WCDMA RAN Fundamental

WCDMA RAN Fundamental
N-0
WCDMA RAN
Fundamental
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission
N-1
Objectives
l
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

p
Describe feature of wireless propagation
Outline the advantage of CDMA principle
Characterize code sequence
Outline the fundamentals of RAN
Page1
N-2
Contents
1. CDMA Principle
2. WCDMA Fundamental
Page2
N-3
Contents
1. CDMA Principle
Page3
N-4
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal
Amplitude
Transmission Loss:
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time
Page4
A mobile communication channel is a multi-path fading channel and

any transmitted signal reaches a receive end by means of multiple
transmission paths, such as direct transmission, reflection, scatter, etc.
N-5
Propagation of Radio Signal

Signal at Transmitter
20
15
dBm
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Signal at Receiver
dB
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
Fading
Page5
N-6
Fading Categories
l
Fading Categories
p
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
Page6
Furthermore, with the moving of a mobile station, the signal amplitude, delay
and phase on various transmission paths vary with time and place. Therefore,
the levels of received signals are fluctuating and unstable and these multi-path
signals, if overlaid, will lead to fading. The mid-value field strength of Rayleigh
fading has relatively gentle change and is called Slow fading. And it conforms
to lognormal distribution.
N-7
Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

l
Multiple Access Technology

p
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Duplex Technology
p
Time division duplex (TDD)

Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Page7
In third generation mobile communication systems, TD-SCDMA adopts time

division duplex (TDD); WCDMA and cdma2000 adopt frequency division duplex
(FDD). WCDMA FDD mode has been consolidated with TD-SCDMA.
N-8
Multiple Access Technology

FDMA
TDMA
power
cy
en
qu
fre
tim
e
power
tim
CDMA
qu
fr e
en
cy
power
time
cy
frequen
Page8
Frequency Division Multiple Access means dividing the whole available

spectrum into many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each
channel can transmit one-way voice or control information. Analog cellular
system is a typical example of FDMA structure.
Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one bandwidth
is divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or called timeslot).
Each user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits signals within this
specified timeslot. Therefore, it is called time division multiple access. This
multiple access mode is adopted in both digital cellular system and GSM.
CDMA is a multiple access mode implemented by Spreading Modulation. Unlike

FDMA and TDMA, both of which separate the user information in terms of time
and frequency, CDMA can transmit the information of multiple users on a
channel at the same time. The key is that every information before transmission
should be modulated by different Spreading Code to broadband signal, then all
the signals should be mixed and send. The mixed signal would be demodulated
by different Spreading Code at the different receiver. Because all the Spreading
Code is orthogonal, only the information that was be demodulated by same
Spreading Code can be reverted in mixed signal.
N-9
Duplex Technology
Power
Time
USER 2
FDD
USER 1
UL
DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
UL
DL
TDD
DL
USER 2
USER 1
UL
Frequency
Page9
N-10
Contents
1. CDMA Principle
Page10
N-11
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Transmitter
Service
Signal
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel
Coding
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel
Decoding
Despreading
Transmission
Demodulation
Radio
Channel
Reception
Receiver
Page11
Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency.
Channel coding can make the transmission more reliably.
Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference.
Scrambling can make transmission in security.
Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital
signals.
Bit, Symbol, Chip

p
Bit : data after source coding
Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
Chip: data after spreading
N-12
Process Gain
l
Process Gain
Pr ocess Gain = 10 log(
chip rate
)
bit rate
Process gain differs for each service.
If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE

needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this
service will be smaller, vice versa.
Page12
For common services, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate of video
phone is 64kbps, and the highest packet service bit rate is 384kbps(R99). After
the spreading, the chip rate of different service all become 3.84Mcps.
N-13
WCDMA Source Coding

l
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech

p
A integrated speech codec with 8 source
CODEC
Bit Rate (kbps)
rates.
AMR_12.20
12.2 (GSM EFR)
The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the
AMR_10.20
10.2
RAN depending on the system load and
AMR_7.95
7.95
quality of the speech connections.
AMR_7.40
7.4 (TDMA EFR)
AMR_6.70
6.7 (PDC EFR)
AMR_5.90
5.9
Video Phone Service

p
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain.
AMR_5.15
5.15
Includes: video codec, speech codec, data
AMR_4.75
4.75
protocols, multiplexing and etc.
Page13
AMR is compatible with current mobile communication system (GSM, IS-95,

PDC and so on), thus, it will make multi-mode terminal design easier.
The AMR codec offers the possibility to adapt the coding scheme to the radio
channel conditions. The most robust codec mode is selected in bad propagation
conditions. The codec mode providing the highest source rate is selected in
good propagation conditions.
During an AMR communication, the receiver measures the radio link quality and
must return to the transmitter either the quality measurements or the actual
codec mode the transmitter should use during the next frame. That exchange
has to be done as fast as possible in order to better follow the evolution of the
channels quality.
N-14
WCDMA Channel Coding

l
Effect
p
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when

interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types
p
No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
Code Block
of N Bits
No Coding
Uncoded N bits
1/2 Convolutional
Coding
Coded 2N+16 bits
1/3 Convolutional
Coding
Coded 3N+24 bits
1/3 Turbo Coding
Coded 3N+12 bits
Page14
During the transmission, there are many interferences and fading. To

guarantee reliable transmission, system should overcome these influence
through the channel coding which includes convolution and interleaving.
The first is convolution that is used for anti-interference. Through the

technology, many redundant bits will be inserted in original information. When
error code is caused by interference, the redundant bits can be used to recover
the original information.
In WCDMA network, both Convolution code and Turbo code are used.
Convolution code applies to voice service while Turbo code applies to high rate
data service.
N-15
WCDMA Interleaving
l
Effect
p
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits
0010000 ... 10111
Inter-column
permutation
0
0
...
...
0
1 0
0 ...
... ... ...
... ... 1
1 1 1
0
0
...
...
0
1
0
...
...
1
0
0
0
0
...
...
1
0
...
...
1
1
Interleaving periods:
10, 20, 40, or 80 ms
000101001011
Output bits
Page15
In channel coding , there is another technology named interleaving.

Communications over radio channel are characterized by fast fading that can
cause large numbers of consecutive errors. Most coding schemes perform
better on random data errors than on blocks of errors. By interleaving the data,
no two adjacent bits are transmitted near to each other, and the data errors are
randomized.
N-16
Correlation (1)
l
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
Identical and Orthogonal signals:

+1
C1
-1
C2
+1
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1
Correlation = 1
Identical signals
-1
+1
C1
+1
-1
C2
1 1 1 1
+1
+1
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
Correlation = 0
Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1
-1
Page16
Correlation is used to measure similarity of any two arbitrary signals. It is

computed by multiplying the two signals and then summing (integrating) the
result over a defined time windows. The two signals of figure (a) are identical
and therefore their correlation is 1 or 100 percent. In figure (b) , however, the
two signals are uncorrelated, and therefore knowing one of them does not
provide any information on the other.
N-17
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding

UE1:
UE1:
11
11
UE2:
UE2:
1
1
1
1
CC1 ::
1
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
CC22::
1
11
11
11
1 1
11
11
11
1
UE1
UE1
c1
c1
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
UE2c2
UE2c2
1
11
11
11
1 1
11
11
11
1
UE1
UE1
c1
c1
UE2
UE2
c2
c2
22 00
22 00
22 00
22 00
Page17
By spreading, each symbol is multiplied with all the chips in the orthogonal
sequence assigned to the user. The resulting sequence is processed and is
then transmitted over the physical channel along with other spread symbols. In
this figure, 4-digit codes are used. The product of the user symbols and the
spreading code is a sequence of digits that must be transmitted at 4 times the
rate of the original encoded binary signal.
N-18
Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding

UE1
UE1
CC11
UE2
UE2
CC22::
22 00
22 00
22 00
22 00
UE1
UE1Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc1:
c1:
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result:
22 00
22 00
22 00
22 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment:
44(means
(means
1)
1)
44(means
(means
1)
1)
UE2
UE2Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc2:
c2:
1
11
1 1
11
1 1
11
1 1
11
1
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result:
2
2 00 2
2 00 2
2 00 2
2 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment:
4
4(means1)
(means1) 4
4(means1)
(means1)
Page18
The receiver dispreads the chips by using the same code used in the transmitter.
Notice that under no-noise conditions, the symbols or digits are completely
recovered without any error. In reality, the channel is not noise-free, but CDMA
system employ Forward Error Correction techniques to combat the effects of
noise and enhance the performance of the system.
When the wrong code is used for dispreading, the resulting correlation yields an
average of zero. This is a clear demonstration of the advantage of the
orthogonal property of the codes. Whether the wrong code is mistakenly used
by the target user or other users attempting to decode the received signal, the
resulting correlation is always zero because of the orthogonal property of codes.
N-19
WCDMA Channelization Code

l
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)
SF = chip rate / symbol rate

p
High data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code

Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1, -1)

Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
Page19
Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed of 1, repeating

the 1 horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the -1 diagonally. This
process is to be continued with the newly generated block until the desired
codes with the proper length are generated. Sequences created in this way are
referred as Walsh code.
Spreading code uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of different
subscriber physical channels. OVSF can be defined as the code tree illustrated
in the following diagram.
Spreading code is defined as Cch SF, k,, where, SF is the spreading factor of
the code, and k is the sequence of code, 0kSF-1. Each level definition
length of code tree is SF spreading code, and the left most value of each
spreading code character is corresponding to the chip which is transmitted
earliest.
N-20
Purpose of Channelization Code

l
For uplink, Channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different

physical channels of one connection
For downlink, Channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different

connections in a cell
Radio bearer**
SF
Radio bearer**
SF
Speech 4.75 UL
128
Speech 4.75 DL
256
Speech 12.2 UL
64
Speech 12.2 DL
128
Data 64 kbps UL
16
Data 64 kbps DL
32
Data 128 kbps UL
Data 128 kbps DL
16
Data 144 kbps UL
Data 144 kbps DL
16
Data 384 kbps UL
Data 384 kbps DL
Data 2048 kbps UL
Data 2048 kbps DL
Speech 12.2 + Data 64 kbps UL
16
Speech 12.2 + Data 64 kbps DL
32
** With 3.4 kbps Signaling

Page20
For voice service (AMR), downlink SF is 128, it means there are 128 voice
services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier;
For Video Phone (64k packet data) service, downlink SF is 32, it means there
are 32 voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier.
N-21
Correlation (2)
l
Cross Correlation: related to the multi-user interference characteristic

S1(t)
S2(t)
Auto Correlation: related to the multi-path interference characteristic
S1(t)
Time Delay
S1(t+t)
Page21
N-22
WCDMA Scrambling Code Gold Sequence

l
Scrambling codes Properties

p
38 400 chip long sequences
Repeated every 10 ms
Coming from Pseudo Noise sequences
For uplink, Scrambling code (Gold sequence) is used to separate different

connection
For downlink, Scrambling code (Gold sequence) is used to separate different cell
clong,1,n
LSB
MSB
clong,2,n
scrambling sequence generator
Page22
Gold sequence is made by two m sequence.
m sequence is generate by a series of shift-registers, and the period is 2n-1,

here n is the length of the shift-registers.
N-23
Code Multiplexing
l
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code
NodeB
Channelization code 1
User 1 signal
User 2 signal
User 3 signal
Page23
N-24
Code Multiplexing
l
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal
Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
NodeB
User 2 signal
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal
Page24
N-25
Spreading and Despreading

Correlation at a CDMA receiver
Symbol
Data
-1
Chip
Spreading
1
Spreading code
-1
Spreading signal
=Datacode
1
-1

Despreading
1
Known code
at receiver
-1
1
Data
=Spreadingcode
-1
Page25
Suppose bit sequence modulated with BPSK is adopted for the subscriber data,
with a rate of R, then 1 value is adopted for the bit of subscriber data.
The spreading here means to multiply each subscriber data bit with the
spreading code chip including N bits..Assume N=8,then data rate after
spreading will be 8R, with same random attribute as the spreading code.We
name its spreading factor as 8. And the broad band signal obtained after
spreading will be sent to the receiving end via the radio channel.
As the product of signal rate and factor 8 equals to the bandwidth spreading of
subscriber data signal,CDMA system is also called the spreading system.
During dispreading, the spread subscriber data will be multiplied, bit duration by
bit duration, with the same 8 code chips that are used during the spreading of
these bits.If only excellent synchronization can be realized between the spread
subscriber signal and the despreading code, can the subscriber bit sequence be
retrieved.The despreading operation restores the signal bandwidth to the
original value R.
N-26
Spreading and Despreading

Desired signal
1
Desired spreading
signal
-1
1
Spreading code
-1
Data after
despreading
1
-1
Data after
integration
Correlation with incorrect code
8
-8
Other users
signal
Other spreading
signal
Other signal after
despreading
1
-1
8
-8
Other signal after

integration
Page26
During the process of receiving the expected correct signal that belongs to the
subscriber, complete synchronous despreading codes are adopted for the
despreading operation. After obtaining the despreading data, the correlation
receiver integrates the resulting products, then get the integration data.
Signals of other subscribers using different spreading codes are actually the
interference signals to the first subscriber. In this case, multiply the signals and
the despreading code of the first subscriber to get the despreading signal, and
then perform integration. Finally, an interference signal with a signal value
fluctuating along with 0 will be got. It can be viewed that the signal amplitude of
the subscriber increases by 8 times than that of the other interference systems
in average. That is to say, the correlation detection increases the expected
subscriber signal by the multiple of spreading factor value within the
interference of CDMA system. This effect is called Processing Gain, and it is
the basic characteristic of the spreading system. Elementarily, this kind of
correlation receivers are adopted for the BTS and UE in the WCDMA system.
Because the existence of multi-path propagation and multi receiving antennas,
multiple correlation receivers are necessary for retrieving the signal energy from
all the paths or antennas. And the collection of these correlation receivers forms
the CDMA RAKE receiver.
N-27
Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input
0
time
Basic steady radio

wave:
carrier = A.cos(2Ft+)
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2Ft+)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2 Ft+)
Phase Shift Keying:
A.cos(2Ft+)
Page27
N-28
Modulation Overview
l
Digital Modulation - BPSK

1
10
Information
signal
t
NRZ coding
Digital Input
t
-1
High Frequency
Carrier
Carrier
10
BPSK Waveform
=0 = =0
fo
Modulated
BPSK
signal
BPSK
Page28
N-29
Modulation Review
l
Digital Modulation - QPSK

NRZ Input
-1
5
1
-1
7
1
10
-1
-1
I di-Bit Stream
-1
-1
-1
Q di-Bit Stream
-1
-1
-1
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1
10
Page29
QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying . Phase shift keying in which four
different phase angles are used.
N-30
Modulation Review
A
NRZ
coding
Acos( ot)
I(t)
fo
QPSK
90o
NRZ
coding
A
QPSK
Q(t)
Acos( ot + /2)
: A 2 cos( o + )
/4
-1
7/4
-1
3/4
-1
-1
5/4
Page30
N-31
Demodulation
l
QPSK Constellation Diagram

1
1,-1
-1,-1
-1
-1
10
QPSK Waveform
1,1
NRZ Output
-1,1
-1
-1,1
-1
Page31
-1
N-32
Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Combiner
Receive set
The
combined
signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
Searcher correlator
s(t)
s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
Page32
The RAKE receiver is a technique which uses several baseband correlators to

individually process multipath signal components. The outputs from the different
correlators are combined to achieve improved reliability and performance.
When WCDMA systems were designed for cellular systems, the inherent widebandwidth signals with their orthogonal Walsh functions were natural for
implementing a RAKE receiver. In WCDMA system, the bandwidth is wider than
the coherence bandwidth of the cellular. Thus, when the multi-path components
are resolved in the receiver, the signals from each tap on the delay line are
uncorrelated with each other. The receiver can then combine them using any of
the combining schemes. The WCDMA system then uses the multi-path
characteristics of the channel to its advantage to improve the operation of the
system.
N-33
Principle of RAKE Receiver

l
The RAKE receiver take advantage of multi-path diversity
The RAKE receiver processes the received signal

p
Identify the time delay positions at which significant energy arrives
Allocate correlation receivers (RAKE fingers) to those peaks
Within each Rake finger, track the fast-changing phase and amplitude values
Adjust the phase, remove the values originating from fast-fading
Combine the demodulated and phase-adjusted symbols across all active

fingers
Present them to the decoder for further processing
This processing is called Maximal Ratio Combining
Page33
N-34
Demodulation
Rake receiver
Frequency
translation
Matched
filter
Finger
combination
Despreading
Delay (n)
Delay (1)
Fi
Estimated
chips
Symbol
decision
-1,1
1,1
-1,-1
1,-1
x
Delay (0)
Page34
N-35
Thank you
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WCDMA RAN Fundamental

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WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission