Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Week 1 3 Pascal Bernoulli
Week 1 3 Pascal Bernoulli
Pascals Law
Pressure in an enclosed fluid can be considered uniform
pressure
is a principle in fluid mechanics that states that pressure
applied anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is
transmitted equally in all directions
Flow rate
Hydraulic and pneumatic systems are concerned with the flow
1)
2)
3)
4)
Laminar flow
Re < 2000
'low' velocity
Dye does not mix with water
Fluid particles move in straight lines
1)
2)
3)
Turbulent flow
Re > 4000
'high' velocity
Dye mixes rapidly and completely
Particle paths completely irregular
Average motion is in the direction of the flow
Cannot be seen by the naked eye
Changes/fluctuations are very difficult to detect. Must use laser.
are used
Most common type of flow
(Rc),
Rc = (vd)/
where
v : flow velocity (m/s)
d : pipe diameter (m)
: fluid density (kg/m3)
: dynamic viscosity of fluid (kg/(m.s))
If Rc < 2300, flow is laminar. If Rc > 4000, flow is
turbulent
Reynolds number
Kinematic viscosity, k = /
Replacing k into Rc
Rc = (vd)/k
where
v : flow velocity (m/s)
d : pipe diameter (m)
k : kinematic viscosity of fluid (m2/s)
If Rc < 2300, flow is laminar. If Rc > 4000, flow is
turbulent
Laminar or turbulence?
Consideration?
Velocity,
smoothness of movement
Accuracy of cylinder
system efficiency (minimum friction loss)
Bernoullis Principle
If the flow rate in a system is constant, then the total energy in
Bernoullis Equation
Point 1
Point 2
P2
P1
P1
v1
P2 v2
g z1
g z2
2
2
where,
P1, v1 and z1 are pressure, velocity and datum height of the
center line of pipe at point 1 respectively.
P2, v2 and z2 are pressure, velocity and datum height of the
center line of pipe at point 2 respectively.
Bernoullis Equation
In practice, we need to add friction head (hf), i.e. pressure lost
due to friction.
2
P1
v1
P2
v2
g 2 g z1 g 2 g z2 h f
Most manufacturers specify maximum flow rate allowed
through a valve.
Valve should offer least amount of pressure drop.
Bernoullis principle can guide designer of valve and pipe to use
optimum size.
Pressure measurement
Bourdon pressure gauge
consists of a flattened C shaped tube which is fixed at one end.
When pressure is applied to the tube it tends to straighten, with the
free end moving up and to the right.
For low pressure ranges a spiral tube is used to increase the
sensitivity.
If an electrical output signal is
required, the pointer is replaced by a
potentiometer
Flow measurement
Venturi meter
Flow measurement
Orifice plate meter