12/28/2014

BaseSASInterviewQuestions
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BaseSASInterview
Questions
Wednesday,February9,2011

1.WhatisthedifferencebetweenMergeandProcSQL?
Theresultantdatasetdependsontheinputdatasets.Incaseofonetooneandonetomanybothwork
similarly,i.e.theresultantdatasetissame.Butdiffersincaseofmanytomanyandnon
matchingdatasets:
manytomany:
ex:(mergeonx)(procsql)
XYXZXYZXYZ

1A1F1AF1AF
1C1R>1CR1AR
2B2G2BG1CF
1CR
2BG

NONMATCHINGDATA:
ex:(mergeonx)(procsql)
XYXZXYZXYZ

1A1F1AF1AF
2B3T>2B.3CT
3C4G3CT
4.G
2.DifferencebetweenProcMeans&ProcSummary
Ans:
a)ProcSummarydefaultstoNOPRINT
ProcMeansdefaultstoPRINT
b)IfyouomittheVARstatement,thenPROCSUMMARYproducesasimplecountofobservations,
whereasPROCMEANStriestoanalyzeallthenumericvariablesthatarenotlistedintheother
statements
c)IfyouspecifystatisticsonthePROCSUMMARYstatementandtheVARstatementisomitted,then
PROCSUMMARYstopsprocessingandanerrormessageiswrittentotheSASlog.
d)IfyouomittheVARstatement,thenPROCMEANSanalyzesallnumericvariablesthatarenotlistedin
theotherstatements.Whenallvariablesarecharactervariables,PROCMEANSproducesasimplecount
ofobservations.
3.Checkthebelowavailableoptions:
1)dash():Usingadashbetweentwovariablenameswillcreateanorderedlistof
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variables.
SoKEEPVAR1VAR4
isequivalenttoKEEPVAR1VAR2VAR3VAR4
Note,ifoneofthevariablesexpectedintheorderedlistdoesnotexistaWARNINGwillbe
issuedtothelog.
However,ifusingthedashwhendefininganarray,themissingvariablewillbecreated.
2)doubledash():Usingadoubledashbetweentwovariablenameswillcreatealistof
variablesastheyareorderedinthedataset.
SoifIhavethefollowingvariablesinadatasetinthisorderINTN,SSN,NAME,
ADDRESS,CITY
thenKEEPINTNADDRESS
isequivalenttoKEEPINTNSSNNAMEADDRESS
3)colon(:):Usingacolonafterastringofletterswillcreatealistofallvariables
beginningwiththoseletter.
Thatisvar:willcreatealistofallvariablesinthedatasetthatbeginwiththose3letters.
IfIhaveadatasetwithvariablesnamedVARSSNVARINTNVARNAMEVARDATE,then
KEEPVAR:
isequivalenttoKEEPVARSSNVARINTNVARNAMEVARDATE
4)_ALL_:Usingthe_ALL_willcreatealistofallthevariablesinthedataset.
SoifIhaveadatasetwithvariablesVAR1VAR2VAR3andVAR4.Then
KEEP_ALL_
isequivalenttoKEEPVAR1VAR2VAR3VAR4
Thisonecanbemostusefulwithaprocsortnodupkeytoremoverecordswhichare
exactmatchsonallvariables.
PROCSORTDATA=TESTNODUPKEY
BY_ALL_
RUN
5)_CHARACTER_:Using_CHARACTER_createsalistofallthecharactervariablesinthe
dataset.
IfIhaveadatasetwithtwocharactervariablesCVAR1andCVAR2andtwonumeric
variablesNVAR3NVAR4,then
KEEP_CHARACTER_
isequivalenttoKEEPCVAR1CVAR2
6)_NUMERIC_:Using_NUMERIC_createsalistofallthenumericvariablesintheataset.
Sointhesamedatesetfrom#5,then

KEEP_NUMERIC_
isequivalenttoKEEPNVAR1NVAR2
Both_CHARACTER_and_NUMERIC_canbeusefulwhencreatingarrays,sinceallthe
variablesinthearraymustbethesametype.

4.whataresystemvariables,automatedvariablesandDatasetVariables.
5.Howwillyouwriteacodetocreateasasdatasetwithnodatainit/OrHowtovalidateadataset
withoutactualcreatingit.
Ans:
1)UseOPTIONSOBS=0
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2)Creatingadatasetbyusingthelikeclause.
ex:procsql
createtablelatha.emplikeoracle.emp
quit
Inthisthelikeclausetriggerstheexistingtablestructuretobecopiedtothenewtable.usingthismethod
resultinthecreationofanemptytable.
3)datacheck
set_null_
run
4)datatest
delete
run
checktheaboveanswers..Ihavenotverifiedifitwillwork..

6.Thereisadateintheinfileas010149.Weneedtoreadthedateas2049insteadof1949
Ans:SetOptionsyearcuoff=2000
7.DifferencebetweenMergeandSetwithexample
8.Differenceb/wleftjoin,rightjoin,fullouterjoin
9.DoyouusePROCREPORTorPROCTABULATE?Whichdoyouprefer?Explain.
IpreferProcreportasitishiglycustomizableandflexiblewhereIcandefineeachcolumninwhatever
wayI
wanttoandevenmakeuseofSASfunctions,logicprocessing,andassignmentstatementsandcreate
new
variablesforreportmakinguseofthecomputeblockofprocreport.Ireferredprocreportbecauseitis
moreefficienttoolthantabulatebecasusewithreportwecandomeansfrequencyandtabulatealso
10.procReportandoptionsavailableinProcReport
11.ODS
12.howwillyoureadaninputfileintosas
Ans:UsethestatementsINFILEtopointtothefilereference(shouldbedefinedusingFilename)/tothe
filepath.UseINPUTstatementtoreadthedataintothesasdataset
13.Howwouldyouremoveaformatthathasbeenpermanentlyassociatedwithavariable?
Ans:wecanremovetheformatbyusingprocdatasets:
Procdatasets
modify<datasetname>
format<variablename>(whichvariableformatneedsto
modify>
run
quit
14.howtodisplayduplicatedobservationsinadatausingbasesas
Therearetwowaystodisplayduplicateobservations.
1)Indatastep,usingfirst.varandlast.var
2)Usingprocsortwithoptiondupoutoption

15.IntheflowofDATAstepprocessing,whatisthefirstactioninatypicalDATAStep?
Ans:
1)CompilationPhase:
WhenyousubmitaDATAstep,itreadstheinputstatementsitcreatesaninputbufferandbringsthe
variablesandobservations.itisalogicalmemoryareaandpdvbringstheobservationsatatimefrominput
buffer
andcheckstheerrors.PDVcontains2automaticvariables_n_&_error_,thesecheckstheerrorsin
observations.
_n_:indicatesthenoofobs.
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_error_:1iferroroccured
0ifnoerror
Afterthatitassignsthedatavaluestoappropriatevariableandbuildsasasdataset.
2)ExecutionPhase
16.DoesSAS?Translate?(compile)ordoesit?Interpret??Explain.
AtypicalSASprogramcouldcontainDATAsteps,PROCstepsandmacros.Macrosarepreprocessed.
DATAstepsarejustintimecompiled.PROCstepsareinterpretedintheordertheyappearinprogram.So
whenwesubmitaSASprogramconsistingofallthesethreecomponents,themacroiscompiledand
executedfirst.IfaDATAstepisencountered,thenitiscompiledandexecuted.NotethattheDATAstep
willnotbeexecutedifthereisanerrorinthecompilation.IfaPROCstepisencountered,itisinterpreted
andexecutedlinebyline.HoweveriamnotcertainonthisPROCstepbehavior.

17.AtcompiletimewhenaSASdatasetisread,whatitemsarecreated?
Ans:OnlyPDVisgeneratedatcompilationtime,whereastheautomaticvariables_N_,_ERROR_are
generatedatexecutiontimeonly.
18.howdouvalidatesasprogram
Ans:Whenasascodeissubmitted,SASperformssyntacticalchecksbeforeexecutingtheprogram/
code.Inthatcase,oneofthewayscouldbe
atthebeginningofthecode,writeOPTIONSOBS=0inadditiontootheroptionsandthenRUNit.
Thiswaydatawillnotbeprocessedandthelogshowserrormessages/warnings,ifany.
IfyouareexecutingtheSAScodeonPCSAS,thehighlightedcolorsitselfshowsthesyntacticalerrors,
ifany.
19.NameanddescribethreeSASfunctionsthatyouhaveused,ifany?
1)Compresssasfunctionwhichisusedtoremovespacesinstringvalueandconcatenatetwovalues
withoutspaces.
2)Inputisanotherfunctionofsas,itisoneofconversionfunctioninsas.Itconvertsnumericintochar.
3)Putisanotherconversionfunctioninsas.Itconvertschartonumeric.
4)SASfunctionscanbeusedtoconvertdataandmanipulatecharactervariablevalues.
differenttypesoffunctions:1)TRIM
2)SUBSTR
3)ABS
4)SCAN
TRIM:Removingthetrailingblanksfromcharacterexpressions.
syntax=trim(argument)
SUBSTR:substrextractsthesubstringfromanargument
syntax=substr(argument,position<,n>)
abs:Returnstheabsoluteoftheargument
syntax=abs(argument)

Themostcommonfunctionsthatwouldbeusedare
ConversionfunctionsInput/Put/int/ceil/floor
CharacterfunctionsScan/substr/index/Left/trim/compress/cat/catx/upcase,lowcase
ArithmeticfunctionsSum/abs/
AttributeinfofunctionsAttrn/length
Datasetopen/close/exist
Directorydexist/dopen/dclose/dcreate/dinfo
Filefunctionsfexist/fopen/filename/fileref
SQLfunctionscoalesce/count/sum/mean
Datefunctionsdate/today/datdif/datepart/datetime/intck/mdy
Arrayfunctionsdim

20.Whenlookingfordatacontainedinacharacterstringof150bytes,whichfunctionisthebesttolocate
thatdata:scan,index,orindexc?
INDEX:Searchesacharacterexpressionforastringofcharacters,andreturnsthepositionofthestring's
firstcharacterforthefirstoccurrenceofthestring.
INDEX(source,excerpt)
itreturnsthepositionwherethe2ndfieldisinthesource
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Eg:
str1='Hiiamfinehere.howareuthere?.....'
str2=index(str1,'how')>str2=20
SCANistogetasubstringuptomentionedcharacter.Scanfunctionthebestforlocatingtheparticular
wordspecifiedinaargument,scanfunctiondefaultlengthis200bytes.
datak
r='ganeshkumar'
u=scan(r,2)
procprint
run
result:kumar
INDEXCtolocateonlyformentionedoneormoresinglecharacter
INDEXC(charactervalue,'char1','char2','char3',..)
FIND:Searchesforaspecificsubstringofcharacterswithinacharacterstring
FIND(string,substring<,modifiers><,startpos>)
itreturnsthepositionthesubstringisin
FINDC:Tolocateacharacterthatappearsordoesnotappearwithinastring.usedtosearchforanyonein
alistofcharacter
values
INDEXW:Searchesforthesubstringasawordthatfollowsaspaceintheprovidedsentence
egstring1="thereisathehere"
INDEXW(STRING1,"the")

result:12(theword"the")
21.Ifyouhaveadatasetthatcontains100variables,butyouneedonlyfiveofthose,whatisthecodeto
forceSAStouseonlythosevariable?
Ans:UseKEEPoptiononadatasettoonlyselectfewvariablesfrom100variables.WecanuseKEEP
optioneitheronsetstatementordatastepstatement.IfweuseonSETstatementthenonlythe
fivevariablesarecreatedonpdvandonlythesevariablesaresenttotheoutputdataset.IfweuseKEEP
optionondatastepstatementthenallthevariablesarecopiedintopdvandafteranymaniuplationonlythe
selectedvariablesondatastepstatementareprocessedandsenttooutputdataset.
dataabc
setxyz(keep=abcdefgh)
run
dataabc(keep=abcdefghij)
setxyz
ij=ab+jk
run
22.WhatisthepurposeofthetrailingandHowwouldyouusethem?
IfthedataiscontinuoslyindatasetSASwouldreadthefirstwordsonlyfromeachlineinthe`datalines'
blockanditwillignoretherestoftheline.ifweuseTrailing@@'itwillreadcompletly.andanothertypeof
trailingisusingsingle@thisisalineholdspecifier.
Trailing@isusedtoholdtherecordininputbuffertoexecuteanotherinputstatementonthesame
datalines.
Trailing@@isusedtoholdtherecordininputbuffertoexecutesameinputstatementonsamedatalines
intileofrecord
Thetrailing@ormoretechnically,lineholdspecifiersareusedtoholdthepointerinthesamerecordfor
multipleiterations.Thetwotyoesoflineholdspecifiersaresingletrailing(@)anddoubletrailing(@@).
Thesingletrailingholdtherecorduntilitencounterseitheranotherinputstatementorendofthedatastep.
Theyareusedfortherecordssuchas
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001F38H
002F40G
Toreadthesevaluestothedatastep
Dataexample
input@10type$@
iftype='H'then
input@1id3.@4gender$1.@5age2.
elseiftype='G'then
input@1id3.@5gender$1.@7age2.
end
cards
001F38H
002F40G

run
Thedoubletrailingholdstheuntiltheendoftherecord.
Dataexample2
inputidage@@
cards
0012300243003650043200554

run

23.WhatisthesignificanceoftheOFinX=SUM(OFa1a4,a6,a9)?
Ans:Itisusetotellsastoconsiderasetofvaluestobeprocessed.Intheaboveexample,SUM(OFa1
a4,a6,a9)resolvestoSUM(A1,A2,A3,A4,A6,A9).
Ifwedontuse'OF'thenitwouldbetreatedasaminussign..A1(Minus)A4andthatisnotwhatweare
tryingtoaccomplish.
24.HowdoyoudebugandtestyourSASprograms?
putstatementanddebugoptionisusedfordebugandtesttheprograms.
25.Howdoyoutestformissingvalues?
NMISSOPTIONisusedformissingvalues
26.Howwouldyoucreatemultipleobservationsfromasingleobservation?
linepointerisusedformultiplelinesperobservation
@@isusedformultipleobservationsperline
27.WhataresomegoodSASprogrammingpracticesforprocessingverylargedatasets?
ARRAYSISUSEDFORPROCESSINGFORLARGEDATASET
28.Brieflydescribe5waystodoa"tablelookup"inSAS.
29.WhyisSASconsideredselfdocumenting?
WHENDATASETISCREATEDSASCREATEDISCRIPTORPORTION
ANDDATAPORTION.THATMEANSSASSTORESTHEINFOMATIONLIKE
VARIABLENAME,LENGTH,TYPEetc.
30.HowdoesSAShandlemissingvaluesin:assignmentstatements,functions,amerge,anupdate,sort
order,formats,PROCs?

Whenyoucheckforordinarymissingnumericvalues,youcanusecodethatissimilartothefollowing:
ifnumvar=.thendo
Ifyourdatacontainsspecialmissingvalues,youcancheckforeitheranordinaryorspecialmissingvalue
withastatementthatissimilartothefollowing:
ifnumvar<=.zthendo
Tocheckforamissingcharactervalue,youcanuseastatementthatissimilartothefollowing:
ifcharvar=''thendo
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TheMISSINGfunctionenablesyoutocheckforeitheracharacterornumericmissingvalue,asin:
ifmissing(var)thendo
31.Howdoyougeneraterandomsamples?ranuni
questionwillbeaskedlike:Ihaveadatasetthatcreatesavalue..Ineedsomerandomvaluestobe
generatedeachtimeiexecutethatcodeforcreatingthatdataset,howwillyougeneratetherandom
values..
UsethefunctionRANUNI
32.WhatistheProgramDataVector(PDV)?Whatareitsfunctions?
WhenSASprocessesadatastepithastwophases.Compilationphaseandexecutionphase.
Duringthecompilationphasetheinputbufferiscreatedtoholdarecordfromexternalfile.Afterinput
bufferis
createdthePDViscreated.ThePDVistheareaofmemorywheresasbuildsdataset,oneobservationat
atime.ThePDVcontainstwoautomaticvariables_N_and_ERROR_.

TotheaboveanswersIliketoaddabitofinformationthatPDVhasevenmoreautomatedvariablessuch
as
FIRST.<bygroupvariable>,LAST.<bygroupvariable>,_END_,...etc,alongwith_ERROR_and_N_
whereeachhasgotitsownsignificancetohaveacontrolovertheexecutionofaSASProgram.
Source:SASbook
ThePDVcontainsallthevariablesintheinputdataset,thevariablescreatedinDATAstepstatements,
andthetwovariables,_N_and_ERROR_,thatareautomaticallygeneratedforeveryDATAstep.The
_N_variablerepresentsthenumberoftimestheDATAstephasiterated.The_ERROR_variableactslike
abinaryswitchwhosevalueis0ifnoerrorsexistintheDATAstep,or1ifoneormoreerrorsexist
VariablesthatarecreatedbytheINPUTandtheSumstatementsaresettomissinginitially.Notethatin
thisrepresentation,numericvariablesareinitializedwithaperiodandcharactervariablesareinitialized
withblanks.Theautomaticvariable_N_issetto1theautomaticvariable_ERROR_issetto0.
ThevariableTeamNameismarkedDropinthePDVbecauseoftheDROP=datasetoptionintheDATA
statement.DroppedvariablesarenotwrittentotheSASdataset.The_N_and_ERROR_variablesare
droppedbecauseautomaticvariablescreatedbytheDATAsteparenotwrittentoaSASdataset
33.Ifreadinganexternalfiletoproduceanexternalfile,whatistheshortcuttowritethatrecordwithout
codingeverysinglevariableontherecord?
APUTStatementusingaVariable_infile_canbeusedtoachievethistask.wherewewonthaveto
mentionallthevariablenamesforoutputusingputstatement.
_all_WriteallvarpresentinDatasetincludingcomputedvariablesalso.
_input_writeonlythosevariablesreadfrominputfile
_infile_readsinallthecontentfromanexternalinputfileasasingleblock.Itcanbeusedtowriteoutif
nochangesareneeded.

34.Ifreadingavariablelengthfilewithfixedinput,howwouldyoupreventSASfromreadingthenext
recordifthelastvariabledidn?thaveavalue?
UsetheMISSOVERkeyworditforcesSAStoputeitherablankoraperiodforthemissingvariable
beforecontinuingtothenextrecord.
35.whatisthediffb/wverificationvalidationinsas
verification:
isthevalueiscorrectotnot
validation:
isthevalueisexistableornot
EX:0<=p(x)<=1
validation:valueofp(x)mustbeliesbetween0and1otherwiseit'snotvalidateresult
verification:checkagainthecalculationprocesstoobtainthevalidvalueforp(x).......
p(x)meansprobabilityofx(Success)
36.Whatistheonestatementtosetthecriteriaofdatathatcanbecodedinanystep?
OPTIONS
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37.WhatisthepurposeofusingtheN=PSoption?
TheN=PSoptioncreatesabufferinmemorywhichislargeenoughtostorePAGESIZE(PS)linesand
enablesapagetobeformattedrandomlypriortoitbeingprinted.
38.Whichdateadvancesadate,timeordate/timevaluebyagiveninterval?
Hereisthedetailedusageofintnxfunction
date1=intnx('month','01jan95'd,5,'beginning')
putdate1/date1date7.
date2=intnx('month','01jan95'd,5,'middle')
putdate2/date2date7.
date3=intnx('month','01jan95'd,5,'end')
putdate3/date3date7.
date4=intnx('month','01jan95'd,5,'sameday')
putdate4/date4date7.
date5=intnx('month','15mar2000'd,5,'same')
putdate5/date5date9.
interval='month'
date='1sep2001'd
align='m'
date4=intnx(interval,date,2,align)
putdate4/date4date7.
39.Ifyouneedthevalueofavariableratherthanthevariableitselfwhatwouldyouusetoloadthevalue
toa
macrovariable?
Ifweneedavalueofamacrovariablethenwemustdefineitinsuchtermssothatwecancallthem
everywhereintheprogram.DefineitasGlobal.Therearedifferentwaysofassigningaglobalvariable.
Simplestmethodis%LET.
Ex:A,ismacrovariable.
Usefollowingstatementtoassignthevalueofaratherthanthevariableitself
%LetA=xyzx="&A"
Thiswillassign"xyz"tox,notthevariablexyztox.
40.Howdoireadmultiplespacesindatasets?
1)WhilereadingexternaldataifthereareanyconsecutiveblanksweuseDSD.
2)Whilereadingfreeformatextrenaldata,iftwowordshavetobereadforasingvariableweuse&.
41.
dataabc
inputswkgotam
cards
12345678
23456789

run
iwanttheoutputtobeinthesortedorder(onlyvariables).observationsshouldnotbechanged..
Useoptionsformdlim='.'
****createadummyvariablebyassigningthevaluesofany
oneofurvariable
****hereIhavetakenthevaluesofSvariableofyourABC
dataset
datasetabc
setabc
l=s
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run
procprintrun
*transposethevariablesintoobservationsofatransposed
datasetbyusingtheIDstatement
proctransposedata=setabcout=T1_abclet
idl
run
procprintrun
**sortthetransposeddatasetbyusing_name_variable
inordertogetvaribalesinaascendingorder
procsortdata=T1_abc
by_name_
run
procprintrun
**onceagaintransposethesorteddatasetwiththe_name_
variableinIDstatement
proctransposedata=t1_abcout=t2_abc(drop=_name_)let
id_name_
run
procprintnoobs
title'sortingthevariablesinAscendingorder'
run
42WHATISDEBUGGING?HOWTOTESTTHEDEBUGGINGINSAS?
Debuggingistheprocessoftestingthelogicoftheprogram.
TodebugthesasDatastep:usetheDebugclauseafter'/'inthedatastatementandexecute.Ifneeded
setwatchpoints,andkeeponpressingenterkeywhileObservingthevaluesinthedebuggerlog
window.Finallyexitfromit.
TodebugtheMacroprograms,usethesystemoptionslikeSymbolgen,Mlogic,Mprint.
Debuggingisalsosupportedbythelogwindowbynotes,warnings,errorsandmessegesofandError
macro
variables.
43.HowtoimporttheZipfilesintoSAS?IfitispossibleinSAS?Ifitisposiblewritethecode...
PROCIMPORTOUT=WORK.ALL
DATAFILE="C:\Users\MyDocuments\xxxx\file1.zip"
DBMS=CSVREPLACE
GETNAMES=YES
DATAROW=2
RUN
44.DifferenceBetweenProcMeansandProcSummary:
procmeans:Itwillgivedescreptivestatitstics.Bydefaultitwillgiveoutputinoutputwindow.
limitedstatisticswillgiveliken,mean,median,minandmax.Ifweneedadditionalstatisticsweneedtoadd
options.
Procsummary:samethingbutitwillnotgiveoutputasdefault.weneedgiveanoptionprintthenonlyitwill
givetheoutput.

1)ProcMeansgenerateadefaultoutputbutProcSummaryrequirePrintoptiontogenerateoutputsimilar
toprocmeans.
2)TogetsimilaroutputsProcsummaryshouldcompulsoryhaveatleastonevariableinVARstatement.
Ifyouwantaprooffortheabovepleaserunthebelowcode:
procmeansdata=sasuser.admit
run
procsummarydata=sasuser.admitprint
run
Theoutputswillbedifferent.
45.SCANOVER,MISSOVER,TRUNCOVER,FLOWOVER,STOPOVER...
46.explainnwayinProcsummary
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