Professional Documents
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Base Isolation Libre
Base Isolation Libre
Mahmoud S. Ahmed
M.A.Sc., B.Sc.
i
By
Project Report
Presented to Ryerson University
In the program of
Civil (Structural) Engineering
ii
Abstract
Base isolation (BI) system for buildings is introduced to decouple the building structure
from potentially damaging induced by earthquake motion, preventing the building
superstructures from absorbing the earthquake energy. The mechanism of the base isolator
increases the natural period of the overall structure, and decreases its acceleration response to
earthquake / seismic motion. A steel building with structural rubber bearing is introduced
throughout this study. The study analysis performed to check for the adequacy of the base
isolation against building lateral drift and inter-story drift as per allowance in National Building
Code of Canada 2010. Two buildings were analyzed using the nonlinear time history response
analysis using the dynamic MODAL analysis for fixed base (FB) building, and Isolated base (IB)
building with rubber bearing. The analysis represents a case study for symmetric steel building
to show the ultimate capacity of the selected structural bearing, and to make a comparison for
the difference between the isolated base and the fixed base buildings. Initial results show that
the presence of the structural rubber bearing reduces significantly the vertical displacement,
moment and shear generated for the same mode.
Keywords: building, base isolation, rubber bearing, earthquake, dynamics, time history response
Citation:
Sayed-ahmed, Mahmoud. Building with Base Isolation Techniques. Journal of Al-Azhar University
Engineering Sector (JAUES), Vol. 7, No. 1, Dec. 2012, pp. 147-159.
iii
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Prof. Dr. K.M. Anwar Hossain, P.Eng. for his helpful
directions during the course of this research. The author also appreciate the support from
Ryerson University, ON, Canada; library for support and making the available database for
literature review and civil engineering department for offering the SAP2000 to run the modal
analysis.
Disclaimer
The proposed information is for research purpose only, in which its presented data may
provide guidance for a future detailed design procedure. Furthermore any design or analysis
needs a registered professional engineer to design, revise, and stamp for approval. Author claim
no liability to anyone.
iv
Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... iv
Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................ iv
List of tables.................................................................................................................................... vii
List of figures .................................................................................................................................. vii
List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ ix
List of Symbols ................................................................................................................................. ix
Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 The problem .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 The objectives........................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 The scope............................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 The contents and the arrangement of the report ................................................................. 3
Chapter II: Literature review ........................................................................................................... 4
2.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 History of base isolation ........................................................................................................ 5
2.2.1 Base-isolation review ..................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Common types of structural bearing .................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Types of structural bearings ......................................................................................... 10
2.3.3 Design of elastomeric structural bearing ..................................................................... 13
2.3.4 Bearing Motion ............................................................................................................. 17
2.4 Earthquake load .................................................................................................................. 18
2.4.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 18
2.4.2 OBC code requirements for earthquake load .............................................................. 20
2.5 Vibration and basic concept ................................................................................................ 25
2.5.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 25
2.5.2 Vibration ....................................................................................................................... 25
2.5.3 Time-History analysis: basic concept............................................................................ 27
2.5.4 Analysis of dynamics response by mode superposition ............................................... 31
2.6 Base isolation....................................................................................................................... 34
vi
List of tables
Chapter II
Table 2. 1 Influential loads on buildings ........................................................................................ 18
Table 2. 2 Importance factor for earthquake load ........................................................................ 22
Chapter III
Table 3. 1 High damping bearing Properties ................................................................................. 45
Table 3. 2 Modal participating mass ratio (MPMR) for fixed and isolated base building ............. 62
Table 3. 3 Modal moment and shear values for edge column B.1 ................................................ 63
Table 3. 4 Joint displacement in column B.1 ................................................................................. 64
Table 3. 5 Joint reactions for column B.1 at the base (Joint 13) ................................................... 65
List of figures
Chapter I
Figure 1. 1 Design procedure for Base Isolation buildings according to NBCC 2005 ...................... 2
Chapter II
Figure 2. 1 Three functions of a bearing [cedengineering.com] ..................................................... 4
Figure 2. 2 Building structure with hybrid control system [Pozo et al 2005] ................................. 7
Figure 2. 3 Base-isolated structure founded on shallow soil layer ................................................. 8
Figure 2. 4 Analytical model for base-isolated structure including soil impedances ...................... 8
Figure 2. 5 External forces of isolated system [Li, H.-N & Wu X.-X 2006] ....................................... 9
Figure 2. 6 Elastomeric bearing [pretread.com] ........................................................................... 11
Figure 2. 7 Roller Bearing [rwsh.de] .............................................................................................. 11
Figure 2. 8 Bolt Rocker bearing [bt-bautechnik-gmbh.de] ............................................................ 12
Figure 2. 9 Pot bearing [agom.it] ................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2. 10 Spherical bearing [Dongil Rubber Belt] ..................................................................... 12
Figure 2. 11 Internal forces which act to displace the rubber from the vertical height lost in
deflection to the unloaded sides [Farat] ....................................................................................... 15
Figure 2. 12 Load-deflection for one and three layer units reinforced with steel plate [Farat] ... 15
Figure 2. 13 The shape factor [Farat] ............................................................................................ 15
Figure 2. 14 Lift-off: ea i g eha io assu ed i : seis i li ea odel [NCHRP
]........... 15
Figure 2. 15 Maximum average pressure on a layer of elastomeric bearing at SLS without
rotation [CHBDC] ........................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2. 16 Building movement ................................................................................................... 17
Figu e . P i ipal plates i ea ths ust ................................................................................. 19
vii
Chapter III
Figure 3. 1 3D Finite element model ............................................................................................. 45
Figure 3. 2 Plan and elevation view ............................................................................................... 46
Figure 3. 3 Combo (Dead plus live) effect on the N-S for Grid A.1 or A.4 ..................................... 47
Figure 3. 4 Response histories (a) displacement of column (joint 15, 13), (b) displacement of
column w.r.t. base, (c) displacement of base shear ...................................................................... 49
Figure 3. 5 Isolated-base Mode 1 Period 2.81065 ................................................................... 50
Figure 3. 6 Isolated-base Mode 2 Period 2.7975 ..................................................................... 51
Figure 3. 7 Isolated-base Mode 3 Period 2.42139 ................................................................... 52
Figure 3. 8 Isolated-base Mode 4 Period 0.32664 ................................................................... 53
Figure 3. 9 Isolated-base Mode 5 Period 0.24728 ................................................................... 54
Figure 3. 10 Methods to transfer force from column to foundation [Honeck, W.C., Westphal, D.]
....................................................................................................................................................... 55
Figure 3. 11 Response histories (a) displacement of column (joint 15, 13), (b) displacement of
column w.r.t. base, (c) displacement of base shear ...................................................................... 56
Figure 3. 12 Fixed-base Mode 1 Period 0.49310 ..................................................................... 57
Figure 3. 13 Fixed-base Mode 2 Period 0.35973 ..................................................................... 58
Figure 3. 14 Fixed-base Mode 3 Period 0.35117 ..................................................................... 59
Figure 3. 15 Fixed-base Mode 4 Period 0.19916 ..................................................................... 60
Figure 3. 16 Fixed-base Mode 5 Period 0.14006 ..................................................................... 61
Figure 3. 17 Base Isolation joint reactions in joint local coordinate system (MODAL) Mode 1 . 66
viii
List of Abbreviations
BI
CHBDC
CSI
CQC
FEM
FPS
HDR
IBC
in
kip
LBR
MDOF
NBCC
OBC
PGA
Base isolation
Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code
control-structure interaction
complete quadratic combination
finite element method
friction pendulum system
high damping rubber
International Building Code
Inch
1000 pounds-force (4.4482216 kN)
lead rubber bearing
Multi-degree-of-freedom
National Building Code of Canada
Ontario Building Code
Peak ground acceleration
PTFE
SFRS
SDOF
SRSS
polytetrafluoroethylene
seismic force resisting system
Single-degree-of-freedom
square root of sum of squares
S
S(Ta)
Ta
u
V
W
W
X,Y,Z
shape factor
spectral response acceleration
fundamental lateral period
displacement
shear force
width
weight
directions
natural circular frequency
rotation
damping
deflection
stress
List of Symbols
A
A
Bx
c
E
f
F
g
G
h
H
I
Ie
J
k
L
m
M
M
Mv
Rd
Ro
area
pseudo-acceleration
Torsional sensitivity
damping constant
modulus of elasticity
cyclic frequency
force
acceleration due to gravity
shear modulus
height of floor / layer
total height
moment of inertia
earthquake importance factor
base overturning moment reduction factor
stiffness
length
mass
moment
total weight
factor for higher mode
ductility-related force modification factor
overstrength-related force modification factor
ix
Chapter I: Introduction
1.1 General
Base isolation (BI) is a mechanism that provides earthquake resistance to the new
structure. The BI system decouple the building from the horizontal ground motion induced by
earthquake, and offer a very stiff vertical components to the base level of the superstructure in
connection to substructure (foundation). It shifts the fundamental lateral period, Ta, dissipates
the energy in damping, and reduces the amount of the lateral forces that transferred to the
inter-story drift, and the floor acceleration. The Structural Engineers Association of Northern
Califo ia
EONC
Re ui e e ts i
pu lished a si ple
, hi h late
egulatio
titled
clarify the advantage of the base isolation technique with respect to buildings since only few
researches were done into this area. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram for the design
process for building against earthquake loading as governed by the National Building Code of
Canada 2010 part 4. Clause 4.1.1.4 in NBCC 2010 specifies that buildings and their structural
members shall be designed by one of the following methods (i) analysis based on generally
established theory, (ii) evaluation of a given full-scale structure or a prototype by loading tester
or (iii) studies of model analogues. Throughout this model analogue study the selected building
height will be less than 60 m for regular shape building.
Figure 1. 1 Design procedure for Base Isolation buildings according to NBCC 2005
as egiste ed as a pate t i
as i ea l
s, a d the o e of the fi st fe
after that structural bearing commercially used in bridge construction. The first material used
for BI was made of lead rubber bearing (LBR) providing high flexibility and damping. In early
s the high da pi g u
HDR
as used i U, ut the d a
a k
as that these
products have no restoring force where they dislocate after the shaking force. The developed
friction pendulum system (FPS) in shape of spherical surface overcomes this demerit of sliding
bearing, and providing a restoring force. i e
isolation,
through
the
process
of
s the atu al u
material
development
e has ee used fo
synthetic
rubber
ase
or
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) which is developed by DuPont was used, and designed for 50
years or more. About 40 years ago, the elastomeric (layered rubber and steel) was used in
bridges, providing an increase of 7% in stiffness after 37 years from installation, with oxidation
restriction to 10 mm to 20 mm. Few design equations were developed for base isolation and
bearing by codes committees like UBC, IBC2000, FEMA273, NZS4203, CHBDC S6, AISI and
AASHTO LRFD fo
. .
also added i
designed to permit the jacking of the superstructure. Jack and shimming locations shall be
shown on the drawings. The design shall allow for movement at the permanent bearing
lo atio s suffi ie t to pe
for bearing and its replacement as per CHBDC as well. Nevertheless more provision must be
added for building since it is more complex structure than that of bridges. Due to the presence
of the base isolation, the superstructure of the building above ground needs a transfer slab
acting as upper part of the foundation slab, to carry loads from column/frame system. A normal
practice is to locate a bearing at the reaction points at the transfer slab, sometimes lateral
movement is restrained at selected bearing. Design procedures of BI building can be listed as:
(1) response spectrum method, (2) time history analysis, (3) ultimate capacity of isolator, where
a study for the restoring system must be considered.
magnitude of the applied magnetic field. The results further suggest that the feasibility of using
MR elastomers as variable stiffness elements for enhancing the performance of conventional
base-isolation systems [Hyung-Jo et al 2011]. Yannian et al studied the influence of the action of
coupling earthquake to sliding base-isolation structure for 6 story building. The results by
exemplification show that the peak values of relative acceleration, relative displacement and
inter-storey shear force of sliding base-isolation structure increase in different degree under the
action of coupling earthquake [Yannian et al 2011]. Regarding the slide-limited friction base
isolation technology, Gui-Feng & Yu-Hong studied the total restoring force model of isolation
device. They analyzed the influential factors such as friction coefficient, elastic stiffness and yield
displacement of displacement-constraint device on base isolation system [Gui-Feng & Yu-Hong
2011]. Spyrakos et al investigated and developed 2-DOF (degree-of-freedom) for the effect of
soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the response of the base isolated multistory building founded
on elastic soil layer overlaying rigid bedrock and subjected to harmonic ground motion
[Spyrakos et al 2009].
Figure 2. 5 External forces of isolated system [Li, H.-N & Wu X.-X 2006]
Li & Wu investigated the limitation of height-to-width ration (HWR) for base-isolated building
with elastomeric rubber bearing. It was found that the isolated building with longer period may
have a relatively HWR value: and the stiffness of the superstructure affects HWR limit value little
[Li, H.-N & Wu X.-X 2006]. The main two key conditions, which determine the HWR limit for an
isolated structure, are: (1) the outermost rubber pads of the isolated layer cannot bear tensile
force; (2) the compressive force that the outermost rubber pads bear cannot exceed their
ultimate antipressure strength.
Isolation can also be referred as of combined terms: point rocker sliding bearing, pot sliding
bearing, spherical sliding bearing, and deformation sliding bearing.
Plain elastomeric
o
Neoprene (polychloroprene)
Roller bearing
Rocker bearing
Pot bearing
Disc bearing
Where factors affecting the selection criterion include: dead load, total load, lateral load, uplift,
rotations, translations, cost and durability.
10
Pot bearings are designed to carry combinations of vertical loads, horizontal loads,
longitudinal and transversal movements, and rotations. This type of bearing can carry very high
loads of over 50,000 kN. A completely encased natural rubber pad is positioned in a steel pot.
Under high pressure the pad behaves like a liquid. The elasticity of the rubber allows tilting
movement (rotation) of the piston in the horizontal axis [agom.it]. Rolling bearing is a bearing
which carries a load by placing round elements between the two pieces. The relative motion of
the pieces causes the round elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little
sliding [wikipedia.org]. Elastomeric bearing developed in 1936 and consists from circular or
rectangular laminated pads, layers made of reinforced rubber, and layers made of steel plates,
the horizontal displacement is resisted by the friction forces F which depends on the
compressive force C of these bearing, and its coefficient of friction p, with F = Cp. Spherical
bearing consists from three main parts; the pan, the sphere part, and the upper plate made of
constructional steel. The horizontal displacement causes friction resistance, and moment due to
rotation.
11
12
ea i g , a d
[1]
Where S is the shape factor, L is the length of the bearing parallel to the span of the bay, W is
width of the bearing, measured perpendicular to the length, as per Figure 2.13. Rubber is not
o plete i o p essi le, a d the effe t of o p essi ilit i de , , de eloped i ta to a d
Lund [2006]
[2]
Where K is the bulk modulus of the rubber, and G is the shear modulus of the rubber. In
designing for rubber bearing the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification introduced two
methods; Method A that specifies that shear modulus of the elastomer should be between
0.080 ksi and 0.250 ksi, and nominal hardness should be between 50 and 70 on the Shore A
13
scale, and all other physical properties should conform to ASTM D 4014. The service level axial
stress is limited by
[3]
ksi
Where a = the average axial stress, and G = the shear modulus of the elastomer. This stress can
be increased by 10% if the bearing is fixed against shear displacement. The shear deflection is
governed by
[4]
Where hrt is the total thickness of the elastomer. To ensure the lift-off as shown in Figure 2.14
is prevented, the rotation and axial stress must satisfy
[5]
Whe e x is the rotation applied to the bearing about x-axis, hrt is the thickness of one rubber
layer, and n is the number of internal rubber layers. Finally the length and the width of the
bearing must be greater than three times the total thickness to prevent instability.
Method B specifies that the shear modulus of the elastomer should be between 0.080 0.175
ksi, and the nominal hardness should be between 50 60 on Shore A scale, and all other
properties to conform ASTM D 4014. The bearing that is subjected to shear deformation, total
axial stress is governed by:
[6]
ksi
Live load stress is required to less than 0.66 GS, and the total stress can be increased to 2.0 GS
and 1.75 ksi if the shear displacement is prevented. The combination of the axial load and
rotation are governed by the need to prevent the lift-off and to avoid excessive shear strain in
the compressive side of the bearing. The governing equation to prevent lift-off
[7]
14
Figure 2. 11 Internal forces which act to displace the rubber from the vertical height lost in
deflection to the unloaded sides [Farat]
Figure 2. 12 Load-deflection for one and three layer units reinforced with steel plate [Farat]
15
These two equations bound the axial stress, rotation pair lying between them will neither lift off
nor cause excessive local compression. In the Canadian Standards CHBDC a set of limitation for
bearing stresses are plotted in Figure 2.15.
16
17
Superstructure
Outer loads
Restraints
Substructure
Outer loads
restraints
Dead loads
In Z direction
Horizontal
Temperature
In all directions
Shrinkage
In all directions
Prestressing
In prestressing direction
Creep
In prestressing direction
Support settlement
In Z direction
Dead loads
In Z direction
Horizontal
Shock
Horizontal
Temperature
In all directions
Subsoil motion
18
19
North America and Canada tectonic plate, however this scale also get saturated at magnitude
levels less than that of Ms. The moment magnitude (Mw or M) was developed by [Kanamori
1977; Hanks and Kanamori 1979] where it relies on the seismic moment with the following
equation
[10]
Where D is the average displacement over the entire fault surface, A is the area of the fault
su fa e, a d
o e t ep ese ts
Duration (Ta) of the ground motion, the peak ground acceleration (PGA), and the seismic
maps are parameters of great interest to assess the seismic hazardous for the given location.
Based on past seismic events, the Annual Maxima Series (AMS) and the annual probability of
occurrence of earthquakes data for their magnitude, period and location would assess the
acceptable risk for design loads. Codes allow using the static push-off analysis for regular
building less than 60 m of height as in NBCC 2005, and to use the response spectrum method for
other types of buildings.
20
[13]
And for and the seismic force resisting system (SFRS) with an Rd equal to or greater than 1.5, V
need not to be greater than
[14]
Where S(Ta) is the 5% damped spectral response acceleration, expressed as a ratio to
gravitational acceleration, for a period of T; Mv is the factor for higher mode effect on base
shear [Humar & Mahgoub 2003]; IE is the earthquake importance factor; W is the dead load plus
25% of the design snow load plus 60% of the storage load for area used for storage; R d is the
ductility-related force modification factor; Ro is the overstrength-related force modification
factor [Mitchell et al 2003]; and V is the lateral earthquake design force at the base of the
structure.
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Toronto
0.4
Alexandria
0.3
White River
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Period, T
Figure 2. 19 Seismic design data without PGA for selected locations in Ontario, Canada
21
Figure 2.15 shows the parameters used to represent seismic hazard for specific geographical
locations are the 5%-damped horizontal spectral acceleration values for 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0
seconds periods that have the 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. The four spectral
parameters are deemed sufficient to define spectra closely matching the shape of the Uniform
Hazardous Spectra (UHS). Hazardous values are the 50th percentile (median) value based on
statistical analysis of the earthquake that have been experienced in Canada. The median was
chosen over the mean because the mean is affected by the amount of epistemic uncertainty
incorporated into the analysis. It is the view of the Geological Survey of Canada and the
members of the Canadian National Committee on Earthquake Engineering that the estimation of
the epistemic uncertainty is still too incomplete to adopt into the Code [NBCC 2010].
Buildings are classified by one of the major occupancy and classified in more than one
Importance Category. Table 2.2 shows the importance factor for earthquake loads and effects,
IE, forming part of sentence 4.1.8.5(1) in NBCC 2010. Low Importance Category buildings are
defined as building with low human-occupancy farm buildings as having an occupant load of 1
person or less per 40 m2 of floor area. Normal Importance Category building is used for
residential buildings, High Importance Category building is used for petrochemical facilities, and
Post-disaster Importance Category building is used for hospitals and special buildings.
Low
0.8
Normal
1.0
High
1.3
Post-disaster
1.5
22
The fundamental lateral period, Ta, in the direction under consideration for steel moment frame
[15]
The weight, W, of the building shall be calculated using the formula
[16]
The total lateral seismic force, V, shall be distributed such that a portion, Ft, shall be assumed to
be concentrated ath the top of the building, where Ft, is equal to 0.07 Ta V but need not exceed
0.25V and may be considered as Zero, where the fundamental lateral period, Ta, does t e eed
0.7 s; the reminder V-Ft, shall be distributed along the height of the building, including the top
level, in accordance with the formula
[17]
The structure shall be designed to resist overturning effects caused by the earthquake forces
determined in the below formula, and the overturning moment at level x, Mx, shall be
determined using the below equation
[18]
Where
Torsional effect are considered by applying torsional moments about a vertical axis at distance
0.10Dnx from the centers of mass at each floor derived for each of the following load cases
considered separately [Humar et al 2003] to avoid torsional moment due to accidental
eccentricities:
[19]
23
Where Fx is the lateral force at each level and Dnx is the plan dimension of the building at level x
perpendicular to the direction of seismic loading being considered. Torsional sensitivity will be
considered then by calculating the ration Bx for each level x for each orthogonal direction
[20]
Whe e B is the
a i u
of all alues of B i
a i u
story displacement at the extreme points of the structure, at level x in the direction of the
earthquake induced by equivalent static force at distance 0.10Dnx from the center of mass at
ea h floo , a d a e is the a e age displa e e t at the e t e e poi t of the st ucture at level x
by the above mentioned forces.
Based on the lateral deflection calculated for base shear, the largest interstory deflection at any
level shall be limited to 0.01hx for post-disaster buildings, 0.02 hx for schools, and 0.025 hx for all
other buildings.
, foundations or basement
walls shall be designed to resist earthquake lateral pressure from backfill or natural ground.
24
2.5.2 Vibration
The structure undergoes vibration when it is disturbed from its static equilibrium
position and to allow it to vibrate. The vibration analysis is resulting in describing the natural
frequency and damping ratio. This motion that vibrates the building could be resulted from the
wind or earthquake-induced force. The time for the undamped system to complete one cycle of
25
vibration is the natural period of vibration donated as Tn, in units of seconds, which is related to
the atu al i ula f e ue
[21]
The natural cyclic frequency of vibration is donated by fn for a system executes 1/Tn cycles in 1
second. The cyclic frequency fn its units is (Hz) [cycles per seconds (cps)]
[22]
[23]
(rad/sec),
(Hz),
(sec)
Whe e st = mg/k, st is the lateral displacement of the mass due to lateral force mg, g is the
acceleration due to gravity, m is the mass, k is the stiffness
[24]
and
easu ed
the e e g dissipated in a
cycle of free vibration or in a cycle of forced harmonic vibration, and c cr is the critical damping
oeffi ie t. With de a i g of
otio afte
and this
26
[25]
Where
F1 = inertia force =
FD = damping force =
It follows that
[28]
27
[29]
Or
[30]
Where Feff(t) is the effective load, attributed to the horizontal ground acceleration, applied to
the mass m and is given by
[31]
i e 2 = k/m and
[32]
x(t) can be computed from the Duhamel integral expression, for zero initial conditions, as
[33]
its atu al f e ue
natural frequency is used in place of the damped frequency, and the negative sign is ignored.
[34]
Where
[35]
28
And R(t) is called the earthquake response integral. The relative displacement x(t) is important in
the earthquake analysis of structures because of strains
members are directly proportional to the relative displacement. For example, the total shear
force, or base shear, V transferred to the foundation by elastic constraints
[36]
Notice that the base shear is equivalent to the elastic restoring force in the system, Fs(t). The
exact relative velocity
[37]
[38]
, is obtained by differentiation of
, with respect
this yields
)
These equations represent the earthquake time-history response for a SDOF structure, where
the effective earthquake force and the elastic restoring force are equivalent at any instant of
time.
[39]
29
30
Finally, if the stiffness term k is expressed in terms of the natural circular frequency of the
s ste
effective earthquake force is expressed as the product of the mass m and the pseudoacceleration
building at story level i. The other parameters assess the dynamic response of the structure
subjected to base excitation are the relative velocities
[40]
Where
[ ]{ }
[ ]{ }
[ ]{ }
[ ]{ }
is the ground acceleration and {I} is the unit vector of dimension n. At any floor I
as follow:
{
[ ]{ }
31
[ ]{ }
[ ]{ }
[ ]{ }
[ ]{ }
[ ]{ }
[ ]{ }
[ ]{ }
Where [M] and [K] are the model mass and stiffness matrices respectively, [C] is the model
damping matrix, and the effective model force vector {
[45]
Whe e the te
[ ] [ ]{ }
[ ] {
} is given by
}
of the s ste ,
[46]
rad/sec
[49]
[ ]
[ ] [ ][ ]
Since the model mass, model stiffness, and modal damping matrices are diagonal, the n
uncoupled equation can be written as follows
= , ,..,
[50]
Where
[51]
{ } [ ]{ }
The response of the rth mode in normal coordinates at any time t may be obtained by
evaluation of the Duhamel integral expression for the given ground motion
32
[52]
[53]
The system response in physical coordinate, for relative displacement is then given as
[54]
{ }
33
DF s ste
ith atu al f e ue
n, natural
to e phasize fo fi ed ase
ithout
isolation system). The base shear Vb for fixed base building is function of the mass and the
pseudo-acceleration response
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
34
For the structural building with base isolation; the base slab transfer slab has mass
mb with lateral stiffness kb and linear viscous damping cb. Two parameters, Tb the natural
vibration period a d b the damping ratio, are introduced to represent the base isolation for one
story building. The base isolation system reduces the base shear because of the natural period
of the first mode, the isolation mode, thus increase in the response period, leading to a smaller
spectral ordinate. The design spectrum gives the pseudo-acceleration
and deformation
as expressed below
[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
35
pseudo-acceleration value
base structure, and
the base-isolated building is 2.52 times the base shear in the fixed-base building as Tb>>Tf,
where it is appropriate to select system with the studied factors [Chopra, A.K. 2001].
Figure 2. 24 Response spectrum for ground motion recorded on Sep 19, 1985 at SCT site in
Mexico City and spectral ordinates for fixed-base and isolated building [Chopra 2001]
36
ode fo
the first mode is increasing non-linearly for the fixed-base, and almost increased in constant rate
for the base-isolated structure all-over its height. For the other modes, the base mass is acting
as a fixed base afterward. In calculating of the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) base
37
shear Vb with respect to the building weight W for the fixed-based building Vb/W = 1.613, and
the Vb/W = 0.361 for the isolated building. This means that the base shear in the base-isolated
building is 3.49 times less than the base shear for the fixed-base building, where Tf>>Tb.
For moderate-to-high-rise building, the effect of higher modes can be approximately
distributed using the general modal relationship shown in Table 2.3, where the fundamental
period of vibration may be calculated using the code formulas, and the periods for the second
through the fifth modes can be estimated by using tabular values.
1.000
0.327
0.186
0.121
0.083
1.31
-0.47
0.24
-0.11
0.05
0.828
0.120
0.038
0.010
0.000
38
39
40
41
42
Table 2. 4 List of major retrofitting buildings projects completed using base isolations [Matsagar
& Jangid 2008]
43
44
10 K/in
5 kips
0.2
45
46
Figure 3.2 shows the plan and elevation views for the 2story 3 bays building. Further in this
chapter will focus on column at axis B.1, second column from the left, where the base joint is
called as Joint 13, and the first floor joint is called Joint 14, and the roof joint is called Joint 15.
Figure 3.3.a shows the bending moment for columns and beams for the structural frame for the
gravity load (dead + live load), the bending moment for column B.1 is -52.402, 54.384, -29.742
and 42.203 kip-in at Joints 13, 14, 14, and 15 respectively. Figure 3.3 depict the axial force for
47
columns on axis 1 and 4. It was observed that axial load due gravity load is -76.917 and -220.477
kip for the second and first floor respectively.
Whe e i is the deflection at the roof; Hi is the total height of the building, hi is the floor height.
48
Figure 3. 4 Response histories (a) displacement of column (joint 15, 13), (b) displacement of
column w.r.t. base, (c) displacement of base shear
49
50
51
52
53
54
Figure 3. 10 Methods to transfer force from column to foundation [Honeck, W.C., Westphal, D.]
55
Figure 3. 11 Response histories (a) displacement of column (joint 15, 13), (b) displacement of
column w.r.t. base, (c) displacement of base shear
56
57
58
59
60
61
Period, T [seconds]
Frequency, [Hz]
Fixed Base
Isolated Base
Fixed Base
Isolated Base
0.49310
2.81065
2.0279
0.35578
0.35973
2.79750
2.7799
0.35746
0.35117
2.42137
2.8476
0.41298
0.19916
0.32664
5.0211
3.06147
0.14006
0.24728
7.1397
4.04399
Where 1 Hz for rigid building, < 1 Hz for flexible building
Moment and shear forces generated from each mode are of great concern to designers, to
predict the failure modes, progressive collapse of the building, or to add extra bracing to resist
such lateral loading. Table 3.4 analyze the moment and shear values for column B.1 and its 3
joints under five different MODAL periods (modes) for minor (V3, M2) and major (V2, M3).
Selection the moment and shear values for the roof, it was found that the moment for the fixed
base building is higher than that of the isolated base building by 51.38, 20455, 0.31, 2.34 and
2.23 for mode 1 through 5 respectively for the minor (M2), and 70, 106, 66, 13.7, and 2.289 for
mode 1 through 5 respectively for the major (M3). Hence the base isolation enhances the
building capacity to resist the earthquake-induced load, and that reduction in moment could be
used towards reducing the selection members sizes, reducing the total building weight and cost.
62
Table 3. 3 Modal moment and shear values for edge column B.1
Modal 4
Moment
Shear
Modal 5
Moment
Shear
Modal 3
Moment
Shear
288
144
144
0
10.95
-10.06
29.27
-29.27
-0.146
-0.146
-0.411
-0.411
-0.012
0.022
-0.035
0.040
2.4E-4
2.4E-4
5.2E-4
5.2E-4
-3.452
3.375
-8.186
8.403
0.047
0.047
0.115
0.115
1104.155
-1110.116
1431.488
-1502.657
-15.399
-15.399
-20.376
-20.376
-423.458
437.875
-536.685
561.644
5.990
5.990
7.627
7.627
Modal 2
Moment
Shear
288
144
144
0
4.5E-3
0.038
-0.086
0.112
2.3E-4
2.3E-4
1.4E-3
1.4E-3
14.804
-12.55
32.193
-33.644
-0.19
-0.19
-0.457
-0.457
22.168
-18.120
49.083
-51.388
-0.28
-0.28
-0.698
-0.698
-0.246
2.864
-4.993
5.389
0.022
0.022
0.072
0.072
2765.094
-2588.261
3107.763
-3413.022
-37.176
-37.176
-45.283
-45.283
Modal 1
Moment
Shear
288
144
144
0
562.661
-538.23
1133.21
-1245.9
-7.645
-7.645
-16.52
-16.52
245.464
-249.23
403.782
-438.537
-3.435
-3.435
-5.849
-5.849
1.067
-2.209
2.217
-1.082
-0.023
-0.023
-0.023
-0.023
-2586.53
2921.005
1862.977
-1791.469
38.47
38.47
-25.378
-25.378
944.549
-1068.03
-691.367
669.645
-13.976
-13.976
9.451
9.451
Fixed-Base
Isolated-Base
288
144
144
0
-0.315
2.776
-3.192
1.321
0.021
0.021
0.031
0.031
-1569.76
1404.129
-2430.91
2904.872
20.652
20.652
37.054
37.054
-1477.367
1353.073
-2251.606
2655.291
19.656
19.656
34.076
34.076
3.372
-2.092
0.841
-0.348
-0.038
-0.038
-8.2E-3
-8.2E-3
-6329.895
7225.272
4966.383
-4667.693
94.133
94.133
-66.903
-66.903
H is the building height in [in], M is the moment in [kip-in], V is the shear force in [kip]
63
Joint
[Height]
15 [288]
14 [144]
13 [0.00]
Fixed Base
U1
U2
-9.2E-14
-0.7459
-5.4E-14
-0.4597
0.00
0.00
U3
-0.0032
-0.0025
0.00
Isolated Base
U1
U2
U3
-2.2E-11 -0.4699 -0.0001
-2.2E-11 -0.4642 -0.0001
-2.2E-11 -0.4518 -4.8E-5
15 [288]
14 [144]
13 [0.00]
0.8412
0.4806
0.00
-0.2804
-0.1602
0.00
-0.0026
0.0021
0.00
-0.4659
-0.4625
-0.456
1.9E-11
1.8E-11
1.8E-11
2.3E-5
2.1E-5
1.1E-5
15 [288]
14 [144]
13 [0.00]
0.7684
0.4362
0.00
1.6E-13
9.0E-14
0.00
-0.0013
-0.001
0.00
-0.5141
-0.5088
-0.4987
0.1714
0.1696
0.1662
6.7E-5
6.0E-5
2.9E-5
15 [288]
14 [144]
13 [0.00]
1.19E-14
-1.03E-14
0.00
0.5858
0.5853
0.00
0.0073
0.0043
0.00
-3.3E-14
-1.8E-15
2.6E-14
-0.6543
-0.1044
0.5306
-0.0086
-0.0073
-0.0031
15 [288]
14 [144]
13 [0.00]
0.6114
-0.6612
0.00
-0.2038
0.2204
0.00
-0.0062
-0.0034
0.00
-0.727
-0.1064
0.0025
0.2423
0.0355
-0.1926
0.0066
0.0056
0.5778
Where U1, U2, U3 are displacement in x, y, z directions respectively in [in]; Height in [in]
Drift is another point of interest to designers and must conform to code requirements. Table 3.5
shows the deflections in x, y, z directions for the edge column B.1 under the different 5 MODAL
(periods) for the fixed base and the isolated base building. The major observation to this table is
that the defle tio
fo the
ase isolated
ze o, thus edu es
significantly the drift index for the building. For example in studying the drift index (DI) for
MODAL mode 1, the drift index for the isolated base = (0.46999 0.4518)/288 = 0.063159E-3 in,
while for the fixed base building DI = (0.7459 0)/288 = 2.589E-3 mm, which means that the
deflection in base isolated building is less by 40.99 times than that of the conventional fixed
structure. The joint reactions in Table 3.5 are obtained using modal combination applied
64
individually to each joint. The joint reactions are represented as Ri,m where is (i) is for the
direction, and (m) for mode. The total reaction follows this equation
[66]
Table 3. 5 Joint reactions for column B.1 at the base (Joint 13)
Joint reaction [kip]
1
2
3
Modal1
0.000
0.678
0.480
Modal 2
0.684
0.000
-0.108
Modal 3
0.748
-0.249
-0.291
Isolated Base
Modal 4
0.000
-0.796
31.454
Modal 5
-0.867
0.289
-24.722
Gravity
0.000
0.000
361.487
Modal 1
-3.134E-2
16.522
13.514
Modal 2
37.054
5.849
10.948
Modal 3
-34.076
2.291E-2
5.603
Fixed Base
Modal 4
8.258E-3
25.378
-22.900
Modal 5
66.903
-9.451
18.251
Gravity
0.179
0.404
360.799
Directions 1, 2, 3 represent X, Y, Z axis respectively; Gravity load equals to dead and live load
Structure Type
Type
For example the joint reaction , Figure 3.17, for the isolated base building in X-direction equals
to SQRT (0.6842+0.7482+0.8672) = 1.33 kips, while for the fixed base building it is equal to SQRT
(3.134E-22+37.0542+34.0762+8.258E-32+66.9032) = 83.727 kips. Apparently, the joint reaction in
fixed base building for column B.1 in X-direction is higher by 62.95 times than that of the base
isolated building. While the base reactions for response spectrum are computed for each mode
and then the modes are combined using CQC or SRSS modal combination rule:
[67]
[68]
Where for the base reaction, all join reactions from all columns must be computed [CSI 2012].
65
Figure 3. 17 Base Isolation joint reactions in joint local coordinate system (MODAL) Mode 1
66
4.2 Conclusions
Based on the theoretical and modeling findings, the following conclusions can be drawn:
The main observation from the modeling study on the accuracy of seismic effect and
lateral load patterns utilized in the Multi-Modal Pushover analysis (MPA) in predicting
earthquake effect showed that the accuracy of the pushover results depends strongly
on the load path, properties of the structure and the characteristics of the ground
motion.
The lateral deflection for MDOF for multi-story building can be represented as SDOF
once the equivalent mass and stiffness is obtained.
The plastic hinge location varies by the type of loading, and the change in MODAL
period. It can be located at any point along the span of member as well as the end of the
member.
Drift index and inter-story drift should be predicted using the multi-modal (SRSS) and
the elastic first mode with long period for the lateral load pattern which corresponds to
the average in most cases.
67
Base-isolated structure exhibit less lateral deflection, as the lateral displacement at the
base never equals to zero, and less moment values than the fixed base structure.
The base isolation decouples the building from the earthquake-induced load, and
maintain longer fundamental lateral period than that of the fixed base.
4.3 Recommendations
1. Study the influence of the structural bearing properties and the stresses generated from
tilting of the superstructure due to lateral loading.
2. Study the potential for liquefaction of the soil and its consequences on base-isolated
buildings.
3. Establish design procedures and guidelines for Base-Isolation structure.
68
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Bibliography
Mahmoud has more than 12 years of experience in the field of civil engineering. He has worked
as civil (structural) engineer for 9 years in The Engineers Brothers Company, Cairo, Egypt. He also
worked as Research & Graduate Assistant in Ryerson University, ON, Canada. He worked in
EPCM (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Management) industry for ICI (industrial,
commercial & institutional) Buildings. He conducted research in the field of sandwich structure,
glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP), post-tensioning, and bridges. Mahmoud has published 3
technical papers.
70
Appendix
A: Earthquake
71
72
73
The four spectral acceleration seismic hazard maps show levels of ground shaking at periods of
0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 seconds (equivalent to frequencies of 5, 2, 1, and 0.5 Hertz). A high-rise of
ten stories or more may sway with a natural period of 1 or 2 seconds, whereas in response to
the same earthquake a brick bungalow across the street may vibrate at nearly 10 Hertz.
74
B: Structural bearing
75
76
Citation:
Sayed-ahmed, Mahmoud. Building with Base Isolation Techniques. Journal of Al-Azhar University
Engineering Sector (JAUES), Vol. 7, No. 1, Dec. 2012, pp. 147-159.
77