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Practica Ieee
ENERGY
T Adhikari
Transmission Projects Division
BHEL, New Delhi
email : adhikari@lod.bhel.co.in
over the world are considering restructuring
and privatisation of the industry. The aim is to
increase efficiency through better investment
decisions, better use of existing plants, better
management and better choice for customers.
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
522
APPLICATIONS
H VDC:
The first application of power electronics in
power transmission is the technology of HVDC
which started by using mercury ionic valves,
then switched to thyristors and has been
instrumental in pushing thyristor technology to
ever increasing device ratings. Adoption of
LTT has made a great contribution to the
development of compact and reliable thyristor
valves. LTT of
8 kV, 3 . 5 kA with the
forward voltage drop of 2.7 V at 3.5 kA,
fabricated on a silicon wafer of 6 inches in
diameter has been developed in Japan for
realizing an HVDC transmission system of
2.8 GW (+/- 500 kV, 2.8 kA) by beginning
of next century. The HVDC system would
control bi-directional flow of 2.8 GW on 50.5
kin long submarine transmission cables and 50
km long overhead transmission lines between
two electric power companies in Japan thus
resulting in a higher degree of stability in
power systems. Similar long distance 6-10 GW
HVDC transmission is planned in Brazil from
Amazon to Sao Paul0 and Rio de Janeiro. Such
a big project is feasible only by application of
high-power electronics technology.
shows
a
typical
operation
Figure- 1
characteristic for SVC. At point A all TSCs and
the fixed capacitors (FC) are switched on,
providing rated reactive generation at the
specified voltage, typically 1.O pu reactive
power output at 0.95 pu voltage. At point B
the TCR (or TSR) is fully switched on, and all
TSCs or FCs off, to give rated reactive
absorption (not necessarily equal to rated
generation).
524
static
Synchronous
(STATCOW
Compensator
The STATCOM
can produce negative
sequence output voltage
in addition to
positive sequence output voltage by controlling
independently the magnitude and phase angle
of each phase output voltage. Consequently,
the negative sequence component included in
ac current can be reduced by adjusting the
magnitude and the phase angle of the negative
sequence component of ac output voltage,
even when negative sequence component is
included in ac system voltage.
Active Filters:
FACTS controllers as a commercial product
are expected to be based on GTO thyristors in
the near future. Hence these controllers are
limited in switching frequency and cannot use
Pulse Width Modulation Techniques for
harmonic current cancellation. This poses a
limitation on the system design. Although
efforts are on to achieve the same flexibility in
the series connected GTO devices as in
currently available series connected thyristors
for achieving high system voltage, a lot still
needs to be done in the area of optimization of
gate drive circuits.
5. CONCLUSIONS
5 . IEEE Spectrum April 1993, Flexible AC
Transmission by
(EPW
Narain G. Hingorani
6 . REFERENCES
527
Table- B
Table 2
/E
Voltage (pu)
1
B
Characteristic Of SVC
at HV Busbar
Figure - 1
I
Capacitive Current
Inductive Current
Mechanically
Controlled
Series
Transformer
...........................
Transmission Line
Excitation
........................................................................
.................................................................
AC
System
AC
Svstem
Breaker
Series
Magnetic
Interface
Shunt
Magnetic
Interface
Voltage
Source
Inverter
DC
Capacitor
of
Unified Power Controller
529
AC System
;
T
I
Breaker
Optional
Energy
Storage or
SUPPlY
Magnetic
Interface
DC
Capacitor
Voltage Source
Inverter
Phasor Diagram
I Caoacitive
Active Power
Inverting
'
Inductive
530