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Practical Manual
Practical Manual
List of experiments
Page #
To verify Thevenins theorem in a simple dc circuit.
To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
To examine frequency response of a parallel RC circuit.
To examine the step and pulse response of a series RC circuit.
To examine the sinusoidal frequency response of a series RL circuit.
To examine the pulse response of a series RL circuit.
To examine the series resonance and to measure the resonant
frequency of a RLC circuit.
8.
To prove the superposition theorem in circuits.
9.
The magnitude and phase response of a low pass filter.
10. The magnitude and phase response of a high pass filter.
11.
Frequency characteristics of a band pass filter.
12. Frequency characteristics of a band stop filter.
Experiment#1:
To verify thevenins theorem in a simple d.c. circuit.
Equipment:
DC power supply (0 - 10 V)
DVM or VOM
Resistors (1/4 watt)
1k
3k
6.2k
5 percent
Procedure:
1. For the circuit shown in the figure, use thevenins theorem to calculate the
values of Vth and Rth and record them in the observations table.
2. Measure the open circuit voltage VAB and record this as Vth under the
measured column of the observations table.
3. Replace the source with a short circuit and measure the resistance between
the terminals A and B. Record this as Rth under the measured column.
4. Calculate the voltage across and current through a 3k load that is to be
placed across the terminals A and B. Perform the calculations for both the
actual circuit and its thevenin equivalent. The results should be identical.
Record the results in the column headed calculated.
5. Connect a 3k load to the terminals A and B of the circuit in the figure.
Measure the resulting load current and voltage.
6. Construct the circuit of figure B with the calculated values of Vth and Rth.
Connect a 3k load to the terminals A and B. Measure the resulting load
current and voltage, and record them in the table. They should agree closely
with those in the adjacent columns.
Circuit diagram:
A
R1= 3k
R3= 1k
Vd.c.=8.94V
R2=6.2k
3k
Vth
Rth
Measured
5.431k
Vd.c.=8.94V
IL = 8.94/5.431k = 1.646mA
VL = 3.0015V
Rth = 3.022k
Vth = 6.025V
RL = 3k
Calculated
IL
1.646mA
VL
3.0015V
Experiment#2:
To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
Equipment:
DC power supply (0 - 10 V)
DVM or VOM
Resistors (1/4 watt)
4.3k
5.6k
7.5k
1k 1.5k
2k 2.7k
3k 3.3k
10k 5%
(two)
Procedure:
1. Given VS = 10V and RS = 3k, calculate the load voltage VL, load current IL
and load power PL for each value of RL given in the table.
2. Setup the source with VS = 10V and RS = 3k. For each value of RL, measure
and record the load voltage VL and the load current IL. From this calculate
the power PL. Complete the table for measured data.
3. Plot a graph of load power PL versus load resistance RL from measured data.
Determine where is the load power a maximum and its value.
Calculated data
1
1.5 2
2.7
3
3.3
4.3
5.6
7.5
10
RL (k)
VL (V)
2.5 3.3 4.2
4.7
5
5.1
5.8
6.5
7.3
7.6
IL (mA)
2.5 2.2 1.9
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.16
0.88
0.7
PL (mW)
6.25 7.3 8.1
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.01
7.55
6.4
5.8
1
RL (k)
VL (V)
IL (mA)
PL (mW)
Circuit diagram:
1.5
Measured data
2.7
3
3.3
IL
VS = 10V
RL = 3k
4.3
5.6
7.5
10
12
10
10
PL (mwatt)
10
8
7
4
4
1
0
1
9 10
RL (kilo ohm)
Experiment#3:
To examine the sinusoidal frequency response of a series RL circuit.
Equipment:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope and time 1X probes
DVM
Series1
Series2
Circuit diagram:
R
VR
Vin
VL
Procedure:
1. Setup the apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Set f = 10 kHz and note I, VR and Vcoil. By increasing and decreasing f above
and below 10 kHz, find out the variational effects on all the above three
quantities.
3. Now vary the frequency from 2 kHz to 40 kHz and record VR and Vcoil for all
the values of f in the table.
4. Complete the table by calculating I, Zt and Zcoil.
Freq.
EFFECTS
f
I
VR
Vcoil
f
I
VR
Vcoil
FREQ
VR (volts)
(kHz)
2
5
10
20
30
40
From the figure,
I = Vin/R + jL
I = Vin/(R)2 + (L)2
VR = I R
Vcoil = I(jL)
R = 36 k
Vcoil (volts)
IR = VR/R
Zt = Vin/I
Zcoil = Vcoil/I
45
40
40
35
30
30
25
VR
Series1
Series2
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
15
10
10
5
2
0
1
Frequency
Frequency VS Vcoil
45
40
40
35
30
30
25
Vcoil
Series1
Series2
20
20
15
10
10
5
2
0.3
0
1
0.35 0.4
2
frequency
Experiment#4:
To examine frequency response of a parallel RC circuit.
Equipment:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope and two 1X probes
High impedance voltmeter
Capacitors, 0.001F 10%
Resistors (1/4W): 16 k 10%, three 100 precision
Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit shown.
2. With the aid of oscilloscope, adjust the source to provide a convenient
terminal voltage at 10 kHz.
3. Use the oscilloscope to monitor the voltages V1 and V2. By observing the
oscilloscope traces, note any variations in V1 and V2 as you vary the
frequency around 10 kHz. A decade below and above 10 kHz is a good range.
Recall that IR is proportional to V1 and Ic is proportional to V2.
Observations & calculations:
Freq.
V1
V2
IR
IC
Z
XC
I
V
2
5
10
20
Circuit diagram:
R
IR
V1
I
V2
IC
A.C.
Freq.
f
f
IR
IR
_
_
VARIATIONAL EFFECTS
IC
IC
I
I
Experiment#5:
To examine the pulse response of a series RL ciorcuit.
Equipment:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope and time 1X probes
DVM
Inductor: 73.8 mH (ac resistance < 500 at 1 kHz)
Resistor: 30 k 5%
Procedure:
1. Calculate and record quantities Zcoil, Z, I, VR and Vcoil for a terminal voltage
of 5V and frequency of 1 kHz.
2. Use the DVM to measure voltages Vcoil and VR.
3. Calculate and sketch the following.
Circuit diagram:
R
VR
L
Vcoil
Theory:
Q: A voltage pulse of magnitude 6 volts and duration 3 seconds extending from t = 3
seconds to t = 6 seconds is applied to a series R-L circuit consisting of R = 6 and L
= 2H. Obtain the current i(t). Also calculate the voltage across L and R.
Solution:
R
L
i(t)
v(t)
v(t)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Application of kirchhoffs voltage law to the circuit yields,
Ldi/dt + Ri = 6[u(t - 3) u(t - 6)]
On Laplace transformation, we get
L[s.I(s) i(0+)] + R.I(s) = 6[e-3s/s e-6s/s]
But i(0+) = 0.
Hence L[s.I(s)] + R.I(s) = 6[e-3s/s e-6s/s]
I(s)[Ls + R] = (6/s)[e-3s e-6s]
I(s) = (6/s)[e-3s e-6s]/[Ls + R]
L = 2H
R = 6
I(s) = (6/s)[e-3s e-6s]/[2s + 6]
I(s) = 6[e-3s e-6s]/s[2s + 6]
I(s) = 6[e-3s e-6s]/s[2(s + 3)]
I(s) = 3[e-3s e-6s]/s(s + 3)
Consider:
Using partial fraction:
3/s(s + 3) = A/s + B/(s + 3)
3 = A(s + 3) + Bs
Put s = 0
3 = 3A
A= 1
Put s = -3
3 = A(s + 3) + Bs
3 = -3B
B = -1
I(s) = 3[e-3s e-6s]/s(s + 3)
I(s) = [e-3s e-6s][A/s + B/(s + 3)]
I(s) = [e-3s e-6s][1/s - 1/(s + 3)]
I(s) = e-3s/s e-3s/(s + 3) - e-6s/s + e-6s/(s + 3)
On inverse Laplace transformation
i(t) = u(t - 3) u(t - 6) e-3(t - 3)u(t - 3) + e-3(t - 6)u(t - 6)
i(t) = u(t - 3)[1 - e-3(t - 3)] - u(t - 6)[1 - e-3(t - 6)]
1
0.299
0
Series1
0.015
Series2
-2
-4
-6
-8
-6
Series1
Series2
0.299
0.015
-6
5.985
5.7
4
Series1
Series2
Series1
Series2
5.7
5.985
time
Experiment#6:
The magnitude of a low pass filter.
Equipment:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope, DVM
Resistors: 15 k, 1.5 k
Capacitors: 0.047 F.
Circuit diagram:
R
Vin
Vout
C
Low-Pass Filters
Figure shows a simple RC circuit used as a low-pass filter. The bandwidth of the
passband is BW = f2 f1
BW = fc 0 = fc
Frequency fc is the cutoff frequency; it is the frequency above, which the output
voltage drops below 70.7 percent of the input voltage.
Vout = 0.707Vin
According to voltage-divider equation:
Vout = Vin{XC/R2 + XC2}
If the rms input voltage to the filter is 10 V, determine the output voltage at
200 Hz
600 Hz
1200 Hz
5000 Hz
10,000 Hz
Assume R = 1 k
C = 0.047 F
f Hz
Vout
200
9.983V
600
9.847
1200 9.426V
5000 5.607
10000 3.207
12000
10000
10000
voutpout
8000
Series1
Series2
6000
5000
4000
2000
1200
0
600
200
9.983 9.847 9.426 5.607 3.207
1
2
3
4
5
Experiment#7:
Vin
A.C.
Observations:
Frequency Vin
Hz
V
100
2.4
200
2.4
500
2.4
1000
2.4
2000
2.4
5000
2.4
10000
2.4
20000
2.4
Vout
0.9
1.4
2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
Vout
25000
20000
20000
voutput
15000
Series1
Series2
10000
5000
10000
5000
2000
1000
500
100
0.9 200
1.4 2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Series1 10 20 50 10 20 50 10 20
Series2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
frequency
Experiment#8:
Circuit diagram:
a
Vin
Lcoil
Rcoil
Vout
C
b
For input frequencies within the stop-band region, Vout < 0.707 Vin. The resonance
frequency and bandwidth of the bandstop filter may be determined from
fr = 1/2LC
Qs = fr/BW = rLcoil/R1 + Rcoil
Assuming the current drawn by the load is insignificant (unimportant),
Vout = Vin(Zab/Zcircuit)
Zab = Rcoil + j(XL - XC)
Zcircuit = R1 + Rcoil + j(XL - XC)
Zab = R2coil + (XL - XC)2
Zcircuit = (R1 + Rcoil)2 + (XL - XC)2
Vout = Vin(R2coil + (XL - XC)2/(R1 + Rcoil)2 + (XL - XC)2)
f = f2 f1
Q = fr/f(BW)
Experiment#9:
Vout
L
Vin
C
A bandpass filter that uses a series RLC circuit whose resonance frequency and
bandwidth provide the desired passband is shown in figure.
Resonant frequency:
fr = 1/2LC
BW = fr/Qs
Qs = rL/R0
Vout = VinR0/R02 + (XL - XC)2
Observations:
Component values
L
C
R
Resonant frequency
Q
Calculated Measured
Experiment#10:
To be able to predict and verify voltages in circuit containing d.c. and a.c.
Equipment:
Function generator with d.c. Offset
Multimeter DVM
D.C. power supply 0 10 V (if d.c. offset not available on function generator)
Capacitor 0.001 F
Resistor 20 k
A.C. = 1V(rms)
D.C. = 2V
Circuit diagram:
C
VC
Vin
VR
VR = VR(D.C.) + VR(A.C.)
= 0 + 1 = 1V
Vc = Vc(D.C.) + Vc(A.C.)
= 2 + 0 = 2V
Observations:
VC
dc
2
VR
ac
0
dc
0
Calculated
Data
Measured
Data
Experiment#11:
To examine step and pulse response of series RC circuit.
Equipment:
Square wave generator
Oscilloscope and time 1X probes
Capacitors: 0.001 F 10%
Resistors: two 10 k 5%
Circuit diagram:
ac
1
Observations:
R
= RC
= 5RC
fmax
1
2
Charging curve:
Number of time constants
1
2
3
4
5
Calculated voltage
Measured voltage
Calculated voltage
Measured voltage
Discharging curve:
Number of time constants
1
2
3
4
5
Voltage across C:
charging curve
Series1
Series2
1.98
1.96
1.9
1.72
1.26
1
Series1
Series2
1.26
1.72
1.9
1.96
1.98
time constant
Experiment#12:
To show that the resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit is given by 1/2LC
and plot the frequency response of an RLC circuit.
Equipment:
Audio signal generator
Oscilloscope
Capacitors: 0.001 F
Resistance: 100 5%
Inductor.
Circuit diagram:
R
VR
L
Vin
Theory:
Z = R2 + (XL - XC)2
I = V/Z
For resonance frequency
XL = XC
2frL = 1/2frC
fr = 1/2LC
Observations:
Frequency vR
500 Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
fr = 3 kHz
5 kHz
10 kHz
20 kHz
50 kHz
Frequency XC
500 Hz
1 kHz
2 kHz
fr = 3 kHz
5 kHz
10 kHz
20 kHz
50 kHz
Frequency versus vR
XL
vR