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MOSEP Bahasa Inggeris Fakulti Pendidikan UKM 2005
MOSEP Bahasa Inggeris Fakulti Pendidikan UKM 2005
1.0 Introduction
The National Education Philosophy (NEP) in 1988, states that education in Malaysia is
an on-going effort to further develop the potential individuals in a holistic and integrated
manner, so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and
physically balanced and harmonious, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such
an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens of high moral standards,
knowledgeable and competent, and who are responsible and capable of achieving a high
level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the harmony and
betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large.
The underlying principles and goals of the NEP are strongly related to the Special
Education Philosophy. So that The National Education Act of 1996, specified that special
education must caters to the educational needs of handicapped children. These children
fall into three categories : visual impairment; hearing impairment; and children with
learning difficulties. Under the inclusive education policy, children deemed able to follow
the regular curriculum are integrated into several classes together with mainstream pupils.
In addition, these children - and especially those with learning difficulties enrolled in
special classes in regular school ( Ministry of Education of Malaysia, 1998 ).
PL 94-142, The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, specified
that all students with handicaps have the right to a free appropriate public education to
meet their particular needs. Simply placing students in classes or programs for students
with handicaps is not enough : schools must ensure that the instruction delivered is
appropriate to the needs of each learner. To match instruction to the learners needs,
schools have adopted a variety of assessment-intervention approaches.
The module of teaching strategies has been constructed based on special
education curriculum. It is specially developed for students with learning disabilities so
that teacher could apply the appropriate teaching strategies to accommodate students
learning needs. The English Language teaching strategy module for students with
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learning disabilities are conducted to help special educators to plan and implement the
suitable instruction based on the curriculum. This module includes frameworks for
teacher to plan their instructions program, teaching and learning models, learning theory,
Individualized Education Program, and daily lesson plans. Also included are lists of
learning activities for the student. The teaching strategy module relies heavily on
determined strength ness and weaknesses of achievement for each student based on the
Individualized Education Program. This strategy module involved six skill areas to be
implemented :
1.1 Listening, imitating, and understanding.
1.2 Speaking and respond clearly in situation.
1.3 Reading and understanding simple messages.
1.4 Writing simple information using simple language.
1.5 Use language acquired to function in society.
1.6 Communicating with others.
According to Federal Laws, special education is instruction specially designed to
meet the unique needs of students. Heward (1996), in his definition describes the types of
instruction involved and its purposes :special education is individually planned, systematically implemented, and
carefully evaluated instruction to help exceptional children achieve the greatest possible
personal self-sufficiency and success in present and future environments
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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goals, and short-term objectives. The role of the English Language MOSEP could be
easily understood by referring to the table below :
Identifying students strength ness and weakness
3.0 Objectives
This teaching system focuses on a critical fact - - A teachers mission is not to dispense
knowledge; rather it is to facilitate learning. If a student is not learning, the teacher is
not succeeding. Teaching processes must be continuously improved to ensure that each
student learns at the highest possible level. In a world where many nations are vying for
economic dominance, the aggressive nurturing of a continuous improvement culture
through our schools and in our society is necessary for the survival of our nation and our
standard of living.
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Another one model for teaching instruction is discovery learning. It uses cognitive
psychology as a base. Discovery learning is an approach to instruction through which
student interact with their environment by exploring and manipulating objects, wrestling
with questions, or performing experiments. The idea is that students are more likely to
remember concepts they discover on their own. Teachers have found that discovery
learning is most successful when students have prerequisite knowledge and undergo some
structured experiences.
Good instruction can occur in large groups, small groups, and one to one; the
criterion is students success. Instruction takes place in a series of steps involving both
teacher and students and progressing from the active involvement of the students
(learning). There are five steps; curricula choice (selection of the learning task),
presentation to the student of the material necessary for task performance, practice of the
learning task, mastery of the learning task, and application of previous learning. the
teacher directs instruction by selecting the desired student behavior, arranging
instructional antecedents, and providing consequences such as feedback regarding
performance accuracy. Even though the teacher is the instructional manager, student
factors that influence learning must also be considered ( R.B.Lewis & D.H.Doorlag,
2003).
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Attention
Habituation
Classical Conditioning
Instrumental Conditioning
Vicarious Learning
Communication
Learning how to learn is a skill, which can be taught to others by using a variety
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Cognitive theorists such as Jean Piaget and David Ausubel, and others, were
concerned with the changes in a students understanding that result from learning and
with the fundamental importance of the environment. Constructivism itself has many
variations, such as Generative Learning, Cognitive Apprenticeship, ProblemBased(Inquiry) Learning, Discovery Learning, situated learning. Regardless of the
variety, constructivism promotes a students free exploration within a given framework of
structure
Constructivism is a set of assumptions about the nature of human learning that
guide constructivist learning theories and teaching methods. Constructivism values
developmentally appropriate, teacher-supported learning that is initiated and directed by
the student. The theory behind a constructivist approach is that the childs learning is
done in a hands-on approach. The children learn by doing, and not by being told what
will happen. They are left to make their own inferences, discoveries, and conclusions. It
also emphasized that learning is not an all or nothing process but that students learn the
new information that is presented to them by building upon knowledge that they already
possess. It is important that teachers constantly assess the knowledge therefore their
student have gained to make sure that the students perceptions of the new knowledge are
what the teacher had intended.
Teachers will find that since the students build upon already existing knowledge,
when they are called upon to retrieve the new information, they may make errors.
Teachers need to catch and try to correct these errors, though it is inevitable that some
reconstruction error will continue to occur because of our innate retrieval limitations.The
teachers role is not only to observe and assess but to also engage with the student while
they are completing activities, wondering aloud and posing question to the children for
promotion of reasoning. Teachers also intervene when there are conflicts that arise;
however, they simply facilitate the childrens resolutions and self regulation, with an
emphasis on the conflict being the childrens and that they must figure things out of
themselves.
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Thus, interactions should be encouraged, and the most beneficial ones are those in
which children feel a basic equality, and the most often do with peers. In group
discussions with other children, in contrast, they have a better opportunity to deal with
different viewpoints as stimulating challenges to their own thinking.
4.3.2
4.3.3
larger
role
in
judging
their
own
progress
http://www.funderstanding.com/constructivism.cfm ).
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Many critical decisions must be made about what and how to teach. In many
respects teaching remains an art. One can never tell where a teachers influence stops (L.
Janet, 2003 ).
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of
successful
learning
http://home.att.net/~nickols/strategy-
definition.htm ).
Working in groups
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predominantly focus on the ability and need for students to gain skills and
knowledge.
focus on rigid, pre-defined learning outcomes that allow little room for
maneuver for both teaching staff and students alike.
Transformative
constructive
intrinsic
education
learning
construction of meaning
appropriate knowledge
local ownership
process oriented
problem reframing
iterative and responsive
concepts and capacity building
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Interestingly, best practice design education shares some key characteristics with a
transformative education approach i.e.
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7.2 Accelerated Learning
Accelerated learning is a comprehensive approach that aims to create school success for
all students by closing the achievement gap between at-risk and mainstream student. The
process of accelerated program involves several guiding principles and values :
Unity of purpose Parents, teachers, students and administrators must agree on a
common set of goals for the school.
Empowerment/Responsibility Members of the school community can make important
educational decisions, take responsibility for implementing them, and take responsibility
for the outcomes.
Building on strengths Identifies and uses all the available learning resources in the
school community, instead of exaggerating weaknesses and ignoring strengths.
(http://www.funderstanding.com/acceleratedlearning.cfm)
drama
as
they
develop
new
ideas,
in
order
to
retain
them
(http://www.funderstanding.com/wholebrainteaching.cfm)
7.4 Mastery Learning
Mastery learning is an instructional strategy based on the principle that all students can
learn a set of reasonable objectives with appropriate instruction and sufficient time
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approach various
7.4.2
The curriculum is divided into relatively small learning units, each with their own
objectives and assessment.
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
activities
to
help
the
learner
overcome
problems.
(http://allen.warren.net/ml.htm)
Expository methods are based upon the measurement, or at least the assumption,
that the learners know little to nothing about the subject, that most of the class
knows little, and that the task is a non-motor task
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Past the 9th member the first non-verbal participant surfaces (MacKeatchie study)
Formal lecture
Informal lecture
Discussion
Demonstration methods fit better on tasks that will have students DOING
something--playing an instrument, doing and exercise, typing something,
handling an experiment.
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Can be motivational
Still no individualization--were still working with the assumption that the class is
homogeneously ignorant.
Teacher-centered instruction
Inquiry begins with the assumption that students have some factual-level
understanding of the content. Inquiry methods have them extend learning into
analysis, synthesis, or evaluation
Individualized begins with the assumption that students are NOT homogeneous
with regard to the content. It also begins with an assumption that the students are
responsible enough to monitor their own learning
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Token economies
Learning packets
Contracts
Programmed instruction
Lots of hands-on
Active learning
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If students do not have some factual knowledge a LOT of time can be wasted
trying to do these
Math teacher who poses the problem and lets students solve the pathway to it.
Building trades teacher who sets up a building problem and has students solve it.
( http://education.atu.edu/people.swomack/4modes/tsld018.htm )
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Choosing a theme themes often involved a large, integrated system or a broad concept.
Instructors often strive to connect the theme to the students everyday life. In some
cases, student participate in choosing the theme or themes.
Designing the integrated curriculum the teachers involved must organized the
learning objectives of their core curriculum (both process skills and content
knowledge) around the theme.
Designing the instruction this usually involves making changes to the class schedule,
combining hours normally devoted to specific topics, organizing field trips,
teaching in teams, and so on.
Encouraging presentation and celebration because thematic instruction is often
project-oriented, it frequently involves students giving collective presentations to
the rest of the school or community. Plus, students commonly create extensive
visual displays. (http://www.funderstanding.com/thematisinstruction.cfm)
8.6.2
8.6.3
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8.6.4
8.6.5
8.6.6
8.6.7
8.6.8
(http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachti
p/comteach.htm)
of
student
learning
achievement in schools.
Intelligence is unevenly distributed on a All students can become capable, achieve at
bell curve. A few can expect to achieve at a high level, and improve in an area of
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unsuccessful work.
Students will have an opportunity to show Students will have many opportunities and
what they know on the test.
ways to show what they have learned.
Faster is better. Doing things faster means It is not how quickly but how well you learn
you are smarter.
Establish eye contact. Look at students so they can see your mouth, facial
expressions, and gestures as you talk.
Pronounce words clearly and with sufficient volume. Speak at an unrushed pace,
and use natural pauses to divide the material into phrases, sentences, and logical
chunks.
Support what you are saying with a picture, diagram, demonstration, or other
multi sensory materials.
Make sure visuals and handouts are simple, clear, and uncluttered. Use simple,
boldfaced type. Leave margins and space for making notes.
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Allow sufficient time for students to copy from the blackboard or from overheads.
Give copies of overheads to students.
Encourage particular students to sit in the front row, or away from the door to the
noisy hallway.
Assure that questions, assignments, and directions are as clear as possible. Avoid
giving last minute assignments as students are leaving class.
Give sufficient time for students to process information, questions, and directions.
Be willing to repeat, paraphrase, and explain in more detail and provide a written
reference if it is helpful. Have students reverbalize what they understand.
Assure that all students can hear and understand each contributor to class
discussions. Take time to repeat, summarize, or explain.
Teach information that has genuine importance, and let students know why. Make
connections between life and school, and convey the importance and usefulness of
what you're teaching.
Organize what you are saying. Teach in three steps: Start with an introduction that
develops the purpose of the lesson. Then teach the lesson. Conclude with a
summary of what was accomplished.
Help students see the rules, structure and patterns in the course material they are
learning. Emphasize the "why" and the "how."
Say things simply first and then elaborate. Avoid tangents and insignificant
details.
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Introduce and explain new vocabulary before you use it. Emphasize definitions
and key terms.
Use multi sensory teaching and active learning techniques and materials to clarify
and reinforce concepts.
Use analogies, real life examples, practical applications, and personal experiences
to promote understanding. Make connections to student's strengths, areas of
interest, and expertise.
9.3 Use multi sensory teaching techniques and active learning strategies
Present and practice information in ways that encourage active involvement, use
more than one modality, and tap other kinds of intelligences.
Recognize the extraordinary power of saying and doing to improve and deepen
understanding and promote long term memory and retrieval.
Teach students to recognize and use multiple pathways for learning, and to
discover which ones are most effective for themselves.
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LEARNING BY SEEING - Use clear, simple, and well designed visual references
and aids such as maps, charts, and diagrams. Make use of the blackboard,
overheads, and computer generated imagery. Use graphic organizers and visual
learning strategies. Highlight and organize information using color.
Regularly, post a daily agenda, or hand out a weekly schedule that provides
concrete, consistent guidelines for course content and expectations.
Clarify the purpose of each lesson, and connect each daily class to the short and
long term goals of the course.
Give directions and assignments both orally and in written form whenever
possible.
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Give older students a complete syllabus that includes: a detailed course outline; a
calendar with due dates and guidelines for assignments, papers, and tests; a list of
required course materials and texts; specific information, such as the professor's
e-mail, office location and office hours
Provide detailed guidelines for longer units, assignments and projects that include
requirements, timetables, deadlines, and consequences.
Establish clear routines and habits which support regular activities and transitions
between activities.
Understand the value of correct practice in the learning process. Anticipate and
prevent incorrect practice of information which must be learned precisely, such as
mathematical procedures.
Early in the semester, and in advance of assignments, teach students how you will
evaluate their work and assess them for the semester.
Make the assessment for each assignment as explicit, fair, and meaningful as
possible by:
providing clear criteria for assessing success when the assignment is first given
returning assignments and tests promptly giving qualitative feedback giving
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evaluations and grades based on learning and mastery avoiding grading on a curve
or on the performance of the rest of the class
Give timely, specific, qualitative feedback to students about the strengths and
weaknesses of their work.
Whenever possible, use explicit, multiple means of assessment. For example, give
separate grades for ideas, structure, and mechanics in a written assignment.
Teach students to evaluate their own work through assignments that explicitly
teach reflection and self-evaluation.
Organize assignments and tests for the semester (or year) into a file or portfolio.
Help students understand and assess their progress over time.
9.6 Expose and teach the skills, information, and expectations hidden or embedded
in the curriculum
Don't make assumptions about what students know. Be explicit with students
about any "hidden expectations" you may have for classroom behavior,
attendance, or performance.
Teach study skills which support success, such as active listening and reading
skills, asking questions, note taking, summarizing, how to use the textbook, or
time management.
Explain how and when to use specific memory strategies and study skills to
master the course content.
Respect different ways of learning and different pathways to success. Point out
alternatives that work. Help students identify learning channels and strategies that
work well for them.
Present models for notebook organization and time management. Require that
students maintain "Master Notebooks" and carry a day minder with them.
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Cue students to organize: put dates on handouts, record assignments and due
dates.
Model the skills, techniques and strategies you use successfully as a teacher and
learner.
Recognize language as an essential tool for teaching and learning, and teach
students to use language effectively.
Early in the semester, make students, parents, and support personnel aware of skill
deficits or other specific difficulties which need direct instruction
Offer multiple kinds of assignments and tests, which offer students a range of
ways to learn and to express their understanding.
Give the gift of time. De-emphasize the role of time and speed of performance in
assignments and tests.
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Encourage students to make the connection between what they are learning and
their own lives. Incorporate their opinions, reactions, and evaluations, and
experiences into assignments, discussions, and other activities.
Involve students as a member of the team (teacher, student, and parents) when
evaluating progress, making choices, and setting goals.
Give direct, honest feedback to students about their work in a way that respects
their comprehension skills.
Teach students to recognize and respect their own areas of strength in thinking
and learning.
Keep a portfolio or notebook which organizes assignments and tests over time,
and guide students to reflect on, analyze, and evaluate their own work.
9.9 Intervene early and effectively with the individual student who is having
difficulty learning
Anticipate the material that will be difficult for students to learn by understanding
the demands it places on the learner.
Teach diagnostically, using student errors and difficulties as a tool for planning.
Link assessment to instruction.
If students don't do their work, don't assume that they don't want to do it. Take
active steps to explore whether they understand the information and assignments
and whether they have the skills to perform the required work.
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1. Make no assumptions about what the student knows. A student may hide his
difficulties to avoid embarrassment or be unaware that underlying problems are
causing the observed difficulties with schoolwork. Careful observation supported
by formal and informal diagnostic work is helpful in finding the best starting
point for instruction (Point Zero).
2. Find "Point Zero" and begin instruction there. "Point Zero" is the breakdown
point, or weak link, in the chain of skills required for performance.
Complex skills, such as reading, require mastery of many sub skills. Difficulty in
any of a number of areas (for example, decoding accuracy or speed, vocabulary
knowledge, or memory skills) can cause reading comprehension problems. For
any particular student who exhibits reading comprehension problems, there is a
"best intervention" which addresses the particular "breakdown points" in
performance.
3. Provide explicit teaching in the rules, structure, and patterns of the subject matter
that is difficult. Students usually benefit from a teaching approach that
emphasizes understanding, rather than memorizing, the subject matter. Make
connections to a student's areas of expertise and interest.
4. Break difficult material into smaller, more manageable "chunks" or "micro-units."
Help students learn and practice the material in small, meaningful parts to achieve
fluency with the material as a whole. Avoid micro-uniting material that is easy for
the student to learn.
5. Provide many opportunities to succeed. Define daily goals by dividing the
material into "micro-units" and assure that the student experiences genuine daily
successes. Students who are "behind" in learning are often denied the satisfaction
that comes from accomplishing goals, since they are "just catching up." They
demonstrate more determination when they experience tangible successes that
they can attribute to their own efforts.
6. Provide multi sensory reinforcement and practice. Encourage active learning.
Involve many of the senses by having students see, say, hear and do as they learn.
Insure that materials and exercises are well organized and focused, so that they do
not distract or confuse.
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7. Regard mistakes positively. Use student mistakes as clues to help understand how
a particular student thinks, where his understanding breaks down, and what he
needs to do to get beyond the mistake.
8. Give the gift of time. Emphasize "mastering" rather than "covering" the material.
Present and practice material neither too rapidly nor too slowly. Pace the
instruction to match the student's rate of learning, allowing plenty of time for the
student to practice material to the point of automatization or fluency.
9. Practice essential sub skills and skills to the point of automatization. Athletes
accept the well-established necessity of practicing skills they understand to the
point where they can be performed fluidly and automatically. Yet in school, such
practice is sometimes dismissed as "mindless drill." Provide students with
"meaningful practice" that helps make fundamental skills as automatic as
possible.
10. Demonstrate the "spiral of learning" by showing how skills can be applied in
different ways in different settings. Many students who practice skills or difficult
material in isolation never learn how to apply that information in context or
understand its usefulness as a whole. Provide opportunities for students to practice
skills and material in a variety of ways and show them how to adapt them
according to the context. ( www.hellofriend.org/teaching/good_classroom.html )
9.11 Cooperative Learning
Cooperative learning consists of instructional techniques that require positive
independence between learners in order for learning to occur. Cooperative activities also
tend to promote the development of higher-order levels of thinking, essential
communication skills, improved motivation, positive self-esteem, social awareness, and
tolerance for individual differences. In cooperative learning, students may work in groups
on any of the assignments they would ordinarily do alone. They may meet to collaborate
on solving a problem, to discuss an issue without direct leading by the teacher, to
brainstorm for new ideas or summarize what they have learned about ideas previously
presented, to formulate concepts out of information and facts they have been given.
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Goals for the group might range from practice in group communication processes
to preparation for a presentation to the whole class group. Clear instructions, goals, and
time lines for group activities are essential to successful cooperative learning. It is also
important that each member have a specific function within the group; recorder, reporter,
monitor, observer, facilitator, etc. Roles should be changed frequently, so that members
have opportunity to practice new roles, and should be designed to fit the groups
particular task. ( http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/msh/llc/ls/cl.htm )
10.0 Learning Activities
Teaching and learning activities is an generic term that refers to any learning activity
learners might engage in.
Sample Multiple Intelligence
Learning Activities
Visual
Kinesthetic
Learning & using mind mapping Participating in movement exercises
Using a computer graphic program Dancing
Preparing visual stories or aids
Building & fixing
Preparing video tape or computer
Acting
presentations
Drawing or making models
Taking field trips
Interpersonal
Working in teams
Teaching or helping others
Hosting an even
Persuading or "selling" to others
Debating
Intrapersonal
Listing you goals
Leading a team
Analyzing your "styles" and/or intelligences
Meditating
Writing poetry
Auditory-Linguistic
Giving a speech
Writing a story or report
Preparing jokes
Playing word games
Reading
Logical-Analytical
Interpreting patterns
Debating
Solving puzzles
Calculating or computing
Writing a computer program
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Musical
Naturalistic
Singing
Observing & recording
Composing
Collecting
Playing an instrument
Classifying or identifying
Keeping time to a beat
Experimenting
Using music (like Baroque) for
Forecasting
learning
Teachers can use these activities to help students use or develop different talents.
Good state assessment systems would allow students to demonstrate learning in different
ways ( http://www.minuteman.org/technique/mila.html ).
10.1 How Multiple Intelligences Impact Learning
10.1.1
10.1.2
10.1.3
Assessment This theory calls for assessment methods that take into
account the diversity of intelligences, as well as self-assessment tools
that help students understand their intelligences.
( http://www.funderstanding.com/multipleintelligences.cfm )
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