NF 32, AO, 5D, 53, 54,60, | A Ene i modynamicce | Sse az Bee Thermacynanies Defined as Science of energy rae namics 4 Ther mes dynamis Gveck Qieek er heat Titer ee mone cee Early meaning Csvvert heat nto Pow) fi Ly Heat engines Omservaton cea pun cple etal amount of energy mae Universe, ts emstaut me aM ms m in ot ay wT s-for Aree ome oer into anotice But the total enemy bs emsevved. 4% Laws of Thermo dynamics asserts Cmsenakon ot energy 2 Law asserts What energy has quale and yea | /natural AVBEESZES occur mothe de decré a) energy quality ample » Hot toffee Mea cup enol og oe & room +emM perature. Coes Ma cup dees not neat ‘Wp on'its own , Classical Thermodynamic py Macroscopic view Hoatistical ” ~~ Micrscopic view Applica tons Heat engines 5 Refrigeration cycles , Heating homes Coping, > human body © Dimensions and Units 7 & phasical apaantily is chavaclerized by a set of chavacteri Like length b,time T, Mass M, and Temperature 8. L,T,M, ® are defined ac Premary Dimensions or Fundamental Dimensions“he lengin of a Dek Is chavacteriged /dascrebed by the dim evsin L. he Youme et an Object is cdescrrbed & Combinatom Crea sue eerten WMS => The volute dimension ts alsecencary climeusion saerwed cimensitn Ane \ a table_is deserbal by tite Lengtn dimension Seen tdeata UNS ae Unik syste ms English sysiem US customary System Metric Anternatomal System of Unite SE ST cowvertiim ts based on-factsys of 10 Enguah Conversion Cs based on arbrchary Cmversidue IBIS Metvic Cvertion Trecty siqned boy (4 Natos SE -found Universal accaplanua. V1@0 Genel ference of weight. and Medsures sgvocuced ST system Te Cee cen siz-fundam enta | Bumersume ) om _, Lengtn Kilogram — Mass a a i A (Amp) lectree Current K yee KeWin Comdela _ Lumenous Satenc its ie Porting 4 lati Mo» Added to ST O Stand Englich Uncts Coy erciion stem | oT 1kg =2,205 Lon, ae iy s i S im =3,2808 ft eng \ish lbm | 3 | f+ cn English susiem ne fovia. is ascigned afimdlamental a Dimension and Nota Derwed dimension(s}Ta SL jhe fovle is described bY a setat derived CumMensiMs Corsidey te dove as h a seemdary cdemenstou Based om Piston SecA) 4 ieee baw et eM ZF =F ama er #1 =|mja] Sr Liss. IN= I Newt Forte needed 4p accelerate \ ae [ie srare) Eng lich Syst ~p slop = Forca Needed to Awelerate amass B2e\F4 Lory (1 stu ess a tees 1 H/s2 neal ad) baw! } Tepe 32, ea Mass ts a Sosa quar — Metiama Ha ly expressed = rv mtermsota num Cc Weight 15 a foyte — Mathematical! vassed WA Aer ofa Vector ee maguitude aud biectivion Euvopeans Used kgf a6 a unit ef weight . 1 kgf = Weyhtof 4 ley @ sea level = 4-804 N, Remember from Prysics Na Aa BO Ot Den aA iw Weigut /Unit Volume = Y OY spectfiz WEeIBAt =\ms = 3} Value ofg pA Fa = © Me = ™q Meee 7 fa-GmMe . ma [7 (Re+hy > ae G Me On auclaa of cart 2 Re+h) gas 18 52 €| O WORK Worle isdeftied 0 We [Fe ae For & force not o-functiow of displacement We Fe AX = FAK ine W [s] Nem = Teoule -Thic ic tik basic ener: J unit m St ae Other Erewy unis Used tn Thermal Physics Btu Breish +nermal unct Energy Needed to racse +he tem perature of iUom a4 68°F by 1° A Ca\ — Energy veeded to race tno temp of Agot water at ~ISc by Ve OQ Power Power is defined as the work done/unit me — Power = wpe] T/s =Wat. mee }s la. Eng heh ayslem uses Horse power hp = #46W Electrical tncistyy uses Kilowadt-hour wh) A(kwh ) =3e00 kT O Bemensional Omeistency ene sical Sciences Avid -e: Qmais| eens dimensional ¢ cy UA an ation 2s véquiv d —"Denved the specific Volume is defied ata sport vate ey cto Coveider a small Volume element 8V wtm a mass Sm ey > the specific volume t= defied as w=lim % 3 palm _&mfy Sv» sv’ 8m 2 3v>8v" where SV’ istie smallest Volume for Which ~Hee systemcan be éousid ered A Com Mu — Density is usually a funchsn ef pressure andtem peroture Beraifl gasestnat approach ictec| ec CS propor ténal +0 pre: uy and inver cy propertt a 40 temperature « Nariatiom of density of Wiguids andsovds uth temper ture and spressule can be neglected Specifie Aravity SG = Psubstance Pu0@ 4° De not cm-fuse wWrtn Spectfiz wreht sprevious ly dehied Pees War = a nara Gah ra vale state and Equal brum. A aysiem 1 Equilionisi is a system shat isnot changing antme _ Peperties snot cescvibe +h system ave |. Cmstantin ttme — The sysiem ws said be in Eauilibria state. [The science Soe qui Livtum seates , perature wots Same, between o Thermal equitbviam = Tem ur systems wn Conta or between system and sucroundin) AT=O No dnwing fora 4ov enemy transfer dyramics deals wom eystems act| | 8 BRP | “Molecules have time to veclismioule , e Mechanical librium = Unrfovm spressave Wine s ial ear AP=0 No Arimag fovee for mater hein fey 2 Phase eyuili ovum = Unitarm nen-chanswi4, iw each piace of mater — No mase tansfrackss ne Nnaces Af =o i Chemical polenta o Chemical Wiliibrtum = Chemical covapocchim does Bee avast ie AC =O) 242+ -a 20 O State Postulaie a The state of A simple Compressiiale system is Com plete | Sao S E Specified by mele pendel+ In-tensi properties « In two phase Sfslem Pressure, ond i Fes | ie #0) TUntenate mdepen on cn a single pnase “proper ties, Petemperatury are cacle Benclev B Proasses and cycles The erange shat & sysien undergoes gorig, from equi libyitun state +o pierce incest a process? aoe Astw system changes Us siole, Ub pases -irough Many un termediate erates Unit acts tothe final stale . “the Sevier OF site is veftrred to astis pati « When changes are infinitely small 5 the proess is defined as mrasi-static ©r quasi- AUC DCN process Bown ple. Fast Compression of ate bea alstsn Crea tum hig pressure Yeg on Near Ke PRtwn Pessuvelte rol cnger uniter Bictiemely Slow eompressim ly Pvessure vemains nearly urncfown .| | Properties ave loHed in a pyouss dkagiam Lee BV Bien ie “4 Expansion at Constant temperature. Each pout ome path vecents a quasi-steady state aftue sf stem Passes —Tsotermat —> loustaut Tem perature Laeiscubrt te: SS Coustomt Pressure — Tsechoric —> Coustont Volume A system undegoes a cycle when it vetunnc to its Unithial stale a A-B Tsethermal Expans(ow B-C Osebaric Compression. 5 C-A Tsechovic Compress(ouw Vv BZ steady =low Process Steady state => No changes wel time Flow Proass Flucd 1 embofyolume — N a lows steadily through a # =, or Changes z o Mass Qcumulatou me O Temperate, eed Zerotw law af thermodynamics Mo Thtwo bodies are th -Andymal eowilibrum with aw third body , -mey aie M-mermal ey brium writ each omer Th ms = 13 and Teas = Het Teo pevature is the measure at now hot ov ated an obged is. Sales Celsius toot, 212° Fahrenheit C7 Bein used Ot 32°F Aov dill feo ene wleLia ot c bare Te an 100°C Aes 6 poilagjos Wee lee a+ dam| Fluid heigut ua ermometer ks Linear Iw, Temperature, since bStn Athermome ler are Linear witty te flue Hegkt , One expect that tee relation eetWeen +he +130 sade “ic Linear Assume that Ter) = ATCC) +B a 212°F = A(so"c} +B @ a2oF = ACT) +B = B=32 aS A= Bigs = Iso ys 1Go) peo) a qe) = Ys TRC) +32 SolviAg for TCC) =Z(TCF) -32) “The sen ainamvic Seale ia viclepoident of the. propertes of exbstan — Referred +o as Absolute Sale. Two A bsolu le Scales Kelvin —Metric Rankue — Bribsk TK) = TEC) +243.15 TR) = TOF) + 459.64 ) ) iG the. tdeal aas Pumpemture Scale is similar tp + absolule sale — Done witn Cost Volume gas thermometer Galioale ne Measured Pressure at +0 teniperatrres => T=A+BP Delermae Az B trom +ne two Known points O'% & 100"t. “The 4as (nerm ometer Can be used to measure +ee—emperatu oy mreasurn4 she pYtSsure The dashed lines are echo pola tions ba All lines meet at -293.1S G 5 where PO aa -293,\s_ (she Absolute eA ZERO -2A3, © veRem em ber arte LS ATK) = tx [e atter)=18e| = ee, Pressure, when dealing win higuids ovgases, We speak FeSSUre. Bn scds 5 we geal sc less reas Pressure Watiuud istu same mall directs , T+ ts defied asthe normal component Of tne fovea | unttaveo Let Sf be she normal component of tha small-frve SA smallavea | SA esmallest area over Whizh +ne fiucd E te osidored as & continuum Pe im Sth jay SS pe Pasccs| a SA>SN SA Be ani Actual pressure ie the Absolute pressure and measured win préssure gauges callorated Wirt, Vacuum: Some gauges cre Calllorated writ, ht atmospheric présuie and Yead® Zev When at dctmospheric “presuve — Piesure measured py nese gauges Ms called gauge Pema iene ag => Pars = Reamt Fyauge Pressure below the Ray ts Yelerred to as Vacuum pressure Pax << Foam = Rac = Faim — Pao. a Pressure-Depth Nariation 14 lignide Wit ts the -presure at Ar & Ae i | P=R- MA - PMS =~ pag =Pgh I rad Le aa AY etal Pop wal) behag caahd aa Az ie § 7d =fan TO ti y= Absoluie pressure at A, = Fy + Fotm = 7 labs a4| For a-fluid tike ir whose density varieg wem elevation y = Apa 2 =-fegde BA Pascal's Preaciple : Presuce Yemains eostant in the Lateral directsn but ZiP=0 = Pe AXP Ax —P4Ax dz <0 armen = aw ee Pe =e are => P-B = Pisa Jame; 42 =.dp = -pg =-¥ ecatetoas 2 19 Bearo. Be ae. ae in-tNe Adin For a Hluid Whose density ts toustaut => AP= -[Pegd2- ~ 09 2-H) =—PgAz. } Varies along the & or elena Pas Pp = Pe= Pp ns a teat Pay! A B ‘€ > BY Px # Pp” the fluid density differs, “ihe pressure applied to a Based M-these Observations 5 tmfPined fluid Wn creases-the pressure Shieugnat By same Amaunt— goes pi = pe Sees 2 el Aa > B= Mechanical Advantage. A Ay O) Pressure. Measurements Inshumert/Devicea ZI Manome ter Pressure ts measured by ais Placwig +he-flucd in te U tube Paton PGK —Eghe = Pray = Pam + PA hs —he) = Eg 45h + Ram => Bank| | Manomeler used Aderentta | pressure meagurements P+ gale) —eh pgp Pe > P-R= Baht eg —prgd -pigh = (Pe -0:) gh Should fxpe => AP= Fi-P & Agh ZB Other Pressuré widasurements devices — Shain gauge transducers APresure stretches a drapwam that sNetches a strain gauge — Piezo electric Transducers Pressure applied to CK staliime medévia le produces On electrce “potential — Suctable joy high prossure application ‘but nat as senwtie as obepr rar ansd ace © Atmosphieic Presure and Baromelér Ose Shown by Tovicelli Anat atmospheric eseure Can be measured by +p snow Peace QS BR — PGh= Paro => B=Pgh = Fg 4 n=<— FE0mm Hg as Pee 1354s" ee x98 x OF6M = \ol2ss Pa Standard Atmosphere “pressuve = 1,0152S%1O7 Pa at se leve| = 101-225 le RR Atmospheric Pressure decreases win Altitude, Tempe roche Va wot wun A lhtu de. SPE rAgce ftp a > Apeer dz Er 28. cee i 10 20 3 40 SB 66 FO BO 49