ENERGY AUDIT OF IIT-BOMBAY CAMPUS

Draft Final Report

Ist Year M.Tech Students of the

Department of Energy Science and Engineering

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY

POWAI, MUMBAI 400 076.
JULY, 2008

This report has been prepared by:

Chikku Abraham (T.A. for the project)

Mel George
Victor Jose
and Sharath Deshpande
with the support and cooperation of the following students of the Department of
Energy Science and Engineering.

Manoj Kumar
Mahendra Rane
Ms. Debasmita Panda
Ms. Ragini Agarwal
B. Kiran Kumar
Hrushikesh Patade
Hardik Patel
A. Senthil Kumar
Ms. Harathi Nanda
Deepak Yadav
Chinmay Kinjavdekar
Anand Upadhyay
Yajnavalkya K. Nookala
Ravindra Narkhede
S. Nagaraja Rao
Anoop S.
Prasad Wani
Kalpesh Karnik
Shiva Kumar
D. Surendranath
Vineet P.
Ms. Riddhi Panse
Vikrant Bhalerao
under the guidance of

Prof. Rangan Banerjee

as a part of the course work for the subject EN 607: Energy Management

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Disclaimer

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and may not represent or reflect the
views of IIT - Bombay.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PREFACE

An energy audit is a study of a plant or facility to determine how and where energy is
used and to identify methods for energy savings. There is now a universal recognition of the
fact that new technologies and much greater use of some that already exist provide the most
hopeful prospects for the future. The opportunities lie in the use of existing renewable energy
technologies, greater efforts at energy efficiency and the dissemination of these technologies
and options.
This energy audit of the IIT-B academic area and the hostels was carried out by the
students of the Department of Energy Science and Engineering as a part of the course work for
the project EN 607. This report is just one step, a mere mile marker towards our destination of
achieving energy efficiency and we would like to emphasise that an energy audit is a
continuous process. We have compiled a list of possible actions to conserve and efficiently
utilize our scarce resources and identified their savings potential. The next step would be to
prioritize their implementation. We look forward with optimism that the institute authorities,
staff and students shall ensure the maximum execution of the recommendations and the success
of this work.
To all of you, we hope that the ideas and pages that follow will give as much enjoyment
and challenge as they have given us in their development, synthesis and writing. Any
suggestions to further enhance the quality of this work are always welcome. Kindly email your
comments and suggestions to melgeorge@iitb.ac.in or melgeorge.v@gmail.com by 25th July,
2008.
- Authors

TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of figures
List of tables
1. Introduction
1.1

Objective of the energy audit

1.2

IIT present energy scenario

1.3

Specific Energy Consumption (SEC)

1.4

Segmentation

2. Energy Audit
2.1

Methodology

2.2

Grouping and strategy

3. Quantification by end use

3.1

Departments, library, main building

3.2

Hostels

3.3

Gulmohar and guest houses

3.4

Street lighting

3.5

Water pumping

3.6

Energy consumption in hostel kitchens

3.7

Central air conditioning for library

4. Measurements performed
4.1

Room air conditioners

4.2

Lighting and fan loads

4.3

Energy usage in hostels-washing rooms and geysers

4.4

Computers/printers

4.5

Water pumping

5. Benchmarking
5.1

Energy performance of various departments

5.2

Per unit area energy consumption

5.3

Per capita energy consumption

5.4

Per capita electrical energy consumption in hostels

5.5

ECBC standards and comparison

6. Energy conservation and efficiency

6.1 Implementation measures
6.2 Energy management structure
Appendix A List of instruments used
Appendix B Distribution of room ACs
Appendix C BEE thumb rules for air conditioning loads
Appendix D Calculations for Solar Water Heating Systems (SWHS) in hostels
Appendix E Calculations for power savings in computers
Appendix F Operating schedule of pumps at main pump house
Appendix G General recommendations
Appendix H Summary of hostel electricity bills
Appendix I Details of library central air conditioning
Bibliography and websites
Acknowledgements

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no.
1.1
3.1
3.2

Title
Recorded monthly peak demands at IIT-B during the year 2007
Distribution of connected load by end use in IIT-B
Room air conditioning load (ton per unit of total floor area) for different

3.3

departments
Room air conditioning load (ton/ air conditioned sq.m) for offices in Main

3.4
3.5
3.6
4.1

Building
Distribution of connected load in hostels (excluding computers)
Connection diagram of Main Pumping Station
Per capita consumption of energy (as LPG) for different hostels
AC Load curve for the day without the energy saver for ACs (on 12 th May,

4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.1
5.2

2008)
AC Load curve for the day with the energy saver for ACs (on 7th May, 2008)
Power consumption in H5 washroom for 5 hrs. on 5th April 2008
Power consumption of 2 kW Bajaj geyser in Hostel 5 on 6th April 2008
Efficiency-discharge for various pumps at Main Pump House
Total annual energy consumption of different departments
Normalized per unit area energy consumption (kWh/sq.m/year) for

5.3

departments
Normalized per capita electrical energy consumption (kWh/person/yr.) for

5.4
5.5

departments
Annual electricity consumption in hostels over the years 2005-2007
Annual electricity bills for hostels: student and institute contributions

LIST OF TABLES
Table no.
1.1

Title
Time of Day Tariff as per MSEDCL Tariff Order for HT-I

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

category
AC loads in various departments
Computers and printers in departments and Main Building
Connected loads (excluding computers) in hostels
Connected Load in kW for Gulmohar and Guest Houses
Common area lighting loads
Ratings of pumps in IIT-B
Capacity of water storage tanks
Details of energy consumption and food wastage in hostel kitchens

4.1

and staff canteen

Energy savings achieved by installation of the energy saver for a

4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6

1.5 ton AC
Measurements for lighting in hostels
Lux meter readings for departments
Lux level measurements for common area lighting
Sample measurements on fans in hostels
Measured power consumption for computers and printers in

4.7
4.8
5.1
5.2

different operating modes

Details of pumps for departments and residential complexes
Details of pumps in some hostels
ECBC recommended levels for lighting power density
Measured values of lighting power density at select locations in

6.1

IIT-Bombay
Implementation Measures

1. INTRODUCTION
The Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay (IIT-B), set up by an Act of Parliament,
was established in 1958, at Powai, a northern suburb of Mumbai. Today, the Institute is
recognised as one of the centres of academic excellence in the country. Over the years, there
has been significant progress at IIT Bombay in all academic and research activities, and a
parallel improvement in facilities and infrastructure, to keep it on par with the best institutions
in the world. Institutes in positions of excellence grow with time. As on date, it has 14
Departments, 10 Centers, 3 Schools and 4 Interdisciplinary programs. The student strength of
the institute is about 5300, with faculty strength of about 450 and supporting staff of about
1500 over an area of about 500 acres.
1.1 Energy audit objective
This energy audit assumes significance due to the fact that the IIT-B electricity bill had
crossed Rs. 10 crores during 2007, and it was aimed at obtaining a detailed idea about the
various end use energy consumption activities and identifying, enumerating and evaluating the
possible energy savings opportunities. The target is to achieve savings in the electrical energy
consumption to the extent of 20%. The audit was also aimed at giving the students a feel of the
practical problems and difficulties in carrying out energy audits. As energy engineers, the
students of the department enthusiastically participated in the endeavour.
1.2 IIT present energy scenario
The energy consumption on campus is mainly in the form of electricity, apart from the
use of LPG as cooking fuel in the hostels.
The campus had a connected electrical load of 5.3 MW as on April 2008 and a contract
demand of 4.5 MVA. The monthly recorded peak demand for the year 2007 is given in Fig.
1.1. The IITB energy bill for the year 2007 was Rs. 10.2 crores. The electricity bill comprises
two parts: one related to the energy consumed (per kWh or per unit energy consumed) and the
other is the maximum demand charge (per kVA of maximum demand during the month). There
also exists a penalty for low power factor. Furthermore, the energy charge includes a
component based on time of use. The Time of Day (TOD) tariff as per the MSEDCL

(Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd.) for category HT-I is as given in
Table 1.1. The existing tariff rate is Rs. 300/kVA for maximum demand and Rs. 4.3 /kWh on
an average.
The maximum demand in April 2008 was 4168 kVA and corresponding power factor
was 0.97. The energy charges during the month were Rs. 3.1 per unit for industrial use, Rs. 2.6
p.u. for residential users and Rs. 4.5 p.u. for commercial activities. The average power factor
for the year 2007 was 0.98 which was achieved by means of power factor correction units.
The contract demand in the year 2001-02 was 3000 kVA, which was increased to 3708
kVA and then finally to 4500 kVA in 2005-06. Before the last extension, the institute was
paying a penalty to MSEDCL (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd.) for
drawing more than the contract demand. Recently, IIT-B had again applied for extension of
present contract demand to 5000 kVA, which was not granted by MSEDCL/ Tata Power
Supply Company.

Monthly maximum demand for IIT-B in 2007

4500

4000

Max demand in kVA

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Months

Fig. 1.1: Recorded monthly peak demands at IIT-B during the year 2007

10

Dec

Table 1.1 Time of Day Tariff as per MSEDCL Tariff Order for HT-I category
(since December 2003)
Consumption during following hours of the day
2200hrs-0600 hrs
0600hrs-0900 hrs
0900hrs-1200 hrs
1200hrs-1800 hrs
1800hrs-2200 hrs

Energy Charge (p/u)

(-)85
0
60
0
100

1.3 Specific Energy Consumption (SEC)

The Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) is defined as the energy consumption per unit
of product output. The specific energy consumption considering students, faculty and staff
members were calculated which forms the institute SEC and was taken as reference for
comparison. The SEC was calculated to be 1384 kWh/person/annum (for 2007) for the
academic area and Rs. 5950 per person per annum.
1.4 Segmentation
This energy audit report has segmented the energy consumption patterns both by
departments/ hostels/ offices and by end use activities (lighting, cooling, pumping, washing
etc.). The details are provided in the subsequent chapters.

11

2. ENERGY AUDIT
2.1 Energy audit methodology
The methodology adopted for this audit was

Formation of audit groups for specific areas and end use

Visual inspection and data collection

Observations on the general condition of the facility and equipment and quantification

Identification / verification of energy consumption and other parameters by

measurements

Detailed calculations, analyses and assumptions

Validation

Potential energy saving opportunities

Implementation

As a first step in this regard, 13 teams of total 27 students from the department were formed
and each group was assigned a particular area or application of energy in the campus. The
activity was organized as a Graded Course Project for the course EN 607 (Energy
Management) during January-April 2008.
2.2 Grouping and strategy
The following groups were formed with specific target areas and end uses assigned.
Group 1: Lighting and fans in Main building, Library and staff canteen
Group 2: Lighting and fans in Departments (all departments, offices, class rooms and
labs)
Group 3: Lighting common area Covering street lights, corridors, grounds
Group 4: Lighting and fans in Hostels (Hostel 1 to 7)
Group 5: Lighting and fans in Hostels (Hostel 8 to 13)
Group 6: Electric water heating and washroom/ironing loads in all Hostels (Hostel
1-13)
Group 7: Total energy audit of Gulmohar, old guest house and new guest house

12

Group 8: Energy use in Kitchen Hostels (1-13) and staff canteen

Group 9: Room air conditioners in main building, departments and labs.
Group 10: Central air conditioning (library)
Group 11: Computers/printers All departments, labs, library and main building
Group 12: Water Pumps in the entire campus
Group 13: Benchmarking of electricity consumption
The groups were allowed the use of various measuring instruments like Power demand
analyzers and Lux meters to assist in the auditing activity. Also, cooperation of the Electrical
Maintenance Section was sought to collect past data and for taking measurements.

13

3. QUANTIFICATION BY END USE

The loads were segregated based on the end use as lighting and fans, air
conditioning, Computer/printers, water pumping, hostel mess cooking loads, washing machines
and irons. Quantification, types and necessary measurements were carried out. The details are
given here.

Airconditioning

11%
4%
6%

40%

7%
6%

Lights and fans-hostels

and academic area
Gulmohar and guest
house
Computers and printers in
depts.
Water pumping
Common area lighting
Hostel-geysers and
washrooms

26%

Fig. 3.1 Distribution of connected load by end use in IIT-B

3.1 Electricity use in departments, library, main building
3.1.1 Lighting and fans
The Institute has about 14,000 Fluorescent tube lights in different departments and labs.
Out of which about 3,500 tube lights are fitted with electronic ballast and rest are with
electromagnetic ballast.
The Institute is having 3,670 fans in different departments and labs. Out of which about
3,000 fans are fitted with resistance type regulator and rest are with electronic regulator.
The library and Main Building together have a total of 2,480 lights and 880 fans
(including table fans and exhaust fans).
The total lighting load from the above is 501 kW and the connected fan load is 307 kW.

14

3.1.2 Air Conditioners

On using the rated capacity details supplied by the manufacturers, the total room AC
load is about 1.991 or 2 MW. The total AC load (rated) is about 1,450 tons of refrigeration.
The distribution of ACs in different departments is as shown below in Table 3.3.
Table 3.1 AC loads in various departments
Deptt/capacity
Aerospace
ASC
Bio school
CDEEP
CFDVS
Chemical
Chemistry
Civil
Comp. Sc.
Earth Sc.
Electrical Gaitonde bldg
Electrical Main+annex
Energy Science and Engg.
Humanities
IDC
IRCC
KReSIT
Main Bldg.
Mathematics
Mechanical
Metallurgy
Physics
SOM
Total
10% excess assumed for

1 ton
0
0
7
0
0
5
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
22

unaccounted areas

1020

1.5 ton
62
3
25
0
4
93
65
34
43
12
18
93
6
19
14
9
105
37
13
27
73
57
15
827

2 ton
2
1
0
12
0
0
2
0
10
0
0
3
0
0
0
6
0
21
3
4
1
2
1
68

3 ton
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3

others
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
6

This is 44.3% of the contract demand at unity pf and 63.2% at 0.7 pf lag. But the whole
demand is not usually at one time due to a diversity factor. The kW/ton based on the rated
values was found to be 1.375. As air conditioning load is about 50% of the campus contract
demand, any savings achieved in this field would be significantly important.
The tonnage of AC per unit of total area for different departments is shown below in Fig.
3.2. A wide variation in the values can be seen in this plot, but the numbers of labs in the
department which are air conditioned have a clear influence on this.

15

AC tonnage per sq.m.

0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0

.
e
E st ry ical si cs
ol ace rgy bldg nex i vil ica l iti es ti cs sc. es it V S E P M C C S c. SC ldg.
o
S
u
i
a p . kr D
c an a n
h
l
n
E m em h y
E O C ID rt h A n b
p
l
e
c
a
s
a
s r o e t nd n+
F C D S IR
e
p
ch um themcom
o
ai
C
i
o
e
i
e
Ea
ch ch
t
m ai
b a
M
m h ma
ma
g
l
l
ca ica
tr i ectr
c
el e el

departments
Fig. 3.2 Room air conditioning load (ton per unit of total floor area) for different
departments
A study of the AC tonnage per unit air conditioned area for the Main Building was done
and it was found that the average is about 0.08 T/m2 which is fine by the standards specified
[Please refer to Appendix C]. Few areas exceed the limits specified and resizing in future could
be an option. In many cases, the utilisation of the area has changed when compared with the
building plans.

16

0.16

0.14

AC tonnage ton/sq.m

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

JA HC
M U
G
AT offi
In
E ce
te
rn JE offi
al E ce
au O
di ffic
t
e
D Us
ea e Ca sec
r
n
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h
St al
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As en r s tio
so ts C tud n
c.
o e
D un nts
ea se
D
n
l
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P lin
D
ire D lan g
ni
ct y.
or D ng
C ire
on ct
f. or
R
D
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D ren Ro
ir
c o
D
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n ec
r's oo
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R
es or's of m
ou c fice
rc ha
(
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e
M be
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at
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A
D cd.
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Ac
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IP
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R in.2
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C gis
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en co f.
r
er un Ro
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ad s s m
m ec
in tio
C
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C
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il
1

Fig. 3.3 Room air conditioning load (ton/ air conditioned sq.m) for offices in Main
Building
3.1.3 Computers/printers
Computers and monitors account for 30%-40% of the energy used by office equipment.
Their energy consumption is second only to office lighting. It is estimated that a power
managed computer consumes less than half the energy of a computer without power
management.
The total number of computers and printers in different departments in the campus is as
shown below. The computers in hostels and residential area are not included here.

17

Table 3.2 Computers and printers in departments and Main Building

S No

Computer
Department/Building CRT

Printer
LCD

DeskJet

Aerospace

CESE

41

Bio-school

38

SOM

104

11

Chemical/Chemistry

194

44

29

HSS

32

Metallurgy

63

24

11

Earth Science

39

IDC

42

33

10

KRESIT

160

81

15

11

Electrical

226

170

33

12

Civil

90

36

10

13

Main Building

171

92

83

14

Mechanical

76

36

13

15

CSRE

71

11

16

Physics

90

23

17

Energy Systems

24

18

Central Library

31

19

SYSCON

27

11

20

CFILT

21

CFDVS

18

17

22

CDEEP

20

22

23

Mathematics

39

24

24

CSE

20

126

25

IEOR

26

CTARA

27

Faculty

288

145

371

62

18

Monitor
12

Laser Jet

Monitor
77

S No
1

Computer
Department/Building CRT

Printer
LCD

Aerospace

Monitor
77

Monitor
12

Total

1992

963

Laser Jet

DeskJet

657

108

Thus there are a total of about 3,000 computers and about 800 printers in the departments.
3.2 Hostels
There are 14 hostels in IIT Bombay, having an aggregate connected load of 1.25MW.
The loads are analyzed after segregating them into lighting, fan, geyser and wash room loads.
Here, the personal computers or laptops of individual students in their rooms or in hostel
computer rooms are not included.
Table 3.3 Connected loads (excluding computers) in hostels

Hostel

H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
H10
H11
H12
H13
Tansa
Total

Connected

Connected

Load of

Load of

Light & Fan

Geysers in

in kW

kW

42.5
46.6
46.3
52.1
40.3
49.8
34.9
37.64
38.47
19.74
38.4
97.28
97.28
15.72
657

18
24
28
24
12
16
40
19
39
36
42
108
108
32
546

Connected
Load of
Wash
Room in
kW
4.42
1.76
2.52
2.31
1.76
5.9
2.52
2.02
2.05
3.72
3.38
4
4.6
2.32
43

Total Connected

Average

Load of Light, Fan,

Load of the

Geysers & Wash

Hostel in

Room in kW

2007 in kW

64.92
72.36
76.82
78.41
54.06
71.7
77.42
58.66
79.52
59.46
83.78
209.28
209.88
50.04
1246

30.7
26.22
38.25
44.55
32.64
37.72
39.73
37.93
24.75
21.8
33.35
77.03
80.87
29.29
555

Fig. 3.4 Distribution of connected load in hostels (excluding computers)

19

3.3 Gulmohar and guest houses

Gulmohar is the alumni building of the campus in which a cafeteria, a banquet hall, a
bank and the placement office are situated. There are two guest houses in the campus. The first
one is the Jal Vihar, also called old guest house with 25 rooms and two suit rooms. The second
is Vanvihar with 51 rooms. The connected load details are as shown below.
Table 3.4 Connected Load in kW for Gulmohar and
Guest Houses
Jal Vihar Van Vihar Gulmohar
Lighting
7.6
34.26
1.68
Air Conditioners
19.05
35.19
43.2
Others
52.67
112.05
1.21
Total
79.32
181.5
46.09
The cumulative connected load of these buildings comes to 307 kW.
3.4 Street lighting and common area lighting
All street lights and garden lights in the campus, corridor lights, and lights on
gymkhana grounds were accounted. The connected load is 193.7 kW, and about 60% of this
includes the illumination in the Gymkhana grounds, and these lights are normally operational
only in the evenings. The quantification is as follows.

Table 3.5 Common area lighting loads

A. Street & Corridor Lighting

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Rating

Fitting

(W)

Filament Lamp
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Fluorescent Lamp
Fluorescent Lamp
Sodium Vapour Lamp
Sodium Vapour Lamp
Sodium Vapour Lamp
Mercury Vapour Lamp
Metal Halide Lamp

20

100
18
40
80
70
150
250
150
400

Number
of
Fittings
16
10
33
52
511
99
14
146
2

B. Gymkhana Grounds
Rating
No
1
2
3
4
5

Ground/Court
Football
Hockey
Basketball
Volleyball
Badminton

Fitting
Metal Halide
Metal Halide
Metal Halide
Metal Halide
Metal Halide

(W)
2000
800
800
800
250

Nos.
24
16
24
32
16

The total number of lighting fixtures in common area is 985.

3.5 Water pumping

The water supply to the institute is taken from the BMC (Brihan-mumbai Municipal
Corporation) lines which pass just outside the campus. The connection diagram of the main
pumping station is as in the following Figure 3.5.
There are two water tanks which store water coming from the BMC lines. One of the
tanks stores water which is supplied to all departments and residential complexes. Water from
this tank is pumped on to an overhead tank which is located next to ANANTA building. Water
from this overhead tank gets distributed to various pumps by the effect of gravity. The second
tank stores water for supplying the same to all hostels and Tansa house.
The ratings of the pumps are as shown in table 3.6, and it comes to a connected load of
343.2 kW. The motors are operated in a daily pattern as shown in Appendix F.
Table 3.6 Ratings of pumps in IIT-B
Serial
no
1
2
3
4
5
6

Motor

Electrical

Flow rates

capacity
160 HP
75 HP (new)
75 HP (old)
60 HP
30 HP - 1
30 HP 2

loading
0.71
0.68
0.70
0.89
0.94
0.94

in m3 / hour
308.7
227.67
212.23
208.37
92.61
92.61

21

Fig. 3.5 Connection diagram of Main Pumping Station

.
The water storage tanks in the campus are as shown in Table 3.7 and the total storage
capacity is about three times the average daily water consumption of the campus.
Table 3.7 Capacity of water storage tanks
Capacity ( m3)
500
500
900

No.
Tank
1
Tank 1
2
Tank 2
3 Overhead

22

3.6 Energy usage in hostel kitchens

Each of the hostels in the campus is equipped with a kitchen, except hostel 7, where it
is under re-construction. The staff canteen in the campus is also having an associated kitchen.
The connected load and LPG usage pattern in these hostels is shown below.
Table 3.8 Details of energy consumption and food wastage in hostel kitchens and staff
canteen
No

Kitchen

Connected Electrical
Load (kW)

LPG Usage
per day (kg)

Food Wastage
per day (kg)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H8
H9
H 10
H 11
H 12 & 13
Staff Canteen
Total

11.49
8.5
6.58
7.75
10.7
10.9
10.7
10
5.3
10.7
10.7
3.2
106.5

67
57
43
50
36
50
43
57
28
50
133
57
671

20
20
20
20
25
20
20
20
10
15
128
10
328

Assuming the calorific value of LPG as 46.4 MJ/kg, the daily energy consumption in
LPG is 31 GJ. Thus the major energy consumption is from LPG only. LPG consumed per
student in different hostel kitchens is as shown below.

Fig. 3.6 Per capita per day consumption of energy (as LPG) for different hostels (red line
indicates Institute average)

23

3.7 Central air conditioning for library

The system has a rating of 110 ton refrigeration capacity and mostly operates at part
load. It has been discussed in Appendix I. The savings could not be quantified due to
difficulties in taking measurements. However, considerable potential for energy savings may
exist as the efficiency of the system will be lower at part loads.

24

4. MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED
Data obtained based on measurements are included in this chapter.
4.1 Room air conditioners
A commercially available energy saver for room ACs was procured * and measurements
were carried out for over 60 hrs, with and without the saver, for a typical 1.5 ton Voltas Vertis
AC in the DESE Urja Computational Lab from 7th- 12th May, 2008.
2500

Power (watts)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
900

1100

1300

1500

1700

Time (hrs.)

Fig. 4.1 AC Load curve for the day without the energy saver for ACs (on 12th May, 2008)
2500

power (watts)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
900

1100

1300

1500

1700

Time (hrs.)

Fig. 4.2 AC Load curve for the day with the energy saver for ACs (on 7th May, 2008)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* The Aircosaver was procured from M/s Ecopower Ltd., Mumbai. These measurements are purely
from a study point of view and are applicable only in the specific context. They should not be
construed as an endorsement of the merits or deficiencies of the said product(s) by IIT-Bombay.

25

Table 4.1 Energy savings achieved by installation of energy saver for a 1.5 ton AC

Time hrs.

Energy consumed without

Energy consumed with saver % savings

saver (in Watt hrs.)

2532
1886
372
1900
1650
14880

1000-1110
1140-1230
1250-1310
1340-1430
1530-1650
Whole working

installed(in Watt hrs.)

1368
1086
334
1050
1544
8887

46
42.4
10.2
44.7
41.7
40.3

day (7.5 hrs)

Thus savings of the order of 35-40% was seen when the energy saver was fitted with
some deterioration in comfort conditions. It can be inferred that the apparatus provides better
savings when used for oversized ACs with a higher duty cycle.
4.2 Lighting and fan loads
The energy consumption of FTLs (Fluorescent Tube Lights) which are commonly used
in the campus is shown below. The energy consumption of the FTLs used in hostels is found to
be high compared to 28W T5 FTL.
4.2.1 Lighting in Hostels
Table 4.2 Measurements for lighting in hostels
FTL with Electronic Ballast [Room
No.48, H5 (3rd April 2008)
V(volts)
I(Amp) P(W)
P.F.
226.5
0.54
38
0.522
FTL with Magnetic choke [Room No.
49,H5](3rd April 2008)
V(volts) I(Amp) P(W)
P.F.
224.3
0.532
42.5
0.5813
Few of the lux measurements taken in the campus are as shown below.
Hostels
Room No
Day without Fl.
lamp
Day with Fl. lamp
Night
Study Table

#52-FTL
85
170
75
70

Hostel 5
#48-FTL #49-FTL
31
133
95
31

38
150.6
105
55

#49-14W CFL

Hostel 3
#289

64
52
10

87
107
78
98

The lux levels are found to be far less than the standard values in hostel rooms.

26

4.2.2 Lux meter Readings for Departments:

Table 4.3: Lux meter readings for departments
Mechanical Engg.
location
With daylight+lights
Only daylight
Nuclear Engg Lab
180,162
110,120
Refrigeration lab
183,156
120
Metal Forming lab
119,104
44,32,22
Testing of material
91,87,61
Robotics Lab
112,126
30
Fracture Mechanics
119,130
31
CAM
481,400
220,120
Room no. 303
134,113
78
323
188
128
301
193
CFDL
198
65
IEOR
178
62
308
193
80
309
193
82
311
144,136
88
201
150
81
202
136
79
217
136
77
104
122
65
Electrical Engg.
Machine Lab:
185,180,170
110,105
Field computation lab:
210,200
150,155
Power electronics research lab
190,185,180
130,140
power electronics hardware
200,210,195
65,120
lab
power system computation lab
250,225
105,110
Micro electronics lab
360,400
110,105
Gaitonde Building:
R-001
340,300
127,120
R-002
350
180
Library
436,446
250,285

27

Only lights
135
155
101
90
100
102
395,400

140,150
170,175
155
140,160
170,180
220,200
221
282,234
379,300

4.2.3 General Lighting

Table 4.4: Lux level measurements for common area lighting

Here:
Average Horizontal Illumination- AH
Variation in Horizontal Illumination- VH
Average Vertical Illumination- AV
4.2.4 Fans
From the power consumption of ceiling fans with resistance and electromagnetic
regulators, it was seen that the latter consumes less power at lower speeds of the fan.
Table 4.5 Sample measurements on fans in hostels
Sample reading [Room No 49, H5]
(4th April 2008)
Ceiling Fan
Resistance regulator
FanSpeed V(volts) I(Amp) P(W) P.F.
1
224.7
0.43
41
0.791
2
225.6
0.43
56
0.9
3
223.81
0.453
63
0.956
4
223.4
0.45
66
0.984
ON
223.3
0.452
70
0.996
Sample Reading [H5 Mess] (4th April 2008)
Electronic Regulator
Ceiling Fan
Fan Tab V(volts) I(Amp) P(W) P.F.
1
233.7
0.26
13
0.385
2
233.6
0.396
37
0.66
3
233.7
0.382
49
0.815
ON
233.18
0.405
68
0.997

28

4.3 Energy consumption in Hostels: Wash Room & Geysers

The power consumption of H5 wash room for 5 hours is shown in Fig. 4.3. The
measurements were taken at 15 minute intervals.

Fig. 4.3 Power consumption in H5 washroom for 5 hrs. on 5th April 2008
The typical power consumption of geysers installed in Hostel 5 is shown below in Fig. 4.4.

Fig. 4.4 Power consumption of 2 kW Bajaj geyser in Hostel 5 on 6th April 2008
29

4.4 Computers & Printers

The power consumption by the computer and printer under different modes of
operation are shown below.
Table 4.6: Measured power consumption for computers and printers in different
operating modes
Mode of
Power
S No
System
Equipment
Power (W)
Operation
factor
1
LCD
Monitor
On
29.8
0.596
2

Jwala

CPU
Monitor

On

56.0

0.620

Jwala

Vayu

CPU
CPU

On

105.5

0.650

On

60.0

0.650

Prithvi

Monitor

On

53.4

0.620

Urja

CPU

On

48.0

0.560

Urja

System

Hibernate

2.5

0.200

Urja

Monitor

On

55.0

0.634

Urja

System

Sleep Mode

3.0

0.225

10

Laser Printer

On

3.0

0.360

&

4.5 Pumping
The power consumption and efficiency of the pumps used in the campus are as shown below.
4.5.1 Pumps for Department and Residential complexes
Table 4.7: Details of pumps for departments and residential complexes
Electrical Power
Hydraulic Power
Overall system
Pump
Consumption
(kW)
Efficiency
(kW)
160HP

37.0

78.6

0.47

75HP NEW

24.3

37.7

0.65

75HP OLD

22.2

38.6

0.58

60HP

21.7

33.2

0.65

30

Fig. 4.5 Efficiency-discharge for various pumps at Main Pump House

It is observed that the 75HP (new) pump set is giving the best performance among all, since it
has high discharge as well as high efficiency.
4.5.2 Hostel Pumps

Pump

Table 4.8 Details of pumps in some hostels

Overall
Hydraulic
Electrical Power
system
Power
Consumption
Efficiency

30HP

13.5

21.2

0.64

30HP

13.5

21.2

0.64

31

5. BENCHMARKING
Energy benchmarking involves the development of quantitative and qualitative
indicators through the collection and analysis of energy-related data and energy management
practices. Benchmarking in simplistic terms is the process of comparing the performance of a
given process with that of the best possible process and to try to improve the standard of the
process to improve quality of the system, product, services etc. It allows organizations to
develop plans on how to adopt such best practices, usually with the aim of increasing some
aspect of performance. Benchmarking may be a one-off event, but is often treated as a
continuous process in which organizations continually seek to challenge their practices.
Benchmarking is a method which should be used on a continual basis as best practices are
always evolving.
Benchmarking of energy consumption is a powerful tool for performance assessment
and logical evolution of avenues for improvement. Historical data, well documented, helps to
bring out energy consumption and cost trends month-wise / daily. Trend analysis of energy
consumption, cost, relevant production features, specific energy consumption, help to
understand effects of capacity utilization on energy use efficiency and costs on a broader scale.
The basis for benchmarking the energy consumption at IIT-B is energy consumed per person
(includes teaching staff and students). The benchmarking parameters here are,

Departmental energy performance

kWh consumed per sq.m of area and

kWh consumed per capita

5.1 Departmental energy performance

The details of the annual energy consumption in various departments are as shown here
in Fig. 5.1.

32

1400000

1200000

kWh energy consumption

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

SO
M
H
um
an
iti
es
Ea
rth
Sc
.
C
ES
E
R
el
ia
bi
lit
y

ID
C

s
C
SR
E

il

si
c

C
iv

Ph
y

SJ
M

om
C

El
ec

pu
te
rs
c.
tri
ca
lE
ng
g.
C
he
m
is
try
C
he
m
ic
M
al
ec
ha
ni
Bi
ca
o
l
Sc
ie
nc
es
M
et
al
lu
M
rg
at
y
he
m
at
ic
Ae
s
ro
sp
ac
e

departments

Fig. 5.1 Total annual energy consumption of different departments in 2007

5.2 Per unit area energy consumption

The energy consumption per sq. m for each department is determined and it is
normalized with respect to average value of per sq. m energy consumption of the institute,
which was set as the basis. For normalizing, the Institute average of 75 kWh/sq.m./year is
taken as the denominator.
The results are shown in Fig. 5.2.

33

Fig. 5.2 Normalized per unit area energy consumption (kWh/sq.m/year) for departments
From the above graph it can be observed that Chemistry, KReSIT, Electrical,
Mathematics, Mechanical and Bioscience departments are above the base line of per sq. m
energy consumption as their values are greater than one.
5.3 Per capita energy consumption for departments
The per capita (student + faculty) consumption for each department is determined and it
is normalized with respect to the average value of the per capita consumption for the institute.
Basis for 2007: 1384 kWh/person/year.
From the graph (Fig. 5.3) it can be observed that Chemistry, KReSIT, IDC,
Mathematics, Bio-science, CSRE are above the base line of the per capita consumption as their
values are greater than one.

34

Fig. 5.3 Normalized per capita electrical energy consumption (kWh/person/yr.) for
departments

5.4 Per capita electrical energy consumption in hostels

The general trend of electricity consumption in the hostels for last three years is as
shown below in Fig. 5.4.
The average tariff for the hostels is about Rs. 5.13 per kWh ** of electrical energy
consumed. For the year 2007, the average electricity cost for hostels on per student basis is
calculated to be Rs. 4,300 per annum. The actual amount paid by the students during 2007-08
as the fee contribution (electricity, fan and water charges) was Rs. 600 per annum. This amount
has since been raised by Rs. 2000 and so the subsidy has been eliminated.
** Please refer to Appendix H for the hostel bills. There seems to be some discrepancy in the way the
Electrical Maintenance Section calculates the amounts as hostels should come under residential tariff
which is Rs. 2.6 per kWh (basic charge).

35

A graph showing the present institute subsidy and the student fee contribution to the
annual hostel electricity bills in 2007 is shown below (Fig. 5.5). The institute subsidy is to the
extent of 85% of the bills. So, any savings achieved in the hostel bills is directly beneficial to
the institute and can be used for other works.

Electricity consumption in hostels (2005-2007)

800000

700000

units of electricity consumed

600000

500000
2005
2006
2007

400000

300000

200000

100000

0
1

10

11

12

13

hostel no.

Fig. 5.4: Annual electricity consumption in hostels over the years 2005-2007

36

electricty bill in hostels: student and institute contributions

4000000

3500000

annual amount paid in Rs.

3000000

2500000

institute subsidy
student fee contribution

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

0
1

10

11

12

13

hostel no.

Fig. 5.5: Annual electricity bills for hostels: student and institute contributions
during the year 2007
5.5 ECBC Standards and comparison
As per the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 2006, published by the
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Govt. of India, the recommended levels of lighting power
density are as given below in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1: ECBC recommended levels for lighting power density
Space/ application
Enclosed offices
Offices-open plan
Conferences/meeting rooms/ multipurpose
Classrooms/ lecture theatres
Lounge
Dining area
Food preparation
Library stacks
Library reading area
Workshops
Cafeteria

Lighting power density in W/sq.m.

11.8
11.8
14.0
15.1
12.9
09.7
12.9
18.3
12.9
15.1
15.1

37

The measured values for locations at IIT-Bombay are as follows.

Table 5.2 Measured values of lighting power density at select locations in IITBombay
Space/ application
Main Building office
Conference room
Classrooms in Main Building
Library reading area
Hostel Lounge (Hostel 5)
Hostel mess (Hostel 13)
Hostel mess (Hostel 5)
Staff Canteen
Hostel rooms (Hostel 13, Room B 108)
Hostel rooms (Hostel 5, Room 52)
Hostel rooms (Hostel 5, Room 49)

Lighting power density in W/sq.m.

07.8
14.8
13.5
07.3
08.1
07.6
10.7
05.2
04.5
05.6
03.8

It can be seen that the lighting power density values in the Institute are not higher than
the ECBC standards.

38

6. ENERGY CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENCY

6.1 Implementation Measures
Energy
savings
per year

Savings in
Rs. Per
year

Capital
Investment
in Rs

Simple Pay
Back
Period

ballast in FTL in study room and using 18W

7400 kWh

38,000

10,000

4 months

CFLs in staff canteen

Replacing Electromagnetic FTLs by T5 in

6,95,500

Departments (10500 Fittings)

Replacing common area lighting in departments

kWh
1,18,800

34.8 lakhs

63 lakhs

19 months

with T5 FTL /CFL

Replacing 1970 FTLs used in student rooms in

kWh
1,11,000

2.7 lakhs

4.32 lakhs

17 months

H1 to H7 with 28W ballast FTLs.

Replacing rheostatic speed regulators of 1950

kWh

5.4.lakhs

2.56 lakhs

6 months

2.8 lakhs

2.7 lakhs

1 year

3.4 lakhs

3.4 lakhs

1 year

79,300

1.57 lakhs

2 years

49.68 lakhs

182 lakhs

3.7 years

80,000

2.6 lakhs

3.3 years

6.41akhs

6.54 lakhs

13 months

cylinders of

3.1 lakhs

95,000

4 months

14.2 kg
4,38,000

21.9 lakhs

13 lakhs

8 months

No

Recommended Measure
Replacing Electromagnetic ballast by Electronic

2
3
4

8
9

fans in the student rooms (H1 to H7) with

electronic speed regulators
Replacing 1700 FTLs used in student rooms in
H8 to H11 with 28W ballast FTLs.
Replacing rheostatic speed regulators of 1045
fans in the student rooms (H8 to H11) with
electronic speed regulator
Installing solar water heaters in all hostels [For
calculations, refer Appendix D]

(a)NISARGUNA biogas plant for food waste

processing (300 kg capacity)

biogas

plant

for

food

waste

processing(300 kg capacity)
11

72,100
kWh
15,600
kWh
10,35,000

kWh
1825 LPG
cylinders of
14.2 kg

OR
(b)ARTI

kWh

kWh
15,700

Solar Water Heater for Guest Houses

10

59,300

Installing 200 Aircon savers for 1.5 Ton ACs with

900 LPG

39

12

13

14

15

a higher duty cycle (> 8 hrs./day)

If 300 AC users can be made to switch of the ACs

kWh
51,300

15 mins. prior to leaving the office.

Adopting a normal energy saving power setting

kWh

for computers [For calculations, refer Appendix

E]
Rescheduling the pump operating pattern [New
pattern is given in Appendix F]
Replacing faulty non-return valves of

kWh
50,420
kWh

pumps,

replacing 75 hp motors with 55 hp and 160 hp

motor with 90 hp motor
Replacing 160HP motors with an energy efficient

16

6,20,000

55 kW motor and changing its piping with

diameter of 250 mm.

49,100
kWh
1,07,300
kWh

2.5 lakhs

nil

nil

31.1 lakhs

nil

nil

2.42 lakhs

nil

nil

2.4 lakhs

1 lakh

4 months

5.3 lakhs

23 lakhs

4 .2 years

1.75 crores

3.05 crores

1.7 years

34,46,500
kWh and
Total savings

1825 / 900
LPG
cylinders

Implementation of all the above measures can bring about a total saving of around Rs.
1.75 crores per year, i.e. 17% of the present electricity bill. The total investment required
would be to the extent of Rs. 3.05 crores and an average simple payback period of around
1.75 years.
In addition to the above, a set of general recommendations is provided in Appendix
G.

6.2 Energy Management Structure

In order to streamline the use of energy in the IIT-B campus and to ensure its efficient
utilization, we propose three possible energy management structures. A final decision on
the type of energy management structure suitable for the institute should be taken by the
Institute management.

40

I.

Appointment of an Energy Manager for the institute, with suitable experience and a
proven track record. The person shall be responsible for the day to day energy
conservation activities. New staff should be allotted to the Energy Manager or some
staff members from Electrical Maintenance Section be made responsible to him/her.
An annual review of the energy performance of the institute is to be performed and
a certain percentage of the quantified savings be shared with the Energy Manager.

II.

The Executive Engineer (Electrical) should himself take over the responsibility of
ensuring efficient energy use on the campus. This will ensure prompt
implementation of measures. This system may also require additional staff. A
performance related incentive in the form of a bonus can be provided to the
Electrical Maintenance staff based on savings achieved.

III.

Formation of an Institute level committee headed by the Dy. Director to review the
implementation of energy conservation measures. All departments and section
heads should submit a bi-annual report of compliance for review and action.
Sections/ departments not achieving savings to be penalized and suitable incentives
may be given to the performing departments.

An annual review of the implementation of the energy saving measures should be taken up
and performance should be monitored. A report of the same should be sent to the Director.
Electrical energy consumption should be made a subject in the Institute budget with
separate heads for departments and hostels. Energy performance can be a basis for providing
incentives to hostels and departments.

41

APPENDIX A
LIST OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS USED
1. Power analyzer (measures active, reactive, apparent power, power factor, energy
consumed)
2. Lux meters (to measure lighting levels in lux or lumens per sq.m.)
3. Thermometers digital
4. Thermocouples

42

APPENDIX B
DISTRIBUTION OF ROOM ACs
The distribution of the room air conditioners by type and utilization location is as
shown below in Fig. B.1 and B.2 respectively.

29%

window
split

71%

Fig. B.1: Distribution of room air conditioners by type

24%

labs
rooms
offices
57%

19%

Fig. B.2: Distribution of room air conditioners by utilization areas

43

APPENDIX C
BEE THUMB RULES FOR AIR CONDITIONING LOADS
The recommended levels for comfort air conditioning loads as per the BEE (Bureau of
Energy Efficiency) thumb rules are as given below in Table C.1.
Table C.1: BEE thumb rules for comfort AC loads
Type of office
Heat load in ton rating per sq.m.
Small office cabins
0.10
Medium size offices (seating 10-30 people)
0.06
Large multi-storied office buildings with
0.04
centralized air conditioning

44

APPENDIX D
CALCULATIONS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEMS (SWHS)
FOR HOSTELS
A sample calculation for the storage tank volume, collector area requirement and
payback period for the hostel no. 5 has been done below.
Total no. of hot water users in hostel = 329
Assume that amount of hot water used per student = 20 litres / day.
Total amount of water used per day in the hostel = 6580 litres.
Now typically 2 m2 of collector gives 125 Litres per day of hot water output at 60 C
Normal tolerable hot water temperature by measurement we found to be 40 C.
However, assuming that the end user consumes hot water at 60 C (since piping losses are also
involved) the collector area required for the hostel is 106 m2.
The option is either to go for forced circulation or natural circulation. Forced circulation
requires various accessories and proper control of the pump. Hence selecting natural
circulation system and considering three wings in hostel, the collector area required on each
wing is 37 m2.
Cost of collector = Rs. 10,000 / m2.
Total capital cost required for installation of solar water heater in the hostel = 10,000*106
= Rs 10,60,000
The total energy consumption in the hostel considering 12 hours of geyser operation is found to
be 6*1.5*12=108 kWh/day
Total energy consumption in a year = 27,000 kWh (assuming 250 days operation)
Assuming the cost of electricity as Rs. 4.8 / kWh,
Total electricity bill due to geysers in the hostel = 27000*4.8
= Rs. 1, 29,600 /Simple Payback period (SPP) = (capital cost of SWHS / Electricity bill per year)
= 8 years.
This is a bit on the higher side due to the lower number of geysers in Hostel 5.

45

The same calculations are done for each hostel in which, capital required and payback
period are calculated and are listed below.
Table D.1: Calculations for SWHS in hostels
Sr.
no.

Hostel

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

H-1
H-2
H-3
H-4
H-5
H-6
H-7
H-8
H-9
H-10
H-11
H-12
H-13
Tansa

Numbers
of
geysers
9
12
12
12
6
8
18
8
18
18
21
36
36
16

Energy
consumed
(kWh)
40500
54000
54000
54000
27000
36000
81000
36000
81000
81000
94500
162000
162000
72000

Energy
Cost
(Rs.)
202500
270000
270000
270000
135000
180000
405000
180000
405000
405000
472500
810000
810000
360000

No. of
students
315
396
414
512
329
432
279
416
485
437
430
514
530
200

Water
requirement
per day
6300
7920
8280
10240
6580
8640
5580
8320
9700
8740
8600
10280
10600
4000

Collector
Area reqd.

Cost of
collectors

SPP in
years

100.8
126.72
132.48
163.84
105.28
138.24
89.28
133.12
155.2
139.84
137.6
164.48
169.6
64

1008000
1267200
1324800
1638400
1052800
1382400
892800
1331200
1552000
1398400
1376000
1644800
1696000
640000

5
4.7
5
6
8
7.6
2
7
3.8
3.5
2.9
2
2.1
1.8

Comments:
1. The pay back periods of the hostels are found to be in between 1.8 to 8 years.
2. The discrepancy in the payback period can be attributed to the variation in no. of
students per geyser as reported earlier.
3. Solar heater option is looking quite attractive but, some efforts are needed for
synchronization of output of solar heater system and geyser.
4. Natural circulation system is recommended.

46

APPENDIX E
CALCULATIONS FOR POWER SAVINGS IN COMPUTERS
Formula used:
Total energy consumed for each setting
= No of computers x Duty cycle x 24 x Average power x No of operating days in a year.

The table below shows the existing settings for monitors on the campus. There are 1992
CRT monitors and 963 LCD screens. The CRT monitor consumes 66 W and LCD monitors
consume 30 W. We have assumed 6.5 hrs of monitor ON (i.e. in use) and 17.5 hrs when it is
not being used and 300 days operation in a year.
Table E.1 Present annual energy consumption for computer monitors on campus

S No

1
2
3
4

Turn off
Monitor
Never
20 min
30 min
40 min

Percentage of
existing
monitors
16
54
16
14

Energy Consumed
(kWh)

184737
181551
55053
49274

In addition, the CPUs consume 40 W. Using a similar assumption as given above, the
annual energy consumption is as tabulated in Table E.2.
Table E.2: Present annual energy consumption for CPUs
S No
1
2

System Standby
Never
10 min

Percentage
83
17

Energy Consumed
(kWh)
706363
45255

Now, using the recommended settings for all the computers, the energy consumption
would be as per Table E.3.

47

Table E.3: Annual energy consumption for all computers with recommended power
settings
Item
Monitors
CPUs

Turn off
Monitor
10 min
20 min

Percentage
100
100

Energy Consumed
(kWh)
328796
271455

The annual energy savings thus obtained is about 6, 20,000 kWh, i.e. about Rs.31.1
lakhs (assuming Rs. 5 per kWh).

48

APPENDIX F
OPERATING SCHEDULE OF PUMPS AT MAIN PUMP HOUSE
160 HP:
This pump is operated in the peak hours, when water is required the most. On the
whole, this pump operates for 8 hrs every day.
75 HP AND 60 HP PUMPS:
The two 75 hp and the 60 hp pump are set into operation for four hours alternatively.
30 HP PUMPS
The 30 hp pumps are in operation from 0500 to 0100 hours everyday. Hence, the
pumps are in operation for 20 hours in a day and each pumps alternatively works for 4
hrs. There fore, each of these pumps is on for ten hours in a day.
The prevailing operating schedule and a new proposed schedule are shown in Fig. F.1.

Fig. F.1: Comparison of the existing and proposed loading of pumps at Main Pump
House

49

An annual saving of Rs. 2.42 Lakhs can be achieved using the modified schedule.
In order for this proposal to work, the pumps at various buildings have to run after 22:00 hrs so
that the water demand is lowered during peak hours. This will also bring in savings due to time
of usage tariff for those smaller pumps.

50

APPENDIX G
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
In addition to the recommendations given in section 6.1, a few more general ones are
presented here. The savings due to their implementation could not be easily quantified, but
their importance cannot be understated. Implementing all these measures, a total saving of
20-25% can be achieved without compromising much on the existing facilities and comforts.
G.1 Lighting

Photo sensors to be installed in central library to utilize optimum day lighting. A

scheme for the same has been proposed here.
Proposed areas:
1)

Central Library Ground Floor Reading room near window:

Currently 10 FTL are controlled with one switch. Since it is near to window, sufficient
day lighting is available. So if we use photo sensor to control this lights we can reduce
the duty cycle and energy consumption.
2)

Central Library G Floor Reference section near window:

Presently 5 FTL are controlled with one switch. By slight modification in the circuit we
can use photo sensor to control 5 lamps.
3)

Second Floor Journal reading room near window:

Presently 5 FTL are controlled with one switch .photo sensor can be installed to control
lights in the alternate row.

Currently, approximately 50% of the street lights are controlled by timers. It is

recommended that all the lights be taken under this control scheme to reduce chances of
over-usage due to human error.

The existing split switching system to be further enhanced/improved in inside corridors

of Hostels 12 and 13

Hostels 12 and 13: Natural lighting can be considered for corridors.

Split switching: In the internal corridors of H13, the present arrangement is that
alternate lights are clubbed together in one switch. Yet, the distance of them is 7 m and
seems to be too close to each other. As such the tubes are at a distance of approx 3.5 m

51

So, the split switching may be such that far off ie., may be the first and fourth tubes
may be included in one switch. Alternatively, the alternate tubes may be removed
form the installation.
G.2 Geysers

It is advisable to have manual switching of the geyser in peak periods, as most of the
geysers were ON for 24 hours.

G.3 Room Air Conditioners

It was found that in many cases, the utility type of the area has changed and the AC
may no longer be required there. This can save expenses on procurement of new ACs.

Proper maintenance of ACs is not being done. Many of the older ACs could be
replaced. About 20-22 % of all installed ACs suffer from some or the other defect. In a
large number of cases, the filters were found to be dirty (3%), thermostats not working
(7%), ice formation/ water leakage (1%), rusting (3%), fans not working (4%), swing
problems (3%) etc. were observed.

The heating load can also be reduced by reducing the consumption by other sources
like lights, computers etc. and the occupancy needs to be considered. Explore the
possibility of occupancy sensors.

G.4 Pumping

Rescheduling of small pumps at individual buildings to late night timings

Installation of water meters at every building to make sub-sections inside IIT

accountable to the water being used.

52

APPENDIX H
SUMMARY OF HOSTEL ELECTRICITY BILLS
Table H.1 Hostels electricity consumption during 2007 and amounts paid in rupees
Mon
th
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

Hostel 1
Units Amount
21223
95003
22235
129776
20342
117234
23221
113851
19745
111762
22330
108491
23312
99835
25260
134141
26122
129655
23960
127205
22526
113905
18968
91793

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

Hostel 2
Units Amount
22591
101114
23398
136558
18116
104418
16676
81803
12775
72350
5608
27364
9162
39351
33606
178421
30638
152046
10692
56838
24830
125540
21638
104692

Hostel 8
Units
Amount
27600
123692
31340
183071
28618
165083
32763
160773
21673
122864
22937
111635
21100
90580
30652
162948
32832
163124
31034
164922
30005
151874
21684
105114

Hostel 3
Units Amount
30025 134326
34762 202827
31399 180895
37105 181834
18700 105834
23816 115700
17698 75838
29356 155872
32337 160469
31343 166360
28529 144220
19977 96668

Hostel 9
Units
Amount
17047
76347
20005
116771
18377
105921
22407
109865
12862
72842
13522
65759
12703
54487
20537
109083
22403
111217
20986
111432
21621
109334
14340
69435

Hostel 4
Units Amount
33277
149254
37734
220558
34536
199356
40468
199773
25127
142594
26274
128025
24408
104920
35810
190514
36879
183389
35859
190711
34212
173319
25633
124392

Hostel 10
Units
Amount
15541
69594
17396
101532
16743
96488
20953
102721
11794
66778
12311
59858
10893
46725
18428
97869
19772
98147
18254
96918
17647
89241
11227
54371

53

Hostel 5
Units Amount
23106 103415
27064 157936
25474 146782
29364 143930
18382 104055
21161 102819
18123 77654
26145 138836
27519 136582
26597 141190
26512 134034
16489 79817

Hostel 11
Units Amount
22078
98798
24913
145367
23452
135115
27094
132790
21508
121706
25485
123772
24512
104939
26287
139565
27214
135044
27505
145981
22391
113198
19690
95256

Hostel 6
Units Amount
26613
119083
29601
172730
28106
161935
29013
142211
28391
160651
27932
135669
27042
115779
28896
153432
26828
133156
29354
155812
27757
140321
20912
101185

Hostel 12
Units
Amount
49154
220385
48990
286397
46299
261282
55314
271594
47395
268709
43894
213708
47526
203938
47412
252268
46705
232306
47757
254012
40644
206001
41432
200917

Hostel 7
Units
30576
38112
33209
41076
22057
24575
21256
35164
39668
27385
20736
14259

Amount
1369897
222562
191516
201478
125035
119582
91246
186887
197076
145569
105065
69244

Hostel 13
Units Amount
57995
259882
62446
364866
56947
328587
71551
351099
44981
255059
40381
202017
38988
167442
55301
294123
57864
287632
58700
312048
49809
252284
41534
201410

APPENDIX I
DETAILS OF LIBRARY CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING
The schematic is as shown in the following figure.

Fig. I.1: Schematic of central air conditioning system for library

The refrigerant used is R-22 and water. The total rating is 110 tonnes, comprising two
compressors, three condensers (including one on standby) and an air handling unit.
The following procedure is proposed for auditing:
Thermocouples should be installed at each inlet and outlet to measure temperatures.
Install flow meters/pressure gauges to obtain the flow rate of refrigerant, water. Using
temperatures & flow rates obtained, apply energy balance equation for each component.
Identify losses.

54

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEBSITES

1. S.P. Sukhatme, Solar Energy, Tata McGraw Hill Publ., New Delhi, 1996.
2. L.C.Witte, P.S.Schmidt, D.R.Brown, Industrial Energy Management and Utilisation,
Hemisphere Publ, Washington, 1988.
3. W.C.Turner, Energy Management Handbook, Wiley, New York, 1982.
4. Guide Books for the National Certificate Examination for Energy Managers and Energy
Auditors

(set

of

four

books,

available

at

http://www.energymanagertraining.com/new_course.php)
5. J.C. Andreas, Energy Efficient Motors, Marcel Dekker Publ., New York, 1992.
6. Nisarguna Biogas Plant by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, details available at
www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/technologies/kitchen/kitchen_br
7. Compact biogas plant by Appropriate Rural Technology Institute, Pune, details
available at http://www.arti-india.org/content/view/46/43/
8. US

Governments

Energy

Star

page

for

fluorescent

bulbs,

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
9. Explanatory video on various types of lamps, www.commoncraft.com/cfl
10. Typical

lumen

outputs

and

energy

costs

for

outdoor

lighting,

www.nofs.navy.mil/about_NoFs/staff/cbl/lumentab.html
11. General

Electric

and

lighting

products,

www.gelighting.com/na/home_lighting/products/energy_smart
12. Information on energy saver for room air conditioners, www.aircosaver.com
13. Official website of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Govt. of India, www.beeindia.nic.in
14. Detailed

information

and

case

studies

on

energy

audits,

www.energymanagertraining.com
15. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_audit
16. Website of the Ministry of Power, http://powermin.nic.in/distribution/energy_audit
17. The

Energy

Conservation

Act,

http://powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/energy_conservation_act/index.htm

55

2001,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to the following persons for the support
and cooperation they rendered during the course of this energy audit.

The Dean and Associate Dean (Planning) and other Institute functionaries

Mr. B.K. Sahoo (Executive Engineer), Ms. Y. Naik, Mr. Yadav, Mr. Mohandas, Mr.
Adhare, Mr. Kishor Mali and other staff members of Electrical Maintenance Section

Prof. B.G. Fernandes, Prof. K. Chatterjee (Dept. of Electrical Engg.), Prof. C.S. Solanki
(Energy Science) and Prof. Anand B. Rao (CTARA)

Mr. K.G. Kale, Mr. Kharte, Mr. Ajay, Mr. V. Chaudhari (all of DESE)

Mr. Sawant and other staff members (Estate Maintenance Section)

56