Topic Name

Gyroscope
Group
Presenters:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Wahaj Ahmad
Hassan Baber
Mujtaba Abbas
Hassaan Tariq

Overview
Introduction.
Precessional angular motion.
Gyroscopic couple.
Effect of gyroscopic couple on airplane.
Terms used in Naval ships.
Effect of gyroscopic couple during steering, pitching and
rolling.
Stability of a four wheel drive moving in a curved path.
Stability of a two wheel vehicle taking a turn.
Applications of gyroscope.
Numerical Problems.

Introduction

By

WahaJ Ahmad

Introduction
Gyroscope : A gyroscope is a device for measuring or
maintaining orientation, based on the principles of conservation
of angular momentum.
Assembly of Gyroscope : A gyroscope has a spinning
wheel or disk(rotor) fixed on an axle, which is free to take any
orientation. Over the disc, gimbals may or may not be
assembled.

Introduction

Assembly of Gyroscope :

Introduction
Gyroscope : A gyroscope is a device for measuring or
maintaining orientation, based on the principles of conservation
of angular momentum.
Assembly of Gyroscope : A gyroscope has a spinning
wheel or disk(rotor) fixed on an axle, which is free to take any
orientation. Over the disc, gimbals may or may not be
assembled.

Introduction
Gyroscope : A gyroscope is a device for measuring or
maintaining orientation, based on the principles of conservation
of angular momentum.
Assembly of Gyroscope : A gyroscope has a spinning
wheel or disk(rotor) fixed on an axle, which is free to take any
orientation. Over the disc, gimbals may or may not be
assembled.

Concept for working of Gyroscope :

Spin the gyro

Apply force
Perpendicular Twist will be
produced

Precessional Angular Motion

Spin axis :
The axis about which the gyro rotates.
Precession axis : The axis about which the perpendicular twisting or tilting
force apply.
The angular motion of the axis of spin about the axis of precession is
known as Precessional angular motion

Precessional Angular Motion

The Cause of Precession: - Newtons 1st Law of Motion.
- Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum.

Precessional Angular Motion

The Cause of Precession: - Newtons 1st Law of Motion
- Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum.

Precessional Angular Motion

Gyroscopic Action

Precessional Angular Motion

The angular motion of the axis of spin about the axis of
precession is known as Precessional angular motion

A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining

orientation, based on the principles of conservation of angular
momentum.

Gyroscopic Couple

By

Hassan Baber

Gyroscopic Couple
A device consisting of a spinning mass, typically a disk or
wheel, mounted on a base so that its axis can turn freely in
one or more directions and thereby maintain its orientation
regardless of any movement of the base.
The turning moment which opposes any change of the
inclination of the axis of rotation of a gyroscope.

Explanatio
nAxis
: & Plane of Spinning
Axis & Plane of Precession
Active gyroscopic couple.
(Axis and Plane)
Reactive gyroscopic couple.
(Axis and Plane).

Gyroscopic Couple
Consider a disc spinning with an angular
velocity rad/s about the axis of spin OX, in
anticlockwise direction when seen from the
front;
Change in angular momentum;

and rate of change of angular momentum

In the limit when t 0,

Gyroscopic Couple on Airplane

The top and front view of an airplane.
Let engine or propeller rotates in the clockwise direction
when seen from the rear or tail end and the airplane takes
a turn to the left.
When the propeller rotates in anti-clockwise direction & :
The airplane takes a right turn, the gyroscope will raise the nose and dip the
tail.
The airplane takes a left turn, the gyroscope will dip the nose and raise the
tail.

Explanatio
n:

Let
= Angular velocity of the engine in rad/s,
m = Mass of the engine and the propeller in kg,
k = Its radius of gyration in metres,
I
= Mass moment of inertia of the engine and the
propeller in
kg-m= m.k,
v
= Linear velocity of the airplane in m/s,
R
= Radius of curvature in metres, and
P = Angular velocity of precession =v/R rad/s
Gyroscopic couple acting on the airplane,
C = I..P

Gyroscopic Couple on Airplane

Gyroscope In Naval Ships

By

Mujtaba Abbas

Gyroscope In Naval Ships

The fore end of the ship is called bow.
The rear end is known as stern or aft.
The left hand is called port.
The right hand sides of the ship, star-board.

Effect on Naval Ships during

Steering
Rolling
Pitching

Gyroscopic Effect In Naval Ships during

Steering
Steering is the turning of a complete ship
in a curve towards left or right, while it moves
forward.
Consider the ship taking a left turn, and
rotor rotates in the clockwise direction.

When the rotor of the ship rotates in the clockwise

direction when viewed from the stern, it will have
its angular Momentum vector in the direction ox
as shown in Fig. (a)
When the ship steers to the right under Similar
conditions as discussed above, the effect of the
reactive gyroscopic couple, as shown in Fig. (b),
will be to raise the stern and lower the bow.

Gyroscopic Effect In Naval Ships during

Rolling
The effect of gyroscopic couple to occur, the axis of precession should always be
perpendicular to the axis of spin. If, however, the axis of precession becomes
parallel to the axis of spin, there will be no effect of the gyroscopic couple acting
on the body of the ship.
In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of precession (i.e. longitudinal axis) is always
parallel to the axis of spin for all positions. Hence, there is no effect of the
gyroscopic couple acting on the body of a ship.

Gyroscopic Effect In Naval Ships during

Pitching
Pitching is the movement of a ship up and down in a vertical plane about
transverse axis.
The transverse axis is the axis of precession.
The pitching of the ship is assumed to take place with the Simple Harmonic
Motion.

Stability of a four wheel drive moving in a

curved path

By

Hassaan Tariq

Stability of a four wheel drive moving in a

curved path
Consider the four wheels A, B, C and D of an automobile
locomotive taking a turn towards left as shown in the figure.
The wheels A and C are the inner wheels whereas B and D
are the outer wheels. The C.O.G. of the vehicle lies vertically
above
the road surface.
Let,
m = mas of the vehicle in kg
W = wieght of the vehicle in N = mg
R = radius of curvature in meters (R > rw)
h
= distance of C.O.G vertically above the road surface in
meters
x = width of track in meters
Iw = mass of moment of inertia of one wheel in kgm2
w = angular velocity of the wheels or velocity of the spin in
rad/s
E = angular velocity of the rotating parts of the engine in rad/s
IGE
== mass
of the rotating parts of the engine
Gear moment
ratio = of
E inertia
/ w
in
v kgm
= ^2linear velocity of the vehicle in m/s = w . rw
rw

radius of the wheel in meters

For effect of the gyroscopic couple,

C = W.P (4 IW G.IE)
For effect of the centrifugal couple,

and

Stability of a two wheel vehicle

taking a turn
Consider a two wheel vehicle taking a right turn as shown in the
following figures, let,
m = mas of the vehicle and its rider in kg
W = wieght of the vehicle and its rider in N = mg
R = radius of track or curvature in meters
h
= height of C.O.G of the vehicle and the rider
Iw = mass of moment of inertia of one wheel in kgm^2
w = angular velocity of the wheels
IE
= mass moment of inertia of the rotating parts of the engine
inEkgm

=^2 angular velocity of the rotating parts of the

engine in rad/s
G
= Gear ratio = E / w
v
= linear velocity of the vehicle in m/s = w . rw
rw = radius of the wheel in meters
= angle of heel. Its is the inclination of the vehicle
to the vertical for equilibrium.

For effect of the gyroscopic

couple, C1

For effect of the centrifugal couple,

Co

Applications
Gravity Defiance.
Air & Land Vehicles.
Ships, Hovercrafts etc.
Inertial Compass.
Used in toys like Boomerang, Tops, YO-YO etc.
Camera stabilizer while capturing disturbed by wave action.
Vastly used in UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) commonly named as
DRONES.
Used in some non-ballistic missiles, particularly cruise missiles etc.

Numerical Problems
An airplane makes a complete half circle of 50m radius, towards left, when
flying at 200km per hour. The rotary engine and the propeller of the plane has a
mass of 400kg with a radius of gyration of 300mm. The engine runs at 2400 rpm.
clockwise, when viewed from the rear. Find the gyroscopic couple on the aircraft
and state its effect on it. What will be the effect if the airplane turns to the right
instead to the left?
[Ans. 10kN-m]
The rotor of a turbine installed in a boat with its axis along the longitudinal axis
of the boat makes 1500 r.p.m. clockwise, when viewed from the stern. The rotor
has a mass of 150 kg and a radius of gyration of 300mm. If at an instant, the boat
pitches in the longitudinal vertical plane, so that the bow rises from the horizontal
plane with an angular velocity of 1 rad/s, determine the Torque acting on the boat
and the direction in which it tends to turn the boat at the instant.
[Ans. 10.6kN-m]
Find the angle of inclination with respect to the vertical of a two wheeler
negotiating a turn. Given : a combined mass of the vehicle with its rider 250 kg ;
moment of inertia of the engine flywheel 0.3 kg-m2 ; moment of inertia of each
road wheel 1 kg-m2 ; speed of engine flywheel 5 times that of road wheels and in
the same direction ; height of centre of gravity of rider with vehicle 0.6 m ; two
wheeler speed 90 km/h ; wheel radius 300 mm ; radius of turn 50 m.
[Ans. =53.94]

Gyroscope

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