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Bharat Electronics: Project Report
Bharat Electronics: Project Report
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME :
NARENDER KUMAR
ROLL NO: 2724031002
INSTITUTE: SUNDERDEEP
1
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CONTENTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PREFACE
BHARAT ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
COMPANY PROFILE
FORMATION OF GZB. UNIT
ROTATION PROGRAME
INTRODUCTION TO RADAR
PROJECT ON IFF UNIT
CERTIFICATE
TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that VISHAL RAJWANSHI, student of B.tech
Electronics and Communication Engineering from VIRA COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING (UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)
LUCKNOW has undergone an industrial training on project titled Study of
PROJECT GUIDE)
2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
3.
PREFACE
4. ABOUT
BHARAT ELECTRONICS
LIMITED
(BEL)
BEL was born to meet the growing needs of Indian Defence services for
electronic systems. Employing the best engineering talent available in the country,
BEL has progressed manufacturing state-of-the-art products in the field of Defence
Electronics like Communications including encryption, Radars and strategic
components.
Over the years, BEL has diversified to meet the needs of civilian customers
as well and has provided products and network solutions on turnkey basis to
customers in India and abroad.
With the Research & Development efforts, its engineers have fructified it into
a world-class organization. The company has a unique position in India of having
dealt with all the generations of electronic component and equipment. Having started
with a HF receiver in collaboration with T-CSF of France, the companys equipment
designs have had a long voyage through the hybrid, solid-state discrete component
to the state-of-art integrated circuit technology. In the component arena also, the
company established its own electron valve
manufacturing facility. It moved on to semiconductors with the manufacture of
germanium and silicon devices and then to manufacture of Integrated circuits. To
keep in pace with the component and equipment technology, its manufacturing and
product assurance facilities have also undergone sea change. The design groups
have CADDs facility, the manufacturing has CNC machines and a Mass
Manufacture Facility, and QC checks are performed with multi-dimensional profile
measurement machines. Automatic testing machines, environmental labs to check
extreme weather and other operational conditions are there. All these facilities have
been established to meet the stringent requirements of MIL grade systems.
Product mix of the company are spread over the entire electromagnetic (EM)
spectrum ranging from tiny audio frequency semiconductor to huge radar systems
and X-ray tubes on the upper edge of the spectrum. Its manufacturing units have
special focus towards the product ranges like Defence Communications, Radars,
Optical & Opto-electronics, Telecommunications, Sound and Vision broadcasting,
Electronic components, etc.
Besides manufacturing and supply of a wide variety of products, BEL offers a
variety of services like Telecom and Radar Systems Consultancy, Contract
Manufacturing, Calibration of test& measuring instruments, etc. At the moment, the
company is installing MSSR radar at important airports under the modernization of
airports plan of National Airport Authority (NAA).
BEL has nurtured and built a strong in-house R&D base by absorbing
technologies from more than 50 leading companies worldwide and DRDO labs for a
wide range of products. A team of more than 800 engineers is working in R&D. Each
unit has its own R&D Division to bring out new products to the production lines.
Central Research Laboratory (CRL) at Bangalore and Ghaziabad works as
7
VARIOUS UNITS
Its corporate office is at Bangalore. Bangalore complex is
the BELs first and largest unit and it accounts for two-thirds of
both the companys turnover and manpower. This units product
range covers over 300 Defence and Civilian products.
Ghaziabad is the second largest unit of BEL and it specializes
in radars, communication equipments & microwavecomponents.
In total BEL has got 9 units. These are distributed in all over the India as:
GHAZIABAD
PANCHKULA
MACHILIPATNAM
PUNE
HYDERABAD
CHENNAI
KOTDWARA
TALOJA
Bangalore (Karnataka)
BEL started its production activities in Bangalore in 1954 with 400W high
frequency (HF) transmitter and communication receiver for the Army. Since then, the
Bangalore Complex has grown to specialize in communication and Radar/Sonar
Systems for the Army, Navy and Air Force. BEL's in-house R&D and successful tieups with foreign Defence companies and Indian Defence Laboratories has seen the
development and production of over 300 products in Bangalore alone. The Unit has
now diversified into manufacturing of electronic products for the civilian customers
such as DOT, VSNL, AIR and Doordarshan, Meteorological Dept., ISRO, Police,
Civil Aviation, and Railways. As an aid to Electorate, the unit has developed
Electronic Voting Machines that are produced at its Mass Manufacturing Facility
(MMF).
10
JOINT VENTURES
1. BE-Delft Electronics Limited
BE-Delft Electronics Limited, Pune, the first joint venture of the company with
Delft Instruments, Holland and UTI was established in the year 1990 for
conducting research, development and manufacture of Image Intensifier Tubes and
associated high voltage power supplies for use in military, security and commercial
systems. Its products include night vision goggles and binoculars, night vision
weapon sights and low light level input applications.
2. GE BE Private Limited
GE BE Private Limited, Bangalore, a JV with General Electric Medical
Systems, USA has been established in 1997-98 for manufacture of High End
Rotating Anode Medical Diagnostic X-ray tube called CT MAX, which is used in CT
Scanners. The joint venture unit will also establish a reloading facility for X-ray tubes
and will also market the conventional X-ray tubes made at Pune Unit of BEL. South
ast Asia market are addressed by this joint venture.
Corporate Motto
Corporate Mission
Corporate Objectives
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
In order to meet the Nation's strategic needs, to strive for self reliance by indigenization of materials and
components.
(e)
(f)
Research and Development as well as through collaboration/cooperation with Defence/National Research Laboratories, International
Companies, Universities and Academic institutions.
(g)
(h)
Quality Policy
BEL is committed to consistently deliver enhanced value to our customers,
through continual improvement of our products and processes.
Quality Objectives
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
e)
The management of BEL is convinced of the need for Quality Enhancement, on a continuous basis, in the company.
Need was felt to impart Education / Training to all the officers on the various facets of quality management. Accordingly, an
institute called Bharat Electronics Quality Institute (BEQI) was established in 1999.
Besides, there are two Central Research Laboratories (CRL) located at Bangalore
and Ghaziabad, to address futuristic technologies of interest to BEL.
Systems, Opto Electronic Products, and Electronic Components. CRL performs the
dual role of carrying out blue sky research for the development of future
technologies and supporting the D&E Divisions of BEL's nine units with state-of-theart core technology solutions in areas like Embedded Computers and applications,
Radar Signal Processing, VLSI designs, RF & Microwave Communication
Technologies, Software modules etc.
5.
CUSTOMER PROFILE
Equipment
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Non-Defence
Para-Military
Space Department
All India Radio
Doordarshan
(TV Network)
NCERT
Department of
Telecommunications
Videsh Sanchar
Nigam and other
Corporate Bodies
Civil Aviation
Meteorological
Department
Power Sector
Oil Industry
Forest Departments,
Irrigation &
Electricity Boards
Medical &
Health Care
Railways
3. Components
15
Defence
Non-Defence
All India Radio,
Doordarshan
(TV Network),
Department of
Telecomm
and Civil Industries
Entertainment
Industry
Telephone Industry
Switching Industry
Instrumentation
Industry
Medical &
Health Care
4. Systems / Network
16
6 Formation of unit
In the mid 60's, while reviewing the defence requirement of the country, the
government focused its attention to strengthen the air defence system, in particular
the ground electronics system support, for the air defence network. This led to the
formulation of a very major plan for an integrated Air Defence Ground Environment
System known as the Plan ADGES with Prime Minister as the presiding officer of the
apex review committee. At about the same time, Public attention was focused on the
report of the Bhabha Committee on the development and production of electronic
equipment. The ministry of defence immediately realized the need to establish
production capacity for meeting the electronic equipment requirements for its Plan
ADGES.
BEL was then entrusted with the task of meeting the development and
production requirement for the Plan ADGES and in view of the importance of the
project it was decided to create additional capacity at a second unit of the company.
In December 1970 the Govt. sanctioned an additional unit for BEL. In 1971,
the industrial license for manufacture of radar and microwave equipment was
obtained; 1972 saw the commencement of construction activities and production
was launched in 1974.
Over the years, the Unit has successfully manufactured a wide variety of equipment
needed for defence and civil use. It has also installed and commissioned a large
number of systems on turnkey basis. The Unit enjoys a unique status as
manufacturer of IFF systems needed to match a variety of Primary Raiders. More
than 30 versions of IFFs have already been supplied traveling the path from vacuum
technology to solid-state to latest Microwave Component based system.
The operations at BEL Ghaziabad are headed by General Manager with
Additional / Deputy General Manager heading various divisions - Design &
Engineering Divisions, Development and Engineering-R, Development and
Engineering-C and Development and Engineering-Antenna.
Ghaziabad unit is primarily engaged in manufacture, supply and Turn-key execution
of Radars, Communication equipments & Antennas /Systems for defence as well as
17
PRODUCT RANGE
The product range today companies:
1. Radar Systems:
3-Dimensional High Power Static and Mobile Radar for the Air Force.
Low Flying Detection Radar for both the Army and the Air force.
Tactical Control Radar Systems for the Army
Battlefield Surveillance Radar for the Army
1. IFF Mk-X Radar systems for the Defence and Export
2. ASR/MSSR systems for Civil Aviation.
1. Radar & allied systems Data Processing Systems.
2. Communications:
3. Digital Static Troposcatter Communication Systems for the Air Force.
4. Digital Mobile Troposcatter Communication System for the Air Force and
Army.
5. VHF, UHF & Microwave Communication Equipment.
6. Bulk Encryption Equipment.
7. Turnkey Communication Systems Projects for defence & civil users.
8. Static and Mobile Satellite Communication Systems for Defence
1. Telemetry/Tele-control Systems.
3. Antenna:
9. Antennae for Radar, Terrestrial & Satellite Communication Systems.
10. Antennae for TV Satellite Receive and Broadcast applications.
11. Antennae for Line-of-sight Microwave Communication Systems.
4. Microwave Component:
1. Active Microwave components like LNAs, Synthesizer, and Receivers etc.
2. Passive Microwave components like Double Balanced Mixers, etc
18
Most of these products and systems are the result of a harmonious combination of
technology absorbed under ToT from abroad, defence R&D Laboratories and BEL's
own design and development efforts.
Organization:
The operations at BEL Ghaziabad are headed by General Manager with
Additional / Deputy General Manager heading various divisions as follows:
Design & Engineering Divisions :
1.
Development and Engineering-R,
1.
Development and Engineering-C,
1.
Development and Engineering-Antenna.
1) Radar,
1) Communication,
Antenna,
Systems,
I.
Microwave Components.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Support Divisions :
Material Management,
Marketing & Customer Co-ordination,
Quality Assurance & Torque,
Central Services,
PCB & Magnetics,
Information Systems,
Finance & Accounts,
Personnel & Administration,
a. Management Services.
19
Design facilities are also constantly being modernized and substantial computeraided design facilities are being introduced including installation of mini- and microcomputers and dedicated design application. About 170 graduate and post-graduate
engineers are working on research and development and indication of the
importance R&D has in BEL's growth.
Three Design and Engineering groups are product based viz. Communication,
Radar and Antenna. These divisions are further divided into different departments to
look after products of a particular nature. Each of them has a drawing office attached
to them, which are equipped with latest drafting and engineering software. The PCB
layout and PCB master making is done at CADD Centre. A central Records &
Printing section takes care of the preserving the engineering documents and
distribution thereof. Most of the engineering documents are available online.
21
7 ROTATION PROGRAMME
Under this the students are introduced to the company by putting
them under a rotation program to various departments. The several
departments where I had gone under my rotational program is as
follows:
1. TEST EQUIPMENT & AUTOMATION
2. P.C.B FABRICATION
3. QUALITY CONTROL (WORKS)
4. MAGNETICS
5. MICROWAVE LAB
6. ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
7. CS- ELECTRICAL
8. WORKS ASSEMBLY-RADAR
22
23
for every industry to have its own calibration unit if it can afford it.
Moreover those
GREEN
---O.K, Perfect
YELLOW
RED
etc.
specifications by
purchased
are
inspected
according
to
the
26
MAGNETICS
This department is making all types of transformers and coils that
are used in various equipments. This department basically consists of
four sections:
1. Planning section
2. Mechanical assembly section
3. Moldings section
4. Inspection
27
1. Hand-winding
2. Torroidal-winding
3. Sector-winding
4. Pitch-winding
5. Variable winding
6. Wave winding
Two types of cores used are :
28
10. Termination
11. Testing: dielectric testing is done at 50 KV voltage applied for a
minimum of one minute. During inspection, the following characteristics
are checked :(a)Turn ratio
(b)DC resistance of or each coil
29
(c) Inductance
(d)No load voltage
(e)Leakage
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
30
31
gain, bandwidth, VSWR, phase, return loss, reflection etc. are checked.
The instruments used for this purpose are as follows:1.Filters
2.Isolators
3.Reflectors
4.Network Analyzers
5.Spectrum Analyzers
6.Amplifiers and Accessories
32
CS -(ELECTRICAL)
The main task of this department is to supply power to the all
production units, administrative block and other parts of the factory. This
department is arranged into one main station and five sub stations at
different locations in the company. The power is received from the Uttar
Pradesh Vidyut Board through 33 KV power line at the main station.
At the main station the power is stepped down to 11KV using
33/11KV step down transformer. The main station is provided with gangoperated switch, air circuit breakers (ACB), oil circuit breaker (OCB).
The air circuit breaker being used is of rating 11000 V , 800 A. The gang
operated switch is to be operated always OFF-load. This is operated
when there is some fault in the incoming power line. In case we operate
the gang operated switch ON-load, large amount of sparks will be
produced. There are two transformers at the main station. Out of these
two only one is used at a time and second one is standby transformer.
i.e. It is operated in case when first transformer does not work properly.
Current transformers are used at the main station for the measurement
of power consumption. Lighting arresters are used at the main station to
protect the station and all the electrical equipments from being
damaged. For extra security two different set of lighting arresters are
used one above the other so that station is not damaged at any cost and
the excess charge gets grounded.
33
There are five sub stations at BEL which receive the power from
main station at 11 KV and stepped down to 433 V for the use of various
machines in the factory. The transformers being used
at various sub stations are of rating1600 KVA. These sub stations
provide power to different divisions of the factory. Like the main station
these stations are also provided with lighting arresters, ACBs, OCBs
and gang operated switches.
In case of power failure there are two generators, which can
supply the power to production divisions only, and some other important
sections. These generators are imported from Czechoslovakia and are
of Ascorda make. These generators are air starting type and need a
pressure of 1000 Pound for starting. These can develop a power of 325
bhp. And consume 400 Litres/Hr. of diesel each. Each generator is
having 6 cylinders. These have a firing order of 15-36-24 to operate the
cylinders in the same order. These are of capacity 860 KV and each
generator generates 400 V at 50 Hz.This voltage is stepped up by a
transformer to 11KV and supplied to the sub stations
34
ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
Various tests are conducted in the environmental lab in BEL in
order to ensure reliability. Reliability is defined as the probability of a
device performing its purpose adequately for the period intended under
the given operating condition. In a given reliability is given as
The standards available here are:
JSS55555- Joint services specifications ( Military Standard of India)
MII Standards U.S Military standers
QM333 Civil Avitation and police
WORKS ASSEMBLY
This department plays an important role in the production. Its
main function is to assemble various components, equipments and
instruments in a particular procedure. It has been broadly classified as :
WORK ASSEMBLY RADAR
e.g.:INDRA-2, REPORTER
Preparation:
This is done before mounting and undertakes two procedures.
Tinning:
The resistors, capacitors and other components are tinned with
the help of tinned lead solution. The wire coming out from the
36
Bending:
Preparation is done by getting the entire documents j, part list
drawing and bringing all the components before doing the work.
Mounting:
It means soldering the components of the PCB plate with the
help of soldering tools. The soldering irons are generally of 25 W and
are of variable temperature, one of the wires of the components is
soldered so that they dont move from their respective places on the
PCB plate. On the other hand of the component is also adjusted so that
the PCB does not burn.
Wave Soldering:
This is done in a machine and solder sticks on the entire path,
which are tinned. Wave soldering machine consists of following parts
1. Conveyor
2. Fluxer
3. Heater
37
4. Flux Cleaner
Touch up:
This is done by hand after the finishing is done.
Inspection:
This comes under quality work.
Heat ageing:
This is done in environment lab at temperature of 40 0C
for 4 hrs and three cycles.
Lacquering:
variable.
8 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR :
RADAR :RADAR is an abbreviation of word RADIO DETECTING AND
RANGING. It is an electromagnetic system for detection and location of
object. It operates by transmitting a particular type of waveform.
An elementary form of radar consists of a transmitting antenna emitting
electromagnetic radiation generated by an oscillator, a receiving
antenna, and an energy detecting device or receiver. A position of the
transmitted signal is intercepted by a reflecting object (target) and is reradiated in all the directions. The receiving antenna collects the returned
energy and delivers it to a receiver, where it is processed. The distance
to the target is determined by measuring the time taken by the radar
signal to travel and come back. The direction or angular position of the
target may be determined from the detection of arrival of the reflected
wavefront .
APPLICATION OF RADAR has been employed on the ground, in air, on
the sea and in space. Some important areas of applications are
38
2. SECONDARY RADAR
A PRIMARY RADAR locates an object by transmitting a signal and
detecting the reflected echo. A SECONDARY RADAR SYSTEM is
similar in operation to primary radar except that the return signal is
radiated from a transmitter on board the target rather than by reflection.
In other words, secondary radar operates with a co-operative ACTIVE
TARGET while the primary radar operates with a PASSIVE TARGET. But
in cases such as controlling of air traffic, the controller must be able to
identify the air craft and know whether it is of a friend or a foe. It is also
desired to know the height of the aircraft, so that on the same source but
flying at different levels can be kept apart.
To give the controller this information, a second radar called a
secondary surveillance radar (SSR) is used. This works differently and
needs the help of the target aircraft. It senses out the sequence of
pulses to an electronic black box, called an transponder fitted on the
aircraft. The basic operation of a secondary radar is as follows:
IFF ANTENNA
RF SWITCH UNIT
TRANSMITTER
REMOTE CONTROL
PANEL
RECEIVER
MK X DECODER
CONTROL UNIT
MODE S DRAWER
(INTERROGATOR DECODER)
GROUND / SHIP
INTERROGATOR
PPI
9 PROJECT ON IFF
IFF SYSTEM BASIC PRINCIPLE
(THE IFF UNIT)
GENERAL
The identification of Friend and Foe (IFF) is basically a radar
beacon system employed for the purposes of general identification of
military targets. The beacon system when used for the control of civil air
traffic is called as secondary surveillance radar (SSR).
42
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS:
The SSR interrogate transponder equipped aircraft with coded
pulses train whose spacing denotes whether identity or altitude replies
are being requested. The elicited reply comprises up to 14 pulses,
spaced at multiples of 1.45 microseconds. Two pulses in this code train
define the pulse train and the other pulses contain the code data these
positions provide up to 4096 discrete identify codes including the
altitude.
The position of the scanning antenna and the elapsed time
between the interrogation and receipt of the transponder reply give the
43
azimuth and range. Thus range, azimuth and altitude are derived.
Special code provisions enable to declare an emergency or
communication failure, special identification of a particular aircraft when
the same identify code has been used by two or more aircraft.
OPERATION
The SSR system can operate in association with both static and
mobile primary radar or independently with its own monitor display. The
transmitter can be triggered either internally or externally. Interrogations
are pre-triggered with respect to the primary radar pulse transmission
(external triggering) to provide for a timing match between radar echoes
and SSR replies at the PPI display. The PRF of the interrogation
transmission is either the same as the primary radar or counted down to
maintain a nominal value as the case may be. The interrogation modes
provide for separation of replies by function. For e.g., mode C is the
automatic altitude mode. Interlacing of two modes is done to update
identity and altitude data on each scan of the ground based antenna.
PURPOSE
The IDENTIFICATION FRIEND AND FOE (IFF) is basically a
Radar Beacon System employed for the purpose of general
identification of Military targets. The Beacon System when used for the
control of civil air traffic is called as secondary surveillance Radar (SSR).
The Beacon System is designated in general as Secondary Radar and
the normal radar as Primary Radar for distinguishing.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
P2
P3
44
respond only when it finds the amplitude of the P1 and P3 greater than
that of P2.
NOTE: THE CONTROL PULSE P2 DOES NOT CARRY ANY
SIGNIFICANCE TO THE DECODING EQUIPMENT
(VIDEO PROCESSOR).
45
MODE PULSES
MODE 1
MODE 2
MODE
3/A
MODE C
MODE S
46
MODE
PURPOSE
1
2
3/A
3
5
8
21
Altitude-Height
PULSES
POSITION (SECS)
C1
1.45
A1
2.90
C2
4.35
A2
5.80
C4
7.25
A4
8.70
X
10.15
B1
11.60
D1
13.05
B2
14.50
D2
15.95
B4
17.40
D4
18.85
The position of the X pulse is specified only as a technical
standard and at present is not used. It is reserved for future use. Thus,
eliminating the pulse X, the reply code train consists of 12 pulses formed
by A B C D combination and bracketed within F1 and F2 pulses. All reply
pulses have pulse duration of 0.45 0. 1 microsecond and pulse rise
time between 0.05 to 0.1 microseconds and pulse decay time
The pulse interval tolerance of the SPI pulse with respect to the
last frame pulse of the reply group is 0.1 microsecond.
CODE NOMENCLATURE
The code designation consists of digits between 0 and 7 inclusive and
consists of the sum of the subscripts of the pulse numbers.
DIGIT
First (least significant)
Second
Third
Fourth
PULSE GROUP
A
B
C
D
Thus, there are 8 possible ABCD combinations, making 4096 total code
possibilities extending from 0000 to 7777.
The different types of reply received are:
a) NORMAL REPLY
The normal reply consists of the F1; F2 frame pulses bracketed the
code pulses appropriate to that particular aircraft for the mode of
interrogation
b) MODE 1 REPLY
When an aircraft is interrogated in mode 1, which consists of P1 and
P3 pulses spaced 3 microseconds apart, the transponder sends back
accede train with the characteristics of the SI code train. SI is another
designation for mode 1 and is the abbreviation for SECURITY
IDENTIFICATION .The returning SI code train is the basic FRIEND
AND FOE identification.
The reply signal consists of the framing pulses F1 and F2 spaced at
20.3 microseconds apart with all the pulses having pulse duration of
0.45 microseconds and 1.45 microseconds apart.
c) MODE 2 REPLY
When the IFF ground interrogator transmits a mode 2 interrogation,
consisting of P1, P3 spaced at five microseconds apart, the aircraft
transponder replies with a PERSONAL IDENTITY (PI) code train.
49
The replies on the above modes of interrogation consist of the two frame
pulses F1, F2 spaced at 20.3 microseconds apart bracketing the
information code pulses.
REPLY CODE IDENTIFICATION
On all modes except mode C the transponder manually selects the
codes from the 4096 possible codes while in mode C interrogation the
transponder automatically replies the pressure altitude data. The
pressure- altitude is reported in 100 ft increments by selection of pulses.
EMERGENCY REPLY CODES
:
Code
50
EMER / COMMN
FAILURE
SPECIAL POSITION
IDENTIFICATION (SPI)
:
:
:
:
0000
7700
7600
7500
ALL AIRCRAFT
SIGNAL
PASSIVE CODE
MATCH
51
SYSTEM OPERATIONS
The air surveillance over the thousand of square kilometers surrounding
the equipment site must depend on the data obtained from the search
radar and the radar identification systems. The identified data must be
decoded and presented in such a way that the PPI operator can
interpret it quickly and easily.
The IFF decoder processing unit does the decoding of the received
signal and generates video pulses to be displayed on the PPI at the
request of the operator. Such type of video presentation is known as the
passive decoding. By examining all the code trains received and then
Passive decoding
Active decoding
PASSIVE DECODING
In passive decoding, the IFF video-processing unit (decoder unit)
along with decoding the reply code generates video pulses to be
displayed on the PPI. The operator sets the mode and code
the three arcs one above the other space apart by 24.65 secs
behind preceding is over the radar reply.
Military/Civil Emergency And Communication failure
This response is also controlled in the air craft and is used to
indicate an emergency condition or communication failure. In the
case of military emergency the received signal consists of 4 pairs
of frame pulses with the first pair carrying the reply code and the
rest three pairs may or may not carry any reply code. While the
civil emergency signal is represented by the reply code carrying
code 7700. The communication failure reply code contains code
7600.
Passive height match
The display on the passive height match on the PPI consists of a
slash with width equal to 5 times the normal slash width. There will
be two slashed on over the radar reply and the second slash with
5 times the width of the first slash and precedes the first arc by
24.65 secs.
generated and fed to the decoder. The timing of the active gate
input to the decoder from the PPI position defines the range and
azimuth of the designated aircraft. The response is taken as valid
when at least five replies from the air craft are identified in a beam
width period.
ACTIVE DECODING
With the help of designation pulse generated from primary radar display,
the actual code of the designated target can be read on control unit by
means of active decoding. The mode for active decoding can be
selected with the help of thumbwheel switches (as in passive decoding)
provided in the control units. The code is then displayed on a 4 digit
numeric indicator. The fifth digit displays the validity of the incoming
code. Altitude of the target aircraft can also be displayed on control unit
when the IFF is operated in mode C.
57
0-6
db
TX POWER
MONITOR
TO RX
240V,A
C
RF SU
STEP ATTN.
MODE PULSES
10db
3 dB
40 dB
CRYSTAL
DETECTOR
TRANSMITER
DETECTED RF
PULSE
+12V
GATED XTAL
OSCILLATOR
1030 MHz
RF
MOD DRIVER
-12V
TRIGGER
RX PROCESSOR
PCB
RAW
VIDEO
VIDEO
MONITO
R
+12
V
GATED XTAL
OSCILLATOR
1090 MHz
TEST PULSE
BITE
PRY TRIGGER
PRE
TRIGGER
MODE
SIMULATOR
GENERATOR
PRE TRIGGER
+MODE PLUSES
PRE TRIGGER
MIC
RECEIVER
PIN DIODE
ATTENUATOR
+12V
RECEIVER
0
20db
TX PROCESSER
PCB
P1,P3
P2
SIMULATED VIDEO
GENERAL
DECODER
R
A
W
V
I
D
E
O
CONTROL
PANNEL
PROCESSOR
SELECTIVE
DECODER
IFF VIDEO
PPI
AZIMUTH
PROCESSOR
RDP
58
PRE TRIGGER
MODE PULSE
DETECTED RF
TX STATUS TO CONTROL
PANNEL
PRE TRIGGER + MODE
PULSE
TEST PULSES PCB ASSY - TX
MODULATION FAIL
INDICATION
P1,P2,P3 DETECTOR
TX POWER MONITOR
P1,P2,P3
P1,P2,P3
TX 400 W
(RX + PROCESSOR)
TEST MODULE
MONITOR
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
DIPLEXER
RF TO/FROM RF
SWITCH
1090 MHZ
OSCILLATOR
TX MODULE
RX MODULE
VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR
LOCAL
OSCILLATOR
RECEIVER
IF SIGNAL
MONITOR
RAW VIDEO
PCB ASSY - RXPMONITOR
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TX - RX
59
REGULATED DC
VOLTAGES
UNREGULATED
VOLTAGES
REGULATOR PCB
+5V / +12 V / -12 V /
+24 V / +28 V
DC FOR MONITORING ON
FRONT PANEL
LED INDICATION ON
FRONT PANEL
REGULATED DC
VOLTAGES
UNREGULATED
VOLTAGES
REGULATOR PCB
+5V / +12 V / -12 V /
+24 V / +28 V
DC FOR MONITORING ON
FRONT PANEL
LED INDICATION ON
FRONT PANEL
60
POWER SUPPLY 50 V
+ 50 V TO Tx
FOR Tx 400 W
MAINS
AC
TRANSFORMER
INPUT 240 V
OUTPUT 51 V
REGULATED
PCB
50 V
+ 50 V MONITOR
ON FP AND
CONTROL PANEL
PERFORMS
RECTIFICATION
VOLTAGE REGULATION
CURRENT LIMITING
OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION
CURRENT 350 mA
OVERVOLTAGE 54 V
61
PRY. TRIGGER
MODE PULSES TO TX TPA400W
MODE GENERATOR
(PCB ASSY. MG1)
PRY.
PRE.
TRIGGER
MODE.
TRIGGER
PULSE
RAW VIDEO
TEST VIDEO
DECODER
(PCB ASSY A 010)
DEFRUITER
(PCB ASSY A 011)
SELECTIVE DECODER
PCB ASSY SD 12
PCB ASSY SD 2
PCB ASSY SD 3
PRY TRIGGER
SIMULATOR
PCB ASSY
A012
AZIMUTH DECODER
PCB ASSY AD 1
PCB ASSY AD 2
DEFRUITER
STATUS
INTERROGATOR
STATUS
DECODER
STATUS
SAMPLE OF DC VOLTAGES
MONITORING
AND
CONTROL
INTERFACE
(PCB ASSY MC1)
MONITOR
AA
(MONITOR)
IFF VEDIO
ACTIVE CODE HT & RANGE
TEST
VIDEO
MONITOR
G
Y
R
INTERROGATOR FAIL
LED
DECODER FAIL
DEFRUITER FAIL LED
LED
IFF FAIL SIGNAL TO
CONTROL
PANNEL
METER
62
SWITCH SETTINGS
x 1 SEC
S1
x 10 SEC
S2
OFF
P2
S3
S4
ON
S3
ADVANCE
DELAY
S4
PCB ASSY MG 1
MODE GENERATOR
63
SWITCH SETTINGS
SW1
SW1
ON
PCB ASSY MC 1
MONITORING & CONTROL
64
IFFBITE
RAW VIDEO
TX- SHELTER
INT TX-Rx
&
RFSU
Interrogate
pulse P1,P3
ANTENNA
VEHICLE
RF OUT
Control pulse
P2
CONTROL CH.
P2
HYBIRD
COUPLER
P1,P3
INTERROGATE CH
HYBIRD
COUPLER
IFF DECODER
&
CONTROL PANEL
P30+PI,P2,P3
RF
OUT/IN
DISPLAY SHELTER
DIPOLES MOUNTED ON
HORN ASSY
65
33 V RECTIFIER
UNREGULATED
VOLTAGES
240 V
AC
MAINS
17,18
V
RECTIFIER
TRANSFORMER 17,18 V
TO
RECTIFIER
11,3 V
REGULATED
VOLTAGESSUPPLY
MODULE
RECTIFIER
66