Digital Data Transmission

Techniques
Today's Presentation is On Digital Data Transmission

Techniques Used Nowadays

DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES

Now in modern age there are several techniques used

for transmission of data/informations.

Today is the era of digital technology so the basic need
of transmission of data is SPEED.
Along with several facilities alot of techniques of digital
data transmission are present.
Several types of techniques are being used.
The most common type of technique being used are as
under:

Several types of techniques being used are:

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line (ADSL)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)
Bluetooth
Digital Subscriber Line Lite
(DSL Lite)
Fixed Radio Access (FRA)
Frame Relay
General Packet Radio System
(GPRS)
High speed Digital Subscriber
Line (HDSL)

Mesh systems
Optical fibre
SuperJANET
Wi-Fi
WiMax
ZigBee

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

A digital transmission

technique for enhancing the

information-carrying capacity
of traditional copper pair
cables in the local access
network.
Since the bandwidth of the
return channel is less than
that of the outgoing channel,
the technique is described
as asymmetric.
Its speed was originally at
512 kilobits a second, but
now up to 8 Megabits a
second. It is widely used
nowadays

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

TYPES OF ADSL:
ADSL2

ADSL services typically

operate at a maximum speed of
1.5 megabits per second
(Mbps), supporting e-mail, Web
access, Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) and some
multimedia applications.
ADSL2 is an enhanced version
delivering speeds of up to 12
Mbps

ADSL2

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

TYPES OF ADSL(contd.)
ADSL2+
ADSL2+ reached consent at the
International
Telecommunications Union
(ITU) in January 2003, joining
the ADSL2 standards family.
The result is a significant
increase in data rates on
shorter phone lines, doubling
the downstream bandwidth and
increasing the downstream data
rate to as much as 24 Mbps.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

This is a digital transmission

technique which uses packet

switching technology.
These packets are of a
uniform, short fixed length
called cells, so that ATM is
sometimes called Cell Relay.
Each packet contains 48
bytes of the information to be
transported and 5 bytes of
control information - called the
header.
Its has speed upto 155 Mbps.
It is expected to have speed
upto 622Mbps.

Bluetooth
This is a wireless

communications system It is a
radio frequency networking
system that enables a host of
electronic devices to connect
to and communicate with
various networks including the
Internet.
Such devices can include
domestic equipment like
heating, lighting and ventilation
systems and personal
equipment like handheld and
notebook computers, mobile
telephone and personal stereo.

Digital Subscriber Line Lite (DSL Lite)

This operates at same principle as Asymmetric Digital

Subscriber Line (ADSL)

It is faster but at lower speeds than ADSL.
Downstream speeds are between 64 kilobits 1.5
megabits a second, while upstream speeds are between
32 kilobits 512 megabits a second.
Although speeds are slower than for ADSL, installation
costs are lower too.

Fixed Radio Access (FRA)

A radio technique to provide local access between a

local telephone exchange and a local telephone

customer.
It was used by Ionica
The frequency used was between 3,425 - 3,490 MHz.
Each base station could service up to 2,000 users.

Frame Relay
Like (ATM), it uses packet switching technology to

provide fast data transmission.

However, Frame Relay uses a variable length unit of
data called a frame
Public frame relay services are much more prominent in
the USA than Europe (with the notable exception of
Finland) and such services have been used in the AsiaPacific region.

General Packet Radio System (GPRS)

It is a technology for permitting mobile telephones and

other devices to access the Internet.

it is a packet-based system which enhances the capacity
of existing digital mobile networks by creating packets.
GPRS has data rates of 144 kilobits a second

General Packet Radio System (GPRS)

High speed Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)

It is used by public

telecommunications operators
to provide advanced services
to business premises using the
copper access cable.
Unlike (ADSL), it provides the
same bit rate in each direction,
operating at up to 2 megabits a
second.
Therefore it can be used for
Web/email hosting as well as
fast Internet access and other
applications.

Mesh systems
Wireless mesh networks are multi-hop systems in which

devices assist each other in transmitting packets through

the network, especially in adverse conditions.
They provide a reliable, flexible system that can be
extended to hundreds of devices over a wide
geographical area. What mesh networks have in
common is that any time mesh-enabled devices are in
close proximity to each other, they automatically create a
wireless mesh network.
On such systems, data can 'hop' up to 2 Km from
rooftop to rooftop.

Optical fibre
It involves the generation of light

signals by miniature lasers which

then travel along glass fibres to be
received by tiny diodes.
The main advantage of optical fibre is
the enormously greater capacity or
bandwidth.
Optical fibres are smaller, lighter, far
more reliable, are not affected by
electrical interference, and do not
cause interference with other
equipment
Optical fibre systems can carry
signals far greater distances without
the need for the signal to be boosted.
Cost of fibres usually of silica are low
but that of opto-electronic devices is
high.

SuperJANET
It was originally called the Joint

Academic Network (JANET).

Later it was developed into the
faster SuperJANET.
It is a data network linking
British universities and uses
(ATM) technology.
At most sites, the operating
speed is 10 Mbps but in some
cases access is only 4 Mbps
or as much as 16 Mbps.

Wi-Fi
This is a wireless

communications system
formally known as IEEE
802.11b.
It is also known as "wireless
Ethernet" or "Wi-Fi" (Wireless
Fidelity).
It operates in the 2.4 GHz
band and since this is low
power, the spectrum is
unlicensed.
Wi-Fi is a means of providing
wireless connectivity in an
office or a home for computers
(or other devices) within
around 50-100 metres (150300 feet) of a base station.

WiMax
Wireless communications
system based on a new
standard called IEEE 802.16a
It is supported by a group
called the World Interoperability for Microwave
Access (WIMAX). WiMax is a
wireless metropolitan area
network (MAN) technology
with a bandwidth of around 75
Mbps across a distance of
about 30 miles and operates
mainly in the 2.4, 3.5 and
5.8GHz range.

ZigBee
Like Wi-Fi, WiMax, this is a

wireless communications
system, but it is slower (250
kilobits a second) and has
shorter range than the other
systems
It requires less power (so
batteries can last up to 10
years).
It is designed for wireless
controls and sensors in the
home or office such as lights,
switches, doors and appliances.
It has the IEEE standard
802.15.4 and, like Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth, it operates at 2.4
GHz.

Designed And Presented by:

Armaghan Zafar
Syed Asad Ali Kazmi
Waseem Abbas
Section D
Electrical (Communication)
Main Campus UET Peshawar