Waktu Geologi

Relative Dating
The principle of superposition
Terkait dengan urutan pengendapan

The principle of faunal succession

Umur lapisan batuan dapat dikenali dari

karakteristik dari fossil animals and plant

The principle of crosscutting relations

Intrusi batuan beku
Penyesaran (faulting)

The principle of inclusion

Fragmen dalam batuan menunjukkan umur

fragmen lebih tua dari host rocks

Horizontal Beds of Sedimentary Rock

Source: William E. Ferguson

Tilted
Turbidite
Beds in
Zumaya,
Spain

Source: G. Shanmugam

Tilting, Sedimentary Structures (contd)

Bentuk
kehidupan
yang punah
tersimpan

Source: J. C. Carton/Carto/Bruce Coleman, Inc. New York

Earth History Timeline

Ancient Evidence of Fossil Collection

Source: Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Reproduced

with permission. (C)2001 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Cambrian (500-504 juta tahun lalu)Trilobite

Source: Breck P. Kent

Pennsylvanian (286-320 juta tahun lalu) Brachiopods

Source: Breck P. Kent

Jurassic (240-245 juta tahun lalu)

Ammonite

Source: Ken Lucas/Biological Photo Service

Three Types of Conformity

(Nonconformity)

Three Types of Conformity

(Angular Unconformity)

Three Types of Conformity

(Disconformity)

Angular Unconformity

Angular
Unconformity
at Siccar Point,
Scotland

Source: Edward A. Hay, De Anza College, Cupertino, CA

Exposed Rock Sequences

(Grand Canyon)

Correlation of Sedimentary Rock

Sequences (Map of Midwest)

Correlation of Sedimentary
Rock Sequences

Ash from Volcanic Eruption

Source: Breck P. Kent

A Cross-Cutting Relationship

Source: Tom Bean

Faulting as a Determinant of Relative

Age

Source: William E. Ferguson

Granitic Intrusion

Source: Martin Miller

Xenolith

Xenoliths of uppermantle peridotite

(yellowish green) in
basanite from the San
Carlos volcanic field,
Arizona. These
fragments of mantle
rock were transported
to the Earth's surface
from a depth of 50-60
km! The San Carlos
xenoliths are the most
important source of
gem-quality olivine
(peridot) in North
America.

Xenoliths
Giant xenoliths of
metamorphosed
sedimentary rock
(hornfels) and
alkaline igneous
rock (the one I am
pointing at) in
nepheline syenite,
Mont Saint-Hilaire
(Qubec, Canada).

Weathering Rind

Source: Breck P. Kent

Hypothetical Landscape

Radioactive Isotopes Commonly

Used in Determining Geologic Time
Parent Isotope

Daughter Isotope

Half-life (in years)

Uranium 238

Lead 206

4.5 billion

Uranium 235

Lead 207

704 million

Thorium 232

Lead 208

14 billion

Samarium 147

Neodymium 143

106 billion

Rubidium 87

Strontium 87

48.8 billion

Potassium 40

Argon 40

1.25 billion

Carbon 14

Nitrogen 14

5730

Hydrogen 3

Helium 3

12.3

Unstable Atomic Nuclei Decay

Graph -- Radioactive Decay

Bracketing Ages

Carbon 14 Dating

Correlation of Tree-Ring Sections

Correlation of Tree-Ring Sections

(cont'd)

Origin of
Lake Varves
(Summer)

Origin of
Lake Varves
(Winter)

Origin of Lake Varves (contd)

Source: Danilo G. Donadoni/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

Rate of
Lichen
Growth
(tumbuh
lumut)

Landscape
History

Geologic Time Scale

Geologic Time Scale