CHNG V: DAO NG DA HI ( Multivibrator)

Trong chng ny ta s kho st cc dng mch to xung, gi chung l dao ng a hi, nh mch
bistable, Schmitt trigger, monostable, astable dng BJT, opamp ,vi mch nh thi 555 v vi mch s .
5.1:
Dao ng a hi BJT :
5.1.1: Mch hai trng thi bn (bistable):
Hnh 5.1 l mch bistable ghp C-B.Mch chia thnh hai
v ging nhau, Q1Q2 cng m s, Rc phn cc C v l in tr ti;
R1 to vng hi tip ti sinh ghp t cc C BJT ny sang cc B
BJT kia; C B t rt nhanh lm tng tc p ng; R2 r dng I B
v dn phn cc Q off t ngun VBB ( c th ni masse thay cho
ngun - V BB ).
Hot ng: Khi mi cp ngun cho mch, d 2 BJT
hon ton ging nhau, nhng s c mt BJT dn trc, 1 BJT
Hnh 5.1: Mch bistable ghp C.B
dn sau.Ta gi s Q1 dn trc, dng I C1 tng lm VC1 gim,qua

R1 // C B lm VB 2 gim, dn n Q2 dn yu. Q2 dn yu lm IC2 gim nn VC2 tng,hi tip ti sinh qua

R1//CB lm VB1 tng,Q1 dn mnh ..Qu trnh c th tip tc lm Q1 bo ha Q2 tt.
Q1 bo ha :
VCE1 VCES 0V
Q2 off:
VCE 2 VCC
y l mt trng thi bn ca mch lun gi vng nh vy cho n khi c tc ng mi.
By gi mun i trng thi ca mch,ta cho mt xung kch vo cc B Q1 hay cc B Q2.Gi s ta
mun kch xung vo cc B Q2,do Q2 ang off,nn phi kch xung dng vo cc B Q2 chuyn Q2 sang
on.Khi c xung dng kch vo B Q2 m bo sao cho VBE2V,Q2 bt u dn,IC2 tng lm VC1 gim v
hi tip ti sinh qua R1// CB lm VB2 tng,Q2 dn cng mnhQu trnh c th tip tc lm Q2 bo ha,Q1
off.
Q2 bo ha :
VCE 2 VCES 0V
VCE1 VCC
Q1 off:
y l trng thi bn th hai lun lun gi vng nhng vy cho n khi c tc ng mi.
Nh vy mch lun lun mt trng thi bn 1BJT bo ha, 1BJT off cho n khi c xung kch vo
lm mch chuyn sang trng thi bn th hai BJT t tt sang bo ha v BJT t bo ha sang tt. Ta thy ch
cn a xung kch ban u vo mch chuyn trng thi dn ca 1 BJT, khng cn duy tr xung kch, mch
s t chuyn trng thi nh vo cc vng hi tip ti sinh ghp gia C-B cc BJT.
V d 5.1:
Cho mch bistable nh hnh 5.1: VCC 12V ,VBB 12V , RC 2,2 K ,

R1 15 K , R2 100K , Q1 Q1 (si ) c 20. Chng minh 1 BJT bo ha v BJT kia tt. Tnh cc gi
tr dng in , in p xc lp trn cc nhnh ca mch.
Gii : Gi s Q1 bo ha, Q2 off, ta c mch tng ng nh hnh 5.2.

a)
b)
Hnh 5.2: Cc gi tr dng,p trn cc nhnh mch bistable ghp C-B
Ta chng minh Q2 off, Q1 sat. B qua I CBO , tm VB 2 h
Ct ti cc B Q2 :
Gio trnh k thut xung

R2
R1
VCES
VBB
R1 R2
R1 R2
R1
15
VCES 0 VB 2 h
12 1,56V Q2 off
VBB
R1 R2
15 100
chng minh Q1 sat, tm I C1 , I B1 , v kim chng I C1 I B1

VB 2 h =

I C1 I RC I 1
V VCES 12
I RC CC

5,45mA
RC
2,2
V VBB
VBB
12
I1 CES

0,1mA
R1 R2
R1 R 2 15 100
I C1 5,45 0,1 5,35mA

I B1 I 3 I 4
VCC VBES 12 0,8

0,65mA
R1 RC
15 2,2
V VBB 0,8 12
I 4 BES

0,13mA
R2
100
I B1 0,65 0,13 0,52mA
I B1 20 0,52 10,4mA I C1 5,35mA
Thit k mch bistable ghp C B :
Do tnh cht i xng ca mch, ch cn thit k trn mt trng thi v d Q1 sat Q2 off.
T hnh 5.3a ta tnh iu kin sat:
V
V
I CS CC RC CC (5.1)
RC
I CS
V VBES VBES VBB I CS
(5.2)
I BS I1 I 2 CC

RC R1
R2
I3

a)

b)
Hnh 5.3: Thit k mch biatable ghp C-B
T hnh 5.3b, tnh iu kin off :
I 4 I 3 I CBO
VBEoff VBB VCES VBEOff

I CBO (5.3)
R2
R1
T (5.2)& (5.3) gii ra c R1 , R2 .
Chn R1 nh hn gi tr tnh v R2 ln hn gi tr tnh s d m bo iu kin bo ha.
V BEoff chn 0,1V i vi lai n-p-n v VBBoff 0,1V i vi loi p-n-p. Trng hp
Lu :

VBB 0, chn VBEoff V .

Gio trnh k thut xung

Kho st mch bistable ghp cc E nh hnh 5.4.

V c bn, mch bistable ghp cc E cng tng t nh mch bistable
ghp C-B, tuy nhin 2 cc E ghp chung qua R E xung masse,v mch
khng cn dng ngun - VBB . RE chnh l vng hi tip ti sinh cng vi
R1 // C B trong qu trnh giao hon s nhanh chng p 1BJT sat v BJT
cn li off. Ngoi ra RE cn to 1 p dng VE m bo 1BJT off
vi V BEoff 0 nn khng cn dng ngun m .

c im ca mch bistable ghp cc E so vi mch ghp B-C.

Ch cn cp ngun n cng p BJT off vi VBEoff 0 Hnh 5.4: Mch bistable ghp EC
Giao hon nhanh tc cao do BJT khng bo ha su
C th cho mt ng xung kch vo cc E chuyn trng thi mch
Mc p thp khng bng khng nn kh ghp vi tng sau hot ng giao hon
Bin xung kch cao.
Thit k mch bistable ghp E chung:
cc

cc

On

Off
Bs1

BE off

On

E
2

b)
Hnh 5.5: Thit k mch bistable ghp E chung

VC V N , Q off

CES

BES

BES

iu kin sat:
Q sat :

cc

a)

CBO

c)

VC VCC

bin thin p: V VCC V N

RC RE

VCC VCES VCC

I CS
I CS

1
I ES I CS I BS I CS 1 I CS

VE VN VCES VCC V VCES
VE
V
E
I ES I CS
T (5.4) suy ra Rc.
I BS I 1 I 2
RE

I CS

VCC V BES VE VBES VE

RC R1
R2

iu kin off:
I 4 I 3 I CBO
VBEoff VE VCES VBEoff

I CBO
R2
R1
T (5.7) & (5.8) suy ra R1 & R2 .
Gio trnh k thut xung

(5.4)

(5.5)
(5.6)

(5.7)

(5.8)

V d 5.2:
Thit k mch bistable ghp E chung vi cc thng s sau:
VCC 15V , V 10V , Qi ( Si) I CS 20mA, 15, I CBO 0,VBEOff 0,5V
VCC 15

750
I CS
20
V VCES 15 10 0,2 4,5V

Gii :

RC RE

VE VCC
I
20
I BS CS
1,3mA

15
I ES I CS I BS 20 1,3 21,3mA
VE
4,8

220
I ES 21,3
RC 750 220 530 510
Thit lp h phng trnh :
V V E V BES VE VBES
I BS CC

RC R1
R2
(1)
VBEOff VE VCES VBEOff

I CBO
R2
R2
RE

1,33

15 4,8 0,8 4,8 0,8

9,4
5,6

R2
0,53 R1
0,53 R1 R2

(2)

0,5 4,8 0,2 0,5

R2
R1
1,33

9,4
5,6

0,53 R1 R2

(3)

4,3 0,7

R2
R1
Gii ra c
R1 5,6 K , R2 33K
Tnh ton t rt nhanh

a).
Hnh 5.6: Mch tng ng tnh CB
Hnh 5.6 l mch tng ng tnh t rt nhanh, n gin ta b qua cc in dung vo ra BJT.
Ro l tng tr ra BJT on ( gm c RC)
Ri l tng tr vo ca BJT on ( Ri rbb ' )
Hnh 5.6a l mch tnh thi gian giao hon Q1off on
Thi hng ca mch : R1 // R2 R0 C B R1 // R2 C B do R0 R2
Hnh 6.6b l mch tnh thi gian giao hon Q2 on off :
Gio trnh k thut xung

Thi hng ca mch : ' R1 // R2 // Ri RC C B R1 // Ri RC C B R1 // RC C B

do Ri R2 vRi RC .
Thc t RC R 2 nn '
Do hng s thi gian p ng ca mch cao nht ca mch
RR
(5.9)
1 2 CB
R1 R2
T cng thc trn ta c th tnh gn ng tn s cao nht f max m mch c th p ng c.
Gi s vi thi gian T 2 , mi p ng qu tt, mch bt u xc lp.
R R2
1
Nh vy:
(5.10)
f max
1
2 2 R1 R2 C B
Thc t cn phi k n cc in dung tip gip ca BJT. Vn tnh ton chnh xc C B kh phc
tp. y ta a ra phng php tnh ton C B da trn in tch tch tr. Gi QBS l in tch tch tr trn
cc B khi Q sat, I BS l dng I B bo ha.
Thi gian tch tr in tch mch cc B :
Q
(5.11)
B BS
I BS
Chn thi hng RC B , ( R R1 // R2 ) bng vi thi gian tch tr B .
Q
Suy ra
RC B B BS
I BS
Q
(5.12)
C B BS
I BS R
Thc t gi tr C B thng c chn bng thc nghim vi chc pF trm pF.
Kch khi mch bistable (trigger)
Nh phn hot ng cp, khi mun mch bistable o trng thi, ta phi cho xung kch vo
mch thay i trng thi mch.
Nguyn tc kch c tm tt nh sau:
C th kch QOFF QOn hoc QOn QOFF , kch vo cc B hay cc E (mch EC)
Kch cc B :
OFF ON

ON OFF

Xung

Xung ()

Xung ()

Xung

NPN

PNP

Kch cc E ( mch

EC )

NPN xung
PNP xung ()
+ Kch i xng : xung kch a n c hai v ca mch cng mi thi im
+ Kch khng i xng : xung kch ch kch 1 v ca mch.
Hnh 5.7 l cc mch kch khng i xng .

a)

b)
Hnh 5.7 Cc dng mch kch khng i xng.

Gio trnh k thut xung

c)

Hnh 5.8 l mch kch i xng thng dng mch bistable.

Mch kch gm 1 ngun to xung v mch vi phn RC to gai,
D ct b gai v thng gai () a vo cc B BJT. Nh vy kch
mch trng thi Qon off . Ta gi s Q1 sat , Q2 off .
Khi Q1 sat VC1 VCES 0V , xem nh im (4) ni masse
v mch C1 R tr thnh mch vi phn. Gai dng b diode D1 ct
v gai m qua D1 kch cc B Q1 lm Q1 chuyn t on sang off.
Cng thi im , Q2 off ,VC 2 VCC nn phn cc nghch
kh su D2 , do gai m cng khng th dn qua D2 kch vo
BQ2 , cc BQ2 , hon ton cch ly vi xung kch.
Tng t,khi Q2 on , Q1 off, gai m s qua D2 kch cc
BQ2 , lm Q2 chuyn t on off . Q1 cch ly vi xung kch.
Hnh 5.10 minh ha dng sng ti cc im 1,2,3,4 trn
hnh 5.8. Thc t cc gai trn hnh 5.10 b,c rt kh thy do BJT
o trng thi rt nhanh. Vi xung kch ng vo chu k Ti, dng
sng ng ra cc C1 ,C 2 s l xung vung i xng chu k 2 Ti.
Mch bistable c ng dng trong cc mch chia i
tn s, to xung vung i xng v l mch cn bn trong cc
b trigger FF.

Hnh 5.8: Kch khi mch i xng

Hnh 5.9: Mch kch Q1 t on off

t

5.1.2: Mch Schmitt trigger:

Mt dng mch bistable khc vi hot ng c bit
hn cn gi l mch Schmitt trigger hnh 5.11.
VS l tn hiu vo c dng bt k.Khi bin VS cn b
Q1 off,VC1=VCC v Q2 on:
V0 VCC I CS 2 RC 2 .

Khi bin V S tng ti gi tr V1 V VE 2 ,Q1 bt

t
u dn,VC1 gim,hi tip qua R1,R2 lm VBE2 gim dn n
Q2 dn yu,IC2 gim lm IE2 gim dn n VE2 gim.
t
iu ny dn n VBE1 tng lm Q1 dn mnh... Qu trnh Hnh 5.10: Dng sng ti cc im hnh 5.8
c th tip tc cho n khi Q1 dn hon ton v Q2 off .
+V
R
Q1 c th dn ch ng tng tc lm vic ca mch.
C
R
Nu li vng (loopgain) ca ton mch < 1 vic
R
giao hon Q2 t on off s ko di nh hnh 5.12a.
+
Q1
+
Q2
mch giao hon nhanh, ta tng li vng ln ( bng cch
V R
V
tng Rc hay t s phn p R1 , R2 chng hn ). Khi li vng
R
R
bng 1 dc tng v hn ,mch chuyn trng thi tc thi.
Khi cho li vng >1, dc s b o chiu nh hnh 5.12b
Khi V S tng n V1 , Q2 t on off , VO VCC , nu tng V S
Hnh 5.11: Mch Schmitt trigger
na,mch vn gi trng thi nh vy. By gi gim VS v n
V0
gi tr VS V2 V1 , Q2 mi t off on , VO VCC I CS 2 RC 2 .
cc

C2

C1

Khi VS V vi V2 V V1 , mch c th hai trng

V0

thi bn khc nhau, hoc im a, Q2 off ,VO VCC ,

hoc im c, Q2 on o VCC RC 2 I CS 2 .Cn im b
l im khng n nh.
0
Vng tr:
Hnh 5.13 minh ha p ng ng ra o theo V S
khi li vng>1. Ta thy khi VS V1 Q2 on off
v V S V 2 Q2 off on .
Gio trnh k thut xung

Vcc

Vcc

Vcc -ics2Rc2

Vcc -ics2Rc2
V1

a)

VS

V2 V V1

VS

b)
Hnh 5.12: p ng theo li vng

T trong mch xut hin 1 vng tr trong qu trnh

giao hon c nh ngha:
VH V1 V2
(5.13)
trong :
V1 UTP : im kch trn (upper triggered point)
V2 LTP : im kch di (lower triggered point)
Vng tr c xc nh qua RC1 , t s phn p R1 R2
Mun iu chnh vng tr, ta c th thay i RC1 , R1 , R2

VS
V1

V2

0
Q1On Q1Off
Q2 Off Q2On

V0

Vcc
hoc c th thm RE 1 ni tip cc E Q1 ,hoc thm
R E 2 ni tip cc E Q2 iu chnh loop gain nh s
Vcc -ics Rc
thy trong v d 5.3.
t
Phn tch : T hnh 5.11 ta tm biu thc tnh V1 ,V2 .
Hnh 5.13: p ng ng ra c vng tr
1) Tnh V1 UTP : Q1off , Q2 on
p dng nh l Thevenine ti cc B Q2 :
R2
(5.14)
V '
VCC
RC1 R1 R2
R ( R R1 )
(5.15)
Rb 2 C1
RC1 R1 R2
Q2 c th bo ha hay ch ng
n gin cho : I C 2 I B 2
2

I E 2 I C 2 I B 2 ( 1) I B 2
p dng nh lut K 2 cho vng kn mch BEQ2

V 'VBE 2 Rb R E 1I B 2
VE I E 2 RE ( 1) I B 2 R E
RE ( 1)
VE (V 'V BE 2 )
Rb RE ( 1)
V1 V E V 1

Suy ra:
Nu

RE ( 1) Rb , ta n gin c:
V1 V 'V BE 2 V 1

Vi Q2 (Si) ta c :

Hnh 5.14: Tnh UTP

(5.16)

(5.17)
(5.18)
(5.19)

V BE 2 0,7V (Q2 sat ),V 1 0,5V

(5.20)
V 1 V '0,2V
(5.20) cho thy gi tr V1 v RE , nhit nn vic thay BJT rt d dng !
2) Tnh V2 LTP : Q1 on, Q2 off
p dng nh l Thevenine ti cc C Q1 :
C1
R1 R2
C1
(5.21)
Vt
VCC
S
RC1 R1 R2
1
On
C1
+
RC1 ( R1 R2 )
B1
(5.22)
R
RC 1 R1 R2
S
2
R2
(5.23)
VB 2
VC1 VC1
R1 R2
p dng nh lut K 2 cho vng kn mch BE Q2:
Hnh 5.15: Tnh LTP
(5.24)
VC1 V 2 ( I B1 I C1 ) RE 0

cc

C2

Off

+
-

E1

Vi VC1 Vt I C1 R, I C1 I B1 , thay vo (5.24) vi ch V trong (5.14),ta c:

Vt V 2
V 'V 2

I C1
(5.25)
R RE ' R RE '
Gio trnh k thut xung


1
vi RE ' RE 1

(5.26)

V2 I B1 RS VBE1 ( I C1 I B1 ) RE VBE1 I C1 R E ' S

R ' RS
V2 VBE1 E
(V 'V 2 )
(5.27)
R RE '
R
Thc t 1, RE ' RE v S RE

(5.27) c n gin thnh:

RE
(5.28)
V2 VBE1
(V 'V 2 )
R RE
V d 5.3:
Mch Schmitt trigger nh hnh 5.11 vi cc thng s :
VCC 12V , Q1Q2 (Si) 30, RC1 4 K , RC 2 1K , RS 1K , R1 2 K , R2 6 K v RE 3K .
a) Tnh UTP v LTP.
b) Ni tip RE 1 vo EQ1 , tm RE 1 trit tiu vng tr VH 0 .
c) Ni tip RE 2 vo EQ2 , tm RE 2 VH 0 .
Gii:
a) Tnh UTP v LTP:
R2
6
V '
VCC
12 6V
RC1 R1 R2
426
R ( R R1 ) 6(4 2)
Rb 2 C 1

3K
RC1 R1 R2 4 6 2
RE ( 1) 3(30 1) 93K Rb 3K nn:
RE ( 1)
3 31
VE (V 'VBE 2 )
(6 0,7)
5,2V ( Q2 bo ha)
Rb RE ( 1)
3 3 31
V1 V E V 1 5,2 0,5 7,5V

R2
6

0,75
R1 R2 2 6
R ( R R2 ) 4(2 6)
R1 C1 1

2,67 K
RC1 R1 R2 4 2 6
R 0,75 2,67 2 K
RE
V2 VBE1
(V 'V 2 ) ( Q1 ch ng)
R RE
3
= 0,6V
(6 0,5) 4V
23

t
C2
C1
S

C1

On

Off

E1

E1

b) Tnh RE 1 :
Khi thm RE1 ni tip EQ1 , mc UTP khng
Hnh 5.16: RE1 lm tng LTP
thay i v khi tnh V1, Q1off , Q2 on nn khng c dng qua RE 1 . RE 1 ch nh hng n mc
LTP, c th l lm tng LTP khi Q1on, Q2 off . VH 0 , RE 1 c tnh sao cho p ri trn
RE 1 chnh l VH V1 V2 .
Ta c:

I C1
Gio trnh k thut xung

V1 V2
V1 V2

I E1

1
1 I C1

V 'V 2
6 0,5

1,08mA
R R' E 2 3,1

R E1

RE1

5,7 4
1,5 K
1

1 1,08
30

c) Tnh R E 2 :
Khi thm RE 2 ni tip EQ2 , mc LTP khng nh hng, v khi tnh LTP Q1on, Q2 off .
RE 2 ch nh hng n V1 UTP khi Q2 on , c th l gim UTP.
Cng ging nh trn, RE 2 c tnh sao cho RE 2 bng VH V1 V2
cc
p dng nh lut K 2 cho vng kn mch BEQ2 :
C2

IC2

V ' Rb
VBE 2 ( RE 2 RE ) 1 I C 2

3
1

I C 2 0,8 ( R2 3) 1 I C 2
hay 6
30
30
5,2
IC2
(1,033RE 2 3,20)

C2
S

b
1

Off

On

B2

E2

E2

1
5,2
1

VE1 I E 2 .RE I C 2 1 RE
1 .3
(1,03RE 2 3,20) 30

16,7
=
(1,03RE 2 3.20)
V1 VE1 V 1 V2 4V VH 0

Hnh 5.17: RE 2 lm gim VTP

VE1 V 2 V 1

16,7
4 0,5 3,5
1,03R E 2 3.20
RE 2 1,5K
C th thay i R S trit tiu vng tr : Khi tng RS V1 UTP khng nh hng v khi
Q1off , RS ch nh hng ti LTP khi Q1off , c th l tng LTP. tm RS ta cho V2 V1 .
Tuy nhin nu tng R1 cao qu c th lm li vng <1 v mch s kh giao han.
Thit k mch Schmitt trigger:
Cc thng s bit: VCC , UTP, LTP, I C1 , I C 2 , .
hay

cc

C2

C1

n gin cho Q1Q2 sat . Q1off , Q2 sat I C 2 I E 2

VE 2 UTP V RE I C 2
RE
RC 2

RC 2

VE 2
IC2

V VCES
RE CC
IC2
( RC 2 R E ) R E

C2
S

B2

(5.29)

off

2Sat
2

E2

E2

(5.30)
(5.31)

cc
C2

C1

I1 I 2 I B 2
VCC (VBES VE 2 ) VBES VE 2 I C 2
(5.32)

RC1 R1
R2

Q1 sat , Q2 off : I E1 I C 1

LTP VE1 V BES VE1 LTP VBES

V
(5.33)
I C1 E 1
RE
V VCES
V VCES
RC1 RE CC
RC1 CC
RE
I C1
I C1

Gio trnh k thut xung

C1

C1
S

B2

1 Sat

2off
2

BES -

E1
E

E1

Hnh 5.18
(5.34)

VB 2 V VE1

R2
VC1
R1 R2

R2
(5.35)
(VCC I C1 RC1 )
R1 R2
T (5.32).(5.34),(5.35) tnh c R1 , R2
5.1.3: Mch 01 trng thi bn (Monostable)
1). Mch monostable ghp cc B-C
Khi ngun n nh, mch trng thi Q2 sat
(do R dn dng I B 2 ) v Q1off . VC 2 VCES ,VC1 VCC
y l mt trng thi bn, ch o trng thi khi ta tc
ng xung kch vo mch.Gi s kch mt xung m vo cc BQ2 : Hnh 5.19: Mch monostable ghp C-B
Q2 dn yu lm I C 2 gim, dn n VC 2 tng.Hi tip ti sinh qua
V VE1

R1 // C1 lm VB 2 tng, Q1 bt u dn, I C1 tng lm VC 1 gim, hi tip ti sinh qua C lm VB 2 gim v Q2

dn cng yu... Qu trnh tip tc khi cho n khi Q1 bo ha, Q2 off .
+Vcc

cc

1
Sat

RC1

+
in

+
i

Q1
Off

VB2 Q2

Sat

B2

CES

a) C np khi Q1 sat

b) C x khi Q2 sat
Hnh 5.20: Qu trnh np x C
Khi Q1 bo ha VCE1 VCES , Q2 off VC 2 VCC . Khi Q1 sat, VC 1 gim t VCC xung VCES nn lm
VB 2 gim 1 lng nh vy dn n VB 2 m. C np t ngun VCC qua R v CEQ1 theo thi hng RC.
Sau thi gian T, VB 2 V kch Q2 dn tr li v hi tip ti sinh qua R1 // C1 , C s lm mch o
trng thi Q1off ,VC1 VCC , Q2 sat , VC 2 VCES .
Tuy nhin khi Q1 off , cc C Q1 s c vt l ' v qua C lm V B 2 c vt l , Q2 dn vi
dng I ' B 2 , C x qua tip gip BEQ2 , masse, ngun VCC v RC 1 . Nh vy VC 1 s tng t t ln VCC qua thi
hng ' CRC1 .
Tnh thi gian mono T v vt l :
Ti t=0 - , Q1 off , Q2 sat , in p tch trn C

VC (0 ) V A VCC VBES
p dng hng v cc CQ1 .
Ti t 0 : Q1 sat , Q2 off , thay mch CEQ1 bng ngun VCES .

T hnh 5.22c tm c biu thc VB 2 v ch V B 2 (T ) V

ta tm c :
2V VBES VCES
T RC ln CC
(5.36)
VCC V
Vi gi s VCC VBES ,VCES ,V n gin (5.36) thnh:
(5.37)
T RC ln 2 0,69 RC

0
BES

Vcc -

BES

VC1
Vcc

CES

VC2

Vcc

C1

CES

Hnh 5.21: Cc dng sng mch monostable

hnh 5.19
Gio trnh k thut xung

10

+
-

cc
CES

+
-

B2

a) Khi Q1off

b) Khi Q1 sat
c) Mch tng ng tnh T
Hnh 5.22: Mch tng ng tnh T

Khi Q1off c vt l ' ti cc CQ1 v qua C lm VB 2 c

vt l .Ti thi im Q2 on v xut hin dng I ' B 2 .
Mch tng ng khi Q2 sat l rbb v ngun VBES .
Do R RC1 xem nh dng I ' B 2 ghp qua RC1 , C , rbb ' .
T gin xung hnh 5.21, ta c:
(5.38)
I ' B 2 rbb ' VBES V

' VCC I ' B 2 RC1 VCES

RC rbb '
rbb '
(VCC VCES VBES V )
V BES V
RC rbb '
Thit k mch monostable ghp C B:
Thng s bit VCC , , I CS , T ,VBEOff

2
cc

1
bb

B2

(5.40)

(5.41)
Hnh 5.23: Mch tng ng tnh

VCC VCES
(5.42)
I CS
V VBES (VCC VBES )
(5.43)
R CC

I BS
I CS
T
(5.44)
C
0,69 R
R1 R 2 c xc nh tng t nh mch bistable
2). Mch monostable ghp cc E:
Q2 sat :

(5.39)

VCC VCES VBES V

Do ' I ' B 2

C1

RC

VC2
VCC

Ic2 RC2

0
VC1

VCES +VE2

IB2 RC1

VCC

+Vcc

R1

Trig

Q1

RC2

C
+

Ci

RC1

I 1RC1

I1

Q2

R2

I 1RC1

RB

V
-

CB

RE

VE2

VE

VE2

Gio trnh k thut xung

VE1+V

Hnh 5.24: mch monostable ghp cc E

Trong mch hnh 5.24, hi tip ti sinh qua C v RE , xung
trigger dng a vo BQ1 , p ly ra trn CQ2 .
Bnh thng Q2 sat , Q1off . Khi cho xung trigger dng vo
BQ1 , Q1 on hi tip ti sinh qua C, R E lm Q1 dn ( c th ch ng

t
VE2 +VBES+ IB2 r bb

VB2
VB2(o-)

VA

VCC-I1RC1

VE1=V-VBE1

Hnh 5.25: Dng sng mch

monostable ghp cc E

11

hoc bo ha)v Q2 off . Khi Q1on , C np t VCC qua R v CEQ1 lm VB 2 tng dn.
n thi gian T, VB 2 V VE1 lm Q2 on v hi tip ti sinh qua C, RE lm Q1off . Q2 sat tr li.
C x dng qua tip gip BE Q2 GND Vcc RC1 to dng IB2 gy ra vt l I ' B 2 .rbb ' trn cc B Q2,
ng thi to dng IE2 gy ra vt l in p ln VE2 trn cc E.
Thi gian mono T c kim sot bi dng I 1 c iu khin bi V l in p vo BQ1 . Thi gian
mono T t l tuyn tnh vi in p V.
V d 5.4 : Mch monostable hnh 5.24 c cc thng s sau: VCC 18V , RC1 6 K , RC 2 5K
R 100K , RE 4K , Q1 Q2 (Si ) 50, rbb ' 200, V 5V . Tnh cc gi tr c th trn gin xung hnh
5.25.Cho VBES=0,8V,VCES=0,2V.
Gii:
cc
Q1off . Q2 sat mch tng ng nh hnh 5.26
t < 0:
VCC RI B 2 V BES R E ( I C 2 I B 2 )
C2
(1)
VCC VBES ( R RE ) I B 2 RE I C 2
C2
VCC RC 2 I C 2 VCES R E ( I C 2 I B 2 )
VCC VCES ( RC 2 R E ) I C 2 RE I B 2

B2

(2)

17,2 104 I B 2 4 I C 2
(1),(2)

17,8 4 I B 2 9 I C 2
Gii ra c I C 2 1,95mA, I B 2 0,95mA

B2

C2

BES

Hnh 5.26

V E 2 R E ( I C 2 I B 2 ) 4(1,95 0,095) 8,2V

VCES

VB 2 VBES VE 2 0,8 8,2 9V

VC 2 V E 2 VCES 8,2 0,2 8,4V
VC1 VCC 18V
V B1 V 5V

t 0 : Kch xung vo BQ1 , Q1on v Q2 off . Gi s Q1 dn ch ng VBE1 0,6V

VE V VBE1 5 0,6 4,4V
V E1
4,4
I C1 I B1
1,1mA
RE
4

1
I C1 I B1 I C1 1

V
50.1,1
I C1
E1
1,08mA
1 RE
51
Ti t 0 : I C1 I 1 I R
p dng K 2 cho vng kn RC1 , C , R :

(3)

RC1 I 1 V A RI R 0

(4)

V A (0 ) V A (0 ) VC1 VB 2 18 9 9V
Thay (3), (4), (5), ta c:
6 I1 100 I R 9V

I 1 I R 1,08mA
Gii ra c I R 0,15mA, I1 0,93mA
VC 2 VCC 18V

(5)

VB 2 VB 2 ( 0 ) I1RC1 9 0,93.6 3,42V

V E 2 VE1 4,4V
VC1 VCC RC1 I1 18 6.0,93 12,42V

Ta c: VCB1 VC 1 V B1 12,42 5 7,42V

Gio trnh k thut xung

12

Nh vy Q1 tht s dn ch ng
t = T-:
Trong thi gian mono T C np, V B 2 tng theo thi hng RC
Ti t =T : VB 2 VE1 V 2 4,4 0,5 4,9V
VCC V B 2 18 4,9

0,13mA
R
100
I 1 I C1 I R 1,08 0,13 0,95mA
VC1 VCC I1 RC1 18 0,95.6 12,3V

RC1

IR

A(T )

6k

+
+

R>>RC1

RC2

6,8v
5k
2

VCC

bb
0,2k

+ VCC

18v

18v

p trn C:

V A VC1 V B 2 12,3 4,9 7,4V

+
Mch tng ng ti t = T+ nh hnh 5.27.
t=T :
+
Khi t = T , Q1off , Q2 on. Mch tng ng BEQ2 l rbb
v ngun VBES . Ti thi im ny xut hin vt l, I ' B 2

VBES
I

+ VCES

0,8v

E
R
4k

0,2v

+.

v I ' C 2 tng ng l dng cc B v CQ2 ti t = T

Gi s R RC1 , b qua dng R vit phng trnh
dng vng:
VCC I ' B 2 RC1 V A (T ) I ' B 2 rbb ' VBES RE I ' B 2 I 'C 2 0

VCC I 'C 2 RC 2 VCES RE I ' B 2 I ' C 2 0

10,2 I ' B 2 4 I ' C 2 10,4

4 I ' B 2 9 I ' C 2 17,8

I ' B 2 0,35mA, I 'C 2 1,84mA
VE V ' E 2 RE ( I ' B 2 I ' C 2 ) 4(0,35 1,84) 8,76V
VC 2 V ' E 2 VCES 8,76 0,2 8,96V

VC1 VCC I ' B 2 RC1 18 0,35.6 15,9V

VB 2 V ' E 2 VBES I ' B 2 rbb' 8,76 0,8,035.0,2 9,63V
Gii hn gi tr V:
Khi Q2 on, Q1off gii hn V = Vmax Q1 vn off
(5.45)
Vmax VE 2 V 1
Khi Q1on, Q2 off I 1 phi ln Q2 off . Ta tm I 1 min Q2 off ,t suy ra V E1 min Q2 vn off:
Vmin VE1 min VBE1
(5.46)

Ta c :
(5.47)
V B 2 (0 ) V B 2 ( 0 ) I 1 RC1 V E1 V 2
I C1

VE 1
I1 I R
RE

RI R VCC VB 2 (0 ) VCC VB 2 (0 ) I1 RC1

VCC VB 2 (0 ) I 1 R C1
R

VE1
V VB 2 (0 ) I1 RC1

I1 CC
1 RE
R
IR

R
R RC1
Thay (5.48) vo (5.47)
I1

VE1 VCC VB 2 (0 )

R
1 RE

(5.48)

RC1
VCC VB 2 (0 )
R RC1
(5.49)
VE1
RRC1

R RC 1 (1 ) RE
VE1 min khi du ng thc xy ra.
Gi s R RC 1 , 1, ta tnh gn ng (b qua in p tip gip):
VB 2 (0 ) V 2

Gio trnh k thut xung

13

V E1 min

VCC
1
1
RE

(5.50)

Tnh rng xung mono T:

Mch tng ng khi Q1 dn ch ng, Q2 off ti t=0+ nh hnh 5.28:
R

+VCC
RC1

B2

C(0 )

+
1

1/sc

R
RC1

VC(0 )
S

1
2

+ V CC

VE1 V VBE1 , I E1

B2

B2
1

IE1

(S)

VE1 V VBE1

RE
RE

VA VC (0 ) VCC VB2 (0 ),VB2 (0 ) VBES VE 2 VBES

RE
(VCC VCES ) (5.51)
RC 2 RE

Dng xp chng tm c:
R

C1 (V VBE1 ) VCC VB 2 (0 )
R
RE
(5.52)

T C ( R RC1 ) ln
VCC V VBE1 V 1
RC1 R

Gi s R RC1 , 1, b qua cc in p tip gip:

R
RE
1 C1 K
RE
R E RC 2
T RC ln
(5.53)
1 K
V
2
K
VB1
2 VBES
VCC
T y c th kho st T(K) tm K cho mch hot ng
V
0
monostable.
2 VCC - 2
VCES

5.14: Mch Astable (khng trng thi bn)

1). Mch astable ghp C-B:

VB2

VBES

VCC VCES

VBES

VC1

1
VCES

0
VC2

Hnh 5.29: Mch Astable ghp C-B

Gio trnh k thut xung

Vcc

2
VCES

1
t

t
T1
T2
Hnh 5.30: Dng sng cc cc B,C hnh 5.29

14

Gi s Q1 sat , Q2 off ,VC1 VCES ,VC 2 VCC C1 np t VCC qua R 1 v CEQ1 lm VB 2 tng theo thi
hng 1 R1C1 . Sau thi gian T1 VB 2 V lm Q2 on , hi tip ti sinh qua C2 v C1lm Q1 off ,Q2 sat,

VC1 VCC , VC 2 VCES . Khi Q2 sat , C1 x qua BEQ2 v GND,ngun VCC v RC1 to dng I ' B 2 v vt l
1 cc BQ2 v CQ1 .Sau dng I B 2 gim theo thi hng '1 RC1C1 ,VB 2 gim theo '1 v VBES v VC1
tng n VCC theo '1 . ng thi Q2 sat , VB1 t bin m mt lng VCC VCES , C 2 np t VCC qua R2 v
CEQ2 theo thi hng 2 R2 C 2 . Sau thi gian T2 ,VB1 t n V lm Q1 on tr li, hi tip ti sinh qua
C1 ,C 2 lm Q1sat , Q2 off .
Khi Q1 sat ,C 2 x qua BEQ1 v GND,ngun VCC v RC 2 , to dng I ' B1 v vt l 2 cc B Q1
v C Q2.Sau , I B1 gim theo thi hng ' 2 RC 2 C 2 , VB1 gim v VBES v VC 2 tng ln VCC theo ' 2 .Cng
thi im Q1 sat , VB 2 t bin m mt lng VCC VCES , C1 li np t ngun VCC qua R1 v CE Q1... Qu
trnh c th tip tc v ta c chui xung vung cc ng ra C Q1 v CQ2.
Thi gian T1 ,T2 , vt 1 , 2 c tnh tng t nh mch monostable ghp C B.
Cng thc gn ng tnh chu k dao ng:
T T1 T2 0,69 R1C1 0,69 R2 C 2
(5.54)
Phng php iu chnh f :
Hnh 5. 31 minh ha cc phng php iu chnh f cho mch astable.
cc

cc

P
C2

C1
1

C1

1
1

C2

2
2

2
1

a) iu chnh bng bin tr

b) iu chnh bng ngun p

Hnh 5.31: Cc phng php iu chnh f

Phng php ci thin cnh xung:
Nh phn tch trn, khi 1 BJT off, cc C khng t bin
ngay t VCES VCC m do nh hng ca C x qua Rc nn in p
tng dn ln VCC , lm cnh xung b mo.
Xem hnh 5.32, gi s khi Q1on, D1 dn xem nh ni tt,
in tr cc CQ1 , RC1 R ' C1 // R ' 'C 1 , mch vn ging nh hnh 5.29.
Khi Q1 off,VC1 tng t bin ln VCC lm D1off cch ly CQ1 khi
nhnh C1 .C1 x qua BEQ2 v GND,ngun Vcc v RC1. Do cnh
xung c ci thin.
Hnh 5.32: Ci thin cnh xung ng ra
2). Mch astable ghp cc E:
Mch monostable ghp cc E c th chuyn sang hot ng ch astable. Khi ta chnh V Vmax ,
trng thi Q 2 sat , Q1off s chuyn thnh Q1on ( dn ch ng) v hi tip ti sinh qua C, RE lm
Q1on , Q2 off .
Khi Q1 on , Q2 off C np t VCC qua R v CEQ1 , R E . Sau thi gian T1 bng thi gian mono xc
nh (5.52), VB 2 t n V 2 , Q2 on v hi tip ti sinh lm Q2 sat , Q1off . Khi Q2 sat C x qua BEQ2 , RE ,
GND, ngun VCC v RC1 ,VB 2 gim theo 2 ( RC1 RE )C v sau thi gian T2 , VB 2 V VBES V 1 hay
Gio trnh k thut xung

15

V E 2 V V 1 lm Q1on tr li, hi tip ti sinh s p Q1on , Q2 off ... Qu trnh c th tip tc lm xut hin

chui xung vung ng ra C Q2 .

VB2

cc

V
VB2 2 VB2 =V+VBES- 1

C1

VE1+ V2

C2

1
2

T1

VE

VE

T2
VE2=V-V1

VE1 =V- VBE1

a) Mch astable ghp cc E

b) Dng sng ti cc B v EQ2
Hnh 5.33: Mch astable ghp cc E v dng sng
Tnh chu k dao ng: T T1 T2 , T1 T : thi gian mono (5.52)
Tnh T2 theo mch tng ng hnh (5.34)

RC1

+
VCC

IE2 =IC2+IB2

RC1

bb

C(T1 )

bb

VCC

+ VBES

+ VBES
2

Hnh 5.34
Phn nh RE v mch B
Gi s R RC1 , ( 1) RE rbb ' ,VCC VBES
Tnh gn ng:

( 1) RE
V VC (T1 )
T2 RC1 ( 1) RE ln
CC
(5.55)
( 1) RE RC1 V VBES V 1

vi VC (T1 ) VC1 (T1 ) VB 2 (T1 ) (VCC I1 RC1 ) (V 2 V E1 )

Kch khi mnh astable:
Nguyn tc kch khi mch astable cng ging nh trigger mch
bistable, monostable.Gi s ta kch Q2 off on.Trong thi gian off, VB 2
tng n V trong thi gian T2 , Q2 mi on li, ta gi l dao ng t do.
Khi cho xung kch dng vo cc B2 vi bin v tn s thch
hp, bin xung chng ln bin V B 2 .Theo hnh 5.35,ta thy ti xung
kch th 4, VB 2 V lm Q2 on tr li.Thi gian off Q2 gim xung cn

VBES
VB2

T2
T2

Tg

Hnh 5.35: Kch mch astable

T2 ' 4Tg .Gi s khi Q1 off ,a xung kch dng vo Q1 cng ging nh
vy,ta c mch astable c ng b xung kch v cho xung ra fo 1 / 4 fg .
5.2: Dao ng a hi dng OPAMP:
Gio trnh k thut xung

16

5.2.1: Mch monostable :

CC

+
2

+ +

CC

0
CC

+
+

a) Mch monostable
b) C np
c) C x
Hnh 5.36: Mch monostable OPAMP v cc ng np x
R2

Ti t 0 : mch n nh, Vi 0,Vi

VCC VCC ,nn Vi 0 V0 VCC .
R1 R2
VC (0 ) VCC cc tnh nh hnh 5.36b.

Ti t 0 : xung kch m lm Vi 0 Vi 0,V0 VCC nn Vi+ tng vt ln 2VCC

VC (0 ) VCC .

Sau C np theo chiu nh hnh 5.36b theo thi hng RC,Vi gim theo .
VCC

+
+

C
+

R
V0(0 ) =VCC
+

+
Vi

t
Hnh 5.38: Mch tng ng tnh T
Ti t= T-: Vi (T ) VCC Vi 0 , ng ra o rng thi V0 VCC , Vi+ t bin m mt lng
2VCC gi VC khng i .Sau C x theo chiu nh hnh 5.36c theo RC .
gim thi gian x t sau thi gian mono T, cn gi l thi gian hi phc, ta mc thm diode
D//R. Khi V0 VCC ,kt thc thi gian mono T,Vi+ t bin m 2VCC lm D on tng ng in tr R f , C

x nhanh qua D theo ' R f C lm Vi+ t bin v 0 nhanh chng.

Tnh T: Mch tng ng nh hnh 5.38:
Cc iu kin : VC (0 ) VCC chiu nh hnh
V0 (0 ) VCC

Tm c:

Vi (T ) VCC
2
2
T ln RC ln

(5.54)
(5.55)

5.2.2: Mch Astable:

Gi s V0 VCC , Vi VCC ,

R2
R1 R2

C np t Vo qua R, Vi tng theo thi hng RC

Ti t T1 : Vi (T1 ) VCC lm Vi 0 , V0 VCC , Vi VCC

Gio trnh k thut xung

17

C x qua R vo ng ra OPAMP v GND, Vi gim theo RC

Ti t T1 T2 : Vi (T1 T2 ) VCC lm Vi 0 , V0 VCC , Vi VCC

Qu trnh c th tip tc...

CC

CC
CC

+
0

+
CC

+
CC

0
CC
CC

0
1

a) Mch astable
b) Dng sng
Hnh 5.39: Mch astable OPAMP v dng sng
Tnh chu k dao ng T:
Chu k dao ng T =T1+T2
-Tnh T1 : mch tng ng nh hnh 5.40.
Chn gc thi gian ti u T1.Ta c:
R
VC (0 ) VCC v V0 (0 ) VCC
+
CC
1
+
Tm c: T1 RC ln
V0(0+)=VCC
(5.56a)
1
-Tnh T2: mch tng ng vn nh hnh 5.40
Chn gc thi gian ti u T2.Ta c:
VC (0 ) VCC v V0 ( 0 ) VCC ,cc tnh ngun
VC (0 ) v V0 ( 0 ) ngc chiu so vi hnh 5.40
1
(5.56b)
Tm c: T2 RC ln
1
1
Chu k T T1 T2 2 RC ln
(5.57)
1
1
Nu chn R1 R2
2
T 2RC ln 3
Suy ra :
(5.58)

5.2.3: Mch Schmitt trigger :

Gi s Vi b nn Vi 0,V0 VCC
Hi tip dng v lm Vi+ c gi tr:
R V R1VCC
(5.59)
Vi (1) UTP 2 R
R1 R2
Khi Vi tng n UTP lm Vi 0 V0 VCC
Lc ny Vi+ c gi tr :
R V R1VCC
(5.60)
Vi (0) LTP 2 R
R1 R2
Gim Vi n LTP lm Vi 0 V0 VCC
rng vng tr:
R1
VH UTP LTP
2VCC (5.61)
R1 R2
2V
t R2 nR1 V H CC V R
(5.62)
n 1
Gio trnh k thut xung

+
Vi

Hnh 5.40: Mch tng ng tnh T

CC

+
0

CC

+
R

Hnh 5.41: Mch Schmitt-trigger

18

5.3:

Vi mch nh thi 555

Hnh 5.42 m t cu trc vi mch 555 gm 2 mch so snh
CMP1, CMP2, in p chun VTH ,VTL ly t nhnh ba in tr R.
2
Ngng so snh CMP1 VTH VCC v ngng so snh CMP2
3
1
VTL VCC . Mt RS FF nhn tn hiu so snh t 2 ng R,Sv cho
3

tn hiu ra Q l ng ra. Ng Q dng li Q0 lm vic on/off nh

mt kha x t ngoi mc vo chn 7.
M t chc nng s chn:
Chn 8: VCC
cp ngun
Chn 1: GND
Masse
Hnh 5.42: Cu trc vi mch 555
Chn 2: Trigger
ng vo () CMP2, s dng lm ng
1
to xung kch () , tc ng khi bin VCC VTL .
3
Chn 6: Threshold
ng vo(+) CMP1,ng vo ngng o trng thi tc ng khi
2
bin VCC VTH .
3
Chn 7: Discharge
kt ni vi cc C Q0, s dng lm ng ra x t.
Chn 3: OUT
ng ra xung vung
ng vo reset FF, tc ng mc 0, lm ng ra chn 3 =0.
Chn 4: RES
Chn 5: Voltage control
ng vo iu ch tn s bng in p thay i mc ngng V TH .
Tm tt mt s thng s k thut vi mch 555
Cp ngun:
3 18V
Ng ra:
mc 0 0V , mc 1 VCC , kh nng cp/ nhn dng
Dng ng ra max: 200mA
Tn s lm vic :
fmax=100kHz, xung mono min 10 s .
5.3.1:
Mch monostable
1/3Vcc

CC
1

0
C

2/3 CC

+
+

0
0
0

CC

0
0

a) Mch monostable
b) Dng sng
Hnh 5.43: Mch monostable vi mch 555 v dng sng
Mch monostable tiu biu nh hnh 5.43a.C0.01MF chn 5 n nh p chn 5.
Khi mi cp ngun, mch reset R1C1 gi mc 0 ban u reset FF lm ng ra Q= V0=0,ng ra Q 1
lm Q2 on gi chn 7 mc 0, lm C khng np, VC 0 .
1
VC 0 lm ng ra CMP1=0,dn n R=0.Ng trigger chn 2 VCC lm ng ra CMP2 = 1,dn n
3
S=0.Nh vy ng ra FF vn gi trng thi ban u Q 0 , Q 1 ,mch trng thi bn.
1
Ti t=0 +: Kch mt xung m vo chn 2 sao cho in p ti chn 2 VCC .Ng ra CMP2 =1 ,dn n
3
S=1,R=0,FF lt trng thi Q 1 , Q 0 ,Q0 off,V0=VCC ,C np t ngun VCC qua R theo RC. Trong thi
gian C np,xung trigger kt thc,in p trn chn 2>1/3VCC,in p trn chn 6<2/3VCC,dn n S=0,R=0,
Gio trnh k thut xung

19

FF duy tr trng thi trc Q 1 , Q 0 ,Q0 off,V0=VCC.

Ti t = T-: Vc t n 2/3 VCC lm ng ra CMP1 = 1.Lc ny ng vo trigger chn 2 tr v mc 1- >
ng ra CMP2 = 0.Nh vy R = 1, S 0 lm FF lt trng thi, Q 0 V0 0, Q 1 lm Q0on ,C x nhanh
qua Qo, VC nhanh chng gim v 0 -> ng ra CMP2 = 0 -> S = 0, R =0 , FF n nh trng thi ban u.
2
Tnh T: lu VC (0 ) 0 v VC (T ) VCC
3
Tm c
T=1,1RC
(5.63)
5.3.2: Mch Astable:
Gi s ng ra mc cao V0 VCC , tng ng FF c trng thi Q = 1, Q 0, QO off , C np t ngun

VCC qua R1 v R2 theo 1 ( R1 R2 )C .Sau thi gian T1 VC t n 2/3 VCC lm ng ra CMP1 = 0, ng ra

CMP2 =1, R = 1, S = 0, FF lt trng thi Q =0 V0 0 Q 1 Q0 on,C x qua R2 vo chn 7 qua Q0
xung GND theo 2 R 2 C .Sau thi gian T 2,VC t n 1/3 VCC lm ng ra CMP2=1,ng ra CMP1=0,dn
n R=0,S=1,FF lt trng thi Q =1 V0 1 Q 0 Q0 tt ,C li tip t np
VC

CC

2/3 Vcc
1/3 Vcc

V0
Vcc

+
0

t
0
2

a) Mch astable
b) Dng sng
Hnh 5.44: Mch astable vi mch 555 v dng sng

Tnh chu k T:

T T1 T2
1
Thi gian T1 : VC (0 ) VCC C np qua R1 R 2
3
2
Thi gian T2 VC (0 ) VCC C x qua R1 v masse
3
Tm c :
(5.64)
T 0,69 R2 C 0,69( R1 R2 )C
(5.65)
Chn R1 R2 :
T 1,38R2 C
Trn y l hai mch c bn dao ng a hi s dng vi mch nh thi 555. Ngoi ra da vo cu
trc vi mch 555, ta c th thit k rt nhiu dng mch to xung khc nhau, trong mch iu ch FM hay
rng xung da vo in p a vo chn 5.

5.4:

Dao ng da hi dng cng logic

Cc cng logic nh CMOS rt d s dng lm mch dao ng a hi. Ta xem cu trc c bn cng
NOT nh hnh 5.66 b
1

DD

DD

a)
b)
c)
Hnh 5.66: Cu trc c bn v c tnh truyn t cng NOT
Gio trnh k thut xung
2

20

Khi in p vo Vi vt qua gi tr ngng VT VDD / 2 ng ra o trng thi. Ta xem ngng

VT VDD / 2 l ngng o trng thi ca cng.
5.4.1: Mch monostable :
Gi s Vi 0,V1 1, V2 1 lm V0 0 .
Ti t = 0+: Kch 1 xung dng vo Vi ,V1 0 lm V2 0 gi VC 0 nh ban u. V2 0 lm
V0 1 hi tip v ng vo cng 1 gi V1 1 d xung kch mt. Lc ny C np t VDD qua R v ng ra
cng 1. V2 tng theo RC .
Ti t = T-: V2 t n VT lm V0 0 , hi tip v ng vo cng 1 lm V1 1 , gi Vc khng i V2
vt ln gi tr VT VDD . Tuy nhin do ng vo cng 2 c diode bo v nn xn gi tr V2 VDD . C x qua
diode bo v ng vo cng 2, qua ngun VDD v ng ra cng 1.

DD

i
1

2
0

t
a) Mch monostable

b) Dng sng

t
Hnh 5.67: Mch monostable cng logic v dng sng
VDD
Thi gian mono :
(5.66)
T RC ln
VDD VT
V
VT DD T RC ln 2 0,69 RC (5.67)
2
5.4.2: Mch Astable
2
DD

DD
2

DD
T
0

a) Mch Astable
DD

Hnh 5.68: Mch astable cng logic v dng sng

b) Dng sng
Ti t = 0, V2 1,V0 0 ,C np t V2 V DD qua R v ng ra V0 v GND theo RC , V3 tng dn
theo v qua R1 lm V1 tng theo. Cho n khi V3 V1 VT , qua cng 1 lm V2 0 , qua cng 2 lm
V0 1 . p trn C khng thay i, V3 phi tng n gi tr VDD VT . Sau C x qua R vo ng ra V2
cng 1 theo RC , V3 gim ko theo V1 gim n VT cng 1 o trng thi, V2 1 lm V0 0 tr li.

p trn C khng thay i, V3 phi gim n gi tr VT VDD . Qu trnh c th tip tc...

Gio trnh k thut xung

21

Tnh chu k T: T T1 T2
V VT 2VDD VT

Tm c T RC ln DD
(5.68)

VDD VT
VT
V
(5.69)
VT DD T 2,2 RC
2
Trong thc t mi cng logoc c VT khc nhau nn cc biu thc trn ch l gn ng! Nu V3 kt

ni trc tip qua V 1 , diode bo v ng vo cng 1 s kp gi tr t nn ta cch ly V1 v V3 bng R1 R .

Bi tp chng V
5.1:

5.2:
5.3:

5.4:
5.5:

5.6:

5.7:

Kim chng li cc biu thc tnh thi gian mono T, chu k dao ng T:
a) Mch monostable ghp C-B
b) Mch astable ghp C- B
Kim chng li cc biu thc tnh thi gian mono T, chu k dao ng T mch astable ghp EC.
Kim chng li cc biu thc tnh thi gain mono T, chu k dao ng T:
a) Mch monotable OPAMP
b) Mch astable OPAMP
Lp li 5.3 vi cng logic.
Mch bistable ghp C- B c cc thng s: VCC VBB 6V , Q( Si), VCES 0,2V ,
VBES 0,7V , I CBO 10nA @ t 25C , RC 1,2 K , R1 4,7 K , R2 27 K .
a) Tm min v chng t rng 1BJT off v BJT kia sat.
b) Tm nhit cc i mch vn hot ng ng
c) Gn thm ti RL vo cc C 1 BJT v GND, tm gi tr ti thiu RL min mch vn hot
ng ng
Mch bistable ghp C-B. CM rng 1 BJT off v BJT kia bo ha phi tha mn cc iu
kin sau:
R2VCES R1VBB R1 R2 I CBO ( R1 R2 )VBES

V V BES I CBO RC V BB V BES VCC VCES VBB VCES I CBO R2

v CC

RC R1
R2
RC
R1 R2

Mch bistable ghp EC cc thng s : VCC 6V , Q( Si), VBES 0,7V , VCES 0,2V ,

min 30, RC 1K , R2 20 K , RE 430.

a) Tm gi tr dng v p trn cc nhnh ca mch
b) Gn thm ti RL vo cc C v GND ca 1 BJT, tm RL min mch vn hot ng ng.
5.8:
Mch Schmitt trigger c cc thng s : VCC 12V , RC1 4 K , RC 2 1K , R1 2 K
R2 6K , RE 3K , RB 1K , Q( Si) 30.
a)
Tm I C 1 v I B1 khi i V1 UTP , cho bit Q dn bo ha hay ch ng.
b)
Lp li cu a khi i V2 LTP
c)
Nu tng RC 2 4 K ,chng minh rng Q2 dn bo ha, Q1off . Tm gi tr I C 2 vI B 2 .
5.9: Thit k mch Schmitt trigger dng BJT Si c min 80 .Chn VCC 30V ,
R1 24 K , R2 6K . Yu cu UTP = 4,5V, LTP = 1,5V, chnh lch p tt/ dn ng ra l 10V,
Q2 hot ng ch ng .Tm RC1 , RC 2 , R E .
5.10: Mch monostable ghp C- B c in tr R ni n ngun V VCC . K n nh hng ca
I BCO , chng minh rng xung mono T cho bi biu thc.
V I CBO R VCC VCES VBES I CBO RC
T ln
V I CBO R V

Gio trnh k thut xung

22

5.11: gim thi gian hi phc ca mch monostable ( thi gian t lc xut hin vt l n
khi VB 2 tr v VBES ), ngi ta mc thm diode zener cc C ca Q1 v GND . Nu
VCC
, chng minh T = 0,41 RC.
2
5.12: Mch monostable ghp C- B cc thng s: VCC 12V ,V BB 3V , Q ( Si ) 30,
RC 2 K , R1 R2 20 K , rbb ' 200, C 1000 pF . B qua I BCO .
a) V dng sng ng ra cc B v cc C 2BJT, ch thch cc gi tr c bit.
b) Tm rng xung mono T.
5.13: Thit k mch monostable ghp C-B, b qua I CBO , BJT c min 20 . trng thi bn,
Q1 off vi V B1 1V v Q2 sat vi dng I BS gp i dng I B ti thiu duy tr Q2 sat .
V2

Cho RC1 RC 2 , VCC 12V , I C1S I C 2 S 2mA, T 3ms .

5.14: Mch astable ghp C-B, R1 vR2 cng ni tip n ngun V VCC . Tm biu thc tnh
chu k dao ng.
5.15: Mch astable ghp C-B c cc thng s: VCC 6V , Q( Si) 40, rbb ' 200,

5.16:

5.17:
5.18:
5.19:

RC1 RC 2 560, R1 R2 5,6 K , C1 C 2 50 pF .

a) V dng sng ti cc cc B,C, ch thch cc gi tr c bit.
b) Tnh chu k dao ng
c) Thi gian hi phc t r ( thi gian t lc I ' B 2 bng 90% ->10% gi tr cc i)
Mch monostable dng OPAMP:
a) Tnh thi gian Vi+ tr v khng sau khi kt thc xung mono hay thi gian hi phc t r
( thi gian t 90% -> 10% gi tr tuyt i )
b) Lp li cu a khi mc thm diode, xem diode dn tng ng R f vV .
Ni thm ngun V vo chn R ( thay v R ni GND) mch monostable OPAMP hnh 5.36a.
Tnh T ?
Mch astable OPAMP c ngun +V phn cc Vi+ nh hnh 5.18. Tnh chu k dao ng .
Mch astable nh hnh BT 5.19 c D// C (gi s D l tng). Hy cho nhn xt v hot ng
mch.Tnh cc rng xung?
+VCC

+V CC

CC

CC

Hnh BT 5.18
Hnh BT 5.19
5.20: Mch monostable nh hnh 5.20. Tm biu thc tnh T.
5.21: Mch VCO nh hnh BT 5.21. Tm biu thc tnh chu k dao ng, gi s R bng vi gi tr
R trong nhnh 3R trong cu trc vi mch.
E

CC

CC
1

Z
2

Hnh BT 5.20
Gio trnh k thut xung

Hnh BT 5.21
23