Annotated Bibliography

Arnett, K.D., Daniels, R.S., Eckel, H.R., Gidding, S.S., Hayman,L.L., Kumanyika, s., Robinson,
N. T., Scott, J.B., Jeor, S.S., &Williams, L.C. (2005). Overweight in children and
adolescents pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment. Circulation, 111.
Obesity results in between "energy intake" meaning in short-term a signal that
control hunger [food intake] and the long-term signals is "energy stores." Energy
expenditure is high level of energy use in the form of physical activity. From the
year 1980 to 2000, in the United States, children's being overweight has tripled.
Other data suggest that rapid weight gain during infancy is also associated with
obesity later in childhood, potentially reflecting an interaction of genetic and
"puberty" changes that occur in body composition during adolescence have been
well characterized and demonstrate sexual divergence. Specifically, in boys, fatfree mass tends to increase, and body fat as a percentage of body weight
decreases. In girls, both fat and fat-free mass increase, and fat-free mass as a
percentage of body weight decreases. The risk of becoming overweight during
adolescence appears to be higher among girls than it is among boys. Other
observations suggest that up to 80% of overweight adolescents will become obese
adults. The health risks youths may have: Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus, Inflammation, Cardio vascular Abnormalities, and Psychosocia l
Abnormalities. Then it later talks about the different age groups about the
pecentages of how many child in that particular group is and how to deal with
each group [prevention from obesity].

Barbour, S. (2011). Obesity. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press.

In the book, Obesity, the author, Barbour states that the issue of Obesity has not
been exaggerated enough in America. Barbour also states that there are many
factors that induce the individuals ability to lose weight. One of these factors is
the social environment. Within the social environment, there are multiple fast
food chains, many office jobs that require little to less movement, and children
and teens who are staying on their technology more often. Another factor is
parents misperception. According to the book, parents are unaware of the side
effects of obesity in their children. To make things worse, Barbour expresses only
1% of doctors diagnosed their patients who are obese.

Berg, F. (2004). Underage & overweight: America's childhood obesity crisis-- what every family
needs to know. New York: Hatherleigh Press.
The book starts by stating a statistic, which states, Fifteen percent of American
children are overweight,-three times as many as only 30 years ago- and another
15% are at risk for overweight (vii). Through the book, Berg pinpoints what are
the factors that contribute to this issue. In addition, this book brings a 7 step plan
to guide parents to encourage their children to create a non-diet lifestyles. Berg
creates this seven step process for children who have been long term obese. The
main focus of the book is to create a nurturing environment in which children feel
good about themselves.

Carroll, O. (2012, January 1). Overweight and Obesity in the U.S. Food Research & Action
Center. Retrieved February 11, 2015, from http://frac.org/initiatives/hunger-andobesity/obesity-in-the-us/
Children as early as the ages of 2 are already obese. Overweight and obesity rates
have increased rapidly among African American and Hispanic kids compared to
Caucasian children. Race and/or ethnicity play a role in being overweight or
obese as well. Statistics shows that more White girls are more overweight than
Black girls and more Hispanic boys are overweight than White and Black boys. It
also mentioned that about 30 percent of obese children come from low income
families.

Childhood obesity facts. (2012). Center for disease control and prevention. Retrieved on
February 22, 2015 from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm
One fact would be The percentage of children aged 611 years in the United States who
were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012 (Childhood Obesity
Facts).
There are immediate health effects and long term effects of obesity.
Immediate health effects:
- Cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure
- Greater risk for bone and joint problems
- Prediabetes, a condition in which blood glucose levels indicate a high risk for
development of diabetes
Long Term effects:
-more at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke,
several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis
-Overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for many types of cancer,
including cancer of the breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, gall
bladder, thyroid, ovary, cervix, and prostate, as well as multiple myeloma and Hodgkins
lymphoma

Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. (2005). Nutrition Journal, 424-31.

Introduction states percentages in how much obesity there are in the U.S. as well
as in other countries. Gives a definition of what child obesity is in which it states
contains an excess of Body Fat. Obesity is a chronic disorder that has multiple
causes. One way of the causes of child obesity most of the time is the personal
lifestyle choices and cultural environment that significantly influence obesity.
Overweight children tend to have overweight parents because both parental and
children's choices fashion the same behaviors, such as numerous studies have
shown that "sedentary behaviors:" watching television and playing games are
associated with an increase in obesity. Parents report that they prefer having their
children watch television at home rather than play outside unattended because
parents are then able to complete their chores while keeping an eye on their
children. It later talks about prevention in child obesity such as the built
environment needs to change meaning making healthy choices, do physical
activity, and lastly, food sector.

Clinical digest. Use of zinc reduces treatment failure in babies who have serious bacterial
infection. (2012). Nursing Standard, 26(46), 16-17.
This one talks about how fast food places are too close to schools. Which offers
easy access to unhealthy foods. So maybe we can do something that compare like
a burger from mcdonalds to a homemade sandwich. The price and stuff.

Collins, D. (2002, May 1). Childhood Obesity A Serious Problem. Retrieved February 11, 2015,
from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/childhood-obesity-a-serious-problem
This website talks about the debate if obesity is a serious issue. Some say
increased in obesity is an increased in health costs. "As overweight children
become overweight adults, the diseases associated with obesity and health care
costs are likely to increase even more," said the report from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (Collins).

Dalenius, K., Grummer-Strawn, M.L., May, L.A, Pan, L., & Wethington, H. (2013). Incidence of
obesity among young US children living in low-income families, 20082011. Pediatrics,
132(6), 1006-1013.
This research is done by Liping Pan, MD, MPH, Ashleigh L. May, PhD, Holly
Wethington, PhD, Karen Dalenius, MPH, RD, and Laurence M. GrummerStrawn, PhD. This researchs objective was to examine the rate of obesity in
young low income children in the population. There was 1.2 million participants
who were 0 to 23 months old in 2008, and were constantly followed till 20102011. Obesity among the participants were 11%, and the boys where more
effected by this than the girls. The research concludes with the statement that
obesity can start young, and a focus group to try and help obesity is Hispanics.

Daniels, J. (2006) CE credit: Americas epidemic. The American Journal of Nursing, 106(1), 4050.
In this academic journal, Judi Daniels talks about obesity; the problems and
solutions. Daniels first starts off with statistics on obesity in the United States.
Then, it continues on with talking about who is considered to be obese? And what
really is obesity? Then, she provides more statistics on obesity. Daniels, then
include slight tips on how to help the situation.

Diseases and conditions: Causes. (n.d.). Mayoclinic website. Retrieved on February 22, 2015
from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/basics/causes/con-20014834
Even though obesity can be genetic, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than
you burn through exercise and normal daily activities(Obesity). The body would store
these excess calories as fat.
Results/Contributing Factors:
-Inactivity: such as not exercising to burn those calories
-Unhealthy diet and eating habits: consuming too much unhealthy food and not in taking
healthy food such as vegetables and fruits
-Pregnancy: during pregnancy the womans weight increases
- Lack of Sleep
-Certain Medications: can lead to weight gain
-Medical Problems: can lead to a disorder in which makes you lack activity such as
arthritis which leads to decreased activity and may result in weight gain

Farhat, T., Iannotti, R., & Simons-Morton, B. (2010). Overweight, Obesity, Youth, and HealthRisk Behaviors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,38(3), 258-267.
This one talks about how weight can affect attitude when growing up. Overweight
young boys were more likely to get bullied, whereas older boys would get in
fights, carry weapons, drink alcohol, and do drugs compared to normal weight
boys. Overweight girls both younger and older had a significant use of drugs such
as marijuana and drinking.

Fun Fitness Activities for Kids. Quality Daily Physical Education, Vol. 5, Number 3.
This one is fun fitness activities we can probably do for the event. If theres going
to be an event.

Gail, C. (2012). 2012 F as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens Americas Fut. Issue Report.
F as in Fat is a research journal containing statistics on obesity in 2012. It first
discusses about the facts and statistic in obesity rates. Then, it continues to talk
about the effects obesity can have, such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease,
and more. Furthermore, it then provides ways to reduce the obesity rate, and gives
tips on how stay healthy. Lastly, it concludes with recommendations on what to
do, in order to stay healthy.

Gortmaker, S., Kim, J., Lindsay, A.C., & Sussner, K.M. (2006). The role of parents in preventing
childhood obesity. The future of children. 16(1), 169-189.
Some believe preventions from obesity starts from a young age which parents
play a role. Before an infant is even born, aspects of his mothers pregnancy can
put him at risk of overweight in childhood and later in life (Lindsay). As toddlers
and preschoolers develop habits related to eating and physical activity, parents can
shape their early environments in ways that encourage them to be more healthful.
They can encourage them to been active and healthy when they are young so
when they grow up the habits sticks with them.

Horn, L.V. (2010). What American kids are eating: Obesity starts here. Journal of the American
Dietetic Association, 110 (10), 1423.
In this academic journal, Dr. Linda Van Horn claims that base on research, the
obesity rate of the population has increased. Dr. Horn continues with children, are
more susceptible to the effects of obesity. Furthermore, obesity starts in
childhood, and it would be an advantage if the issue was address during
childhood. Horn then, talks about the problems with adults, Vitamin D and cancer
connection, and lastly doubly labeled water. These issues are backed up with
research stating the effects and causes.

How Can Overweight and Obesity Be Prevented? (n.d.) National Heart, Lung and blood institute
website. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/healthtopics/topics/obe/prevention
An informational website description about obesity, what Causes Obesity, the
risks, who's at risk, the signs and symptoms, treatments/diagnosis, prevention, and
other useful links that's included for further information. Some of the information
from what is stated above are "Lack of Energy Balance" kind of means the same
thing like the top information above where a child does use the same amount of
energy to do physical activities than consumption. Or it could be the environment
where a child lives at that contains no recreation park for them, maybe their genes
and family history has to do something about. Such the eating habits they learn
from parents. Health conditions, emotional factors, and age are also involve in
with obesity.

Mitchell, Florence. (2013). Child Obesity. Nursing Standard, Dec 4, 2013, Vol.28(14), p.18.
This one talks about the increase rate of childhood obesity and the continuing rise
of it. It stated that kids in this generation are eating more snacks, and drinking
more carbohydrate beverages. Sleep deprivation can also be a factor, probably due
to this generations technology. It also brought up risk factors in obese children
such as contracting type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Obesity in Children. (n.d.). WebMD website. Retrieved by February 19,2015, from

http://www.webmd.com/children/guide/obesity-children
In the United States, one in every 5 children is obese or overweight. There are
many reasons to why children become obese and some of the reasons include: the
lack of physical activities, genetics, eating unhealthy food, or a mixture of all
those factors. Obesity also leads to other issues such as diseases. Some diseases
that obesity may lead to are high cholesterol, high blood pressure, early heart
disease, diabetes, bone problems, and skin conditions.

Obesity in children and teens. (2011) American academy of child & adolescent psychiatry. From

http://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/Facts_for_Famili
es_Pages/Obesity_In_Children_And_Teens_79.aspx
A child is considered obese when their weight is 10 percent higher than what is
recommended for their height and body type. Obesity often occurs around the age
of 5 through 6 and researchers found that those who are obese the ages of 10
through 13 will most likely be obese as an adult. Not only does obesity lead to
health issues, it also leads to emotional problems. Obese children/teens tend to
have lower self-esteems, which sometimes lead to depression, anxiety, or
obsessive compulsive disorder.

Odea, A.J. (2005). Prevention of child obesity: First, do no harm. Health Education Research,

20(2), 259-265.
A really good source, I believe this will clear up any confusion in what we should
do next. This websites let others know that the "first step in approaching any
health education problem or planning any prevention program is to be very clear
about what it is that we are trying to achieve" and "to have a clear definition of
what we are trying to prevent." Next it states about the differences between
preventing something and treating something. The treatment of child obesity
should only occur in a supervised clinical setting after a thorough and appropriate
clinical assessment. Any kind of prescription of weight control or dietary advice
or other individual interventions for the obese child should remain the role of the
pediatrician, general practitioner, dietitian or other clinically trained staff. It also
have suggestion of dieting and other weight loss techniques.

Overweight and obesity in the U.S. (n.d). FRAC website. Retrieved by February 18, 2015 from

http://frac.org/initiatives/hunger-and-obesity/obesity-in-the-us/

Overcoming obesity-and making it last. (n.d.). U.S. NEWS and world report website. Retrieved

from http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patientadvice/articles/2014/10/20/overcoming-obesity-and-making-it-last
First you must identity overweight and obesity body parts with BMI
measurements BMI is a measure of body fat based on an individuals height and
weight, but it may not accurately estimate body fat content in athletes or
individuals with muscular builds (Terrie). This website mentions cause of
obesity, health risks, and treatments. Treatments such as changing into a healthy
diet, and exercise regularly.

Patton, G., Coffey, C., Carlin, J., Sawyer, S., Williams, J., Olsson, C., & Wake, M. (2011).

Obesity between adolescence and young adulthood: A 10-year prospective cohort study.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 48(3), 275-280.
This research was done by George C. Patton, M.D., Carolyn Coffey, M., John B.
Carlin, Ph.D., Susan M. Sawyer, M.D, Joanne Williams, Ph.D., Craig A. Olsson,
Ph.D., and Melissa Wake, M.D. The research was on 1,520 adolescents, who were
watched for a 10 year period. In this research the outcome resulted in a 20%
increase in overweight for the middle age adolescents, to a 33% increase by age
24. In addition, about 80% where at a normal weight somewhere along the
research than increased obesity increased from 3.6% to 6.7%.

Pitman, T., & Kaufman, M. (2000). The overweight child: Promoting fitness and self-esteem(pp.

1-206). Buffalo, N.Y.: Firefly Books.

Pitman and Kaufman, the authors of, The Overweight Child: Promoting Fitness
and Self-Esteem, states the main reason why being fat is view negatively is
because of societal prejudices. Because society is obsessed with weight and body
size, fat phobias became to be. Children dealing with their own self body image
are not the only ones going through hardships. Parents of these children do not
know how to initiate change in their childrens diets. They tend to use hurtful
words to shame their children and say it is for their own good. The purpose of the
book is to provide guidance to parents on how to raise a child to be happy,
confident and fit no matter what their body type is.

President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (U.S.) : 1998

This one gave tips on a healthy eating and activities for kids from 9-15 years old.
1Like start out your day with breakfast, snack on apples or celery sticks with
peanut butter. One tip is to balance out what you eat. You dont have to give up on
one thing because its unhealthy. Maybe when we do the workshop, we can use
give the kids these tips.

Preventing childhood obesity: Tips for parents and caretakers. (n.d.). American Heart

Association website. Retrieved by February 17,2015, from

http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/HealthierKids/ChildhoodObesity/Prev
enting-Childhood-Obesity-Tips-for-Parents-and-Caretakers_UCM_456118_Article.jsp
Six ways to helping parents balancing out calories for their child: Encourage
healthy eating habits. Small changes can lead to a recipe for success!, Make
favorite dishes healthier [also provided a website for ideas on eating healthy
foods], Remove calorie-rich temptations, Help your kids understand the benefits
of being physically active, Help kids stay active, and Reduce sedentary time. For
each of the six ways, there it contains examples and explanations of what each
one is.

Rimm, S., & Rimm, E. (2004). Rescuing the emotional lives of overweight children: What our

kids go through-- and how we can help. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale.

The author, Sylvia Rimm, was once an overweight person. She used her
experience to write her book. Rimm acknowledged the negative judgments obese
children go through. She establishes her credibility through her multiple
interviews with middle school children and her rights as a psychologist. Ranging
from 2-15%, children considered themselves as overweight. Through her
research, Rimm was able to prove the interrelation between obesity and
depression. Rimm hopes her book will inspire parents, teachers, counselors,
pediatricians, and others to care and understand overweight child and guide them
towards healthier lifestyle.

Thompson, J. (2001). Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth assessment, prevention,

and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

This book talks about the relationship between body image disturbances and
eating disorders of children. It focuses on developmental issues and prevention of
obesity. This book also provides information on studies that researchers did on
child obesity. It discusses techniques and ways to prevent body image problems
and eating disorder through the focus on obesity

Warren, J., & Smalley, K. (n.d.). Always the fat kid: The truth about the enduring effects of

childhood obesity (pp. 1-242). Palgrave Macmillan.

To start the book, Warren and Smalley begin with a 2006 statistic, stating one
third children in America are fat. The two authors believe the reason why this
statistic is true is due to not only the childrens horrible diet and exercise
behaviors, but also by their parents and by society.
They emphasize that obesity is a behavior, not a disease. Because of obesity,
children are starting to have adult-conset diabetes and atherosclerosis. In the
future, people at the age of 30 will get heart attacks. Through this book, authors
expect readers to recognize childhood obesity epidemic can effect our children.