Principl

of Enhanced
Heat Transfer
SECOND

EDITION

Ralph L Webb
Nae-Hyun Kim

Taylor & Francis

Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York Singapore

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

xxi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER

1.1

INTRODUCTION

1.2

THE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES

1.2.1
1.2.2

Passive Techniques
Active Techniques

3
7

1.2.3

Technique vs. Mode

10

PUBLISHED LITERATURE

11

1.3.1
1.3.2

General Remarks
U.S. Patent Literature

11
13

1.3.3

Manufacturer's Information

18

1.3

1.4

BENEFITS OF ENHANCEMENT

19

1.5

COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF ENHANCED SURFACES

21

1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.5.6

Heat (and Mass) Exchanger Types of Interest

Illustrations of Enhanced Tubular Surfaces
Enhanced Fin Geometries for Gases
Plate-Type Heat Exchangers
Cooling Tower Packings
Distillation and Column Packings

21
21
23
24
25
26

1.5.7

Factors Affecting Commercial Development

26

1.6

DEFINITION OF HEAT TRANSFER AREA

28

1.7

POTENTIAL FOR ENHANCEMENT

29

1.7.1

29

PEC Example 1.1

vi

Table of Contents

1.7.2

PEC Example 1.2

30

NOMENCLATURE
REFERENCES

30
,

31

CHAPTER 2: HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS

33

2.1

INTRODUCTION

33

2.2

HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN THEORY

34

2.2.1
2.2.2

Thermal Analysis
Heat Exchanger Design Methods

35
37

2.2.3

Comparison of LMTD and NTU Design Methods

39

2.3

FIN EFFICIENCY

40

2.4

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS AND FRICTION FACTORS

41

2.5

2.4.1 Laminar Flow over Flat Plate

2.4.2 Laminar Flow in Ducts
2.4.3 Turbulent Flow in Ducts
2.4.4 Tube Banks (Single-Phase Flow)
2.4.5 Film Condensation
2.4.6 Nucleate Boiling
CORRECTION FOR VARIATION OF FLUID PROPERTIES

42
42
42
44
44
45
46

2.5.1

Effect of Changing Fluid Temperature

46

2.5.2

Effect Local Property Variation

46

2.6

REYNOLDS ANALOGY

49

2.7

FOULING OF HEAT TRANSFER SURFACES

51

2.8

CONCLUSIONS

52

NOMENCLATURE

52

REFERENCES

54

CHAPTER 3: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CRITERIA

FOR SINGLE-PHASE FLOW

55

3.1

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CRITERIA (PEC)

55

3.2

PEC FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS

56

3.3

PEC FOR SINGLE-PHASE FLOW

57

3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5

57
58
59
60
60

Objective Function and Constraints

Algebraic Formulation of the PEC
Simple Surface Performance Comparison
Constant Flow Rate
Fixed Flow Area

Table of Contents

vii

3.4

THERMAL RESISTANCE ON BOTH SIDES

61

3.5

RELATIONS FOR St A N D /

63

3.6

HEAT EXCHANGER EFFECTIVENESS

63

3.7

EFFECT OF REDUCED EXCHANGER FLOW RATE

64

3.8

FLOW NORMAL TO FINNED TUBE BANKS

65

3.9

VARIANTS OF THE PEC

66

3.10 COMMENTS ON OTHER PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

67

3.10.1 Shah

67

3.10.2 Soland and Colleagues

69

3.11 EXERGY-BASED PEC ANALYSIS

69

3.12 CONCLUSIONS

72

NOMENCLATURE

72

REFERENCES

74

CHAPTER 4: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CRITERIA

FOR TWO-PHASE HEAT EXCHANGERS

75

4.1

INTRODUCTION

4.2

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO-PHASE

HEAT EXCHANGERS
ENHANCEMENT IN TWO-PHASE HEAT
EXCHANGE SYSTEMS

77

4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3

78
79
80

4.3

Work-Consuming Systems
Work-Producing Systems
Heat-Actuated Systems

75
75

4.4

PEC FOR TWO-PHASE HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS

81

4.5

PEC CALCULATION METHOD

81

4.5.1

PEC Example 4.1

82

4.5.2

PEC Example 4.2

84

4.6

CONCLUSIONS

85

NOMENCLATURE

86

REFERENCES

87

CHAPTER 5: PLATE-AND-FIN EXTENDED SURFACES

89

5.1

89

INTRODUCTION

viii

5.2

Table of Contents

OFFSET-STRIP FIN
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8

5.3

Enhancement Principle
PEC Example 5.1
Analytically Based Models fory and/vs. Re
Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Region
Correlations forj and/vs. Re
Use of OSF with Liquids
Effect,of Percent Fin Offset
Effect of Burred Edges

91
91
94
95
96
97
99
99
100

LOUVER FIN

100

5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4

101
103
108
109

Heat Transfer and Friction Correlations

Flow Structure in the Louver Fin Array
Analytical Model for Heat Transfer and Friction
PEC Example 5.2

5.4

CONVEX LOUVER FIN

110

5.5

WAVY FIN

115

5.6

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CORRUGATED FINS

116

5.7

PERFORATED FIN

118

5.8

PIN FINS AND WIRE MESH

119

5.9

VORTEX GENERATORS

122

5.9.1

Types of Vortex Generators

122

5.9.2

Vortex Generators on a Plate-Fin Surface

124

5.10 METAL FOAM FIN

126

5.11 PLAIN FIN

129

5.11.1 PEC Example 5.3

130

5.12 ENTRANCE LENGTH EFFECTS

130

5.13 PACKINGS FOR GAS-GAS REGENERATORS

132

5.14 NUMERICAL SIMULATION

133

5.14.1
5.14.2
5.14.3
5.14.4

Offset-Strip Fins
Louver Fins
Wavy Channels
Chevron Plates

5.14.5 Summary

133
134
135
136
136

5.15 CONCLUSIONS

137

NOMENCLATURE

137

REFERENCES

139

Table of Contents

ix

CHAPTER 6: EXTERNALLY FINNED TUBES

145

6.1

INTRODUCTION

145

6.2

THE GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND

THE REYNOLDS NUMBER

148

6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4

148
149
150
150

6.3

6.4

Dimensionless Variables
Definition of Reynolds Number
Definition of the Friction Factor
Sources of Data

PLAIN PLATE-FINS ON ROUND TUBES

150

6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3

151
153
156

Effect of Fin Spacing

Correlations for Staggered Tube Geometries
Correlations for Inline Tube Geometries

PLAIN INDIVIDUALLY FINNED TUBES

156

6.4.1

Circular Fins with Staggered Tubes

156

6.4.2

Low Integral-Fin Tubes

158

6.5

ENHANCED PLATE FIN GEOMETRIES WITH ROUND TUBES

158

6.6

6.5.1 Wavy Fin

6.5.2 Offset Strip Fins
6.5.3 Convex Louver Fins
6.5.4 LouveredFin
6.5.5 Perforated Fins
6.5.6 Mesh Fins
6.5.7 Vortex Generators
ENHANCED CIRCULAR FIN GEOMETRIES

158
161
162
163
165
166
167
171

6.6.1
6.6.2
6.6.3

171
172
174

6.7

Illustrations of Enhanced Fin Geometries

Spine or Segmented Fins
Wire Loop Fins

OVAL AND FLAT TUBE GEOMETRIES

175

6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3
6.7.4

175
177
178
179

Oval vs. Circular Individually Finned Tubes

Flat Extruded Aluminum Tubes with Internal Membranes
Plate-and-Fin Automotive Radiators
Vortex Generators on Flat or Oval Fin-Tube Geometry

6.8

ROW EFFECTS STAGGERED AND INLINE LAYOUTS

180

6.9

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION

(PLAIN FINS)

184

6.9.1
6.9.2
6.9.3

184
184
186

Experimental Methods
Plate Fin-and-Tube Measurements
Circular Fin-and-Tube Measurements

Table of Contents

6.10 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRIES

188

6.10.1 Geometries Compared

6.10.2 Analysis Method

188
189

6.10.3 Calculated Results

191

6.11 PROGRESS ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION

192

6.12 RECENT PATENTS ON ADVANCED FIN GEOMETRIES

193

6.13 HYDROPHII^C COATINGS

194

6.14 CONCLUSIONS

197

NOMENCLATURE

198

REFERENCES

201

CHAPTER 7: INSERT DEVICES FOR SINGLE-PHASE FLOW

207

7.1

INTRODUCTION

207

7.2

TWISTED TAPE INSERT

211

7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6

213
216
220
224
225
225

Laminar Flow Data

Predictive Methods for Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
PEC Example 7.1
Twisted Tapes in Annuli
Twisted Tapes in Rough Tubes

7.3

SEGMENTED TWISTED TAPE INSERT

226

7.4

DISPLACED ENHANCEMENT DEVICES

228

7.4.1
7.4.2

Turbulent Flow
Laminar Flow

228
230

7.4.3

PEC Example 7.2

231

7.5

WIRE COIL INSERTS

232

7.5.1

Laminar Flow

234

7.5.2

Turbulent Flow

235

7.6

EXTENDED SURFACE INSERT

235

7.7

TANGENTIAL INJECTION DEVICES

236

7.8

CONCLUSIONS

238

NOMENCLATURE

239

REFERENCES

241

CHAPTER 8: INTERNALLY FINNED TUBES AND ANNULI

245

8.1

245

INTRODUCTION

Table of Contents

8.2

8.3

xi

INTERNALLY FINNED TUBES

246

8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3

247
257
265

Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
PEC Example 8.1

SPIRALLY FLUTED TUBES

266

8.3.1

Spirally Fluted Tube

268

8.3.2

Spirally Indented Tube

269

8.4

ADVANCED INTERNAL FIN GEOMETRIES

272

8.5

FINNED ANNULI

275

8.6

CONCLUSIONS

277

NOMENCLATURE

278

REFERENCES

280

CHAPTER 9: INTEGRAL ROUGHNESS

285

9.1

INTRODUCTION

285

9.2

ROUGHNESS WITH LAMINAR FLOW

287

9.2.1

Laminar Flow in Roughened Circular Tubes

287

9.2.2

Laminar Flow in Roughened Flat Tubes

290

9.3

9.4

HEAT-MOMENTUM TRANSFER ANALOGY CORRELATION

295

9.3.1
9.3.2

Friction Similarity Law

PEC Example 9.1

295
296

9.3.3

Heat Transfer Similarity Law

297

TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUGHNESS

300

9.4.1
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
9.4.5

301
305
306
310
313

Transverse Rib Roughness

Integral Helical-Rib Roughness
Wire Coil Inserts
Corrugated Tube Roughness
PEC Example 9.2

9.5

THREE-DIMENSIONAL ROUGHNESS

314

9.6

PRACTICAL ROUGHNESS APPLICATIONS

315

9.6.1
9.6.2
9.6.3

Tubes with Inside Roughness

Rod Bundles and Annuli
Rectangular Channels

315
319
319

9.6.4

Outside Roughness for Cross Flow

325

9.7

GENERAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

326

9.7.1

326

St and/vs. Reynolds Number

xii

9.8

9.9

Table of Contents

9.7.2

Other Correlating Methods

328

9.7.3

Prandtl Number Dependence

330

HEAT TRANSFER DESIGN METHODS

333

9.8.1

Design Method 1

333

9.8.2

Design Method 2

334

PREFERRED ROUGHNESS TYPE AND SIZE

334

9.9.1

Roughness Type

334

9.9.2

PEC Example 9.3

335

9.10 NUMERICAL SIMULATION

336

9.10.1 Predictions for Transverse-Rib Roughness

9.10.2 Effect of Rib Shape

337
339

9.10.3 The Discrete-Element Predictive Model

340

9.11 CONCLUSIONS

346

NOMENCLATURE

347

REFERENCES

350

CHAPTER 10: FOULING ON ENHANCED SURFACES

357

10.1 INTRODUCTION

357

10.2 FOULING FUNDAMENTALS

359

10.2.1 Paniculate Fouling

360

10.3 FOULING OF GASES ON FINNED SURFACES

362

10.4 SHELL-SIDE FOULING OF LIQUIDS

366

10.4.1 Low Radial Fins

10.4.2 Axial Fins and Ribs in Annulus

366
366

10.4.3 Ribs in Rod Bundle

367

10.5 FOULING OF LIQUIDS IN INTERNALLY FINNED TUBES

368

10.6 LIQUID FOULING IN ROUGH TUBES

370

10.6.1 Accelerated Paniculate Fouling

370

10.6.2 Long-Term Fouling

372

10.7 LIQUID FOULING IN PLATE-FIN GEOMETRY

375

10.8 CORRELATIONS FOR FOULING IN ROUGH TUBES

376

10.9 MODELING OF FOULING IN ENHANCED TUBES

378

10.9.1 Example Problem 10.1

382

10.10 FOULING IN PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS

382

10.11 CONCLUSIONS

384

Table of Contents

xiii

NOMENCLATURE

384

REFERENCES

386

CHAPTER 11: POOL BOILING AND THIN FILM EVAPORATION

389

11.1 INTRODUCTION

389

11.2 EARLY WORK ON ENHANCEMENT (1931-1962)

390

11.3 SUPPORTING FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES

390

11.4 TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED FOR ENHANCEMENT

393

11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.5
11.4.6
11.4.7
11.4.8
11.4.9
11.4.10
11.4.11
11.4.12
11.4.13

Abrasive Treatment
Open Grooves
Three-Dimensional Cavities
Etched Surfaces
Electroplating
Pierced Three-Dimensional Cover Sheets
Attached Wire and Screen Promoters
Nonwetting Coatings
Oxide and Ceramic Coatings
Porous Surfaces
Structured Surfaces (Integral Roughness)
Combination of Structured and Porous Surfaces
Composite Surfaces

393
394
394
396
396
396
397
399
402
402
409
413
413

11.5 SINGLE-TUBE POOL BOILING TESTS OF

ENHANCED SXURFACES

414

11.6 THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS

419

11.6.1 Liquid Superheat

11.6.2 Effect of Cavity Shape and Contact Angle on Superheat
11.6.3 Entrapment of Vapor in Cavities
11.6.4 Effect of Dissolved Gases
11.6.5 Nucleation at a Surface Cavity
11.6.6 Bubble Departure Diameter
11.6.7 Bubble Dynamics
11.7 BOILING HYSTERESIS AND ORIENTATION EFFECTS

419
420
422
425
426
427
428
428

11.7.1 Hysteresis Effects

428

11.7.2 Size and Orientation Effects

430

11.8 BOILING MECHANISM ON ENHANCED SURFACES

11.8.1
11.8.2
11.8.3
11.8.4

Basic Principles Employed

Visualization of Boiling in Subsurface Tunnels
Boiling Mechanism in Subsurface Tunnels
Chien and Webb Parametric Boiling Studies

431
431
432
436
438

xiv

Table of Contents

11.9 PREDICTIVE METHODS FOR STRUCTURED SURFACES

11.9.1
11.9.2
11.9.3
11.9.4
11.9.5
11.9.6
11.9.7

442

Empirical Correlations
Nakayama et al. [1980b] Model
Chien and Webb Model
Ramaswamy et al. Model
Jiang et al. Model
Other Models
Evaluation of Models

442
442
444
448
448
450
450

11.10 BOILING MECHANISM ON POROUS SURFACES

451

11.10.1 O'Neill et al. Thin Film Concept

451

11.10.2 Kovalev et al. Concept

451

11.11 PREDICTIVE METHODS FOR POROUS SURFACES

453

11.11.1 O'Neill et al. Model

11.11.2 Kovalov et al. Model
11.11.3 Nishikawa et al. Correlation

453
455
457

11.11.4 Zhang and Zhang Correlation

45 8

11.12 CRITICAL HEAT FLUX

459

11.13 ENHANCEMENT OF THIN FILM EVAPORATION

460

11.14 CONCLUSIONS

463

NOMENCLATURE

464

REFERENCES

466

CHAPTER 12: VAPOR SPACE CONDENSATION

473

12.1 INTRODUCTION

473

12.1.1 Condensation Fundamentals

474

12.1.2 Basic Approaches to Enhanced Film Condensation

477

12.2 DROPWISE CONDENSATION

477

12.3 SURVEY OF ENHANCEMENT METHODS

479

12.3.1 Coated Surfaces

12.3.2 Roughness
12.3.3 Horizontal Integral-Fin Tubes
12.3.4 Corrugated Tubes
12.3.5 Surface Tension Drainage
12.3.6 Electric Fields
12.4 SURFACE TENSION DRAINED CONDENSATION

480
482
482
493
494
501
501

12.4.1 Fundamentals
12.4.2 Adamek [1981] Generalized Analysis

501
506

Table of Contents

xv

12.4.3 "Practical" Fin Profiles

509

12.4.4 Prediction for Trapezoidal Fin Shapes

511

12.5 HORIZONTAL INTEGRAL-FIN TUBE

517

12.5.1 The Beatty and Katz [1948] Model

12.5.2 Precise Surface Tension-Drained Models
12.5.3 Approximate Surface Tension-Drained Models
12.5.4 Comparison of Theory and Experiment
12.6 HORIZONTAL TUBE BANKS

517
518
521
523
523

12.6.1
12.6.2
12.6.3
12.6.4

Condensation with Vapor Shear

Condensate Inundation without Vapor Shear
Condensate Drainage Pattern
Prediction of the Condensation Coefficient

12.7 CONCLUSIONS

523
525
528
532
533

APPENDIX 12.A: THE KEDZIERSKI AND WEBB

FIN PROFILE SHAPES

534

APPENDIX 12.B: FIN EFFICIENCY IN THE FLOODED REGION

535

NOMENCLATURE

535

REFERENCES

538

CHAPTER 13: CONVECTIVE VAPORIZATION

545

13.1 INTRODUCTION

545

13.2 FUNDAMENTALS

546

13.2.1
13.2.2
13.2.3
13.2.4
13.2.5
13.2.6

Flow Patterns
Convective Vaporization in Tubes
Two-Phase Pressure Drop
Effect of Flow Orientation on Flow Pattern
Convective Vaporization in Tube Bundles
Critical Heat Flux

13.3 ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES IN TUBES

13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
13.3.5
13.3.6

546
547
552
553
554
554
555

Internal Fins
Swirl Flow Devices
Roughness
Coated Surfaces
Perforated Foil Inserts
Porous Media

555
559
562
566
568
568

13.3.7 Coiled Tubes and Return Bends

569

13.4 THE MICROFIN TUBE

13.4.1 Early Work on the Microfin Tube

569
572

xvi

Table of Contents

13.4.2 Recent Work on the Microfin Tube

13.4.3 Special Microfin Geometries
13.4.4 Microfin Vaporization Data

576
578
580

13.5 MINICHANNELS

582

13.6 CRITICAL HEAT FLUX (CHF)

586

13.6.1
13.6.2
13.6.3
13.6.4

Twisted Tape
Grooved Tubes
Corrugated Tubes
Mesh Inserts

13.7 PREDICTIVE METHODS FOR IN-TUBE FLOW

13.7.1
13.7.2
13.7.3
13.7.4
13.7.5

High Internal Fins

Microfins
Twisted Tape Inserts
Corrugated Tubes
Porous Coatings

13.8 TUBE BUNDLES

13.8.1
13.8.2
13.8.3
13.8.4
13.8.5

Convective Effects in Tube Bundles

Tube Bundle Convective Vaporization Data
Effect of Spacing between Tubes
Convective Vaporization Models
Starting Hysteresis in Tube Bundles

587
588
588
588
589
589
590
592
592
592
592
593
596
599
600
601

13.9 PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGERS

602

13.10 THIN FILM EVAPORATION

604

13.10.1 Horizontal Tubes

604

13.10.2 Vertical Tubes

608

13.11 CONCLUSIONS

609

NOMENCLATURE

610

REFERENCES

612

CHAPTER 14: CONVECTIVE CONDENSATION

621

14.1 INTRODUCTION

621

14.2 FORCED CONDENSATION INSIDE TUBES

622

14.2.1
14.2.2
14.2.3
14.2.4
14.2.5

Internally Finned Geometry

Twisted-Tape Inserts
Roughness
Wire Coil Inserts
Coiled Tubes and Return Bends

14.3 MICROFIN TUBE

622
626
627
629
629
630

Table of Contents

14.3.1
14.3.2
14.3.3
14.3.4

Microfin Geometry Details

Optimization of Internal Geometry
Condensation Mechanism in Microfin Tubes
Convective Condensation in Special Microfin Geometries

14.4 FLAT TUBE AUTOMOTIVE CONDENSERS

xvii

632
633
636
640
641

14.4.1 Condensation Data for Flat, Extruded Tubes

643

14.4.2 Other Predictive Methods of Condensation in Flat Tubes

646

14.5 PLATE-TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERS

649

14.6 NONCONDENSIBLE GASES

649

14.7 PREDICTIVE METHODS FOR CIRCULAR TUBES

651

14.7.1
14.7.2
14.7.3
14.7.4

High Internal Fins

Wire Loop Internal Fins
Twisted Tapes
Roughness

14.7.5 Microfins

651
652
653
654
654

14.8 CONCLUSIONS

657

NOMENCLATURE

658

REFERENCES

659

CHAPTER 15: ENHANCEMENT USING ELECTRIC FIELDS

665

15.1 INTRODUCTION

665

15.2 ELECTRODE DESIGN AND PLACEMENT

667

15.3 SINGLE-PHASE FLUIDS

669

15.3.1 Enhancement on Gas Flow

15.3.2 Enhancement on Liquid Flow

670
671

15.3.3 Numerical Studies

672

15.4 CONDENSATION

672

15.4.1 Fundamental Understanding

15.4.2 Vapor Space Condensation
15.4.3 In-Tube Condensation
15.4.4 Falling Film Evaporation
15.4.5 Correlations
15.5 BOILING

672
675
677
677
679
680

15.5.1
15.5.2
15.5.3
15.5.4
15.5.5

Fundamental Understanding
Pool Boiling
Convective Vaporization
Critical Heat Flux
Correlations

680
682
682
683
683

xviii

Table of Contents

15.6 CONCLUSIONS

684

NOMENCLATURE

684

REFERENCES

685

CHAPTER 16: SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

689

16.1 INTRODUCTION

689

16.2 MASS TRANIJFER RESISTANCE IN THE GAS PHASE

690

16.2.1 Condensation with Noncondensible Gases

16.2.2 Evaporation into Air
16.2.3 Dehumidifying Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers

690
692
694

16.2.4 Water Film Enhancement of Finned-Tube Exchanger

695

16.3 CONTROLLING RESISTANCE IN LIQUID PHASE

699

16.4 SIGNIFICANT RESISTANCE IN BOTH PHASES

702

16.5 CONCLUSIONS

702

NOMENCLATURE

703

REFERENCES

704

CHAPTER 17: ADDITIVES FOR GASES AND LIQUIDS

707

17.1 INTRODUCTION

707

17.2 ADDITIVES FOR SINGLE-PHASE LIQUIDS

707

17.2.1
17.2.2
17.2.3
17.2.4

Solid Particles
PEC Example 17.1
Gas Bubbles
Suspensions in Dilute Polymer and Surfactant Solutions

17.3 ADDITIVES FOR SINGLE-PHASE GASES

707
710
710
710
712

17.3.1 Solid Additives

712

17.3.2 Liquid Additives

715

17.4 ADDITIVES FOR BOILING

715

17.5 ADDITIVES FOR CONDENSATION AND ABSORPTION

718

17.6 CONCLUSIONS

719

NOMENCLATURE

719

REFERENCES

720

CHAPTER 18: MICROCHANNELS

723

18.1 INTRODUCTION

723

18.2 FRICTION IN SINGLE MICROCHANNELS

725

Table of Contents

xix

18.3 FRICTION IN A SINGLE CHANNEL VS. MULTICHANNELS

727

18.4 SINGLE-PHASE HEAT TRANSFER IN MICROCHANNELS

731

18.4.1 Single Channel Flow

731

18.4.2 Heat Transfer in Multiple Microchannels

733

18.5 MANIFOLD SELECTION AND DESIGN

733

18.5.1 Single-Phase Flow

734

18.5.2 Two-Phase Flow

736

18.6 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW IN MANIFOLDS

737

18.7 TWO-PHASE HEAT TRANSFER IN MICROCHANNELS

738

18.8 CONCLUSIONS

741

NOMENCLATURE

742

REFERENCES

743

CHAPTER 19: ELECTRONIC COOLING HEAT TRANSFER

747

19.1 INTRODUCTION

747

19.2 COMPONENT THERMAL RESISTANCES

748

19.3 LIMITS ON DIRECT HEAT REMOVAL WITH AIR-COOLING

750

19.3.1 PEC Example 19.1, Enhanced Fin Geometry Heat Sink

19.4 SECOND GENERATION IndHR DEVICES FOR
HEAT REMOVAL AT HOT SOURCE
19.4.1
19.4.2
19.4.3
19.4.4
19.4.5
19.4.6

Single-Phase Fluids
Two-Phase Fluids
Heat Pipe
Nucleate Boiling
Forced Convection Vaporization
Spray Cooling

19.5 DISCUSSION OF ADVANCED HEAT REMOVAL CONCEPTS

19.5.1
19.5.2
19.5.3
19.5.4

Jet Impingement/Spray Cooling Devices

Single-Phase MicroChannel Cooling
Two-Phase MicroChannel Cooling
Enhanced Two-Phase Forced Convection Cooling

19.6 REMOTE HEAT-EXCHANGERS FOR IndHR

19.6.1 Air-Cooled Ambient Heat Exchangers
19.6.2 Condensing Surfaces
19.6.3 Design for Multiple Heat Sources
19.7 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE FOR THE IndHR SYSTEM

753
754
754
755
756
756
760
761
761
761
765
765
767
767
767
770
771
771

xx

Table of Contents

19.8 CONCLUSIONS

772

NOMENCLATURE

772

REFERENCES

773

PROBLEM SUPPLEMENT

775

INDEX

789