LQdG ddGh GQOG

LQdG ddGh GQO EG

d HCG a
`` ` `g `` ` `dG `` ` `a GQOG
E
QOCG j ,UdGh `` ` `dG
,`` ` `fGh `` ` `bh `` ` `H oA`` ` `dG
QOCGh ,`` ` `f `o ` ` `dG QOCGh

AdG
QOCGh ,Y n dCdG
n
GQOG
E `` ` `eCG .(1)BGQ `` ` `H
`` ` `jf `` ` `a Perception
f dG dG a adG
jeh `` ` `ddG YGh H
gh .....,`` ` `dG `` ` `HdG
e e `` ` `e c `` ` `j
.MHh bf

133

C ``jJ 613 O```````dG

2014 hG

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

cdGh HdGh dGh dG) dhC G

YVdG `` ` `a Fbh `` ` `HK (O`` ` `dGh

f e CG) jfdG `` ` `dGh ,jOdG

eh LQdG YVdH dG KCdG

J YVdG `` ` `J Vh Y JQb
.(2)eY ge

(dGh dc SGM `` ` `Y ATC G e

a `` ` `Jh `` ` `dhC G cGQOG
E `` ` `J

G`` ` `fG `` ` `jdG G`` ` `g `` ` `jh

k dO `` ` `Y `` ` `j CG hO
H ` k` ` ` M

SgC Gh ,IQ`` ` `e A`` ` `dG a `` ` `f

LCG e zd{ VG bh ,`` ` `YVdH

e OdG gdG OLh Vj CG `` ` `dP
cQH YG H ,Y QS dG e
eY g TdG GQOG
E YVe CG

,g YVe OLH `` ` `d MJ ReQh

-jfK CG dhCG- dG L CH bh

`` ` `WN

GQOEG `` ` `gh illusion

OLe `` ` `M `` ` `d Misperception
k ` ` ` UCG
`` ` `VdG I`` ` `dG `` ` `jDhQ `` ` `e
J cGQOEG `` ` `gh Hallucinations
OLh hO `` ` `e `` ` `cGQOG
E `` ` `HdG `` ` `a

dh H ij g eda ,M e
fPCH jh LdG a cdG dH

LPdG `` ` `bGdG I`` ` `f `` ` `H d

fGL Y `` ` `FdG GPB `` ` `H `` ` `UdG

gh Delusions gdG eq C G .ShDhdG

gh ,e A`` ` `L gh d He `` ` `jOdG

d a Q`` ` `aC G `` ` `bS `` ` `gJ hCG

.dH jfK gh AGS

`` ` `Y GQOG
E `` ` `dEG Naive realism
YVdG `` ` `e cQf `` ` `e CH `` ` `dG
Jh Y `` ` `e jOdG `` ` `YVdG
fc `` ` `Y dG H A`` ` `dGh Gh`` ` `dH
SfG J jh .cGQOE `` ` `YVe
`` ` `c GQOG
E `` ` `a `` ` `jOdG `` ` `YVdG
GPe dh .IBGdG a AdG IQU J

dG YGfG `` ` `a bGdG g `` ` `J
Y INCe d `` ` `jDhQ ah `` ` `gf
jDhQ `` ` `ah FbO fK `` ` `dG dM
Y a b j CG `` ` `H dG `` ` `d
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

gJh `` ` `dG gc `` ` `WH GO`` ` `YG

QaC G NOEGh SGfG `` ` `gJh OVG
.cGQOEH
eCG ,`` ` `Te `` ` `Zh `` ` `Te GQOGh
E
iCGJ `` ` `bGd a GQOEG `` ` `a `` ` `TdG

dG `` ` `dG jO `` ` `gh ,Y `` ` `fGh

bGdGh Commonsense `` ` `dG

TdG Z GQOG
E a H .LPdG
kf Qj fEG JGP ATC G o dG Qj
L gP bh ,`` ` `Y e nnj `` ` `e
dG CG a LMh gdG Gg d

134

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

iQCG fEa QG`` ` `dG Y AG`` ` `M H iQCG

,iNCG Hh ,MCG dG MC G dG

jO b d .dG e dGhRh Je

dG dG SGQ fGJH Y dG
YCG dG dG Y JCG eY{

EG CG) kLhOe AT c iS IMGh Y

fCG H dh (`` ` `YJ dG ATCG O`` ` `Y
fCG f CG Y Yj `` ` `d cCdH

GHh .MC G dH SMEG QOCG `` ` `fEG

bGdG dEG HfG GPEG :aQ a g

e H gJ CG feEa LPdG

fEG ,IMGh aO d `` ` `e g e c
:fH O`` ` `j CG j dG `` ` `e AL

.jOe ATCG if

.....,e U ,`` ` `dG e IOe H

CG dEG jdG `` ` `Jh .(4)zHT `` ` `eh
g cGQOG
E `` ` `HdG `` ` `a cQf `` ` `e c

QdG H JdG dG dG
:g J SCG Kh .f
YVH dG `` ` `J bY e

??LQdG ddG

?d de g g

J `` ` `LQO a `` ` `dc fc E` ` ` a

??d

`` jgdG `` YdG `` a GQOG

E `` jf

jf fG `` ` `d :Phenomenalism
HdG a f fCG dEG dG dG

YVdG `` ` `dh `` ` `JcGQOEG `` ` `cGQOG

E

sense data dG dG jf

e Qe Q`` ` `L HG `` ` `d :theory
hCG g SGQ fGJH dh dG dG

.(3)dG HdG a eSG e

Yh cGQOG
E HdG a f `` ` `e EG

dG H dG dG g Te f

fEG .eY e OdG VdG OLh Y

ch keJ IU I`` ` `dG IdG iQCG
cCG d hJ YT `` ` `gf cCG HbG
a HK I`` ` `dG M CG k` ` ` Y ,kM
JNG dG Id iDhdG J EG ,bGdG

g gdG gh ,ge g fEG `` ` `Y

WCG bh ,jdG HJ `` ` `a cQOCG e

dTG
E J dG g `` ` `eh ,jOdG

.dG dG SG Y
NBG e `` ` `a dP Vf CG `` ` `jh

GPEa .JcGQOE k` ` ` S gQYGh `` ` `jOdG

QdG Gg e jgdG YdG dEG ff
`` ` `Jh A`` ` `TC G `` ` `d `` ` `fH CG -

XdG `` ` `J Jh ,`` ` `dG `` ` `gOLH

eYh .kjCG `` ` `M e gdGh

YVdG W M QhJ dG ddG

135

jdG SgC G e fj dG da
k e
jh `` ` `jXf `` ` `eCG A`` ` `TCG i`` ` `j

C ``jJ 613 O```````dG

2014 hG

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

GhdG `` ` `Y Fb M `` ` `ddGh ,`` ` `dEG

dhe{ g jgGdGh ,`` ` `H dG b

dG H g c Hd Te Uh
dG `` ` `JGJh `` ` `dG UCG `` ` `Y

dd hCG QD` ` ` d hCG `` ` `dp d `` ` `j `` ` `dG

`` ` `eC G c CGh ......,`` ` `gDhYEG `` ` `LG
Ggh .(6)zdH dh `` ` `UdH j

Oq Q J jf fCG fLd - `` ` `JcGQOE

.dG dG dEG jOdG YVdG

gh ,a ge O`` ` `e cQf e `` ` `a
,gdG Y e ATC ge d
H f A`` ` `TC G g gdG `` ` `fEG
OLh c dh .gZ ATCG `` ` `K d CG
`` `c ,cQH `` ` `Y kcQe fc g A`` ` `dG

AdGh QdG OY Y GQOG

E `` ` `j
hCG) `` ` `YdG jb `` ` `N `` ` `e Q`
n ` ` `dG

J d dG
E IQdG NOEG e `` ` `H
Z J eY gQGSGh ATC G OLh

jgGdG H dP jh ,VdG dd

SMG
E H FdG GdG dTEG
MbG dG dG eCG .IYdG `` ` `dG

dG jdG eh VdG f (QdG

dG SQeh Sb `` ` `H nddG VH
e YdG `` ` `j CG LCG `` ` `e gGdG

eh ATC G O`` ` `Ld eSGh `` ` `LGS

.QaCG ah ddG YVe a `` ` `YV

KCdG `` ` `a jgGdG jdG `` ` `Jh

CG ,VdGh cQdG
GdG H OdG
p
j ddh ,QdG Veh QdG H
,ahXh dGMCG NH A`` ` `d cGQOEG
C jDha
Y J dG `` ` `a ad
ZdG Y HdG a ICa aOUCG eY

,ddG a g g J aC G CG `` ` `e
jh .d cGQOEG a u H NG fEGh
nddG YVe `` ` `dEG fHde kG`` ` `NCG
J SGdG CG `` ` `dEG IQTH
E dSGh
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

f a - dP H- g S K .cQe

CG QYH OJ a ze G`` ` `S L{
FGO e g fEG jOdG YVdG
,SMd
E Permanent possibilities
.kbGh j CG b e e bGdG C

CG -kjJ f `` ` `JH- SGQ LMh

e H EG g EG YVdG J
M b `` ` `jae fc Y C ` ` ` J
(dG SdG) Sensibilia YJ
dM M e J INC G gh

kLhR j LdG CG e Y f
.(5) GhdG bY a NO GPG EG

Phenomenology jgGdG ge

`` ` `ge `` ` `a `` ` `fG
E :GQOG
E `` ` `a
Gq fh ddG dEG H e `` ` `jgGdG

136

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

M hCG SCc e hCG `` ` `b H fBG

.IQOdG eGhC G e dP Z hCG Rc
FGOCG `` ` `a dG `` ` `dG `` ` `J PEG
Y edG `` ` `e OQGdG eC G jJ `` ` `Y
dEG ,dG a jQdG dG dG
jJ ke j H ,a cM bGh
(gJGJh `` ` `JT) `` ` `dG `` ` `dG
dG a cdG e AL c Y `` ` `dhDdG
H dG `` ` `dG J `` ` `K ,dG
J JOQh `` ` `c `` ` `dG `` ` `dG `` ` `cM
a jT `` ` `SZ j kdMh .`` ` `eGhC G
dhDe dG dG `` ` `e IOe e
dH `` ` `J QdG dG `` ` `cM Y
kS dSQEGh ZedG GQTG
E Rah
cdH JG
E `` ` `K dG `` ` `dG dEG
.IOGdG jOGQG
E
fH iJ bh ,H i`` J :k fK
fPC H hCG

hCG fhdG SZ `` ` `Y j e dG
fhdG H NGdG PC G `` ` `a bdG
QV `` ` `KCJ `` ` `f `` ` `jPCdG Cochlea
.NBG `` ` `d hCG `` ` `d hCG e AGh`` ` `d
jJ `` ` `g `` ` `dG `` ` `fhdG C G`` ` `eh
IQTEG dEG GUC G CG JdG `` ` `LdG
ae Y `` ` `f K aGe `` ` `FHc
a dG dG dEG GOhdG
E e

137

Xd gAGOCG CGh QdG f H

.LQN dY OLh Y dj
jf Y `` ` `dG VdG GP `` ` `Hh
ddG H cH jGdG d GQOG
E
QJh ,b `` ` `e jLCG dG Q`` ` `dGh
W dEG ddG a YJ `` ` `dM iNCG
cCG AGS `` ` `YVeh cGQOG
E `` ` `HdG
a CG cQdG GdG QN VdG Gg
.dc j d CG OdG LQdG ddG
k CG
fe Gk j J IdG :h

YdG e CG hCG dG `` ` `jJ EG

OGQEG eCG Y IOY j `` ` `jOGQG
E dG
Lh eCG VCGh j aQCS :J Cc
dEG dJ Ia K EG CG ,dP J `` ` `K
He a j .ca d cM eCG
jdG UTC G Y H M dEG `` ` `dd
aGWG e YUG GWCG d cQ
dCj .IOeh Ic OGM AGL IQdG

bGd e (`` ` `e dG) dG `` ` `dG

dG IQTG
E `` ` `J Hc e hCG
(dG `` ` `ddG) Impulse `` ` `HdG
UdG dG d dG jdG e
j `` ` `bQ de `` ` `dEG IQ`` ` `dG `` ` `dH
dEG jJh IQ`` ` `TG
E Jh `` ` `dH
Y OQGdG eC G e `` ` `Sj FHc eCG
dG HUC G `` ` `a dG dG
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

jdG QU jH `` ` `U SM jh
JU GQTEG `` ` `dEG FHc f `` ` `e
C NGdG fhdG a J
YJh Pd
auditory dG jDhdG jH dB G J
.vision substitution
UEG J Ja :k dK

g AG`` ` `LEH `` ` `fCGh `` ` `fCG B G `` ` `bCS

S `` ` `b jLCG `` ` `fCG kY ,`` ` `HdG
Fd aGe `` ` `Ff fch `` ` `NGh
eY ,`` ` `b H `` ` `Y S `` ` `dG
kGeCG Ea j `` ` `HUCG jH IOY `` ` `J
fGh edG e `` ` `fG b j kY
OLdG UdG dG j Y a
H j ,dG dEG `` ` `jh YdG a
jJ Y dhDdG `` ` `d `` ` `Y
.AJ c `` ` `j HUCG a `` ` `HUC G
Hc bGdh e `` ` `Vh GPG B Gh
K j SQ `` ` `Y UdG dG `` ` `Y
dMh IQTEG `` ` `dH bGdG J `` ` `HQ
dP H f HdG dG JGQTEG
GPa j SQ `` ` `a UdG dG dEG
:JB G dG `` ` `Y fEG ?`` ` `dG `` ` `S
cMh HS J CG `` ` `fCG OQ
n C G GPEG
cd JBGe IQH e HS S
ShC G UEG S dch ,HS
dh keJ `` ` `ShC G UEG `` ` `cM kGe
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

e c e HGZ `` ` `cCG e Kh .`` ` `dG

,ke edGh SGdG fhd j gh S
f f b `` ` `FGH f Y `` ` `W PEG
dG f dH `` ` `HdG Y b
ch ,kjCG gZ Yh ZdG dG
keJ dG e j dG Gg SSCG
d IQU `` ` `dH Gec J M
eOdG FdG IQTG
E J
s K dG
d Hc IQTEG dEG GedG de e
YhQe bC G e a jT NGO
j eYh ,dG Y f ,dG Y
e j CG jdG e j c R`` ` `dG
Gch Gc gj fEG :`` ` `j a H j
a NdG H `` ` `TCG a j dh
jDhdG `` ` `dG g Y `` ` `WCGh .`` ` `fd
H `` ` `j `` ` `dG tactile vision `` ` `dG
IQTEG dEG (FdG IQTG)
E IQdG jJ
JAGb j dG edG dEG J d
H .jH IQ`` ` `c jh jL `` ` `e
VdG `` ` `bh a dG `` ` `g iJ
SCGdG Y I`` ` `U ja Gec `` ` `H
kS jdG `` ` `jJ H J ,k` ` ` e
Y She b dCG `` ` `a jT dEG
g Jh ,dG NGO dG dG
CG jh .Ieh `` ` `e Ff QdG
dG dG Y kjCG dB G g SJ

138

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

dG `` ` `dH j `` ` `e `` ` `M
J edG a IOe Y jN `` ` `dEG
a edG RedG `` ` `ah LdG XH
(dG I`` ` `dG `` ` `J CG) `` ` `dG
SdG Je MH `` ` `dP J jh
Y j e e Y dG `` ` `a
H ,aGe M hCG bQ SdG `` ` `TT
SdG dG `` ` `je J j
k ` ` ` e dG `` ` `T a A`` ` `d
bh a
dhdG dC G `` ` `j H Jh `` ` `MGh
dG dG `` ` `a dG H `` ` `Y
,IOe Y `` ` `MH dEGh edG `` ` `dEG
dG OGcG QSH I`` ` `NG a
J dG `` ` `fY GPEGh .ddG `` ` `HdG
Md EG dG eC HdG JdG Md
je t pnJ SGdG a J dG JdG
jH dh ke RGdH Jh JdG
jOdG JdG Md a edG dG
(MGdG bdG a kGMGh kGeCG J M)
bdG a edG je MJ dHh
jRGe jH `` ` `edG a dJh ,`` ` `Y
dH IO`` ` `e cGe `` ` `a ,k` ` ` jCG
.f bdG a IOe
HdG QaC G `` ` `jf CG B G jh
k Jh S
:cCG
TCG Y IQY `` ` `g Gf `` ` `e c s EG -1

139

b HUCG CG MdG g `` ` `a VaG

OQ
n C Gh cdG a Sh d j dh `` ` `oK
J
UdG S HS J CG
t
cdG Sh I`` ` `T e e `` ` `fCG HS
c dP `` ` `e gOC Gh .`` ` `fCG nJOQCG `` ` `dG
RH HdG RdG dSG GPG `` ` `j
a dCS gY dG GQTd
E de
Sh SHH UEG Np ho GPG UG
e UdG dC G H -`` ` `fCGh fCG - f
.H a b JH j CG MG
e J dG dG adG c s EG
aGdG `` ` `YC G dEG SGdG A`` ` `YCG
Hc `` ` `dS) dG `` ` `f e `` ` `aO
dG L e J (Impulse Y
dEG dG Axon gQe `` ` `dEG dG
dG dG `` ` `g hJh ,edG
f 120-10 e gJGJ hCG gOOJ a
-3^2 H a `` ` `JYS eCG ,fdG `` ` `a
g g j GDS Kh .YS /`` ` `c 320
fc GPG NBGh `` ` `M H Yf Qa `` ` `e
dG f e ddG `` ` `FSdG L
??dG HdG
H `` ` `dP Y B G HLG `` ` `j
j H a dG CG `` ` `gh Sc
dG ITh JGJh geh Fe a
e J G dP ,SdG dG
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

fG
E O`` ` `Lh `` ` `b `` ` `Lh `` ` `adGh
UGJ `` ` `gh ,dGReh dG `` ` `jH
JdG a G`` ` `eC H YGfCG OGaCG H
H eh dP `` ` `dG j CG `` ` `b e
e d `` ` `LdG J O`` ` `Lh s EG CG)
cGQOEG j k` ` ` SSCG fC d cGQOEH
dG Y kjCG He ddGh ,SGH
a GeC G J dG GdG Hh
c f H `` ` `H LJh dG
J J CG `` ` `fGPB u bo dh (`` ` `gJ
.YSCG d
LdG
s
a Se dEG fMCG j `` ` `Mh
j e g `` ` `a M hCG M hCG `` ` `a
GdG ??dGh dGh dGh dG
fG Le g H da .h f
YVe OLhh O`` ` `Le AGd `` ` `Nh
eCG ,d cQdG G`` ` `dG Y e `` ` `g
fGh `` ` `WdGh `` ` `dGh `` ` `ddG
GdG a e g fEG `` ` `d aGdG
H QdG dG EG f dd ,cQdG
e AGd Nh fG G`` ` `eCG g
Oe g H ,a dO h WY h ,`` ` `d
Jh `` ` `UJ c M `` ` `Fja OLh
.fdG WNh Je a ILC G
H AdG `` ` `j a eC G g `` ` `dch
d d PEG Wehc G`` ` `eCG g
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

Wehc Le e dCJ `` ` `FV

f e c q EGh ,`` ` `JGP H `` ` `d d
fG `` ` `e J `` ` `FGg Le `` ` `g
H a hCG d `` ` `U h AGdG Nh
IQY g bhfh f `` ` `e dch .JGP
d W GQP `` ` `e fe jL `` ` `Y
.FGQ h
jdGh `` ` `LdG `` ` `J `` ` `KDJ -2
a aGdG dG AYCG a GQdGh
J Y Hc aOh `` ` `S dEG
Y LJ a ,edG dEG YC G a
YdGh FdG a dCf dG dG
FSdG `` ` `L fJh .`` ` `edGh
SGdG e e YC G J `` ` `dG
a jQdG dSdG CG H ,W a
jdG dG e g dG dG
dG dH ddG FSd `` ` `f
C bdG YC H hCG
hCG dG hCG `` ` `dd
.cdG hCG hdG
dEG J dG dG `` ` `dCJ -3
GeC a ,Ije UY e SGdG Y
GQdGh `` ` `jdGh JdGh `` ` `FdG
JGH GOe e J h Ije c
YVe GOLh g IO`` ` `Le fCG iS
k ` ` ` e
.d `` ` `cGQOEG `` ` `Y dG `` ` `H
adGh dG CG `` ` `dP Y ddGh

140

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

e dG GQOGh
E dG H kGPEG `` ` `dG
k c CG
Gg Y HLGh
E ??GQOEG `` ` `e

.M Id B G YS GDdG
aOU kT CG `` ` `g `` ` `VS
J dh ATC G `` ` `e X ij fCG YOGh
dBG WSH j CG `` ` `e a de

a ,X G G`` ` `d IQU G`` ` `ec `` ` `jJ

Y S `` ` `dG IQdG CG `` ` `S
dO FYO `` ` `HdGh `` ` `dG dP

?X G Gd YVdG OLdG Y kac

Vd dG GQOG
E Y dO g gh
(GedG) jdG `` ` `dBG CG H ....?Oe

Y j `` ` `e d `` ` `JBGe H `` ` `J
,QJ Y
q eCG IQU - kGPEG- J fEa

e d dG Y `` ` `a IBGdG J `` ` `fq EG
bGd ` dG f ` `` ` `jDhQ a .aOJ
qfEG CG GedG jJ `` ` `e bGdG J
T J fEG CG e LQH `` ` `J
H gh .......??`` ` `SgCG Oe g H
Vd LdG HdG `` ` `dEG IOdG e

ch ,HCG h QRCG h `` ` `NCG h MCG

KK YH J fJa dg e
GdC G eCG ,IMGdG fdG a ec dCG
e c dch U e a gf dG
.Ic f WGTG `` ` `e Y VCG
g Gch dG e O`` ` `M AdG ,PEG
dH ATC a .h`` ` `dGh dG `` ` `jL
eh ,ke kLQN kGOLh IOLe bdG
FdG H cGQOG a UdG NG
dG Y IQdG a NG iS dG
QGSH e VGZC dPh LdGh
e cCG fGdCG ij - e - da .dG
,dY e cCG dCeh GR dYh fG
E
Ibh ,jd e fJh kY TCG JFa
Ie 300 `` ` `J dG i`` ` `d dG `` ` `SM
Ie Jea fG
E Y Jb IQb
K UdGh .cGQOEG `` ` `Y kGH dG
gh AMC G H JGAGb J MGh dY
Evolutionary jQJ HfG GAGb
.QGSGh dG AH eDJ

a ZdG dG `` ` `dH HdG

C `` H f `` c
cGQOGh
E `` SgG

a dC G `` ` `HbCH `` ` `ddG `` ` `jdG

dG d dGDSh dG dG

OLh Y dG bGdG GQOG

E j
Y IKDdG LQdG jOdG YVdG
d GQOEG kjCG a dG eCG .`` ` `SGdG

J a ,dG `` ` `e fj gh dG
SZh jdG SCGQ Y `` ` `jdG Gec

d He HLEG S ,G`` ` `j Y Y

141

??dG

j a ,j LQN e dEG j
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

QS dH UCG dh ,ITe `` ` `M
hCG Yf a h f dG dG
.dG H dO
B SgC H j CG d j g
jNG

??GgCG EG

:GdG
Lj aeh JY UCG a fC
hNB G `` ` `gCG GPE` ` ` a ,g SG A`` ` `T
fCG d c - f Lh e - cQa

.eJ e dg Z

`` a `` dM CG `` Lj `` g
?dG dY a (jahT)

:jCG GdG
YGfGh SgCG `` ` `jahdG C
SgCG Lj ddG dP ah ,gJh
??YGfG K a
Illusions YGfG jCG Lj ,c
,ge Hh AdG H g a M
cCG bdG T EGh ,ge Y Ada
CG dh A`` ` `TC G g `` ` `gdG EG `` ` `b
C
.ge ATd
CG Vfh iNCG IN `` ` `g d
Y fG `` ` `b dG `` ` `dY e kGA`` ` `L
GQOEG dG a `` ` `SGh SGdG iMEG
?AT cGQOEG CT a S a ,a
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

N e i`` ` `j da ,k` ` ` jJ G`` ` `f

dEG jDhd `` ` `aGe jDhQ `` ` `dG RL
gGJ c A`` ` `TC G if c GPE` ` ` a .e M
bGdG J f GedGh ,GedG
ATCG if `` ` `fG Gg a ,JjY `` ` `e
GPEa ,eOCG GNG e ATCG dh g
d GPEGh ,g IT a IT jCGQ
dhW `` ` `a Y cCG `` ` `dG `` ` `dhdG
dG J dP eh .dCG Y e
CG KE j `` ` `H ac d HdG
YVd GQOEG g fEG `` ` `dG cGQOEG
M `` ` `d `` ` `dh `` ` `e `` ` `jOe
.bGdG Y e
:ddG M

cGQOG c jd T OLh Vd
bGh GQOEG e dh `` ` `SgCG Y IQY
e h UJ H `` ` `g da .Y
fCG dG Gg cDSh ,jd iNG dM

e j gh `` ` `bGdG dY e e
DhJ IY B G `` ` `Sh .IUC G c
:UH
`` j CG `` dG G`` d `` j `` g
??f Lh e dH f

:GdG
e `` ` `g `` ` `cQj `` ` `e c CG `` ` `dP

142

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

- d ,je a d hj c Gd J
AdG CG eJ f -u dG QdG gh
g JGQe `` ` `fEG ,d c `` ` `a HK

Gg dG ddG `` ` `j H ,J `` ` `dG

e hd QYG `` ` `jd dh ,dG

aGe U GQOEG RGMG a e `` ` `H
.Y g c Ad

g iNCG `` ` `L eh ,`` ` `L e G`` ` `g

Je J CG `` ` `cQdG Gd `` ` `j
GdG `` ` `Jh f A`` ` `J e `` ` `dG

EG :d `` ` `L j ....??Je `` ` `Y
bh .gQaCG d `` ` `ba Sd bdG
adG `` ` `MCG CG IY
q SGQO `` ` `H

Sh T bhP d `` ` `MCG jOh

dG `` ` `eMCG `` ` `Y c `` ` `dH `` ` `Jh

(7)

H ,`` ` `jdG Q`` ` `dG Y `` ` `J

ee jdG `` ` `dG `` ` `dG s C G
cdG GR`` ` `dG CGh adG `` ` `Y

e JHc `` ` `a aOf `` ` `dG jdG

fhjh gJ J GQGJ EG g
edG `` ` `WMG
E LCG `` ` `eh .j `` ` `a
ja iLCG dG `` ` `dG UH

Y Y kWe J (8)A`` ` `dG e

Y dhDdG `` ` `ZedG I`` ` `d `` ` `SCGdG
dG fa `` ` `adG Y Q`` ` `HC G
dG `` ` `dG O`` ` `Lh GfG `` ` `jCG

143

f :GdG g
.Gfd HJ `` ` `a j dGh
SgCG e J `` ` `b fCG VaG GPE` ` ` a
ij eY fCG a ,`` ` `ec jdG
K ,IQe AdG a YVdG IdG
S ,S gGa A`` ` `dG e Lj
H `` ` `dG CG ,G`` ` `fG `` ` `e `` ` `M
AdGh AdG Y OdG dG dG
j QU `` ` `fCG j Ggh ,g `` ` `c f
bGdG Y dG dG dG H
dG YGfG `` ` `dG dGh
CG dP .f A`` ` `dG bGh Hh `` ` `bGdH
ITdG dG `` ` `Je Qj ddG
eh ,jd IVM g c jh ,Mh
ea ,GfG jh j CG dG
,IU hJ IdG IdG `` ` `ddG ij
VaG dh M dc qfEG OYG a J
IdG M jh ,b e gGj f
d c `` ` `a jh `` ` `e j `` ` `c
QdG GH `` ` `g IdG M CG k` ` ` eRL
de kGQU Cch ,d YCG dG dG
CG Y g cCdG `` ` `jh .eeCG VJ
ATC G a d hJ dG gd cGQOG
d e GQe eh `` ` `d c a
Gec eSG a ,kSgCG hCG `` ` `gJ
hCG jhGdG `` ` `g e AdG Qu Uh `` ` `jJ
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

ATCGh ,gPCGh SGM GhP cQe Fc

`` ` `g CG `` ` `Vdh -`` ` `e O`` ` `Lh GP
e EG dG ATC G QJ `` ` `FdG
e S FY .fgPCGh SGM N
f a ,A`` ` `TC G g hJ CG `` ` `dG
gOLh a be ,`` ` `FdG g H
fCG M Y ,fgPCGh SGM Y keJ
.(8)(e ,JGP VdG M
j c Q`` ` `NH `` ` `cPCS kG`` ` `NCGh
LQN QYH `` ` `e LQdG `` ` `ddG
?dEG f
dG LQN S a H d
,Ye `` ` `c Y J `` ` `gh dG
cQdG GdG :GQOG
E `` ` `M Y Jh
`` ` `dG `` ` `fYSh .GQOG `` ` `Veh
:VdG Gg H Y ddG
QMCG `` ` `jdG `` ` `HdG a `` ` `J
,gJ `` ` `FGW e `` ` `Jh ,`` ` `Ye
SH gJ j e QMC G e gh
d aNH `` ` `j ,e Gu e
` feC G SG GPE` ` ` a ;Is dG `` ` `HdG
dG dG `` ` `X gJ a ` `` ` `e
dHdG SG GPEGh .....,b
m MCG H
.....,`` ` `eZ OSCG `` ` `H `` ` `HdG `` ` `X
.AbQR J jdHh
QdG Y `` ` `dG CG g `` ` `Md
dh ,d Fe Z a k` ` ` SSCG d d
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

a dG Le fc fEGh ,jdG
ShDhQ a d Le MC G e
CG dEG `` ` `dP a dG O`` ` `jh ,`` ` `efC G

MLG Jh dH SMG
E MH
a eJ QUh `` ` `jdG MdG
Ggh ,UdG dG JNe `` ` `de
dG SM `` ` `bOh agQ ie j `` ` `e
a kVGh `` ` `dP jh adG `` ` `Y
.dG jH IAGb
d GPEG JSMEG Q`` ` `e kGPEG jCG a
??d kGQe cQdG JGhP J
dh IOLe `` ` `dG `` ` `dG s EG
gQa ,kHS J c gQe f
e j H s Y e ,LQN ddH
`NBG Qd OLh h ,`` ` `jOe YVe
Y IQOb Z GdG CG kHS KCG `` ` `fC
.dP a
OLhh IOLe dG dG C h
gQfEG KEG j d e e h ,HK
.f eGSH EG
e Oe LQN dY `` ` `g ,PEG
hC G MG gh ,cQa a KDj Y
.dGh
VdG Gg C` ` ` H cf CG `` ` `Hh
k ` ` ` dO
Vd) jcR OGD` ` ` a QcdG OQhCG
H ,Gg dY `` ` `Z NBG kdY `` ` `g CG

144

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

fdG MC G dH DhQo `` ` `fH KCj h

J Te C ,`` ` `edG OSC G `` ` `dH CG
aJ jQJ `` ` `SCG dEG OJ jDhdG
j Ggh .`` ` `FH Y dG `` ` `H
JjY e jfdG dG YNG fCG
GdG dG Oj ,d g H da ,dH
Oj FV GeCG g H dGh ,`` ` `cQdG
Y AV S GPEa ,OdG VdG dG
NBG jh e AL `` ` `oj Oe L
GWC G e J kfGdCG cQa ,fY Y
.dG LdG
H - gfLh d fY GPEGh
d L `` ` `H eh jH HhQ `` ` `J
dP ah `` ` `dG jh ,jfKh `` ` `dhCG k e ` MC G `` ` `dG CG
jfK c `` ` `g `
kLe kW UH `` ` `dhCGh ,kfd Q`` ` `YH
dhCG c dc `` ` `dGh ,Ad ke
Jh `` ` `fG Lc `` ` `dEG dH
.f U g M e jfKh ,AG`` ` `d
cdGh O`` ` `dGh `` ` `dGh `` ` `dG `` ` `eCG
a J dhCG c a HdGh
f Y jfdG `` ` `dG dEG `` ` `gQXEG
dG dG dG e LJ d QhV
dH HdG J `` ` `c ,dG OLdG
e Ld Iu dG OG`` ` `dG dG dG
.dG dY dEG dG dY

145

de a jW jh eh OLe
YVe J He f Yh ,QXEGh
Y dEG J gh ,dEG dH ddG
.jdG HdG e e ,gQXEG LCG e
gJ a bGdG FdG YG bh
AYCG e IdG dG `` ` `JLCG Y
Ggh .ZedG JGe dEG SGM
gJ dG YVdG `` ` `L CG j
e OLdG Y j e c g SGM
He iNCG Hc K fC ,`` ` `YVe
Y e kGOGe qJh ,i`` ` `NCG QMCH
,acGh `` ` `gQS `` ` `SGM `` ` `J
-HS cP S c- dP Y `` ` `dGh
j dG ,JdG a LdG `` ` `g
i`` ` `d `` ` `adG `` ` `Jh ,`` ` `YS
dN e `` ` `d edG ddG `` ` `YVe
.dG jDhdG a YQdG jH
SGM YJ H dG jda ,PEG
J dG `` ` `jOdG `` ` `YVdG e
ee hCG Se hCG feh Fe INC G
VdG CG `` ` `H ,G`` ` `eh W `` ` `d hCG
Geh FGQh d JGH a dh OLe
OLh ,fK L e ,SQj gh ,eh
H jh C ` ` ` jh ,g `` ` `YdG
u e `` ` `J e `` ` `ZdG Yh ,A`` ` `Nh
MQ a jh j Y dG dG
C ``jJ 613 O```````dG
2014 hG

LQdG ddGh GQOG

E

LGdG

.1982 fdG dG QGO .GQOG

E H ,hG AdG ,dG dG ,U L -1
2- Nicholas Bunnin and Jiyuan Yu The hBlackwell dictionary of Western philosophy.
2004. P 509 PNAS 2006 103 (41) 15273; published ahead of print September 29,
2006, doi:10.1073/pnas.0607806103
3- Donald M. Borchert, Editor in Chief. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Second Edition.
2006 Thomson Gale, a part of the Thomson Corporation. volume 8, page 813
4- BERTRAND RUSSELL. MYSTICISM AND LOGIC AND OTHER ESSAYS.
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN by Taylor Garnett Evans & Co. Ltd. 1956. p148

.HdG AfG e .8-7 U ,gT OGDa LJ .GQOG jgGX ,fHde jQe -5

6- Hurovitz, C., Dunn, S., Domhoff, G. W., & Fiss, H. (1999). The dreams of blind men
and women: A replication and extension of previous findings. Dreaming, 9, 1831937- Kupers et al., Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the visual cortex induces
somatotopically organized qualia in blind subjects

.101U ,Yd e QGO .adG jf .jcR OGDa -8

C ``jJ 613 O```````dG

2014 hG

146