0.5
0.2326
1.5 0 . 6 9 7 7
-
4310
0.0053
2.5
1.0 0.4651
3.20
~...
4530
16364
135
~
1.216
0.8
95
0.0083
~
Tobt =
0.0116
50
0.0099
3487
--
T,bt=
2.28
kobt =
11875
T,M
=2.17
2.0
0.9302
1.0486
0.0037
123
&~.ar=
2.5
1.1628
0.7797
0.0027
130
7.44
Final T = 2.15 m
Overconsolidated clay
A
0
11
T - t r i e d (rn)
Figure 3.5
- Calculation
Table 3.10
cohesionovernormally
less
consolidated consolidated
soil
clay
clay
Ep Ip ( k N m 2 )
5.66
E (kN/m2)
10'
3500
L (m)
Ke
940
-
20
-.
y (m)
.
M/PL
-
M (kNm)
16
.
0.00251
0.00920
.
20
20
~...
.
IYP
3447
-..-
-~
L/D
10'
16
-~
0.00247
5.66
10'
~,.
16
~~.~
5.66
~
6.8
6.8
5.0
0.0242
0.0665
0.0247
0.063
0.103
0.064
201.6
330.7
204.8
-.
Table 3.11
Table 3.11
A.
--
Deflection (unit m )
overnormally
cohesionconsolidated consolidated
less
soil
clay
clay
Broms
0.0645
-
Matlock-Reese
0.0233
0.2038
0.0093
0.0660
0.0088
~~-~
Poulos
0.0242
0.0652
~-
0.0247
cohesionovernormally
consolidated consolidated
less
soi 1
clay
clay
Broms
455.6
Matlock-Reese
478.2
Poulos
201.6
585.2
390.0
656.2
332.0
330.7
204.8
4. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
moments.
Using an increasing modulus E
. The
unrestrained pile, one for BL less than 1.5 and another for
PL greater than 2.5,
BL < 1 . 5
that is:
yo =
4P(l+1.5?)
KDL
References
~oulos,H.G.,
p1269 -1272.
Reese, L.C., Cox, W.R., and Koop, F.D., 1974. Analysis of
Laterally Loaded Plles in Sand. Proc. 6th Annual
Offshore Technology Conf., Houston Texas 1974, p473-483.
Reese, L.C., and Welch, R.C., 1975. Lateral Loading of Deep
Foundation in Stiff Clay. JGTD, ASCE, Vol. 101, p633-649
Terzaghi, K., 1955. Evaluation of Coefficient of Subgrade
Reaction. Geotechnique, Vol. 5, Dec. 1955, p297-326.
Timoshenko, S.P., and Gere, J.M., 1961. Theory of Elastic
Stability. 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York
1961.
Vesic, A.S., 1977. Design of Pile Foundation. NCHRP
Synthesis of Highway Practice 42, 68pp.
Wilson, W.E., 1972. Discussion of Behaviour of Laterally
Loaded Pi1es:I-Single Piles. JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 98,
NoSM3, p298-299.