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Grassi Avant Garde and Continuity
Grassi Avant Garde and Continuity
Giorgio Grassi
Translation by Stephen SartareUi
391
site plan.
392
etc.-we readily realize that all of this always comes about fore the recognizability) of the forms themselves could be
despite the contributions of the so-called avant-gardes, exhausted.
and not because of them.
Ledoux's anxiety over clear and untainted symbols, SoulHere, by way of example, 1 should like to oppose the lee's research oriented toward the establishment of new,
transformations within the Neoclassical city to the designs open scenic spaces in the city-what role do such contriof the "architects of the revolution," who are all too often butions play in the history of architectural forms, other
invoked in support of the experimentalism of modem ar- than that of an inconsequential "sidestepping"? Moreover,
chitectures. I should like to go on to oppose the Hamburg what meaning can Boullee's overemphatic "research" have
of Fritz Schumacher, or the Frankfurt or Ernst May, or when compared to the Neoclassical city's public buildings
even the Viennese housing blocks carried out under the and their "meaning"?
socialist administration of the twenties, to the entire
avant-garde of the Modern Movement, to all of European That a public building should have the "exact'' appearance of a public building is an idiocy that comes to be
expressionism, to all the ''isms" and their derivations.
accepted as correct when the city no longer seems capable
In other words, the real transformations brought about of giving expression to collective meanings-that is, when
by architecture have always begun with the specillc pract- the process of privatization has begun. This was never
ical and material conditions of the city and the st.r ucture before a problem in itself, but rather primarily a practical
of its el.e ments-and always as a denial of any "leaps of problem of truthfulness and of necessity (I am thinking of
wgic" that may be advanced. And nowhere is it said that the great assembly halls that have always been the same
architecture, for all this, has stayed on the right path! On throughout history).
the contrary.
The finest buildings in the constructed city, those which
I ask myself what relation is there, for example, between overcome this emphasis on theme, call attention to their
the archi tecture par/ante of a Ledoux and the transfor- own "truth," and therefore their recognizability, with the
mations of the city that succeeded it? I ask myself what result that they are always far ahead of any glamorous
relation is there between these "new forms" and the Ne<r designs. I am thinking of Soane, for example, or Schinkel,
classical city-which, apart from ita presumption of polit- for whom architecture is primarily a matter of technique.
ical restoration, erected, in effect, a "new city"; a rev<r
lutionary city made up of collective elements, a city The process common to all artistic avant-gardes is that of
capable of transforming its building fabric all at once? We borrowing slogans, or inventing their own, and then as it
need to bear in mind the instance of the Restoration and were rebuilding their world upon these, according to their
the new uses then made of Church property. I I>Sk myself own representation of it. But although this may he comwhat relation there is between these "new forms" and the patible with the representation characteristic of the figuEuropean Neoclassical city's notion of "Civic Architec- rative arts (p.recisely because of the characteristic disture-."
tance that always exists between the representation and
the object represented), it certainly has no meaning in
The avant-garde of architecture seems to be stuck in a architecture. This is especially true in that as far as the
permanent condition of trying to solve faue problem8 (or vanguards of the Modem Movement are concerned, they
in any case of trying to solve problems that have nothing invariably follow in the wake of the figurative arts.
to do with transformation); and of starting from these
"problems" as motives and justillcations for their "new What has happened to the permanent preeminence that
forms," as though in this process the meaning (and there- 1\fichelangelo granted to architecturto~J~. }~fJB\her ~p,?
Didn't this preeminence derive from t he fact of its being the unequivocally "formalistic" nature of t he dominant 393
"construction," t hat is, "composition" par excellence, in superstructure.
that it was subject to t he fixed laws of nature?
This nature is made manifest whenever the superstrucCubism, Suprematism, Neoplasticism, etc., are all forms t ure shows itself to be open ttl, that is, ready to approof investigation born and developed in the realm of the priate and include within its own expressive horizons,
figurative arts, and only as a second t hought carried over those formal experiments in the realm of architecture
into architecture as well. It is actually pathetic ttl see the whose values at-e posited only in formal terms. In this
architects of t hat "heroic" period, and the best among light, is not the search for a "new form" the most parathem, trying with difficulty to accommodate themselves doxical choice of all, even if it .be the most obstinately
to these "isms"; expetimenting in a perplexed manner pursued?
because of their fascination with the new doctrines, measuring themselves against t hem. only later to realize their A superstructure which tends to the reactionary always
ineffectuality. This is the case of Oud when faced with approves of everything that conforms to its own chru-ac"De Stijl." It is the same for llfies. Few are inunune to it: teristic stylistic preferences, that is, to everything that
Loos, Tessenow, Hilberseimer. I emphasize this point be- serves to dissimulate contradictions rather than expose
cause it seems to me that today, amid all the confusion, t hem: such as formal experimentation as an end in itself,
a strong avant-gerde wind is again blowing our way!
innocuous heresies, autobiographism, etc. Such a superstructure seems to have a particular predilection for all
The "isms" of the Modem Movement have certainly pro- that is expressed ambiguously, or in an incomplete or
duced a bulk of material impt-essive for its variety and provisional way~ne need only think of the success of the
novelty. We must recognize that for t he most part con- so-ealled "papet architecture." For this reason, it is in my
temporary architecture still bases its formal choices on opinion all the more absurd to give credence to or to get
this material. Hardly a reassuring sign! But how else does involved with that area of architectural research which
one explain for example the recent fortunes of a Terragni, more or less openly makes ambiguity its program, or
studied today in the United States as though he were focuses on experimentation as a search for unusual and
Vitru,~us? The illusion, t he myth of the "new" persists. peculiar connections, nuances, abnormalities, and so forth.
And it renews itself in the most negligible, the most idiotic, historicist p(Ultickes.
Therefore, any choice made in full consciousness of its
opposition to the state of the contemporary city today
Here I do not intend to go into the histotical and ideolog- must first of all be evaluated in light of this specific probical motives behind t he "formalistic" choices of the modem lem. It must take stock of architecture in itself, as a t-eal
vanguards. But in the face of the new definitive rupture and positive altemative: that is, architecture as an instrubetween architecture and the contemporary city, can any- ment with which to probe contradictio.n.
one still think that the option of denunciation or protest
is a valid one in itself?
I believe that for architecture today to enter, in a teal
sense, into conflict with the cultural superstructure acMoreover, the situation today is this: the dominant cul- cording to which it is judged, it must be unambiguous, to
tural superstructure is incapable of expressing collective the point of didacticism, and not vague or indistinct. I
meanings. It is therefore incapable of creating architec- believe that research, especially at the present moment,
ture, since architectwe is always the expression of such must be concentrated on proposing forms that can be
meanings. In this sense, architecture in itself is in a state interpreted in only one sense. And this "sense" must be
of perpetual denunciation, as it were, as a consequence of consistent with the object of representat' Qn.
h d
opyng te matern1
2 Fmmhouse in lhmbardy.
394
398
Lie. Besides, architecture is a "public matter" par excel- mids as forms to vindicate the destiny of SfChitectural
lence.
In fact, architecture must first of all come to terms with
itself, that is, with its specific characteristics; but at the
same time it must also come to terms with its partkular
social responsibility. And in this light the question of its
rapport with the public becomes impossible to ignore,. For
t his reason the language of architecture is-<>r should bean accessible language! Moreover, since architecture enters directly into everyday life (for example, through its
extra-artistic functionality), it creates a permanent bond
that provides a firm critical base from which to pass j udgment upon many "good intentions."
But this bond also has an.other aspect, less evident but
just as important, which relates to architecture's particular evocative purpose. It is the bond between indh<idual
!ISpirations and the great coUective goals; it is this c haracteristic tension of ideas which animates the most important passages of history; it is finally the bond of style,
destined to incarnate these goals.
goals.
Figure Credits
i-3, 5, 6 From Giol)lio Grassi and Antonio Monestiroli, Caso.
dello St1tdenu a Ch~tti. (Rome: Edizioni Kappa, 1980).
4 From Gerda Wangerin and Gerhard Weiss, Heinrich
Te88enow (Essen:'Verbg Richard Bacht, !976)h ed
. I
Gupyng t
matena
1 (frontispiece) M arclifield
(Marzfeld), R eichsparleilagsgelande,
Nuremberg. Albert Speer, 1940,
destroyed in 1950.
2 Danish Entbassy, BerlinTiergarten. J. E . Schaudt, 19991940. Sclutduledfor demolition in
1980-1981 to make way for an
402
Let us not forget that the Morgenthau Plan. commissioned by t he Roosevelt and Truman administrations, had
proposed to transform the tenitory of the former Reich
into a purely agricultural landscape with medieval customs. One ignores, however. that the central objective of
this project was the maximum industrialization of t he
Ruhr and Saar land , to be exploited by multinational
trusts. The proletarians of t hese intemational industrial
zones would probably have had very little to be envied by
the slave.s of the SS industr-ial empire.
The amusing remarks of Hollein and Speer cannot make
us forget, however, that the oblivion of the German past,
however radical, has also been very selective-and very
calculating. But let us imagine for a moment that things
h;1d gone differently . ..
A Politico-Cultur-al Fable
405
..
... lc.ll.h.a--"-
406
But here the impotence and .vacuous ness, Lhe lack of cultural and human content. and the deep insecurity of this
modernis m, which was always and e verywhere to conquer
through destruction, was not even able to reuse the most
prestigious buildings of the vanquished and saw fit to bury
the llfilitary Academy, one of the few architectural complexes to be completed dming the Third Reich, under the
gigantic mound of debris that is the Teufelsberg in the
Grunewald of Berlin.
Society Assassinawl
While citizens everywhere are calling modern urbanism
and architecture into question, the "architects" continue
to argue over its deceptive appearance. For the fallacious
and labile masquerade of the styles-first Neoclassical,
Copy gll,ed matenal
408
10
10 Speer's own ltcuse in Zelllendoif
in 1967.
12 Model of Albert Speer's plan for
11