5

10

11

12



.
Howard S. Becker
Zo ,
. ,
,
,
: ,
Peirce, ,
. , Saussure,
,
. H
,
.
, ,
, -
Freud ,
:
(imago) ,
(lapsus)

13

 .

,
,

(, , )
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, Nietzsche
. .
,
,
, , , ,
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Bachellard .
, ,
, : .
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,
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, , .

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, .

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,
14

 .
, , ,
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.
20 .

,
( , ,
, , )

.
, ,
.
. Barthes,
,

(Barthes, 1979 1988),
(Barthes, 1984). ,
Michel Foucault


(. . Foucault, 1989). ,
,
,
, ,
,
1960.

,
,
.

1980,
.

15


,
. ,
(Mitchell, 2002 Bal, 2003).
,
, (
)
.
. ,


.
.
1970, Howard Becker (1974)

.

.


,

.

,
(image-based research)
,
,
Visual Sociology,
( 2002 Visual
Studies).
. , ,



. ,
,
.
16


,
. Jacob Riis Lewis Hine
,
Farm Security Administration
,

.
, ,
, ,
, ,

.
,

,

. ,


.

,
O K
, 1970

.
,

( )
.


,
(Henny, 1986: 2-3). ,

,
20 .

17

 ,

.
,1

, .
- (Nellys), ,
, ,
. , Boissonas,
Cartier-Bresson, ,
.

, ,
. , ,

, .
,
, Nellys.


, Nellys

.

Farm Security Administration, ,
. , ,

,
,
,
,
.

,
.
1 . (1994)
(2003), . 155-186.
18

 ,
.

,


.

,
,
.

,
,

.

.

, , , ,
-
19 .
, 20
: , ,
, . ,
,

.

.
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,
), ,
.

.

. ,

19


,
,
.

20

21

22

23

24

 ,

,1

. , Roger Fenton 1855
(. 3.1). ,
Susan Sontag,
(Sontag, 2003:
27),

(Paschalidis, 1999: 124).2 , , Fenton

. , , ,
1 ,
,

,
(Burke, 2003: 28). ,
The Pencil of Nature William
Henry Fox Talbot (1844-1846).
, . Jeffrey (1981) . 10-27 Trachtenberg (1989) .
14 ...
2 (1999)
, .
Sontag (2003)
,
, . .
Peter Burke (2003), . 184-189.
,
(Far West), . Jeffrey (1981), . 48-61.

25

,
(Jeffrey, 1981: 50-51).

(1861-65). Mathew Brady3

(. . 3.2).4
George N. Barnard, Timothy H. OSullivan
Alexander Gardner.55
,

(Jeffrey, 1981: 56),
,
Ralph Waldo Emerson6
Walt Whitman.7
, , Solomon D.
Butcher 1880 (.
1.1-1.2).8
3 Mathew Brady ( 1844, 22 ),
1891
,
. Trachtenberg (1989) . 33-52.
4 O


, (Paschalidis, 1999:
124).
5 . Trachtenberg (1989) . 71-118 Jeffrey, (1981) . 52-56.
6 , Emerson 1841
,
(Trachtenberg, 1989: 29)
7 Whitman Mathew Brady, .
Trachtenberg (1989) . 60-70.
8 .

, 1890
( ).
B .
,
( ,
26

 1.1. Solomon D. Butcher, Chrisman, 1886.

,

,

Emerson Whitman.

1880 1930.
Jacob . Riis
. , 2003).

27

 1.2. Solomon D. Butcher, H Hilton, Nebraska, 1887.

Lewis Hine,
. :
, , .

.
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
28

 .

. (Howard, 1985: 22)
,
,
. Howard,
Riis . H
. , Hine
,

. H Howard
.
Jacob A. Riis (1849-1914)
O Riis, (Broecker, 1984),9
1849.10 , Jacob Riis
,
,
1866 1870, .
1870, 21 ,
,
.
1873,
. 1877 New York Tribune,
.
Associated Press. New York Sun
(1888), .
,
. How
9 ,
Brady .
Riis
,
, .
10 Jacob A. Riis Howard
(1985), Davis (2000), Broecker (1984), Yochelson (2001)

29

 1.3. Jacob A. Riis, ,

1886.

the other Half Lives.11

, Riis
.

.

. ,
The Children of the Poor (1892), Out of Mulberry Street (1898)
Children of the Tenements (1903). To 1901
, The Making of an American.
, Riis . ,
19 ,


11 Riis, J. A. 1890. How the other Half Lives: studies among the tenements of
New York. 115
. 1997,
online http://www.cis.yale.edu/amstud/inforev/riis/title.html.
30

 1.4. Jacob A. Riis, Jersey Street,

1890.

Eastman Kodak

(. Inglesby, 1990). Riis
.
12 .
How the ther Half Lives, o Riis
,
,
12 Documentary photography.
1930,
, Burke p
, (Burke, 2003:
28). 1930,


,
.

31

 1.5. Jacob A. Riis, Poverty Gap, 1889.

(tenements) .

,

.
Riis ,
,
,
,
. O
Riis,

(. 1.3), (. 1.4), (.
1.5), (. 1.6), (. 1.7)
Five Points (. 1.8).
Kay Davis (2003), Riis

32

 1.6. Jacob A. Riis, Mullen's Alley, Cherry Alley, 1888 1889.

.
,
.

,
(. 1.9).

33

 1.7. Jacob A. Riis, Poverty Gap, 1888 1889.

, ,
. , Riis

,
.
, ,
, ,
.
34

 1.8. Jacob A. Riis, Five Points House of Industry,

1890.

1.9. Jacob A. Riis,

Eldridge Street - ,
. ,,
1890.

35

 1.10. Lewis W. Hine, , Ellis Island, ,

1905
36

Lewis Wickes Hine (1874-1940)

Lewis W. Hine13 1874 .
(1892),
. 1900
. , , Frank
Manny Ethical Culture School,
, .
, ,
. ,
, Hine
(Howard, 1985: 26).
O Manny Hine
Ellis Island. Hine
1904 .14
.
Howard, Hine [ ]

(. 1.10-1.12). , Hine
15


,


. ,

(. 1.11)
13 T Lewis W. Hine How
ard (1985), Davis (2000), Broecker (1984), Trachtenberg .. (1977), Panzer
(2002).
14 Hine
Ellis Island 1926 (McCausland, 1940).
15 .

. [...]
, Hine

(Trachtenberg, 1989: 166).

37

 1.11. Lewis W. Hine,

, Ellis
Island, , 1905

, (.
1.12). Mary Panzer,
.


.
.
Hine
,
. ,
, Hine
. (Panzer, 2002: 6)
Panzer, Elizabeth McCausland
Hine .
. []
,
(McCausland, 1940).
38

 1.12. Lewis W. Hine,

, Ellis
Island, , 1905

, Hine ,
1905

. Hine

.16 ,
,
. , Alfred
Stieglitz, ,

(Trachtenberg, 1989: 168).
1907, Hine
Pittsburgh,

.

16 . .. L. Hine, Photography in the School (1908)
Social Photography; How the Camera may Help in the Social Uplift (1909).

39

 1.14. Lewis W. Hine, Vera Hill, 5 . 11,5 , . 11 1916.

,
, (.
1.13). , ,
,
.

Pittsburgh
National Child Labor Committee,
Hine (Panzer, 2002: 24).
1908 National Child
Labor Committee (NCLC), .
.

40

 1.15. Lewis W. Hine, Hickory, , 1908.

, .

(. 1.14), (.
1.15) (. 1.16), (. 1.17),17
(. 1.18).

.
. ,
Hine ,
17 . Margolis (1998), Hine

.

41

 1.16. Lewis W. Hine, Sadie Pfeifer, 1,20 ., .

Lancaster Cotton Mills, 30 1908

, ,
,
(Panzer, 2002: 8).
1913 , Hine
,

NCLC.
. [
Riis] (Henny,
1986: 3),
.
, , Panzer ,
42

 1.17. Lewis W. Hine, Gary, ,

, 1908

,

, (Panzer,
2002: 8). Hine
.
Hine NCLC 1917


.
, 1918-19 Hine ,
(Kaplan, 1988).
1919,
,

43

 1.18. Lewis W. Hine, ,

, , 1915

. (Panzer,
2002: 10),
.
(work portraits),
(.
1.19-1.20) (Hine, 1977),
.
,
Empire State
Building (. 1.21-1.22) ,
,
44

 1.19. Lewis W. Hine, , 1

45

 NCLC:
,
(. 1.22). ,
Hine :
,

(Trachtenberg, 1989: 166).

Hine Metropolis Fritz Lang
(1927) Charlie Chaplin (1936),
Lewis Mumford
(1930), : .
, ,
(Mumford, 1985: 29). Hine, ,

,
.

1929,

. ,
Hine,
The Survey,
Pittsburgh.
,
.

46

 1.22. Lewis W. Hine, , Empire State Building, , 1931

47

48

49

50


,
, 1930
Doris Ulmann, 1930

Roy Stryker. ,
.
, 1930
. 1929 ,

.
Ian Jeffrey (1981)
, Thomas Jefferson
Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt

(Jeffrey, 1981: 165).
,

Roy Stryker,
Resettlement Administration,
Farm Security Administration (FSA),
Franklin D.
Roosevelt. , FSA
. ,


(sharecroppers).
Look
o

51

 ,
.

.
. 1941, Stryker Office of
War Information. ,

.
,
Stryker
. Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange,
Russell Lee, Arthur Rothstein, Ben Sahn, Jack Delano, Maron Post
Wolcott, Gordon Parks, John Vachon Carl Mydans.
a Dorothea Lange.
1940, Hartley E. Howe
Survey Graphic ( The Survey
Lewis Hine) You Have Seen Their
Pictures,1
FSA,
. , Howe
.

,

, .
FSI
,
:

FSA:
,

, ,
.

1 Erskine Caldwell, You Have Seen
Their Faces (1937), Margaret Bourke-White.
52

 2.1. Dorothea Lange, White Angel, , 1933

(assignment). Stryker

,
,

. Howe
Rothstein

53

 ,

,
,
Stryker (Howe, 1940). ,
.
(. Butler, 1990: 31).
Suellen Butler
,

.

, ,
, ,
(Butler, 1990: 31).

FSA/OWI
,
. Howe
FSA
,
Walker Evans Ben Shahn.
(Howe, 1940). ,

,
,
.
Dorothea Lange
H Dorothea Lange (Dorothea Margaretta Nutzhorn) 1895
New Jersey.
. ,
1913 .
1918 , .
1920 Maynard Dixon.
, ,
1933
.
54

 2.4. Dorothea Lange, ,

Chinatown, 1934

(. 2.1).
,
,
Lange , ,
. , ,
. Maynard Dixon ,
, Dorothea
(. Durden, 2001: 3). ,
Lange
The Gallery of Illustrious
Americans Mathew Brady (1850). Brady
12 ,
( C. Edwards Lester) :
, , , ,
.2 Brady,
, Lester,

, Trachtenberg (1989: 45).
Lange, ,
2 The Gallery of Illustrious Americans, . Trachtenberg (1989), . 4561.

55

 Walker Evans FSA . , ,

(Trachtenberg, 1989: 45),
Lange Brady:

. Hine,
Dorothea Lange ,
.
, . White
Angel
(. 2.2) Brady.
,
. , .

. .
. ;
, Lange,
, 1935,
Paul Taylor
(migrant workers), ,
,
, . Lange,
,
. :
.
... ...

... [ ]

,
. (. Durden, 2001: 6)
Lange
,
,

. , ,
56

 2.5. Dorothea Lange, , , San Joaquin

Valley, , 1935

.
Hine,

.
,

. ,
, (. .
2.1 2.2),
.
: . Lange
,
, (. 2.3).
,
.

57

 2.7. Dorothea Lange, , Holtville,

, 1937

.
.

Chinatown San Francisco
(. 2.4) :

(. 2.5).
1935, Roy Stryker
Lange FSA. H
58

 2.8. Dorothea Lange,

, Anniston,
, 1936

. Lange
,
.
,
(. 2.6), (. 2.7),

(. 2.8)
, ,

FSA.


Lange
FSA: H
(. 2.9).
,
(Durden, 2001: 9),
, Hine (.
1.12) Riis (. 1.4).

59

 2.9. Dorothea Lange, , Nipomo, ,

1936

(
3 [Durden, 2001:
9])
Lange o o .
3 O H.-M. Koetzle (Madonna
for a Bitter Age) (Koetzle, 2002: 29).
60

 2.10. Dorothea Lange, , Nipomo, , 1936

,
,

.
, ,


,
.
,

61

 2.11. Dorothea Lange, , Nipomo, ,

1936

,
,
.
Lange ,
, .
. (. 2.10)
: ,
62

 2.12. Dorothea Lange, , Nipomo, ,

1936

. :

. ,

. Lange :
. .
32 . .
:

, Nipomo ,
-.
.
2.500
.

63

 2.13. Dorothea Lange, , Nipomo, ,

1936

Hilton
Solomon D. Butcher (. 1.2).
,
, . , , ;
Butcher
.
(. 1.1). Hilton
.
.
, .
Hilton,

, .
(. 2.11) .

, .

64

 .
: .
.
-,
;
;
. . .
.
. .
. ,
:
. .

. ,
,
, New Deal,
.
,
. .

, :

, New Deal
Roosevelt, Farm Security Administration,
.
FSA. Lange
.
(. 2.12).
.
.
,
. .
.
, (. 2.13).
: . ,
. . ,
, Lange.
.

65

, .

Florence Thompson (Koetzle, 2002b: 29-30), Lange

.
, 32 .

, .
.


. . H
. Nipomo
.
.
.
. (Durden, 2001: 36)
, Lange :
. ,
, .
. ,

,
. Riis.
, ,
.
, Lange Hine.
,
. ,
. Hine,
.
.
,
. ,
.
.
66

 .
,
Lange: .
. M ,
. .
. ,
,
, ,
.


.
.


.
, .
, ,
. ,
,
, ,

. ,
,
,
Lange
,
.
.


;
(
), ,

.
. Lange ,
. FSA ,

67

 .
Hine .

. , ,
. ;
.

.
. ,


.
,

.
2.500
. , ,
. .

. .
.
,

,
. (
) .
. ; ,
: . Lange

.
.

Roland Barthes studium
punctum. studium, ,
, ,
, , ,
(Barthes, 1984: 42). studium , Barthes,

68

 , ,

(Barthes, 1984: 42).

.
. studium
(..,
) .
studium ,

, :
.
, Barthes,
, ,

,

,
, . [...]
studium,
punctum punctum :
, , ,
. punctum ,
, ( , ).
(Barthes, 1984: 42-43)
O Barthes
punctum Lange. ,
,
,
,

. Lange
Florence Thompson;

.
. Barthes

69

 , , ,
(Barthes, 1984: 57-58).

. : ,
( ) (Barthes,
1984: 53). William Casby
Richard Avedon Barthes, Florence
Thompson Lange. ,
,

,
(Barthes, 1984: 53).
Lange ,
.
punctum , ,
.
, ,
, , Lange .
, ,
Stryker
Barthes
(impressif),
(Barthes, 1984: 55).
studium
punctum. ,
;
,
.
( ) ,
. , punctum
,
( ,
) ,

,

.
punctum
70


.
Barthes 1950,
. , ,
- (Barthes, 1979: 244-245).

,
. ,
Barthes, . , ,

:
,
.
, [...]
. -
,

:


. (Barthes, 1979: 249)

,

. ,

, 1950
,
(. Bauman, 1990).
.

Lange FSA 1939.
.
1942 Roosevelt

71

 2.14. Dorothea Lange, Mochida

.
, Hayward, , 8 1942

.

. 110.000

.
War Relocation Authority (WRA),4
4 , ,
Scott Hicks
(Snow Falling on Cedars, 1999),
72

 2.15. Dorothea Lange, , Centerville, ,

19 1942

73

 Dorothea Lange. Lange

,
.

,

, (.
. 2.14-2.15).
Lange
,
1972, 27 Whitney
Museum . A. D. Coleman,
New York Times, Lange
,
(LoC,
2002a).
Lange
.
Ansel Adams 1944
Richmond
Fortune, 1950
Life.
Life 1955 -
Martin Pulich, Berryessa
,
Ansel Adams (1944) Bailey (1971), Conn (1990), Myer
(1971), Weglyn (1976), Susan
Maret. (.
Children of the Camps: The Documentary).
Lange Women Come to the Front:
Journalists, Photographers, and Broadcasters During World War II
, Ansel Adams
Suffering under a Great Injustice: Ansel Adamss Photographs of JapaneseAmerican Internment at Manzanar, .
WRA,
Bancroft California, Berkeley,
War Relocation Authority Photographs of Japanese-American Evacuation and
Resettlement (Online Archive of California).
74

Valley,
(1956-1957).
Dorothea Lange 1965.

75

76

77

78


.
,
, ,
. ,
,
20 . ,
, ,
.
.


,
.

.

,
.
Nellys,
,

,
,

,
.
, Nellys
. ,

79

 ,


.
,
Nellys
1925-1939.
.
,
,

,
.
- (1899-1998)
(Nelly's) 1899
. 1920 ,
.
,

, .

.

.
:
.
,

.
,
.
! (Nelly's, 1989: 153)
, Nelly's
.
,
80

 3.1. Near East Relief, Orphans from the interior of Asia brought to Marathon in Greece by the Near East
Relief looking in wonder at the mountains and the sea, as it is the first time they have seen either, George Grantham
Bain Collection.

()
(Trichon-, 1990: 35).
,
, Barthes (Barthes, 1988: 32).
Trichon-,

(1990: 35). T 1
. ,
1 . ,
. , . ,
. ,
,
, .

81

 ,
Dorothea Lange , 1933.2

,
, .
,
Nelly's ,
,
.

1930, Life
Speaking of Pictures. Greeks still look like their forebears.
, ,
1930,

Edward Steichen (3 1938):
Steichen,
, ,

: . (Nelly's, 1989:
298)
,
2 Nelly's
(1990),
(Nelly's, 1989).
Nelly's: 1920-1940,
1985 (. Paralaxis, 1985).
3 Nelly's
(. 150-151),
298.
, Nelly's

.
,
. ,
,
.
82

 3.2. Nelly's, , 1925

(bromoil),
Nelly's .
20 , 1910
. Franz Fiedler
Nelly's
(Nelly's, 1989: 90). bromoil
,
,
.
,

:
.
. Nelly's:

1730

83

...
,
. ()
()
.
,
. ,
, .
(Nelly's, 1989: 90)
,
,


, .
,
Nelly's

,
bromoil
. ,
. , ,
,
bromoil .

Nelly's , Near East Relief4
.
Nelly's
. , Near East,
1915
,5
4 Trichon- (1990: 37)
American Womens Hospital.

, 22,
.
5 Near East Relief Near East Foundation, .
84

 3.3. Nelly's, , 1925

1730

,
,

.

,
.

, ,
(. 3.1),
.
http://www.neareast. org.

85

 3.4. Nelly's, , 1925

86

 , ,
,
.
Near East Relief
.6
,
Nelly's Near East Relief.
,
. ,
(
1920),

, .
:

,
,
,
. (Nelly's, 1989: 7980)
, Nelly's
17 ,
2 3 . Matthias Harder

(Harder, 2001: 24).7 ,
(. 3.2)

6
20062007 ,
22 ( , 2006).
7 . (2002), :
:
,
.
, Nelly's.

87

 3.5. Nelly's, , 1925

1729

,8 ,
, :

,
.

, .

Lange, ,
.
8 . . ,
2006: 112.
88

 3.6. Nelly's, , 1925

1724

,

(. 3.3-3.4). ,
,
.
,
, .

, ,
.
,
Near East,
.

89

 . ,
,
(. 3.5).
, ,
,
(. 3.6). H
,
,
( Lange)
.

,
, .
Nelly's
,
,

,
.
Lange,

.
,

, .

,
. ,
1922
,
,
,
.
bromoil
Near East ,
:
, ,
90

 3.7. Nelly's, , 192__

91

 3.8. Nelly's, , 192__.

2569

. ,

. (, 2002)

bromoil ,
. ,
,
,

92

. H
.


: ,
.
, ,
(, 2002). ,
Nelly's
. ,

(
3.5) ,
.
, Nelly's
,
,
,
.

Nelly's
, .
. . ,
,

.


. (, 1996: 18)

,
. ,
Nelly's , ,
.
. , 65 ,

93

 3.9. Nelly's, , 192__.

bromoil Nelly's
,

. .
( ,
), Nelly's.

(, 1996:
18 23 . 7). ,

.
:
. .
94

 3.10. Nelly's, , 192__.

2544

, ,
,
.
: .
, () ,
, (1996: 19).

95

 ,
,
.
, contre-plongee

.

.
,
(. 3.7)
,
. ,
,
,
, .
bromoil
, ,
( ..
, . 3.8)
.
.
. .
, ,
,
(1996: 13),
,
.
,

, . bromoil

.
,
.
.
,
(. 3.9).
.
96

 3.11. Nelly's, , 192__.

2529

Nelly's,
.
, ,
, . ,
,

97

 , ,
: ,

. -,
, ,
.
,
.

.
, Riis Hine,
Nelly's.
, ,
( Nelly's)
,
; ,
;
, ,
,

. Nelly's


. ,

.
, ,

. ,

.

, .
,
.
,
, . ,

98

 . Nelly's
,
(. 3.10).
(. 3.11),

. Nelly's ,

.
,
.


.
, , ,

. , ,
- -.
,
.
,
1950 1960.
,
, .
,
,
.
, , , .
,
, Nelly's

, ,
.
,
.
, ,
Nelly's .
,
.

99

 .
, ,
.
,
,
.

19 ,
,
. ,


, .
:
(. 3.12).
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9 , Boissonas
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. (2007),
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101

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. , ,

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10 (1994: 169), Mona Paiva
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102

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bromoil
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, 1999: 96).
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 3.13. Nelly's, H , 1929

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106

 ,
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Steichen, Isadora Marie-Therese
Duncan (1921).16 , ,
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(, 1989: 24).

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20 , .
Armand Brulhart Boissonas: ,
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16 (1997: 26), Nellys
Steichen Paiva.

107


.
, Paiva Nikolska
.


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(, 2001: 170).
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108


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Nikolska
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),

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112

 3.17. Nellys,
, 1939.

113


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,
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19 In Greece
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114

 3.18. Nellys, . In Greece, - 1937.

115

. 3.19. Nellys, Speaking

of Pictures ...Greeks still look
like their Forebears, Life.

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116

. 3.20. J.C. Lawson (1909)

.

. Nikolska
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(Nellys, 1989: 278-279).
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, . ,

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117

 1939, , Nellys
.

Life (Nellys, 1989: 112 276-277).
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, ,

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Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Great Religion (1909) (. 3.20).
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. Paiva Nikolska
1920,
1936,
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(Boudouri, 1997(;): 27),
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118

. 3.21. Nellys, 5162.

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,
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119

. 3.22. Nellys, . 5984.

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1989: 99)
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120

. 1.23. Nellys, N 3380.

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121

. 3.24. Nellys, N 3013

(. 3.22).
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20 (. , . 5).
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122

. 3.25. Nellys, N 6680

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123

. 3.26. Nellys, N 6613

. :
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1989: 111).
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124

. 3.27. Nellys, N 5377

.
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, , Nelly's
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,
(1994: 34).


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, (1989: 98):
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20 . , 1994: 51,
.
126


.

Nellys , Steichen
(. Nellys, 1989: 298).


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.21
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21 . (1990), Nellys (1989), Paralaxis (1985).

127


. , Nellys
, ,

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,
.
Nellys
,
. 19

.
, :


(Nellys, 1989: 110).
1930,
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Des Cyclades en Crte au gr du vent (1919).
, ,

. Nellys
,
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22 / - Borel-Boissonas,
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128


,
(Nellys, 1989: 92). ,

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(1936),23
. Nellys .

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1989: 147)
, Nellys ,
,
(Nellys, 1989: 147).

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23 1929
. . (2000).

129

. 3.28. Nellys, N 3704.

,
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,
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164).
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131



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132

133

134

135

136


, Weinberger,
:
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Poverty Gap, Five Points Mulberry Street.
, ,
,
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Riis,

137

 4.1. Roger Fenton, Ponsonby, Pearson Markham,

Sir George Brown, 1855

(Martin Scorsese, O
).
Hine
.
, , , ,

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FSA,
Walker Evans, Russell Lee, Arthur Rothstein, Dorothea
Lange ,
138

 .
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,
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2. .
Edwards (.) (1992), Taylor
(.) (1994).
3. National Geographic .
C.A. Lutz J.L. Collins, Reading National Geographic (1993). .
A. D. Nordstrm, Wood Nymphs and Patriots: Depictions of Samoans in The
National Geographic Magazine (1992).

139

 4.2. Mathew Brady, ,

1861-1869

.

: Roger Fenton Mathew Brady.
. , .
,

. , , , ,
,

. Fenton (. 4.1)
Brady (. 4.2)
,
, 1944 W. Eugene Smith (. 4.3),
20 .


140

 4.3. W. Eugene Smith, , 1944

Robert Capa, .
.
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: . ,
W. Eugene Smith,
. .

141

 4.4. David Leeson, Lonnie Roberts 3 ,

19 Gregory Huxley, , 2003

, , , ,
Smith :
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Robert Capa, ,
(Hagaman, 1996: 30). , ,

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142

 , ;
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Pulitzer 2004
David Leeson,
Lonnie Roberts,
(. 3.4).
Martha Rosler (1996),
,
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,

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,
Rsler
.

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143

 ,4
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W. Eugene Smith (de Miguel Pinto, 2002: 80 .
.). , ,

4. . Alan Sekula (1996),
.
,
(Sekula, 1996: 345).
144

 ;

;
Dianne Hagaman ,
How I Learned Not to Be a Photojournalist (1996).
1970,


,
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,
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,
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Hagaman,


. ,

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,

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Talbot,

145

 4.5. Dianne Hagaman,

Chief Seattle Club.

Chief Seattle Club, :

Chief Seattle Club
, .
. Talbot
.
. , Talbot
. .

( ). (Hagaman,
1996: 21)
Chief Seattle Club


(. 4.5 4.6).

,
,

146

 4.6. Dianne Hagaman,

Chief Seattle Club.

(Hagaman, 1996: 26). ,

Hagaman,
.
(Hagaman,
1996: 26),

,
.
, ,
, ,
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,
,


,

.
(Foucault),

147

 4.7. Dianne Hagaman, Chief Seattle Club.

,
, .
, Hagaman

. ,
,
(Hagaman,
1996:26) (. 4.7).
, . .
, Hagaman,


.
,

:
,
. (Hagaman, 1996: 26)

148

, .
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(. 4.8.) ,

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,
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149

 4.8. Dianne Hagaman, Chief Seattle Club.

.
, ,
. o
.
, . K
. . , ,
(Hagaman, 1996: 36).
. ,
:
:
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,
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Robert Capa:
,
. (Hagaman, 1996: 30)

150

 , ,
.

;
Hagaman
Lange, W. Eugene
Smith.
. , ,
;
To
,

, Howard
Becker (1995 1998),5
.
Becker
, , ,

. ,
, ,



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.
,
,

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.

5. . S. Becker, Visual Sociology, Documentary Photography and Photojournalism: Its (Almost) All a Matter of Context, Visual Sociology, 10 (1995),
. 5-14. J. Prosser
(ed.) (1998), Image-based Research, . 84-96.
.

151

, .
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152


. Becker:

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(Becker, 1998: 88).


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153

 ,


, . (Becker, 1998: 89)
, Becker
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(Becker, 1998: 91).
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, : , ,
, (Barthes, 1988: 30-34). , Barthes

,
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154

 , ,
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1988: 32)

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,
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, [...] (Barthes, 1988: 34).

,

155

 FSA .

Elisabeth Chaplin, Gregory
Bateson Margaret Mead, Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis
(1942). H Chaplin Bateson 25.000
, ,
6.000 759.

,
,
(Chaplin, 1994:
211).
(6-11 ,

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.
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. ,

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,
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,
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1994: 212)
Becker
Berger Mohr ,
O (Berger Mohr, 1979 [1975]).
.
,

156



(Becker, 2002: 4). ,
,
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(Becker, 2002: 4-5). B,


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(Becker, 2002: 5).
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, ,

157

 4.9. Douglas Harper, Good Company, 1981.

,
. Becker
Douglas Harper (1981) .
Harper


.

,

(Becker, 1998: 92).
(. 4.9),
Howard Becker, Harper

(. Harper, 1979: 38-40).

Becker
158

 . ,
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, Becker,
,

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,


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:
(Becker, 1998: 93).
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,
,
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Hine .
, Becker

,
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Nixon (
Becker), ,
Robert Capa,
, Hung Cong Ut,

.

159

 (context), , .
, [
]
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,
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Nixon]

. (Becker, 1998: 94)
,
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,
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Nixon
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. ,
Nixon,

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, ,
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(public rituals) (Becker, 1998: 94).6
6.

, Visual
Sociology Visual Studies.
D. Doughty, Constructing Palestinians: Visual Rhetoric and
Work Organization in a News Magazine Documentary (1993), K. A. Franz,
Ideology and the Media: Local Television Coverage on the Fall of the Berlin
160

 Becker

,

,
, , ,
(Becker, 1998: 95).

Wall in the United States (1993), D. Hagaman, The Joy of Victory, the Agony
of Defeat: Stereotypes in Newspaper Sports Feature Photographs (1993), M.
Joly, Information and Argument in Press Photographs (1993), L. Kalof
A. Fitzgerald, Reading the Trophy: exploring the display of dead animals in
hunting magazines (2003), T. Wright, Reflections on The Looking Glass
War: Photography, Espionage and the Cold War (2001), T. Wright, Moving
images: the media representation of refugees (2002), T. Wright, Collateral
coverage: media images of Afghan refugees, 2001 (2004).

.

161

162

163

 5.0. Desir Magloire Bourneville (18401909) Paul Rgnard

(18501927), Iconographie photographique de la Salptrire, Service de M. Charcot.
, Bureau du Progrs Mdical, V. Adrien Delahay et Cie, 187780.
164

 ,
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, (
) .

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: 4). , ,
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:

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Daguerre
Cours de philosophie positive August Comte,
, 19

,
20
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, ,
. 19 ,

165


, , ,
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. , ,
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.
1 (Alphonse Bertillon, Thomas
Byrnes),
,
19
. , Brady
Marmaduke Sampson, Rationale of Crime, Eliza
Farnham (1846) (Trachtenberg, 1989: 57 Sekula, 1996: 348-349),

(The Gallery of Illustrious Americans)


Washington,

(Trachtenberg, 1989: 45-52). ,
J. T. Zealy ,
,
Harvard, Louis Agassiz (Trachtenberg, 1989: 53-56) (.
5.1.).
,
1.
.


, Allan Sekula (1996: 373).
166

 5.1. J. T. Zealy, Jack,

, 1850.

,

19 , Arthur J. Munby (1828-1910).

(pit-brow women)
2
, (. 4.2.).
,
.
,

, , ,
(Edge, 1998: 41-42),
.
,
, Foucault
(1982),
, []
2. Munby
: , ,
, - ..

167

 5.2. , Arthur Munby.

(voyeristic)
(Edge, 1998: 44).
,
,

. ,
Munby,
,
,

,
(Rosler, 1996: 335).
H

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.


( ;) (
;). ,
168

 5.3. Bertillon,
, 1923.

,


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,
. (Edge, 1998: 44)

, ,

,

(Adas, 2003),
19

.

169

 5.4. Sir Francis Galton,

, , .

,
19 , .
Alphonse Bertillon, 100.000
(.
4.3)
(Sekula, 1996: 357 ..), Sir Francis Galton
,
(. 4.4)
(Sekula, 1996: 364-373).
1890, Sekula,
,
(Sekula, 1996: 363).
I Cesare Lombroso,
170

 5.5. Cesare Lombrosso, Luom delinquente.

Luomo delinquente (. 4.5).

19 ,
Gustave Flaubert ,
Galton Lombroso:
, (Flaubert, 1982: 356
.). ,
Munby,

.
3
,
3.

(visual databases) . Cook (2004).

171

 , ,
,
Jacques Derrida:
; (Derrida, 1996: 11).
,

,
.
. ,
Foucault de Sade
,

,
, [...],
(Foucault, 1982:
34).
,
,
. ,

.
:
, , . Riis
. Hine . FSA
, OWI WRA, .
Walker Evans ,
Agee, .4

,
-
. ,
Bertillon:
4. 1939, American Photographs, o Evans
.
,
,
( ) (Sekula,
1996: 376).
172

 .
Brady,
, :
.
Girard,
.
,
,


.

.

H
, 1860,
.5 ,

,

6
, .
,
- ,
5. ,
,
. , ,
Luc Pauwels (2000) Sarah Pink (2003),

.
,

,


.
6.
, , . Pinney
(1992: 80), Spencer (1992).

173


, ,
(Edwards 1992: 4).
, , Malek Alloula,
,
,
(. Pinney, 1992: 165).
,

,
.
.7
H 20
,

.

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,
8

7. , 1960 ,


,
, ,
. , Adair Worth
(1966).
Chaplin,
,
. ,

(Chaplin, 1994: 212). ,
,

(.. ),


.
8. , Foucault
174

 , , , , ,
, ..,
. ,
.
, .

.
.
, ,

,
Pinney
,

, , ,
(Pinney,
1992: 82).
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,
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[...] ,
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(Foucault, 1986: 333),
18 19 ,
,
. ,
,
(Foucault,
1986: 427),
. ,
,
(Foucault, 1986: 429).
,
,

(scopic regime).

175

(Flix-Louis Regnault), (Alfred Cort Haddon),

(Baldwin Spencer),
(Rudolph Poch). 20
(documentaire
romanc).
Loved by a Maori Chieftainess Gaston Mlis (1913) In the
Land of the Head-Hunters Edward Curtis (1914).
Nanook of the North: A Story of Life and Love in the
Actual Arctic Robert Flaherty (1922),
,
, ,
(,
1998: 11). Flaherty
.
,
,9
.
Flaherty, .., Moana (1926) Man of Aran (1934),

. Nanook,
,
,

. Weinberger :
, ,

, ,

,
.
:

.
.
9. .
, Flaherty
(Weinberger, 1994: 6).
176



Flaherty
. (Weinberger, 1994: 6)


(Grimshaw, 2001: 46, Pink, 2003: 180, , 1998: 11)
Rouch
(Rouch, 1998: 80).
,

,
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Howard Becker On Photography
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Harper, 1998:28-29),
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11. Foucault
. Jenks, Barry ONeil
C. Jenks (.), Visual Culture (1995). Foucault
. M.
Jay, Downcast Eyes (1994).
. A. Jones (.), The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader (2003),
N. Mirzoeff, An Introduction to Visual Culture (1999), . 162-192.
.
T. Brennan - M. Jay (.), Vision in Context: Historical
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12. Harper (1998)
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Clarke (1983), Papademas (1993), Grady (1996) Grady (2001).

185

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196

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:
210

 6.4. Charles Suchar Robert Rotenberg, Judging the Adequacy of

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217


,
. , Solomon D. Butcher
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Lewis Hine
Prints and Photographs Division
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.

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219


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223

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