Energy Management :: 2007/2008

Class # 6P

Energy Systems Analysis

Dr. Joo Parente

joao.parente@dem.ist.utl.pt

Energy Management

Energy systems analysis

Basic concepts
The block diagram is a simplified relation between the input and output of a physical system. As an input we consider
the product to be transform, and as an output the final product and associate residues.
Specific energy consumption in A:
cA = (Energy use in A) / (Useful production) = E / Out
Residues formation factor in A :
SA = 1 / (Resource use ratio) = (In1 + In2) / Out
Inlet n flow ratio:

E
In1
A

f1 = In1 / (Total inlet flow in A) = In1 / (In1 + In2)

Out

In2
R

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Energy systems analysis

1) Sequential connection

c4 = cc + Sc*c3
c3 = cB + SB*c2
c2 = cA + SA*c1

2) Convergent connection
1

3) Divergent connection
2

2
C

Class # 6P :: Energy Systems Analysis

c5 = cc + Sc*(f2*c2 + f4*c4)

c2 = c4 = cA + SA*c1

c2 = cA + SA*c1

c3 = cB + SB*c2

c4 = cB + SB*c3

c5 = cB + SB*c4

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Energy Management

Energy systems analysis

EXAMPLE 01 - Sequential connection

Consider a system composed only by an oven, selection of products without deficiencies and storage. The specific
energy consumption of the oven is 200 kJ/kg, while the selection of the products is characterized by a specific energy
consumption of 5 kJ/kg. The raw materials embrace an energy consumption of 50 kJ/kg in transformation process. The
heating process promotes the volatilization of some components of the raw material, around 5% of the original material.
The selection process disposes around 10% of the oven production and the storage losses are around 1%. Determine
the specific energy consumption of the final product.
EXAMPLE 02 - Convergent connection
A company in the biological oil production imports 60% of the raw material, while the remaining raw material is from
national production. The imported oil is transported by boat with a travel distance ~ 1000 km, while the national oil is
transported by truck with a travel distance ~ 200 km. The oil refinery process presents a specific energy consumption of
100 kJ/kg. The mass rejection in the oil refinery process is ~ 90%. The specific consumption associated to the transport
is 0.025 kJ/kg*km by truck and 0.010 kJ/kg*km by boat. The oil losses in the transport are 1% by truck and 0.1% by
boat. Determine the specific energy consumption associated to the refined oil.
EXAMPLE 03 - Divergent connection
A glass oven presents a mass loss by volatilization ~7%. From the glass produced in the oven, 40% is employed in the
production of 0.33 cl bottles, and the rest to the production of 0.75 cl bottles. The conformation of the 0.33 cl bottles has
a rupture ratio of 2%, while the 0.75 cl bottles has a rupture ratio of 3%. The sand used in the glass production has an
energy value of 10kJ/kg. The specific consumption are, 200 kJ/kg in the oven , in the conformation 20 kJ/kg for the 0.33
cl bottle and 25 kJ/kg for the 0.75 cl bottles. Determine the specific energy consumption for each type of bottle.

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Energy Management

Energy systems analysis

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 01 - Sequential connection

Specific energy consumption of the final product: c4 = cST + SST*(cS + SS*(cO + SO*c1)
SST = 1 / (1 0.01) = 1.01 kg3/kg4
SS = 1 / (1 0.10) = 1.11 kg3/kg4
SO = 1 / (1 0.05) = 1.05 kg3/kg4

Losses

Losses

cST = 20 kJ/kg4
cS = 5 kJ/kg3

1 Raw materials

cO = 200 kJ/kg2

Oven

(2)

Selection

(3)

(4) Final Product

STorage

Boundary

c4 = 20 + 1.01*(5 + 1.11*(200 + 1.05*50) = 308 kJ / kg4

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Energy systems analysis

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 02 - Convergent connection

Specific energy consumption of the final product: c5 = cR + SR*(f2*(cB + SB*c1) + f4*(cT + ST*c3))
SR = 1 / (1 0.90) = 10 (kg2 + kg4) /kg5
SB = 1 / (1 0.001) = 1.001 kg1/kg2
ST = 1 / (1 0.01) = 1.01 kg3/kg4

Losses
(1) Imported oil

cR = 100 kJ/kg5

Transport
Boat

2
Refinery

cB = 0.010 kJ/(kg*km) * 1000 km = 10 kJ/kg2

cT = 0.025 kJ/(kg*km) * 200 km = 5 kJ/kg4
c1 = c3 = 0 kJ/kg

(3) National oil

Transport
Truck

(5) Refined oil

4
Boundary

c5 = 100 + 10*(0.6*10 + 0.4*5) = 180 kJ/kg5

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Energy Management

Energy systems analysis

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 03 - Divergent connection

Specific energy consumption of the final product: c3 = cA + SA*c2 ; c5 = cB + SB*c4 ;

c2 = c4 = cO + SO*c1

SA = 1 / (1 0.02) = 1.020 kg2/kg3

SB = 1 / (1 0.03) = 1.031 kg4/kg5

SO = 1 / (1 0.07) = 1.075 kg1/(kg2 + kg4)

(1) Sand

c2 = c4 =200 + 1.075*10 = 210.75 kJ/kg2 ou 4

c3 = 20 + 1.02*210.75 = 235 kJ / kg3
c5 = 25 + 1.031*210.75 = 242.3 kJ / kg5

Class # 6P :: Energy Systems Analysis

Conf.
A_0.33cl

(3) 0.33cl bottles

Conf.
B_0.33cl

(5) 0.75cl bottles

Glass Oven
4

Boundary

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Energy systems analysis

Residues treatment
The residues formation induces an increase in the final product specific energy consumption as follows:
1) the energy consumption in the unitary process are higher, given the increase in upstream flows;
2) there is an energy consumption associated to the residues treatment process.
Treatment

Residues treatment is an unitary process where the specific energy

consumption indicator is defined per unit of inlet product at the unitary
process.
ctc = (Energy use in C) / (production flow to treat) [kJ/kg4]

SAC = (residues produced in A to C) / (Useful production in A) [kg4/kg2]

Recycling

Recycling
There is an energy interest in recycling when the energy used in
the recycling process is less then the energy required to produce
an equivalent product.

C
4

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Energy Management

Energy systems analysis

PROBLEM 01 Residues treatment

The following systems uses as raw material the flow in 3, produces the final product flow in 6, and treats the residues
flow 7. Determine the specific consumption associated to the flow 6:

Treatment

10

Class # 6P :: Energy Systems Analysis

11

Waste

Energy

Final

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Energy systems analysis

SOLUTION PROBLEM 01 Residues treatment

Considering that the operations D and E do not generate any type of residues, the final product specific energy
consumption is given by:
c6 = ce + cD + (cC + SCF*ct7) + SC*c3 + ccapital
The specific energy consumption for the treatment of the flow in 7 is:
ct7 = ctF + (ft8* ct8 + ft10* ct10)
ct8 = ctG + ct9 , where ct9 = ctEnergy
ct10 = ctH + ct11 , where ct11 = ctWaste

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Energy systems analysis

PROBLEM 02 Complex system (recycling)

Consider the following system:
Recycling

14

13

12
Treatment

10

15

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11

Waste

Energy

Final

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Energy systems analysis

PROBLEM 02 Complex system (recycling)

a)

Determine in which conditions the operation H is reasonable from an energy point of view.

b)

What is the specific energy consumption associated to the product 7?

c)

What is the final energy balance to the recycling operation?

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Energy Management

Energy systems analysis

SOLUTION PROBLEM 02 Complex system (recycling)

a) The operation H corresponds to the materials separation to recycle or waste disposal. In this sense, the operation H
allows the recycling process, that can only be justified in energy terms if the specific consumption in 4 with recycling is
lower then the specific consumption in 4 without recycling.
b) The specific energy consumption in 7 corresponds to the energy consumption requested to treat 1 kg of product 7
(residue). This value, considering that the operations F, G and H might also produce some residues, can be determined
by:
ct7 = ctF + StF*(ft8* ct8 + ft10* ct10)
ct8 = ctG + StG*ct9 , where ct9 = ctEnergy
ct10 = ctH + StH*ct11 , where ct11 = ctWaste
c) With recycling the specific energy consumption in 4 is:
c4 = (cC + StC*ct7) + SC*(f3*c3 +f16*c16)
c3 = cB + SB*(f2*c2 + f15*c15) ;
c16 = cJ + SJ*c13 ;
c15 = cK + SK*c14 ;

c2 = cA + SA*c1
c13 = cI + SI*c12
c14 = c16

Without recycling, f3 = f2 = StH = 1and f15 = f16 = 0.

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Energy Management

Energy Management :: 2007/2008

Class # 6P

Energy Systems Analysis

Dr. Joo Parente

joao.parente@dem.ist.utl.pt

Class # 6P :: Energy Systems Analysis

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