adG YdG dGY

adG YdG dGY

d HCG a

,QdG dEG H e dH `` ` `a
c d ,iNCG Hh ,fHh c AHG
H OGj LQN e GP gQJh gOLh
T c d EGh ,YVdG bGdG c

if ,dG S `` ` `a .kLQN YJ
e dh ,g LGj e dG `` ` `WSH
AYCGh AMCG e g `` ` `eLCG H J

e sfEG `` ` `T e Y `` ` `g b
.AGOS GdG c a hJ ,OSC G dG

hJ G`n ` ` `nfC n Gh hdG `` ` `L CG H

dG H `` ` `ddG Ha ,`` ` `a
OLh GfG :dEG dG j
q bh ,OSC G
X a k` ` ` dc dG GO `` ` `e `` ` `UdG

AdG OLh T CG Vp ao `` ` `dh .ILCGh

QSGh AdG fG GPEa ;ee jDhdGh

,gOLh Mh jDhdG `` ` `Y fG ,ATC G

c aH j d gh ;H Y g
Soj dG SdG eCG .IdH GdG

,AdG gh ,LQN T dEG Y T

UdG d ,WY dG fch ,e

eSh AdG OLh jDhdG hT e s C

a J INC G `` ` `gh .dG SdG

.MHh bf

2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

150

adG YdG dGY

GhR dEG OD` ` ` jh kYON dG `` ` `j CG

jh ,IVMh Fb GfC G C ,G`` ` `fC G
V Y `` ` `Y a HfG `` ` `dG
,Invisible Hand dG `` ` `dG ,IdG
Y Y `` ` `a ,jObG `` ` `j c
.H f dG V
`` ` `dG c`` ` `dG `` ` `J `` ` `jh
Y cGQOG
E `` ` `HdG Hh GQOH
E
:bCG KK
,SGdG `` ` `b H `` ` `J c`` ` `e -1
J jh `` ` `jOdG YVdH CG
OLh H `` ` `eh ,LdfC G c`` ` `dH
LQNh dSGh jOdG YVdG
(1)
.H WJQG hCG cQdG GdG Y
,f `` ` `SGdH e c`` ` `e -2
cdG `` ` `J `` ` `Y `` ` `j CG `` ` `jh
SGdG f c b e ,LdHG
E
ed jPfh `` ` `gjJh d
Gg ieh ,jOdG YVdG e IOQGdG
H SGdG O`` ` `J M e `` ` `jdG
jdG c e GPEG aeh fOh Y J
Jh J SGdG CG CG kFfG CG kaT
YVdG e gJ dG edG a
SdG e Ib ae dEG aVEG ,jOdG
.GQOG
E IQU Y KCGh
,SGdG H `` ` `H Je ce -3
gJ `` ` `jWh `` ` `cQdG
G`` ` `dH CG
p

151

,OLdG dEG dG dG dP G
GNE H
SQe CG ,dH jDhdG J g sfEa
.Xd SdG
:g J j jgL SCG K ,dh
LQO SdG QdG J J g
bGdG a g d HdG hCG jdG e
?YVdG
?H HdGh HdG f g ch
j b ,ke ,kG`` ` `je GQCG e `` ` `a
?GQCG e N Yh ,kHe bGdG a
JGP `` ` `g `` ` `FdG IQG`` ` `SG EG CG
?YVdG bGdG a IOLe IQGSG
Evolution Q`` ` `dG `` ` `jf `` ` `J
H ddG `` ` `eEG HH `` ` `LddG
,cQdG
GdH CG ,g AdH SMG
E
p
dP hM C ,`` ` `g bGdG A`` ` `dGh
dP CG d ,iNCG IQHh ,dG Aa `` ` `j
Af jdG f c `` ` `d kM kbGh c
fG
E CG Va dh .jOLe B G fCH
gGj H ,`` ` `gf c kGQ`` ` `f QdG i`` ` `j
YdG jh ,kc dG ijh ,kfe kGQH
,kGQf Wh ICG`` ` `dG H jh ,kN
.?SdGh AdH `` ` `f Gd j
q a
HfG dG CG QdG jf cJh
LQdGh NGdG `` ` `dG SQJ `` ` `dG
IQb cCG OGaCG Y j ,dG Fd
dG Z `` ` `eh ,SdGh DhdG `` ` `Y
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

adG YdG dGY

e Ggh ,QdGh GdG `` ` `e dG

gGf e Ge HQCG C HCG cdG iJ fCG
.f

HMh SGdG aT

,dG OMCG dG `` ` `edG CG hj

ddG H c e EG C G`` ` `j CG j h

ddG e `` ` `cQj eh ,HdG `` ` `dG

d dEG j CG j e c g LQdG
J hCG dG a TC a ,UdG
L JdG a GeC Gh AG`` ` `dG
ddHh ,UdG d dEG LJ CG j

dG gOLh e ZdG `` ` `Y cQj

C `` ` `dG
,Lj eh .`` ` `dG SdG j
,OhdG HCG dEG aGMG `` ` `LJ Lj
(edG `` ` `eM `` ` `fCG) `` ` `j `` ` `H
c C kLe k` ` ` f C GJ fCG `` ` `J CG
dG g GSH `` ` `J Jh J
k e N .`` ` `jdG
dH zMJ{ `` ` `c

.jfG
E `` ` `dH zApple{ h ,`` ` `HdG
a keJ aNG `` ` `j dG Ga

e Y `` ` `j d `` ` `T `` ` `SQ
d d dG dG `` ` `es C G .he MGh

ge a ha HdG dG a He
a hCG IY `` ` `c a MT `` ` `N e
dch .f `` ` `dG GOdG e L
j PEG `` ` `edG dEG `` ` `dH eC G `` ` `g
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

cdH `` ` `Sh `` ` `jh ,`` ` `SMd

E
.LdedG
`` ` `LdedG c`` ` `dG `` ` `JJ
,kKh kWJQG `` ` `LdHG
E cdH
LdedG YdG dGY jJ M
J hT jH YGdG FdG H
:dEG dP Ojh ,LdHG
E
H `` ` `J a :`` ` `SdG `` ` `f -1
FdG J SM YGdG FdG
.iNC G YGdG
id `` ` `j b :`` ` `SdG `` ` `e -2
jJ d SdG `` ` `f YGh Fc
,e c a J `` ` `dG dG a
Yh fO SMEG Y jd CG `` ` `H
.e
:SdG a edG f `` ` `c -3
FdG `` ` `a f `` ` `SdG `` ` `J a
f `` ` `jH `` ` `J `` ` `d ,`` ` `YGdG
.e c a edG
:`` ` `dG Resolution `` ` `rdG -4
Jh ,IO`` ` `e `` ` `je IQb `` ` `SM `` ` `d
Sd dG dG hj IQ`` ` `dG d
S Yh .`` ` `d edG H I`` ` `MGdG
Z Ie `` ` `cdG jDhQ J ,`` ` `dG
VY j `` ` `eY fG
E `` ` `Y e
fdH Ie 25 Qb QGH dG dG
Y Ie 100 `` ` `dGM j H ,k` ` ` jJ

152

adG YdG dGY

CG Hh ,jR `` ` `j :jh fH `` ` `ddG

:jOjh d kGe kee `` ` `jOj
LH b g dG e EG .jR `` ` `j
HdG IQTG
E d dEG `` ` `JdG GeC G
He JU GeCG dEG LJ OYCG K
dEG bC G CGdG dh .V CG H e
He H J SGdG CG g GdG
NGdG dG LJ PEG ,fB G d
J FHc Y d dEG LQdGh
M ,edG dEG `` ` `aGdG YC G a
QYH ,dG jh .`` ` `dGh IAGdG J
ddG YVe Qj edG EG ,S e
Hh ,ITe `` ` `T jH `` ` `LQdG
cCGh (2)ITe e H bCG jH ;OCG
dPh ,J hCG I`` ` `Te `` ` `Z e H
aGd j dG dG `` ` `dG V
.QhH J CG (SGM)
S :`` ` `HdG GDdG Y k` ` ` HGLh
keJ Gfh f e `` ` `FdG dP iSh
J dGh `` ` `dG `` ` `SM `` ` `fc GPEG
jdH `` ` `JdGh FdG `` ` `LdG
dh ,fG
E Y `` ` `H J dG f
,dP `` ` `N eCG .f `` ` `jdG I`` ` `dG
Hd ae cGQOEG HJ `` ` `a
.d He d d
VQC G dEG `` ` `Fa Fc b `` ` `d es C G
ehdG GeC G `` ` `J j

153

jH `` ` `JdG `` ` `a `` ` `LdG GQOEG

d J ILCG SH ,ITe Z
C j Ye GUCG dEG `` ` `dJh
Pd
iNCG M `` ` `fH dEG hCG H `` ` `J CG
CG Va dh .iNC G `` ` `SGM J
dG IAGb j NBG cc e kFc K
q
C
JAGb dO S a Gf dG `` ` `f
d ,H ?Y J a JAGd He
C Gjh j ZeO j FdG G`` ` `g CG
,FdG GeC G dch JdG G`` ` `eC G
Y ,Gfh f `` ` `e ,ijh S a
.?ddG `` ` `a jJ K CG `` ` `He f
Z jH dP Y HLG
E QJ j
d SdG jOdG Geda :ITe
S e J a YJ dG A`` ` `dG
a fG
E `` ` `d He H `` ` `d dGh
dG IQdG `` ` `HJ GPEa ,Y `` ` `c
,ITe G`` ` `f e e G`` ` `edG `` ` `J
Fb `` ` `g d k` ` ` He G`` ` `f `` ` `e EG `` ` `b
GeC G J GedG CG `` ` `dPh .g
e ,ITe `` ` `WehdG FdG
Y GeC G J `` ` `LJ K ,keJ fY
j GdCGh `` ` `TCG dEG YVe `` ` `f
jW CG `` ` `dEG fG jh ,`` ` `gGf CG
GedG `` ` `ah dG a `` ` `edG f
gh NBG `` ` `J gh .I`` ` `MGh `` ` `jW
jU jOj CG `` ` `H dG M Qhj
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

adG YdG dGY

ddGh `` ` `NC G `` ` `dG NB Gh `` ` `MC G

GdC G ,PEG ,i`` ` `f `` ` `a .QRC G `` ` `dG
GPEG ,ke ,`` ` `UC G dG `` ` `j .?iNC G
MC G fd FdG dG J
UC G `` ` `da ;e `` ` `H NC Gh
L s EG dG ah .`` ` `YGNG e PEG
AV e EG PEG ,YGNG e GdC G
d e d ,k` ` ` e ,MC G dG
a ,d d H AdG C k` ` ` bWEG
J fEG ,`` ` `Wehc GeCG O`` ` `e
edG j AdG e e Le d
FdG Lda .`` ` `MC G dG `` ` `H
kGOLh LJ ,MCG d fCG Y IdG
q
Y Jh ,Q`` ` `dG a g kYVe
;dG GdG dEG dH MCG d sfCG
,GQOEG `` ` `UH JGP `` ` `MC G CG `` ` `H
Wehc GeCG `` ` `UH YVeh
.Oe Le W e
k H jDhQ Y ,PEG ,j dG a
?MC G dG iJ d zAGM{
TCG `` ` `g dG Y `` ` `j `` ` `e -1
eff (650) `` ` `LdG `` ` `dW `` ` `FV
.a hCG d d kjJ
e Y A`` ` `dG Gg KDj -2
dS `` ` `a ,dG T `` ` `a `` ` `FV
Y edG `` ` `dEG `` ` `J Hc `` ` `Y
.dG dG
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

W eH dch ,`` ` `W GdCG H

d ddG G`` ` `d ,Jh AGdG `` ` `fG
a OLe g Y k` ` ` eJ e IQH
,PEG ,JQb OhM M
q dG `` ` `a .cGQOEG
dH ddG J e IQ`` ` `dG J Y
ij dG TdG gh .?OhdG dG
e bGh cCG dd IQU j `` ` `fPCH
QNH ,`` ` `dG jh .?`` ` `fG
E id
GQb e M f c j e s EG ,jT
e j CG j `` ` `e aCG g eh
eh .OLdG `` ` `a QGSGh `` ` `FH `` ` `LCG
SGH cQf e Ea ,FjdG `` ` `MdG
e j AL EG g e ATC G c e
Ggh ,ATC G J dG dG W
,gQHGh dG G`` ` `NG e d AdG
Y IQOdG QKB G J J j e H
.Yjh fG
E j e g ATC G
J SGdG aT s EG ,dG Lh
e YdG dEG (3)kYVe kdY QJ fCG
.YdG dP j jHCH J CG H
C LM fEG es C G
kYVe kdY J fa
.IQhdH (4)kM kbGh kdY J h
GQOG
E Ldea

fG
E Y `` ` `dG T a `` ` `Lj
SdG `` ` `dG `` ` `e GfCG `` ` `KK
dG gMCG `` ` `j (G`` ` `dC G) A`` ` `d

154

adG YdG dGY

YdG dEG `` ` `jdG dSdG Uh `` ` `Y

k ec dSdG i`` ` `e YdG a `` ` `j

C ,Lh Jch ahM Oe dh

V eh ,AGLCH dh H
m Yh
l `` ` `YdG
h h edGh adGh RQ`` ` `dG g dG
a hdGh fH Oj dG dEG ...h
.dG Ibh IT
EG `` ` `dG Y `` ` `j `` ` `S `` ` `eh
c H g A`` ` `dG :AH Yh `` ` `YdG
QJ `` ` `MJ i`` ` `J `` ` `ea , Whole
K Mh MdG `` ` `Th UC G dG
,MJ `` ` `e d `` ` `H dEG `` ` `cJ
fEG ,e `` ` `c Vh `` ` `L H
k c QJ
Gg a dG Ggh .c d
CG a ,jZ a e GQOEG jW
ch fG
E Y ja AdGh dG
e Ic Ye `` ` `dEG j e a
ke Y a `` ` `bH SdG dG
a b c gh ,IMGh c dG d
dc ,keJ a (Me c H) c
ce a a Kh .GQOG
E `` ` `a g
dG U :dG GP aC G H J
Y dG a gh J VdG jH
IQH J JDeh IjY aCG e dCJ
-1) cG hCG J hO `` ` `e eJ ja
.(2012 ,ZCG ,dj ,fc
k W fMCG qj eY
cdG g CG

155

IdG dSdG g edG j -3

k` ` ` fd iQCG `` ` `fEG : (`` ` `dG `` ` `ddG)
.MCG
cGQOG
E HdG g MC G da -4
.eff (650) LdG d
Gg kFGO `` ` `j `` ` `edG CG `` ` `H -5
:Ea MC G dH LdG dG
LdG dG h`` ` `j MC G dG
.kjJ eff (650)
HdG a LdedG HdG ,PEG
eff (650) `` ` `LdG d `` ` `cGQOG
E
a) g OLe MC G EG CG .MC G g
eff (650) `` ` `LdG dGh ,(G`` ` `dG
Hh .(LQdG ddG `` ` `a) g OLe
MC G dG EG f ,GP aj G`` ` `g CG
.g
Aa CG `` ` `Mf ,i`` ` `NCG L `` ` `eh
j SdG e ej dG edG
e Hc GQGO ,I`` ` `MGh W e
e dG FSdG `` ` `g dc ,(0 , 1)
CG M `` ` `J UN `` ` `Hc `` ` `W
j eh .`` ` `Yf c e M i`` ` `e
dG edG IAG`` ` `b CG dEG `` ` `fG
d eGe f Yh ke j gJh
,ke .dG ddH `` ` `dG dG
k c iJ `` ` `Y J eY
V kjH
fCG H ,d dG dG dG
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

adG YdG dGY

,MdG e dEG IOdHh .`` ` `e fdG

e OL GPEG MdG `` ` `e j dG e
FGdGh `` ` `dG ;jfdG `` ` `Jc L
AdG dP g :GdG ?dGh dGh
e H Mh MdG `` ` `T d dG
fCG fYG GPEGh .`` ` `SGdG d `` ` `gaJ
kjCG jfK `` ` `c (dGh `` ` `dG)
,e MdG `` ` `fOLh (jb `` ` `d)
g Y ?dP H `` ` `e j dG a
`H MdG e H e fc j MdG
j dG ,Noumenon JGH AdG
AdG Gg Qj Gdh .ae hCG cGQOEG
.Yd dY CG a JGH
GQOEG) dG YdG `` ` `H QdG s EG
zfCG{ fCH Yh) JGdG YdGh (MdG
dh Yf c Qa (MdG Qj e
,ke ,`` ` `J a ,cGQOG
E `` ` `LQdH k` ` ` ba
,WebCam `` ` `SdG G`` ` `ec `` ` `J
dSQEGh QdG dH I`` ` `NC G a
dEG K eh Sd cdG ddG dEG
GedG CG VaG d B Gh .VdG TT
ddGh ,dG `` ` `SM ,dG e J
eh VdG TT E` ` ` a ,edG e j
.JGdG `` ` `YdG j `` ` `Yh a `` ` `j
FdG s EG :dG j ,cCG `` ` `dh
IQH GdG eO dEG JCJ dG IedG
H YdGh gJ j ,`` ` `Y S
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

:dG Y Q`` ` `jh MdG jj ,`` ` `MJ

dG H HQ dG id a ,MJ
,ch c dG d dG AdG GPh
zMJ{ `` ` `edG hCG dG G`` ` `g `` ` `jh
Gc dG `` ` `d dG A`` ` `dG dEG `` ` `j
j kT jGdG a dG Qj .Gch
dG hCG dG GPh ,IO`` ` `e H
AdG `` ` `dP Y j Q`` ` `dG z`` ` `MJ{
QGdG jh ,`` ` `dG H `` ` `dG
j dG jONC G dH `` ` `j Qc
d j eYh .AdH SMG
E a
dG QdG `` ` `j H a zMJ{
YdG dEG IQdG `` ` `jONC G a Gjh
HJ Hh ,adGh dG a ITe
OY bCH AcG j QGdG `` ` `e ac
.dG aeh d jONC G e
j dG IjdG dG H `` ` `eh
a dG g dG j b ,AdG H
:ddG `` ` `dG Y ATC G `` ` `Y dG
,MC G ZCG a ,VdG Q`` ` `j jGH
H Qj K ,e T d AT fCG `` ` `Y
dh M e iNCG c d Ac dP
Y ,dP Me jh .`` ` `FGQh Wh
Sj PEG ,WC G SQ a ,Y f
a ,J jJ jH A`` ` `TC G
,SCGdG J IFGO T Y fG
E `` ` `SQ
Y N HQCG GWC Gh lN dGh

156

adG YdG dGY

CG ,MC G dG YCG fEG :`` ` `bCG MC G

Qda .MC G d dG cGQOEG `` ` `YCG
j ,GdGh `` ` `fG
E H gdG
fEG Sd `` ` `dG `` ` `dG Y
j Gda ,dG dH YdG Y
d ,keJ fG
E `` ` `e e kM kYh
YdG dEG CG ,`` ` `VdG TT dEG `` ` `j
.JGdG
de H J dG dG CH `` ` `es C G
e ,SGdG `` ` `e IOQG`` ` `dG `` ` `SMG
E
dG `` ` `e IOQGdG `` ` `dG GQ`` ` `TG
E
dEG `` ` `J dG `` ` `g E` ` ` a ;`` ` `dG
SdG H `` ` `dj dG jdG e `` ` `M
`` ` `jOdG IQ`` ` `d I`` ` `edG `` ` `dG
e efH J j H ,jdGh
efdG Gg a SdG Y jd
H Y ke IOe e `` ` `jH
IAGb dH `` ` `jh ,`` ` `SdG fe
e jdGh IQ`` ` `dG e `` ` `Jh
,kjQKEG, k` ` ` Y ,k` ` ` YLG `` ` `gGe c
kGec ,ke kdCG ,kMa kjM ,kfehQ
Y edG `` ` `j dch .dEG ...k` ` ` jOeQ
SMG
E IAGH e AGLCG a fGdG
Oe L efH ah ,IOQGdG jdG
.edG a `` ` `dG jdG Y `` ` `e
efdG T J a Hd kGfh
,ZedG jdG a JGQT fG dG

157

c gh ,gJ FdG dG OQ `` ` `jJh

,jh ,fGdG `` ` `Y edG j e
jdH J Gec a kHSM ,kjRe
Y eCG .`` ` `VY `` ` `TT hO `` ` `e `` ` `dh
Yh e J Vd TT a ,fG
E
Qj e CG Yh `` ` `H ,dG cGQOEG
fG
E CG g `` ` `g SdG Gg kM
GP dEG `` ` `SdG J H `` ` `JGP
Y VdG TT Jh .gMJ IMGh
dH OdGh (5),dGh dH dG
GdGh Q`` ` `dG f Y IQdG `` ` `g
ReQ Y L `` ` `dEG L e `` ` `YGHGh
E
dG `` ` `bGh e IO`` ` `e eYh
UC G dG j :J Cc ;I`` ` `TdG
H MC Gh NC G fdG LG e
WEG `` ` `Y keJ `` ` `j Ggh ,`` ` `e
FGQ hCG hGdG IjJ hCG dG `` ` `NU
J a .fGdG Y IadG J
t
a J ,Te `` ` `Z Yh Y dhC G
QdG H TdG `` ` `JQG e YdG
e cQdG `` ` `a OJh `` ` `SdGh
hCG eY dEG `` ` `dJh ITdG `` ` `M
fdG YdG J ,e Z eQ
dG `` ` `jdG e `` ` `dEG gQaG `` ` `Y
bW `` ` `e JcQe G`` ` `NEG e `` ` `J
GfG j `` ` `ddHh ,`` ` `TdG dG
dG kM QOCG `` ` `eYh .JGd `` ` `Yh
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

adG YdG dGY

L efH `` ` `Y Fb Yh `` ` `fGdG
JGdG G`` ` `dH jJh `` ` `jJ j
EG PEG ,dP `` ` `cDJ Fbh Kh .`` ` `dGh
Y I`` ` `dG ,`` ` `dG GP `` ` `aC G
`` ` `dG C G`` ` `J ,Erpeton tentaculatus
VdG `` ` `e a H FGa `` ` `Uh
(2012 ,ZCG ,dj ,`` ` `fc) ITe
d e ja J `` ` `YH CG
gOUG c Jh (a) `` ` `JOh
e ,OGOJ K ,qJ hCG `` ` `J hO e kjCG
OjORG e JNh `` ` `JQe ,bdG Qh`` ` `e
efH EG ,iNCG Hh .dG QGJ
Fc j H dG ec dG
jdG `` ` `e H `` ` `gh .I`` ` `dH `` ` `Jb
dBG Oe GdG QYG Y dEG fGh
QdGh ,d HdG JHhdc ee
jJ e dG Gg dh `` ` `H c
.IdGh dB G H
d SGdG jJ CG k` ` ` HS OQh d
J T jJ `` ` `M ee e JCj
.e IMGh c H KCJ dG idG V
T jdG G`` ` `g e AH f `` ` `bh
SMG
E A`` ` `f dBG `` ` `K C dG
J Y `` ` `Y je `` ` `a IOQGdG
QGSH `` ` `NB G d `` ` `Jh `` ` `H
edG e kGAL CG dEG aVEG ,Qh`` ` `e
.jQT jH e edG j IOQGdG
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

H J dG bdG dG ae j
fCG e ,`` ` `Jh bO f Y `` ` `ddG
efd IdG GQdG J j
,RdG Y j CG H e `` ` `HSdG
ae HdG a J J d `` ` `Mh
Y NB G dG e H HGJ e
dG ae J Y gh ,`` ` `bO f
.jdG JFL ae N e QdG
EG ,jJh `` ` `eY H ,dG `` ` `jh
kefH Hj e Sd dG `` ` `efdG
e SdG R`` ` `L Y ke k` ` ` e
.e VZ J LCG
SJQGh
E `` ` `dG `` ` `UH `` ` `es C G
LGda ,SGdG `` ` `Y IOQGdG `` ` `d
He f `` ` `Y fGdG `` ` `Y j fCG
.GdG Y dG YUG Acd
;fdG d g dP `` ` `Y e bCGh
J eY ,`` ` `dG g a j `` ` `M
a VGaG Yd dG YdG fCG
dG ie j `` ` `N CG ,SdG
bjh fdG Q`` ` `MC `` ` `H J dG
N bj CG j hCG MdG cM
j K ,J hCG dG g N e ec
aEG `` ` `Y dH VGaG `` ` `dG
jh eJ `` ` `N Y dGh `` ` `N
hjh .MC G ZCG `` ` `a dP J a
J `` ` `dG TdG `` ` `dG `` ` `YdG CG

158

adG YdG dGY

j `` ` `e YCG `` ` `SM c `` ` `a `` ` `dG

.QJ
SM jDhdG fc d ,dG S Y
e e dY d Fd `` ` `ce
GPEG ae ddG jP j ,`` ` `YdG
ec J CG e c a d eCG
eZ TCG e) WehdG `` ` `dG
eGh (`` ` `jdG jjOGdG `` ` `TC G dEG
ZdG Y dPh ,Fa je IQb dG
ed Y c f jW NG e
.dEG IOQGdG ehdG
a UdG `` ` `jdG `` ` `d kGfh
YdG dGY s E` ` ` a ,H `` ` `ah `` ` `SGdG
eh d kJ YGdG FdG H je
dGdG C h .H J dG IdG T c
INC G YSa ,`` ` `YGh Fc dGY
dG ec Y SGM `` ` `e J CG
dEG jdG `` ` `JQb e jJ CGh `` ` `dG
IQTG
E jh .`` ` `J j e `` ` `YCG
f a `` ` `UdG h`` ` `dG CG dEG `` ` `g
H jOdG YVdH `` ` `YdG GSG
,H DadG AfG j YdG dGY
de SJ YSH YGdG FdG C
dG dG ec Y d dG
f e J GhOCGh I`` ` `LCG GSH)
.fH S c (M Y
adG dGdG Ia jJ LCG eh

159

HdG H j ,dG `` ` `S a
dG dG a ZeO (L) AMH
GQOG
E Y IQdH QHG
E Y hDdG
C dG RdGh d dG
Y ATd
Jh ,gY `` ` `jDhdG GfG e `` ` `ZdG
Blindsight dG jDhQ ` ` ` `H ddG g
G`` ` `j CG `` ` `HdG AD` ` ` d `` ` `j PEG ,
hO e KC H A`` ` `e e a `` ` `jW
c gMCG S GPEGh ,e CH GUG
hCG Qj fCH `` ` `j ,dP a e `` ` `j
.g NBG AT hCG g A`` ` `T OLh bj
jb Qe O`` ` `Lh dEG Oj dP `` ` `Jh
jdG J ZedG WdG dEG j
bYh dGh `` ` `dG GQOEH J dG
c j H H a `` ` `ZGdG ATC G
J ,iNCG Hh .YGh IQH dP
eCG ,jdG dG Y ehe jDhdG
kS a dH YGhdG `` ` `SMEG
.GhQj CG hO e
YdG dGY D aJ

fEG YdG dGY e dY Y f

:ke ddG WdG J GPEG ,ae
e c `` ` `a `` ` `SGdG `` ` `J CG -1
UdG dG dG Y keJ kGOG`` ` `eG
.SM H
Resolution `` ` `rdG `` ` `j CGh -2
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

adG YdG dGY

,gOHCG a jhe h `` ` `He J dh

e J jW IGOCG `` ` `N i`` ` `d ch
j a .bdG Y QMC G jJ
.?ddG g a ke dG
e ZdG `` ` `Y dPh .`` ` `f :GdG
dY Y k` ` ` e kdY cMCG `` ` `eG
c d M kjCG dG jh .NB G
e be ah `` ` `bdG Y jH
e IQ`` ` `H gGj `` ` `e `` ` `MGh ch
IQU Yh `` ` `NB G id dG IQ`` ` `dG Y
OHC G hP `` ` `HdG dG) f `` ` `bdG
.(1010
Y sM Fa Fc CG Va d
,f LQdG fe d ch ,cc
a SY OLH Y gMCG j H
,HKh He jH A`` ` `TC G J Y
SY Y Y AGMH Y fdG j
bGdG J Fisheye Lens dG Y
dG dG ha ,kGMhh HK gJ
,dEG dH Le T d dEG dH
e `` ` `gEG gGj `` ` `fY I`` ` `dGh
.ATC G `` ` `bd dH G`` ` `gh ,NH
d e J CG Qb `` ` `fCG Vao dh
IOdG gQMCGh bQ Y `` ` `fdG
dG g jj `` ` `fCG ke d
feEG K a ,gYGb L `` ` `ajh
HLG
E b .?gRfEGh IGQdG g AGLE
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

fT `` ` `bQ jd CG `` ` `Vd ,`` ` `Yd

e Se gQMCGh 1010 `` ` `gOHCG
bdG Y kG`` ` `H N ch ,`` ` `gOHCG
HLC ?`` ` `be e gGj `` ` `c `` ` `dCSh
beh H Y `` ` `bJ IOe HLEG
,e gGj Ia ,(SdG QdG)
Ieh ,ke
q dKh ,VCG RG`` ` `e iNCGh
jRGe je VCG GP gGj `` ` `HGQ
H ae CG Hh .dEG ...jhe h
e MGh c `` ` `j ,IL `` ` `SdG
bd NB G G`` ` `j dG dG `` ` `j CG
be aY GPE` ` ` a .Q`` ` `MC Gh `` ` `fdG
aY ,N Hh (SdG QdG)
;OHC Gh dH bdG N ij c
be `` ` `N `` ` `Y GPEG ,`` ` `HdHh
e ,gdG `` ` `dG jd ch `` ` `Hh
j CG j fdG bd ,be
gOHCG d Ojh fdG bQ iJ c
CG S CG) be `` ` `e J dG
gGJ fCGh 10*10 `` ` `g `` ` `bdG O`` ` `HCG
dY ,`` ` `ddG j `` ` `dHh .(`` ` `He
fG jh ,ae ,N dYh
Vd .NB G dEG gMCG `` ` `e jdGh
bdG Y kG`` ` `H L `` ` `N CG B G
RGe `` ` `H gGj ch kG`` ` `e N
(fCG gGJ `` ` `c kHe ) 21 `` ` `VCG
JMe a Jhe NGdG HdGh

160

adG YdG dGY

AN a dh dYh H a IM IdG
dP dEG `` ` `JjgdG `` ` `jh .`` ` `Y hCG
Yh gh ,ddG dEG e YdG EG :dH
fj dG AdGh ,AH Yhh ,b
eh .dH AT fEG ,Mh kjOe d
j b
YdG CG dG Gg a j
l
CG j Id keRe fch ,ddG dEG
,dH ,IdG C `` ` `YdG dGY C aJ
.Fbh IVM
dG Y ddG G`` ` `g LEG jh
:ddG
Yh g ,I`` ` `d R`` ` `e `` ` `Yh c -1
IQhdH ge A`` ` `H Yh ch .AH
Ljh .AdG dd SGdG f jH
kYVe `` ` `j ,bC G `` ` `Y ,MGh A`` ` `T
.YdG e e f e cC kce
e f e cCG b e Qj `` ` `e -2
.cGQOEG dGY C aJ YdG
J dGY H D` ` ` aJ `` ` `g ,PG -3
J a `` ` `bC G Y ,`` ` `YdG e G`` ` `fC G
.H a Yd cdG YVdG
:ddG T

OQh e ,e :idG edG

IQhdH a IM R EG YdG CG ,fBG
dYh H a IM IdG C ,AH Yh
QhV ATC G GQOEGh ,ATCG Y j

161

Vh d fCG f CG j GDdG Gg Y
bGdG J `` ` `Y eCG IQf e `` ` `T
Ib Ia `` ` `H j ,He `` ` `jH
GPEGh ;IjdG dM e DhdG bdG `` ` `e
jd dS `m ` ` `e `` ` `S Y j Q`` ` `e
dh dG `` ` `dH d `` ` `SMEG
f dG G`` ` `Hh .`` ` `dG `` ` `dH
fCG (dGh dG) SMG
E Y
.Vh H K IQdG Vh b ae
J CG ,PEG ,`` ` `j `` ` `dP e k` ` ` TJh
FdG `` ` `FdG e fdG IGQ`` ` `e
ae Yh dGY J kL fd
.d cQe fCG a
dG dGdG CG ,`` ` `S a cP `` ` `d
Y J dG YGdG `` ` `FdG cQJ
Jch JcGQOEG QU a dG H
,(LdedG HW `` ` `a je CG)
DaJ DadG G`` ` `gh .ae `` ` `dGY g
,M FdG J J e Q`` ` `H QhV
hCG M Z kFc R YdG CG Vao d PEG
OLh dEG je Z kdN k` ` ` Yh c
H DaJ K `` ` `j CG VG d ,Oe
dGh SMG
E AfG H dGdG
.YdG dP dY e
e ,dG `` ` `FdG `` ` `Y YdGh
Yh ,AdG `` ` `a ,g ,JM Q`` ` `U fc
d ,`` ` `SGdG e `` ` `YJ `` ` `YVH
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

adG YdG dGY

fCch j kGMGh kc`` ` `S (YVdG

J dG GHh .MGh Yh a de
.ae dGdG
dGdG H CG g MdG jh
j bh ,NB G `` ` `H e kYJG cCG
ZCGh Z e gRCGh k` ` ` dCG cCG e dY
jOe CG `` ` `dP ,Q`` ` `j H A`` ` `TC H
J YGfCGh Jeh `` ` `dG GQOG
E
C
AfG d `` ` `ddG FdG `` ` `NH
,j dP `` ` `e ZdG Yh .`` ` `YdG e
Yh dY e Fd ,`` ` `UdG S GPEG
k e j CG `` ` `Yh dY Y `` ` `e

Qjh H `` ` `f dG f A`` ` `TC H

f c H `` ` `Y dG ATC G H
QGbG
E dEG `` ` `FY dP a dGh ,`` ` `f
IH e Yh g YdG C` ` ` H FdG
dc e `` ` `f Yh O`` ` `e dh
.ke dG
E
,YdG d ah YdG H dGh
e Mh bGh cCG e kYh CG j
dCe M j `` ` `a .NBG Yf Yh
K e `` ` `Sg jH `` ` `e `` ` `VjQ
eC G g `` ` `dc ,dN jL `` ` `jH
YVdG J `` ` `YdG GfCG UH
`` ` `Y `` ` `VdG QOCG AG`` ` `a ,`` ` `jOdG
WSH CG `` ` `FdG `` ` `jdG IQ`` ` `dG
idG `` ` `jW Y CG `` ` `jQGdG `` ` `TC G
2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

b YdG CG e ZdG Y ,IdG `` ` `d

J b e ATC G H c Qj
GeC G hCG dG a TC G J dG
.fG
E Y dG g c JdG `` ` `a
Yh g ,`` ` `Yf c `` ` `e ,`` ` `YdG s C h
YVe J PEG A`` ` `TCG a ,ATCH
.dG YdG GfC ce
GQOEG J AG`` ` `S :idG `` ` `edG
e ,ke QG`` ` `dc ,Oe Oe `` ` `Ve
AdG SfG N e Yc Yh `` ` ` pb
Y NBG Yh `` ` `N e CG ,Y `` ` `FdG
M J hCG `` ` `JdG a LdG
j L hCG Hc hCG `` ` `We
fG s E` ` ` a ,dP `` ` `N hCG `` ` `VdG
ddG dEG hC G `` ` `YdG GQOEG `` ` `dY e
GQOG
E `` ` `Ve C ,FLh `` ` `Fb NB G
j PEG ,ddG a `` ` `f gh MGh
QGL OLh `` ` `Y hC G GQOEG `` ` `j CG
OLh Y NB G j H ,RLG `` ` `j
j (QGdG `` ` `f g ) Oe `` ` `Ve
,GNGh cd aT QYGh RLG
IdGh ,Id Re OdG `` ` `YdG C
.eb a IOdG J
YdG dGY CG VGdG e :dG
, ce `` ` `jOe `` ` `YVd `` ` `jdG
L a kH k` ` ` aNG H a J
f) gf J d ,kjJ dG

162

adG YdG dGY

c j H .zYC G a d gPC G a
YVe kYh ,fK L e ,Yf Yh

GQOd
E HdG LQdG ddG J kaT
,YdG e f g M e UN a ,H

.YVe g M e ch

YdG `` ` `dGY `` ` `a `` ` `dG `` ` `eh

C aJ fCG YGdG FdG Y `` ` `adG
J e QH W IQH dGdG J
GDaJ C aJh ,jOdG cGQOEG YVH
e SM c a J n ` ` ` e GPEG eJ

H UdG `` ` `dG dG `` ` `ec `` ` `Y

kGOGeG c CG `` ` `W GOGeG c AG`` ` `S
Gg J FShh ILCG GSH kJGOCG

T SdG J dEG `` ` `aVEG ,VdG

kWk Ge cCG ,YC G dG `` ` `dG
J kYUG kGe CG `` ` `SdG H a
CG a YdG c dh .IYe `` ` `FSh
Fd s Ea ,kYVe kYh -Yd dY

dGY -JM QU `` ` `fc e -YGdG

LdedG `` ` `a jJ `` ` `ae Yh

.YVdG a Jh cGQOG
E

e Yh c LGa ,FHdG dGh

HdG jJ EGh `` ` `f OdG `` ` `VdG
.NB G Y e c a LdedG
H eG
E CG `` ` `S `` ` `e `` ` `jh
`` ` `YVd `` ` `dhC G `` ` `dG `` ` `j
gQYH kMh k` ` ` bO kceEG jOdG
e kYf j ,Z hO e dG Gg Y
UH dG Yd ffG
E `` ` `jcdG
k q Mh `` ` `bGhh kc `` ` `cCG ddH `` ` `Yh
dG fj Ggh ,i`` ` `NC G UhC G e
e cCG ddG `` ` `fG
E Yf Vjh
.dG Y j
K c EG , `` ` `dhC G `` ` `da ,PEG
H UN dhCG `` ` `c J b ,dhCG
a dP Z `` ` `gh ,cQj `` ` `dG YdG
dG `` ` `dGh .`` ` `YdG e `` ` `NBG f
,JGP a `` ` `g c ,jOdG `` ` `YVd
cQOCG GPEGh ,`` ` `adG `` ` `e kGHCG `` ` `e
fCG `` ` `YdG j `` ` `a e `` ` `Yh `` ` `aYh
j e CG Yj hCG ,dG GQOG
E `` ` `cQj
ddG a g j `` ` `e g kLdea
e He{ AYOG CG :YVe LQdG

eGdG

adG e ,LQdG ddGh GQOG

E :dDd QdG dG dEG IOdG j VdG Gg d -1
.adG IQGRh QGUEG ,2014 hC G jJ ,613 OdG jQdG
,g dJH iJ fCa dJH QJ eY fCG gh LPdG bGdG hCG GQOG
E a ITdG jdG -2
:dG bGdG hCG GQOG
E a ITdG Z jdG eCG .JGH g c Yh Y bGdG j CG

163

2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

adG YdG dGY

k J iJ fCa dJH QJ eY
.g IOLe dJdG CG e J dJd kM
L cQJ dG `` ` `ddG gh ,cQdG dG Y `` ` `dG LQdG ddG g :`` ` `YVdG `` ` `ddG -3
.M aGf e j e H c ,YGdG FdG
J EGh ,GQOG
E `` ` `Y IY dG Jc dh ,f `` ` `YVdG ddG g :dG `` ` `bGdG `` ` `ddG -4
OhH OJ adG OhM C ,`` ` `JGP a cQj fCG j CG cQd `` ` `j a ,g c `` ` `cGQOEG
.Mh YVdG ddG
J H d VJ Y fGdG eJ dG ITdG dG dG dH OdG d -5
hCG dG d HSG OG`` ` `aC G bH a dG dP Y J IO`` ` `e IQTEG hCG e `` ` `NU
J dG FGhdG H hCG ,hGdG SGe a QdG H H J dG GjdG J hCG ,IQTG
E
.hGd Hb Y H J dG fG
E H e

LGdG
dG /2012ZCG - dj OY ceC G dG e ,51U ,IdH k Jb dho ,fc .C .K -1
.dG d jdG SDe ,28
.53,54U ,HdG LdG f -2

2015 QGPGB 618 O`````dG

164