LON BRS 18 47 G Study Session 12 Cross-Reference to CFA Lastitute Assigned Reading #52 — Portfolio Risk and Return: Part | g An investor buys a share of stock for $40 at eime t = 0, buys another share of the same stock for $90 at t = 1, and sells both shares for $60 each at ¢ = 2. The stock paid a dividend of $1 per share at t= 1 and at t= 2. The periodic money- weighted rate of return on che investment is closest co: AL 22.2%, B. 23.0%. C. 23.8%, Which of the following asset classes has historically had the highest returns and standard deviation? A. Small-cap stocks. B. Large-cap stocks. C. Long-term corporate bonds. Which of the following characteristics of a return distribution would most likely be associated with a low fequency of downside deviations from the mean? A. Kurtosis. B. Fac tails C. Positive skew. In a 5-year period, the annual returns on an investment are 5%, ~3%, ~4%, 2%, and 6%. The standard deviation of annual returns on this investment is closest to: A. 4.0% B. 4.5% C. 20.7% [A measure of how the returns of two isky assets move in relation to each other is the: A. range B. covariance C. standard deviation Which of the following statements about correlation is least accurate? A. Diversification reduces risk when correlation is less than +1. B. I the correlation coefficient is 0, a zero variance portfolio can be constructed. C. The lower the correlation coefficient, the greater the potential benefits from diversification. ‘The standard deviation of returns is 0.30 for Stock A and 0.20 for Stock B. The covariance between the returns of A and B is 0.006. The correlation of returns between A and B is: A. 0.10 B. 0.20. C. 0.30 ©2010 Kaplan, Inc. Page 163Study Session 12 Cross-Reference to CFA Institute Assigned Reading #52 Portfolio Risk and Return: Part I 8. Which of the following statements about risk-averse investors is most accurate? A. risk-averse investor: ‘A. seeks out the investment with minimum risk, while return is noc a major consideration. B. will cake additional investment risk if sufficiently compensated for this risk. C. avoids participating in global equity markers Use che following data to answer Questions 9 and 10, A portfolio was created by investing 2596 of the funds in Asset A (standard deviation = 15%) and the balance of the funds in Asset B (standard deviation = 10%). 9. If the correlation coefficient is 0.75, what is the portfolio’s standard deviation? AL 10.6%, B. 12.4%, C. 15.0% 10. If the correlation coefficient is -0.75, what is the portfolio's standard deviation? A. 2.8%. B. 4.2% C. 5.3%. 11. Which of the following statements about covariance and correlation is (east accurate? A. A zero covariance implies there is no linear relationship between the returns oon two assets B. If wo assees have perfect negative correlation, the variance of recurns for a portfolio that consists of these two assets will equal zero, C. The covariance of a two-stock portfolio is equal to the correlation coefficient times the standard deviation of one stock's returns times the standard deviation of the other stock's returns. 12, A porefolio manager adds a new stock to a portfolio. The stock has a correlation coefficient with the recurns of the existing portfolio that is less chan +1. As the new stock is added, the portfolio’ standard deviation will initially A. decrease B. not change. C. increase by less than the amount of the new stock’ standard deviation. 13. Which of the following available portfolios most likely falls below the Markowitz efficient frontier? Expected Expected Porsfolio return standard deviation AA 7% 14% BOB 9% 26% ec 12% 22% 14, ‘The capital allocation line isa straight line from the risk-free assee through the: A. global maximum-revuen portfolio. B. optimal risky portfolio. C. global minimum-variance porcfolio, Page 164 ©2010 Kaplan, Ine.PWN > Study Session 12 Cross-Reference to CFA Instirate Assigned Reading #52 ~ Portfolio Risk and Retuen: Part I WERS — CONC! NO) Stele Using the cash flow Funesions on your financial calculator, enter CF + 1 =-49; CF2 = 60 x 2 + 2 = 122; CPT IRR = 23.82%, 40; CFI = 50 Small-cap stocks have had the highest annual return and standard deviation of renurn overtime. Large-cap stocks and bonds have historically had lower risk and return chan small-cap stocks Positive sew reflects a tendency towards s higher fequency of upside deviations. Fat tals and positive excess kurtosis reflects frequent extreme deviations on both the upside and downside Mean annual return = (5% ~ 3% ~ 4% + 2% + 696) 15 = 1.29% Squared deviasions from the mean: 5% — 1.2% = 3.8% 3.8? = 14.44 3% 1.29% = -4.2% 74.22 = 17.64 ~A96 -1.2% = -5.2% 5.2? = 27.04 2% 1.296 = 0.8% 0? = 0.64 696 =1.2% = 4.8% 4.8? = 23.04 Sum of squared deviations = 14,44 + 17.64 + 27.04 + 0.64 ¢ 23.04 = 82.8 Sample variance = 82.8 / (5 — 1) = 20.7 Sample standard deviation = 20.7"? = 4.55% The covariance is defined as the co-movement of the returns of two assets, oF how well the revurns of two risky assets move together. Range and standard deviation are measures of dispersion and measure risk. not how assets move together. A-zero-variance portfolio can only be constructed ifthe correlation coefficient between assets is -1. Diversification benefits can be had when correlation is less than +1, and the lower the correlation, the greater the porential benefit, Correlation = 0.006/{(0.30)(0.20)) = 0.10 Risk-averse investors are generally willing co invest in risky investments, if che return of the investment is suflicient to reward the investor for taking on chis risk. Participants in securities markets are generally assumed to be risk-averse investors Ve0-2577(0.15} + (075) (0.10) + 200.25)(0.75)(0.15}0.10)0.75) (0.001406 +0.005625+ 0.004215 = J0.01125 = 0.106 = 10.6% 10. G Y(0.25)%(0.15)? + (0.75)? (0.10}* + 2(0.25)(0.79)(0.15)(0.10.=0.75) = [0.001406 + 0.005625 —0.004219 = V0.002812 .053 = 5.3% (©2010 Kaplan, Inc Page 165Study Session 12 Cross-Reference to CFA Institute Assigned Reading #52 ~ Portfolio Risk and Return: Part I 11. B_ IF the correlation of returns berween the ewo assets is -1, the set of possible portfolio risk/return combinations becomes two steaighe lines (see Figure 2). A portfolio of these ‘wo assets will have 2 positive reruens variance unless the portfolio weights are those that minimize the portfolio variance. Covariance is equal to the correlation coefficient times the product of the standard deviations of the returns of the two stocks in a cwo-stock portfolio. If covariance is ero then correlation is also zero, which implies that there is no near relationship berween the cwo stacks’ returns. 12, A. There are porential benefits from diversification any time the correlation coefficient with the existing portfolio is less than one, Because the correlation coefficient of the asset being added with the existing portfolio is less than one, the portfolio standaed deviation will decrease initially as the asset is added to the portfolio. 13, B._ Portfolio B must be the portfolio that falls below the Markowitz efficient frontier because there is a portfolio (Portfolio C) chat offers a higher return and lower risk. 14, B_ An investor's optimal portfolio will lie somewhere on the capital allocation line, which begins at the risk-free asset and runs through the optimal risky portfolio. A Page 166 (©2010 Kaplan, IneG Study Session 12 Cross-Reference to CFA Institute Assigned Reading #53 — Portfolio Risk and Return: Part If ‘An investor put 60% of his portfolio into a sisky asset offering a 10% return, with a standard deviation of returns of 8%, and put the balance of his portfolio in a risk-free asset offering 5%. What is the expected return and standard deviation of his portfolio? Expected return Standard deviation A. 6.096 6.8% B. 8.0% 4.8% C. 10.0% 6.6% What is the risk measure associated with the capital market line (CML)? AL Beta risk. B. Unsystemati risk C. Total risk. A portfolio to the right of the market portfolio on the CML is: A. alending portfolio. B. a borrowing portfolio. C. an inefficient portfolio. As the number of stocks in a portfolio increases, the porefolio’s systematic risk A. can increase or decrease B. decreases at a decreasing cate. C. decreases at an increasing rate. Total risk equals: A. unique plus diversifiable risk. B._ market plus nondiversifiable risk, C. systematic plus unsystematic risk. A recurn generating mode is least likely to be based on a security's exposure to: A. statistical faccors. B. macroeconomic factors C. fundamental factors. ‘The covariance of the market's returns with a stock's returns is 0.005 and the standard deviation of the market's retutns is 0.05. What is the stock's beta? AL 18. Beaisy C. 20. ‘The covariance of the marker’s returns with the stock’s returns is 0.008. standard deviation of the market's returns is 0.08 and the svandard deviation of the stock's retusns is 0.11. What is the correlation coefficient of the returns of the stock and the returns of the market? A O91, B. 1.00. Cc. 1.25. ©2010 Kaplan, Inc. Page 187Study Session 12 (Cross-Reference to CFA Institute Assigned Reading #53 ~ Portfolio Risk and Return: Pare Il 9. According to the CAPM, what is the expected rate of return for a stock with a beta of 1.2, when the risk-free rate is 6% and che market rate of return is 12%? A 7.2%, B. 12.0%. C. 13.2%. 10. According to the CAPM, what is the required rate of return for a stock with a beta of 0.7, when the risk-free rate is 7% and the expected market rate of recurn. is 1490? A. 11.9%. B. 14.0%. C. 16.8%. 11, The risk-free rate is 6% and che expected market return is 15%. A stock with 2 beta of 1.2 selling for $25 and will pay a $1 dividend at the end of the year. If the stock is priced at $30 at year-end, itis: A. overpriced, so short it. B. underpriced, so buy it. § S 5 C. underpriced, so short it 12. A stock with a beta of 0.7 currently priced at $50 is expected to increase in price t0 $55 by year end and pay a $1 dividend. The expected market return is 15%, and the risk-free rate is 899. The stock is: A. overpriced, so do not buy it B._underpriced, so buy it. C. properly priced, so buy it. 13. Which of the following statements about the SML and the CML is least accurate? A. Securities that plot above the SML are undervalued. B._ Investors expect to be compensated for systematic risk. C. Securities that plot on the SML have no value to investors, Page 188, ©2010 Kaplan, Ine12. 13, Study Session 12 Cross-Reference to CFA Institute Assigned Reading #53 ~ Portfolio Risk and Return: Part II WERS — CONCE Expected return: (0,60 x 0.10) + (0.40 x 0.05) = 0.08, or 8.0%, Standard deviation: 0.60 0.08 = 0.048, or 4.8%. The capital marker line (CML plots return against rtal risk which is measured by standard deviation of returns A portfolio co che right of a portfolio on the CML has more risk than che market portfolio, Investors seeking to take on more risk will brrow ac che risk-free rate 10 purchase more of che market portfalio. When you increase the number of stocks in a portolio, unysematie risk will decrease ata decreasing rate. However, the portfolio's systematic risk can be increased by adding higher-beta stocks or decreased by adding lower-beca stocks. otal risk equals systematie plus unsyscematic risk. Unique risk is diversifable and is unsystematic. Marker (systematic) risk is nondiversifabe risk. Macroeconomic, fundamental, and statistical factor exposures can be included in a return generating model to estimate the expected revurn of an investment. However, scatistical factors may not have any theoretical basis, so analysts prefer macroeconomic and fundamental factor models. Beta = covariance / market variance Market variance = 05? = 0.0025 Beta « 0.005 / 0.0025 = 2.0 Cos 0.008 _ aie, 080.1 6 + 1.2126) = 13.2% 7 +0704 -7) = 11.9% Required rate = 6 + 1.2(15 ~ 6) = 16.8% Return on stack = (30-25 + 1) / 25 = 24% Based on isk, the stock plots above the SML and is underpriced, so buy is, Required rte = 8 + 0.7(15 ~ 8) = 12.9% Return on stock = (55 ~50 + 1) /50.= 12% “The stock fills below the SML so cis overpriced. Securities that plot on the SML ate expected to eat ther equilibrium rate of return and, therefore, do have value to an investor and may have diversification benefits as well ‘The other scatements are true. ©2010 Kaplan, Inc Page 189Study Session 13 Cross-Reference to CFA Institute Assigned Reading #57 ~ Market Efficiency (ONCEPT CHECK! 1 In an informationally efficient capital market A. active managers can generate abnormal profits B. security prices quickly reflect new information. C. investors react to all information releases rapidly. In terms of market efficiency, short selling mast likely: A. leads to excess volatility, which reduces marker efficiency, B. promotes market efficiency by making assets less likely to become overvalued. C. has little effect on market efficiency because shore sellers face the risk of unlimited losses. The intrinsic value of an asset A. changes through time as new information is released. B. is the price at which the asset can be bought oF sold at a given point in time, C. can be easily determined with a financial calculator, given investor risk preferences The weak-form EMH asserts that stock prices fully reflect which of the following types of information? A. Marker only, B. Market and public. C. Public and private, Research has revealed that the performance of professional money managers tends to be A. equal co the performance of a passive investment strategy. B. inferios co the performance of a passive investment strategy. superior to the performance of a passive investment strategy. Which of the following bess describes the majority of the evidence regarding anomalies in stock returns? A. Weak-form marker efficiency holds but semi-strong form efficiency does not. B. Neither weak-form nor semi-strong form market efficiency holds. C. Reported anomalies are not violations of market efficiency but are the result of research methodologies. Investors who exhibit loss aversion mast likely: A. have symmettic risk preferences. B. are highly risk averse C. dislike losses more than they like an equal gain. ©2010 Kaplan, tne. Page 261Study Session 13 Cross-Reference to CFA Institute Assigned Reading #57 ~ Market Efficiency ‘CEPT CHECKERS 6. 5 ES 3 Page 262 In informacionaly effciene capital markets, new information is quickly reflected 1 secuity prices. Investors reace only to unexpected information releases because information releases chat ate expected will already be reflected in securities prices. Active stcategies will underperform in an efficient marker because they have greater transactions and management costs than passive strategies and will not consistency create postive abnormal returns after adjusting for risk Short selling promotes market efficiency because the sales pressure from short selling can reduce the prices of assets that have become overvalued. Intcinsie value changes as new information artives in the marketplace. It cannot be known with certainty and can only be estimated. The price of an asset at a given point in time is its market value, which will differ from its intrinsic value if markets are nat fully efficient. Weak-form EMH states that stock prices fully reflect all market (i.e, price and volume) information. Tests indicate that mutual fund performance has been inferior co that of a passive index sracegy. ‘The majority of evidence is that anomalies are not violations of marker efficiency but are due to the research methodologies used. Portfolio management based on anomalies will likely be unprofitable after transactions easts are considered, Loss aversion refers to che tendency of investors to be more risk averse when faced with potential losses and less risk averse when faced with potential gains. That is, they dislike losses more than they like gains of an equal amount. Their tisk preferences are asymmetric. ©2010 Kaplan, Inc