LITERATURE REVIEW:

VARIABLES IN EXCESSIVE FORCE

Variable

Citation (in APA format) Methods used in study

Findings

Police-citizen contacts Rojek, J., Alpert, G. P.,

by investigating
& Smith,H.P.
perceptions and
(2012). Examining
behaviors during
officer and citizen
encounters that result in
accounts of police
physical resistance and
use-of-force
force.
incidents. Crime &
Delinquency, 58(2),
301-327.
doi:10.1177/001112
8710386206

The data include

interviews with citizens
who resisted or were
accused of resisting
lawful police commands
and those officers who
used force to control
these citizens.

The data show that

officers and citizens
focus on different issues
when interacting and
justify their behavior by
the identification and
maintenance of their
self-prescribed roles.

Examines police
Micucci,A.J., &
officers perceptions and
Gomme, I.M.
tolerance of abuse of
(2005). American
force. Officers rated the
police and
seriousness of an
subcultural support
excessive force
for the use of
violation, their support
excessive force.
for discipline, and their
Journal of
willingness to report
Criminal Justice,
such misconduct.
33(5), 487-500.
doi:10.1016/j.jcrimj
us.2005.06.002

Data were collected

from 3,230 sworn
personnel in thirty
American departments
through questionnaire.
The data for this study
were derived from a
National Institute of
Justice sponsored
investigations of police
corruption in the U.S.

Novice officers, highly

experienced veterans,
and supervisory
personnel were more
likely than officers with
moderate levels of
experience to view
excessive force as
serious and worthy of
more sever discipline.