Introduction

Just over a third or 36 percent of the countrys river

systems are classified as sources of public water supply
Up to 58 percent of groundwater sampled is
contaminated with coliform and needs treatment
Approximately 31 percent of illness monitored for a fiveyear period were caused by water-borne sources

Water Chemistry
The chemistry ofwaterdeals with the fundamental
chemical property and information about water.

Physical Properties of Water

Mass density
Specific Weight
g

Specific Gravity
S = / = /

Viscosity
- Dynamic = Pressure x Time
- Kinematic = Absolute Viscosity/ Mass Density

States of solution impurities

1. Dissolved - Substance is homogeneously dispersed in
liquid.
- One phase
-. Distillation
-. Precipitation
-. Adsorption
-. Liquid Extraction

2. Suspended - Solids are large enough to settle out of

solution
- Two phases
- Sedimentation
- Filtration
- Centrifugation

 Colloidal - Particles are in the size range between

dissolved substances and suspended particles.
- Tyndall effect
- Turbidity
- High force Centrifugation
- Filtration through membranes with very small pore
spaces.
- Sedimentation

Chemical Units
Weight Percent

Equivalent Weight

Chemical Reactions
Precipitation
Acid/Base
Ion-association
Oxidation/Reduction

 Buffer solution
Alkalinity
Activity Coefficients

Reaction Kinetics

 Homogeneous Reaction reactions that take place in a

single phase.

Heterogeneous Reaction reactions that occur at

surfaces between phases.

rA = rate of reaction
K = reaction rate constant
A & B = Concentrations of reactants
a & b = coefficients of proportionality

Gas transfer

The boundary between the gas phase and the liquid

phase is composed of two distinct films that serve as a
barrier between the bulk phases.
-Lewis and Whitman 1942

Water Quality
Physical
Chemical
Microbiological
Radiological