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Ateneo 2007 Criminal Law (Book 2) Part 1
Ateneo 2007 Criminal Law (Book 2) Part 1
BOOK II
TITLE ONE
CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY
AND THE LAW OF NATIONS
NOTES:
Treason breach of allegiance to the
government by a person who owes
allegiance to it.
Allegiance obligation of fidelity and
obedience which individuals owe to the
government under which they live or to their
sovereign, in return for protection they
receive
Treason is a war crime - punished by state
as a measure of self-protection
Committed in times of war (not peace)
when
- there is actual hostilities
- no need for a declaration of war.
Mere acceptance of public office and
discharge of official duties under the enemy
do not constitute per se the felony of treason.
But when the position is policy-determining,
the acceptance of public office and the
discharge of official duties constitute treason.
PERSONS LIABLE:
1. Filipino permanent allegiance; can commit
treason anywhere
2. Alien Residing temporary allegiance;
commit treason only while residing in
Philippines
NOTES:
Treason committed in a foreign country may
be prosecuted in the Philippines. (Art.2,
RPC)
Treason by an alien must be committed in
the Philippines. (EO 44).
WAYS TO PROVE:
1. Treason
a. Testimony of at least 2 witnesses
to the same overt act
b. Judicial confession of accused
2. Adherence
a. One witness
b. Nature of act itself
c. Circumstances surrounding act
NOTES:
To convict: testimonies must relate to the
same overt act not two similar acts
If act is separable each witness can testify
to parts of it; but the act, as a whole, must be
identifiable as an overt act
Confession must be in open court
Reason for 2-witness rule special nature
of the crime requires that the accused be
afforded a special protection not required in
other cases so as to avoid a miscarriage of
justice. Extreme seriousness of the crime,
for which death is one of the penalties
provided by law, and the fact that the crime is
committed in abnormal times, when small
differences may in mortal enmity wipe out all
scruples in sacrificing the truth.
General Notes:
Inherent circumstances they do not
aggravate the crime
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- superior strength
- treachery
Treason is a continuing crime. Even after the
war, offender can still be prosecuted.
No treason through negligence since it must
be intentional
No complex crime of treason with murder
murder is the overt act of aid or comfort
ELEMENTS CONSPIRACY:
1. In time of war;
2. Two or more persons come to an agreement
to a. levy war against the government, or
b. adhere to the enemies and to give
them aid or comfort
3. They decide to commit it.
ELEMENTS PROSOPAL:
1. In time of war
2. A person who has decided to levy war
against the government, or to adhere to the
enemies and to give them aid or comfort
3. Proposes its execution to some other
person/s.
General Notes:
As a general rule, conspiracy and proposal to
commit a felony is not punishable (ART.8).
Art 115 is an exception as it specifically
penalizes conspiracy and proposal to
commit treason.
Mere agreement and decision to commit
treason is punishable.
Two-witness rule not applicable since this
is a crime separate from treason
Mere proposal even without acceptance is
punishable, too. If the other accepts, it is
already conspiracy.
If actual acts of treason are committed after
the conspiracy or proposal, the crime
committed will be treason, and the
conspiracy or proposal is considered as
a means in the commission thereof.
Page 64 of 174
ELEMENTS:
1. Offender owes allegiance to the government
2. Not a foreigner
3. Has knowledge of any conspiracy (to
commit treason) against the government
4. He conceals or does not disclose the same
to the authorities in w/c he resides.
NOTES:
Offender is punished as an accessory to the
crime of treason.
But is actually principal to this crime.
Crime doesnt apply if crime of treason is
already committed and it is not reported.
It is a crime of omission.
RPC mentions 4 individuals (i.e. governor,
provincial fiscal, mayor or city fiscal), but
what if you report to some other high-ranking
government. official?
Ex: PNP Director? Judge Pimentel says any
governement. official of the DILG is OK..
ART. 117. ESPIONAGE
ESPIONAGE is the offense of gathering,
transmitting, or losing information respecting the
national defense with intent or reason to believe
that the information is to be used to the injury of
the Republic of the Philippines or the advantage of
a foreign nation.
Page 65 of 174
ELEMENTS:
1. That there is war in which the Philippines is
not involved;
2. That there is a regulation issued by
competent authority for the purpose of
enforcing neutrality; and
3. That the offender violates such regulation.
NOTES:
This crime is committed only in time of
war.
Neutrality of the Philippines that was
violated.
There has to be a regulation issued by
competent authority for enforcement of
neutrality offender violated it
Being a public officer or employee has
higher penalty
ART. 120. CORRESPONDECE WITH HOSTILE
COUNTRY
ELEMENTS:
1. Theres a war in and Philippines is
involved;
2. That the offender makes correspondence
with an enemy country or territory
occupied by enemy troops;
3. That the correspondence is either
a. prohibited by the government, or
b. carried
on
in
ciphers
or
conventional signs, or
c. containing notice or information
which might be useful to the
enemy.
QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES:
1. Notice or information might be useful to the
enemy.
2. Offender intended to aid the enemy.
NOTES:
Circumstances qualifying the offense:
1. notice or information might be useful
to the enemy
2. offender intended to aid the enemy
A hostile country exists only during
hostilities or after the declaration of war.
Correspondence to enemy country is
correspondence to officials of enemy
country even if said official is related to
the offender.
Page 66 of 174
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PIRACY MODESTIFF
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1. By attacking or seizing a vessel on the high
seas or in the Philippine waters (PD 532);
2. By seizing the whole or part of the cargo of
said vessels, its equipment or personal
belongings of its complement or passengers,
the offenders being strangers to the
vessels.
ELEMENTS of PIRACY:
1. A vessel is on the high seas or Philippine
waters;
2. Offenders not members of its complement
nor passengers of the vessel; and
3. That the offenders
a. attack or seize vessel (if committed by
crew or passengers, the crime is not
piracy but robbery in the high seas), or
b. seize whole or part of vessels cargo,
equipment or personal belongings
of its complement or passengers.
NOTES:
PIRACY
MUTINY
Robbery or forcible
degradation on the
high seas, without
lawful authority and
done with animo
furandi and in the spirit
and intention of
universal hostility.
Intent to gain is an
element.
Attack from outside.
Offenders are
strangers to the vessel.
Unlawful resistance to a
superior officer, or the
raising of commotion and
disturbances on board a
ship against the authority of
its commander.
PIRACY
The offender is an
outsider.
Offender is an outsider
PD 532, Anti-Piracy
Offender is
passenger
ROBBERY ON HIGH
SEAS
crew
or
PD 532 (ANTI-PIRACYQuickTime
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ROBBERY
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QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES:
1. Seizure of the vessel by boarding or firing
upon the same;
2. Abandonment of victims without means of
saving themselves; or
3. Piracy was accompanied by murder,
homicide, physical injuries, or rape.
NOTES:
Parricide/infanticide should be included
(according to Judge Pimentel).
There is a conflict between this
provision and the provision on rape.
Ex: If rape is committed on someone
below 7 yrs. old penalty is death
under the new rape law. But if rape
committed on someone below 7
during the time of piracy reclusion
perpetua to death.
Themurder/rape/homicide/physical
injuries must have been committed on the
passengers or on the complement of the
vessel.
Piracy is a crime not against any particular
state but against all mankind. It may be
punished in the competent tribunal of any
country where the offender may be found
or into which he may be carried.
QUALIFIED PIRACY a SPECIAL
COMPLEX CRIME punishable by reclusin
perpetua to death, regardless of the
number of victims.
R. A. NO. 6235
Anti-Hijacking Law
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
1. By compelling a change in the course or
destination of an aircraft of Philippine
registry, or seizing or usurping the control
thereof while it is in flight;
Page 68 of 174
the
his
the
the
TITLE TWO
CRIMES AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS
and a
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ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or
employee;
2. That he has detained a person for some
legal ground; and
Page 69 of 174
DELAY IN DELIVERY
OF DETAINED (125)
Detention is illegal
from the beginning.
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Page 70 of 174
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
1. procuring a search warrant without just
cause
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or
employee;
2. That he procures a search warrant;
and
3. That there is no just cause.
2. exceeding
his
authority
by
using
unnecessary severity in executing a
search warrant legally procured
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or
employee;
2. That he has legally procured a
search warrant; and
3. That he exceeds his authority or
uses
unnecessary
severity
in
executing the same.
NOTES:
Search warrant is valid for 10 days from its
date of issue.
If there is no just cause, the warrant is
unjustified.
The search is limited to what is described
in the warrant, all details must be with set
forth with particularity.
Example of a warrant maliciously obtained: X
was a respondent of a search warrant for
illegal possession of firearms. A return was
made. The gun did not belong to X and the
witness had no personal knowledge that there
is a gun in that place.
Examples of abuse in service of warrant:
1. X owner was handcuffed while
search was going-on.
2. Tank was used to ram gate prior to
announcement that a search will be
made.
3. Persons who were not respondents
were searched.
An exception to the necessity of a search
warrant is the right of search and seizure as
an incident to a lawful arrest.
ELEMENTS:
1. Offender is a public officer or employee;
2. He performs any of the following acts:
a. prohibiting or interrupting, without
legal ground the holding of a peaceful
meeting, or dissolving the same
(e.g. denial of permit in arbitrary
manner).
b. hindering any person from joining
any lawful association or from
attending any of its meetings
c. prohibiting or hindering any person
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together with others, any petition to
the authorities for the correction of
abuses or redress of grievances.
NOTES:
If the offender is a private individual, the
crime is disturbance of public order
(Art 153).
ELEMENTS:
1. That the officer is a public officer or
employee;
2. That
religious
ceremonies
or
manifestations of any religion are about to
take place or are going on; and
3. That the offender prevents or disturbs the
same.
NOTES:
Qualifying circumstances:
1. violence; or
2. threats.
Reading of Bible and then attacking certain
churches in a public plaza is not a
ceremony or manifestation of religion, but
only a meeting of a religious sect. But if
done in a private home, its a religious
service.
Religious Worship includes people in the act
of performing religious rites for a religious
ceremony or a manifestation of religion.
Examples: Mass, baptism, marriage
Page 72 of 174
(132)
ntal law
of the
state
Offending
the
Religious
Feeling
(133)
Crime
against
public
order
Public
officers,
private
persons,
outsiders
religious =
tumult or
alarms
If not
notoriously
offensive =
unjust
vexation
If not tumults
= alarms
and scandal
If meeting
illegal at
onset =
inciting to
sedition or
rebellion
TITLE THREE
CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER
NATURE
WHO
OF
ARE
CRIME
LIABLE
Crime
Public
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fundame
ntal law
of the
state
If not by
public officer
=
Tumults
ELEMENTS:
1. That there be a public armed uprising; and
2. That the purpose of the uprising or
movement is either:
a. to remove from the allegiance to
said government or its laws the
territory of the Philippines or any part
thereof or any body of land, naval or
other armed forces, or
b. to deprive the chief executive or
congress, wholly or partially, of any
of their powers or prerogatives.
Crime
against
the
fundame
If by insider =
unjust
vexation
If not
PERSONS LIABLE:
1. Any person who: (a) promotes, (b) maintains,
or (c) heads a rebellion or insurrection
(leader);
2. Any person merely participating or
executing the command of others in
rebellion (participant); and
Public
officers,
Outsiders
IF ELEMENT
MISSING
Page 73 of 174
PERSONS LIABLE:
1. Any person who leads or in any manner
directs or commands others to undertake
coup detat (leaders);
2. Any person in the government service who
participates or executes directions or
commands of others in undertaking coup
detat (participants from government);
3. Any person not in the government service
who participates, or in any manner, supports,
finances, abets, or aids in undertaking a coup
detat (participants not from government);
and
4. Any person who in fact directed the others,
spoke for them, signed receipts and other
documents issued in their name, or
performed similar acts, on behalf of the
rebels (deemed leader if leader is unknown)
Page 74 of 174
REBELLION (134)
SEDITION (139)
National Security
Public Order
Public Order
Public Order
Public uprising
AND
Taking up arms against
the govt
Rising publicly
and tumultuously
(more
than 3 men who are armed or
provided with
means of violence)
Removing territory , or
body of armed forces, or
depriving the Chief
Executive or Legislature
Nature of
Crime
Overt acts
Purpose
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Page 75 of 174
NOTES:
Organizing a group of soldiers, soliciting
membership in, and soliciting funds for the
organization show conspiracy to overthrow
the government.
The mere fact of giving and rendering
speeches favoring Communism would not
make the accused guilty of conspiracy if
there is no evidence that the hearers then
and there agreed to rise up in arms
against the government.
The
advocacy
of
Communism
or
Communistic theory is not a criminal act
of conspiracy unless converted into
advocacy of action.
Only when the Communist advocates action and
actual uprising, war or otherwise, does he
become guilty of conspiracy to commit
rebellion. (People vs. Hernandez
ART. 137. DISLOYALTY OF PUBLIC
OFFICERS OR EMPLOYEES
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
1. Failing to resist rebellion by all the means
in their power; or
2. Continuing to discharge the duties of their
offices under the control of rebels; or
3. Accepting appointment to office under
rebels.
NOTES:
There must be actual rebellion for this crime
to be committed.
It must not be committed in conspiracy
with rebels or coup plotters for this crime
to be committed.
If position is accepted in order to protect the
people, not covered by this article.
INCITING TO
REBELLION (138)
Not required that
the offender has
decided to commit
rebellion.
The inciting is done
publicly.
PERSONS LIABLE:
1. leader of the sedition, and
2. other persons participating in the sedition.
ART. 141. CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT
SEDITION
NOTE: There must be an agreement and a decision
to rise publicly and tumultuously to attain any of the
objects of sedition in order to constitute crime of
conspiracy to commit sedition.
Page 77 of 174
ELEMENTS of ACT 1:
1. That the offender does not take a direct part
in the crime of sedition;
2. That he incites others to the accomplishment
of any of the acts which constitute sedition;
and
3. That the inciting is done by means of
speeches, proclamations, writing, emblems,
cartoons, banners, or other representations
tending to the same end.
UTTERING AND WRITING PUNISHABLE:
1. when they tend to disturb or obstruct any
public officer in executing the functions of his
office; or
2. when they tend to instigate others to cabal
and meet together for unlawful purposes; or
3. when they suggest or incite rebellious
conspiracies or riots; or
4. when they lead or tend to stir up the people
against the lawful authorities or to disturb the
peace of the community, the safety and order
of the government.
REQUISITES:
1. Theres a meeting gather or group
of persons whether fixed or moving;
2. Audience whether armed or not is
incited to the commission of the
crime of treason, rebellion or
insurrection, sedition or direct
assault.
WHEN A PERSON CARRIES UNLICENSED
FIREARM IN THE 1st ASSEMBLY:
1. Presumed that the purpose of meeting is to
commit any crime under RPC
2. Presumed that the one in possession of
unlicensed firearm is the leader or organizer
of the meeting
NOTES:
Not all the persons present at the meeting of
the first form of illegal assembly need to be
armed.
Persons liable for illegal assembly:
the organizers or leaders of the meeting
persons merely present at the meeting
(except when presence is out of curiosity
not liable)
Presumptions if person present at the meeting
carries an unlicensed firearm:
purpose of the meeting is to commit acts
punishable under the RPC
considered as leader or organizer of the
meeting
ARTICLE 147. ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS
2 KINDS OF ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS:
1. Organizations totally or partially organized for
the purpose of committing any of the
crimes in RPC; or
2. For some purpose contrary to public
morals.
PERSONS LIABLE:
1. founders, directors and president of the
association; and
2. mere members of the association
ILLEGAL ASSEMBLY
(146)
ILLEGAL
ASSOCIATION (147)
Founders,
directors,
president
and members
FORCE
EMPLOYED
Person in
Authority
Need not be
serious
Serious
Agent
Must be of
serious
character
Serious
NOTES:
General Rule: Direct assault is always complexed
with the material consequence of the act (Ex. direct
assault with murder).
Exception: If resulting in a light felony, the
consequent crime is absorbed.
ELEMENTS:
1. Offender
employs
force
or
intimidation;
2. Aim of offender is to attain any of the
purposes of the crime of rebellion
and sedition; and
3. That there is no public uprising.
ELEMENTS:
1. Offender (a) makes an attack, (b)
employs force, (c) makes a serious
intimidation, or (d) makes a serious
resistance;
INTIMIDATION/
RESISTANCE
QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES:
1. when the assault is committed with a
weapon;
2. when the offender is a public officer or
employee; or
3. when the offender lays hand upon a person
in authority
NOTES:
Indirect assault can be committed only
when a direct assault is also being
committed.
To be indirect assault, the person who
should be aided is the agent and not
the person in authority. In the latter
case, it is already direct assault.
According to Art 152: The person
coming to the aid of the person in
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
1. Disobedience w/o legal excuse to
summons issued by the Congress or any of
its committees or subcommittees;
2. Refusal of any person present before a
legislative or constitutional body or official to:
(a) to be sworn or placed under affirmation;
(b) to answer any legal inquiry; or (3) to
produce books, documents, records etc.
when required to do so by the said bodies in
the exercise of their functions;
3. Restraining another from attending as
witness in such body; or
4. Inducing disobedience to a summons or
refusal to be sworn.
ARTICLE 151. RESISTANCE AND
DISOBEDIENCE TO A PERSON IN AUTHORITY
OR THE AGENTS OF SUCH PERSON
ELEMENTS RESISTANCE & SERIOUS
DISOBEDIENCE (par. 1):
1. That a person in authority or his agent is
engaged in the performance of official duty or
gives a lawful order to the offender;
2. That the offender resists or seriously
disobeys such person in authority or his
agent; and
3. That the act of the offender is not included in
the provisions of arts. 148, 149 and 150.
ELEMENTS SIMPLE DISOBEDIENCE (par. 2)
1. That an agent of a person in authority is
engaged in the performance of official duty
gives a lawful order to the offender;
2. That the offender disobeys such agent of a
person in authority; and
3. That such disobedience is not of a serious
nature.
Page 81 of 174
DIRECT ASSAULT
(148)
RESISTANCE &
DISOBEDIENCE TO A
PERSON IN AUTHORITY
(PIA) OR AGENTS OF
SUCH PERSON (151)
PIA or his agent must be
in the
actual performance
of his duties.
Committed by resisting or
seriously disobeying
a PIA or his agent.
Simple disobedience
force against an agent of
a PIA is not so serious;
No manifest intention to
defy the law & officers
enforcing it.
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
Publishing or causing to be published, by
means of printing, lithography or any other
means of publication
as news any false
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or cause damage to the interest or credit
of the State.
1. Encouraging disobedience to the law or to
the constituted authorities or by praising,
justifying or extolling any act punished by
law, by the same means or by words,
utterances or speeches.
2. Maliciously publishing or causing to be
published any official resolution or
document without proper authority, or
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
1. Discharging any firearm, rocket, firecracker,
or other explosive within any town or
public place, calculated to cause alarm or
danger.
2. Instigating or taking active part in any
charivari or other disorderly meeting
offensive to another or prejudicial to public
tranquility.
3. Disturbing the public peace while
wandering about at night or while engaged
in any other nocturnal amusement.
4. Causing any disturbance or scandal in
public places while intoxicated or otherwise,
provided the act is not covered by Art 153
(tumult).
NOTES:
Charivari is a mock serenade or discordant
noises made with kettles, tin horns etc.,
designed to deride, insult or annoy.
Firearm must not be pointed at a person,
otherwise, it is illegal discharge of firearm
(Art. 254).
What governs is the result, not the intent of
the offender.
NOTES:
Offender must have been found guilty of the
subsequent offense (through w/c he
violated his conditional pardon) before he
can be prosecuted under this Article. But
under the Revised Admin. Code, no
conviction is necessary. President has
the power to arrest, and reincarcerate
offender without trial.
When the penalty remitted is destierro, under
no circumstance may the penalty for the
violation of conditional pardon be destierro.
TITLE FOUR
CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
1. Forging the great seal of the Government;
2. Forging the signature of the President; or
3. Forging the stamp of the President.
NOTE: When the signature of the President is forged,
it is not falsification but forging of signature under this
article.
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
1. Possession of a coin, counterfeited or mutilated
by another person, with intent to utter the same,
knowing that it is false or mutilated.
ELEMENTS:
1. possession
2. with intent to utter, and
3. knowledge
2.
NOTES:
Possession or uttering does not require that
coins be legal tender.
Crime under this article includes constructive
possession or the subjection of the thing to
ones control.
R.A. 427 punishes possession of silver or
nickel coins in excess of P50.00. It is a
measure of national policy to protect the
people from the conspiracy of those hoarding
silver or nickel coins and to preserve and
maintain the economy.
Page 86 of 174
ELEMENTS:
1. That there be an instrument payable to
order or other document of credit not
payable to bearer;
2. That the offender either forged, imported or
uttered such instruments; and
3. That in case of uttering, he connived with
the forger or importer.
ARTICLE 168. ILLEGAL POSSESSION AND
USE OF FALSE TREASURY OR BANK NOTES
AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF CREDIT
Elements:
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1. That any treasury
or bank
note or certificate
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or other obligation and security payable to
bearer, or any instrument payable to order
or other document of credit not payable to
bearer is forged or falsified by another
person;
2. That the offender knows that any of those
instruments is forged or falsified; and
3. That he performs any of these acts:
a. using any of such forged or falsified
instruments, or
Page 87 of 174
ACTS OF FALSIFICATION
a. Counterfeiting
or
imitating
handwriting, signature or rubric.
any
COUNTERFEITING
ELEMENTS:
1) That there be an intent to imitate, or
an attempt to imitate; and
2) That
the
two
signatures
or
handwritings, the genuine and the
forged, bear some resemblance, to
each other.
Lack of similitude/imitation of
genuine signature will not be
ground for conviction under par.
but such is not an impediment
conviction under par. 2.
a
a
1
to
d. Making untruthful
narration of facts.
statements
in
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender makes in a
document statements in a narration
of facts
2. That he has a legal obligation to
disclose the truth of the facts
narrated by him
3. That the facts narrated by the
offender are absolutely false;
Page 88 of 174
if no knowledge,
negligence
falsification
through
FALSIFICATION OF
PUBLIC/
OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
Damage to third persons is
immaterial;
what is punished is the
violation of public faith and
perversion of truth which the
document proclaims.
Page 90 of 174
ELEMENTS:
a. That the accused knew that wireless,
cable, telegraph, or telephone message
was falsified by any of the person
specified in the first paragraph of art.
173;
b. That the accused used such falsified
dispatch; and
c. That the use of the falsified dispatch
resulted in the prejudice of a third
party, or that the use thereof was with
intent to cause such prejudice.
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
1. Making or introducing into the Philippines
any stamps, dies or marks or other
instruments
or
implements
for
counterfeiting or falsification.
2. Possessing with intent to use the
instruments or implements for counterfeiting
or falsification made in or introduced into the
Philippines by another person.
NOTES:
The implements confiscated need not form
a complete set. It is enough that they may
be employed by themselves or together with
other implements to commit the crime of
counterfeiting or falsification.
Constructive possession is also punished.
Article 165 and 176 of the Revised Penal
Code, also punish constructive possession.
Page 91 of 174
CONCEALING
TRUE NAME
(178)
Publicity not
necessary
Purpose is only
to conceal
identity
Page 92 of 174
PERSONS LIABLE:
1. Any person who uses any name different from
the one w/ w/c he was registered at birth in the
office of the local civil registry, or w/ w/c he was
registered in the bureau of immigration upon
entry, or such substitute name as may have been
authorized by a competent court. Exempted from
criminal liability are persons who use another
name as a pseudonym solely for literary,
cinema, television, radio, or other entertainment
purposes and in athletic events; and
2. Any person who having been baptized with a
name different from what was registered, or who
had obtained judicial authority for use of an alias,
or who uses a pseudonym, represents himself
in any public or private document w/o stating
or affixing his real or original name or aliases
or pseudonym he is authorized to use.
NOTES:
A judicial authority must be first secured by a
person who desires to use an alias.
However, a common-law wife does not incur
criminal liability under the Anti-Alias Law if she
uses the surname of the man she has been living
w/ for the past 20 years and has been introducing
herself to the public as his wife.
ARTICLE 179. ILLEGAL USE OF UNIFORMS
OR INSIGNIA
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender makes use of insignia,
uniform or dress;
2. That the insignia, uniform or dress pertains to
an office not held by the offender or to a
class of persons of which he is not a
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3. That said insignia,
or dress is used
publicly and improperly.
NOTES:
An exact imitation of the dress or uniform is
unnecessary; a colorable resemblance
calculated to deceive is sufficient
The term improperly means that the offender
has no right to use the uniform or insignia.
ELEMENTS:
1. That there be a Criminal proceeding;
2. Offender testifies falsely under oath
against the defendant therein;
3. Offender knows that it is false; and
4. The defendant against whom the false
testimony is given is either acquitted or
convicted in a final judgment.
FALSE TESTIMONY - committed by a person who,
being under oath and required to testify as to the
truth of a certain matter at a hearing before a
competent authority, shall deny the truth or say
something contrary to it
NOTES:
Violation of this article requires criminal intent.
Hence, it cannot be committed through
negligence.
The offender need not impute guilt upon the
accused to be liable.
The defendant must at least be sentenced to a
correctional penalty or a fine, or must have
been acquitted.
The witness who gave false testimony is liable
even if the court did not consider his
testimony.
Penalty depends upon sentence imposed
on the defendant except in the case of a
judgement of acquittal. Since Art. 180 does
not prescribe the penalty where the
defendant in a criminal case is sentenced to
a light penalty, false testimony in this
Page 93 of 174
ELEMENTS:
1. That an accused made a statement under
oath or made an affidavit upon a material
matter;
2. That the statement or affidavit was made
before a competent officer, authorized to
receive and administer oath;
3. That in that statement or affidavit, the
accused made a willful and deliberate
assertion of a falsehood; and
4. That the sworn statement or affidavit
containing the falsity is required by law.
Two (2) Ways Of Committing Perjury:
a. by falsely testifying under oath
b. by making a false statement
NOTES:
Subornation of perjury is committed if a
person procures another to swear falsely
and the witness suborned does testify under
circumstances rendering him guilty of perjury.
This is now treated as plain perjury, the one
inducing another as principal by inducement
and the one induced as principal by direct
participation.
Solemn affirmation refers to non-judicial
proceedings and affidavits.
A false affidavit to a criminal complaint may
give rise to perjury.
A matter is material when it is directed to
prove a fact in issue.
A competent person authorized to
administer an oath means a person who has
a right to inquire into the questions presented
to him upon matters under his jurisdiction.
There is no perjury through negligence or
imprudence since the assertion of falsehood
must be willful and deliberate.
Even if there is no law requiring the
statement to be made under oath, as long as
it is made for a legal purpose, it is sufficient.
Perjury is an offense which covers false
oaths other than those taken in the course
of judicial proceedings.
Page 94 of 174
ACTS PUNISHED:
1. Conspiracy or combination to prevent free
competition in the market
2. Monopoly to restrain free competition in the
market
3. Manufacturer, producer, or processor or
importer combining, conspiring or agreeing
with any person to make transactions
prejudicial to lawful commerce or to increase
the market price of merchandise
NOTES:
Combination to prevent free competition in the
market
- By entering into a contract or
agreement or taking part in any conspiracy or
combination in the form of a trust or otherwise, in
restraint of trade or commerce or to prevent
by artificial means free competition in the
market; It is enough that initial steps are taken. It
is not necessary that there be actual restraint
of trade.
Page 95 of 174
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
1. By (a) substituting the trade name (t/n) or
trademark (t/m) of some other manufacturer or
dealer or a colorable imitation thereof, for the
t/n or t/m of the real manufacturer or dealer
upon any article of commerce; and (b) selling
the same.
2. By selling or by offering for sale such article
of commerce, knowing that the t/n or t/m has
been fraudulently used.
3. By using or substituting the service mark of
some other person, or a colorable imitation of
such marks, in the sale or advertising of
services.
4. By printing, lithographing or reproducing
t/n, t/m or service mark of one person, or a
colorable imitation thereof, to enable another
person to fraudulently use the same,
knowing the fraudulent purpose for which it is
to be used.
TRADE-NAME OR TRADE-MARK is a word or
words, name, title, symbol, emblem, sign or device,
or any combination thereof used as an
advertisement, sign, label, poster, or otherwise, for
Page 96 of 174
ACTS PUNISHED:
1. Unfair competition by selling his goods,
giving them the general appearance of the
goods of another manufacturer or dealer.
2. Fraudulent designation of origin by (a)
affixing to his goods or using in connection
with his services a false designation of origin;
or any false description or representation,
and (b) selling such goods or services.
3. Fraudulent
registration
by
procuring
fraudulently from the patent office the
registration of t/m, t/m or service mark.
ELEMENTS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION:
1. That the offender gives his goods the general
appearance of the goods of another
manufacturer or dealer;
2. That the general appearance is shown in the
(a) goods themselves, (b) wrapping of their
packages, (c) device or words therein, or in
(d) any other feature of their appearance;
3. That the offender offers to sell or sells those
goods or gives other persons a chance or
opportunity to do the same with a like
purpose; and
4. That there is actual intent to deceive the
public or defraud a competitor.
UNFAIR COMPETITION:
consists in employing
deception or any other means contrary to good faith
by which any person shall pass off the goods
manufactured by him or in which he deals, or his
business, or services for those of the one having
established goodwill, or committing any acts
calculated to produce such result
Unfair Competition
Infringement of
trademark or trade
name
Limited range
Identified a peculiar
symbol or mark with his
goods and thereby has
acquired a property right
in such symbol or mark
Policy
1. Campaign against Drugs and Protection of
State
2. Balance Medicinal Purpose
3. Rehabilitation
ACTS PUNISHABLE:
1. Importation of dangerous drugs (even for floral,
decorative and culinary purposes) and/or
controlled
precursors
and
essential
chemicals
Qualifying circumstance:
a. If the importation was through the use of
a diplomatic passport, diplomatic facilities
or any other means involving the
offenders official status.
b. Organizes, manages or acts as a
financier
The protector or coddler is also liable.
2. Sale, administration,QuickTime
delivery,
distribution and
and a
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transportationTIFF
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dangerous
drugs
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Qualifying circumstances:
a. Within 100 meters from a school;
b. If
minors/mentally
incapacitated
individuals are used as runners,
couriers and messengers of drug
pushers;
c. If the victim of the offense is a minor, or
should a prohibited/regulated drug
involved in any offense under this section
controlled
of
equipment,
instrument,
9. Possession
apparatus and other paraphernalia fit for
introducing dangerous drugs into the body
The
land/portions
thereof
and/or
greenhouses in which any of the said
plants is cultivated or cultured shall be
confiscated and escheated to the State,
unless the owner thereof prove that he
did not know of such cultivation or
culture despite the exercise of due
diligence on his part.
Qualifying circumstance:
1) The land is part of the public domain
2) Organizes, manages or acts as financier
12. Failure to keep of original records
transactions of dangerous drugs
of
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
B.
C.
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TASK
Immediately after
seizure
24 hours upon
confiscation
Destruction
PRESENT
Accused or the person/s from whom
confiscated, or representative, media,
DOJ and any elected public official
who shall sign the copies of the
inventory and be given a copy.
Alleged offender or his representative shall be allowed to personally observe all of the proceedings and his presence shall
not constitute an admission of guilt. In case the offender refuses or fails to appoint a representative after due notice in
writing within 72 hours before the actual destruction, the SoJ shall appoint a member of the public attorneys office to
represent the former.
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TITLE SIX
CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS
ACTS PUNISHED
1. Any person who shall
directly or indirectly
take part in any illegal
or unauthorized
activities or games of:
In case of recidivism:
(1) Cockfighting, jueteng,
Prision mayor,
medium or fine
jai-alai or horse racing
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and a
ranging from P5,000
to include
bookie
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to P10,000
operations
and game
fixing, numbers, bingo
and other forms of
lotteries
(2) Cara y cruz, pompiang
and the like
(3) 7-11 and any game
using dice
Government official
maintainer, conductor,
banker of gambling
schemes; player,
promoter, referee, umpire,
judge or coach in case of
game fixing, point shaving
and machination
Prision correccional
medium or fine P400
to P2,000
Temporary absolute
disqualification
Prision correccional
maximum or fine
P500 to P2000
Security officer,
watchman, private or
house detective of hotels,
villages, buildings,
enclosures and the like
which have reputation of
gambling place or where
gambling activities are
being held
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NOTES:
Playing for money is not a necessary
element. The laws purpose is to prohibit
absolutely those games.
Any other games if with wager of money,
articles, or value are at stake or made
Individual/team contests: game-fixing, pointshaving, other machinations
Lottery:
Requisites:
1. Consideration
2. Chance
3. Prize/advantage/inequality in amount
value which is in the nature of prize
or
NOTES:
Distribution of prizes by chance
No lottery where there is full value of
money(criminal
case-Olsen),
but
if
inducement to win prize is reason for
purchase/subscription/others then even if full
value
for
money
is
receivedstill
lottery(Administrative Code, postal law-El
Debate)
Proof that game took place or is about to
take place is not necessary; burden of
evidence is shifted to accused to show that
his possession is lawful or is not connected
with jueteng game; but proof to the contrary
is necessary when jueteng lists pertain to
games played on other dates
MAINTAINER person who sets up and furnishes
means to carry on gambling or scheme
CONDUCTOR person who manages or carries on
gambling game or scheme
ART. 196: IMPORTATION, SALE AND
POSSESSION OF LOTTERY TICKETS OR
ADVERTISEMENTS
(ALREADY REPEALED)
NOTES:
BETTING - betting money or any object or
article of value or representative of value
upon the result of any game, races and other
sports contests
Page 106 of 174
GAME-FIXING
any
arrangement,
combination, scheme or agreement by which
the result of any game, races or sports
contests shall be predicted and/or knows
other than on the basis of the honest playing
skill or ability of the players or participants
POINT-SHAVING any such arrangement,
combination, scheme or agreement by which
the skill of ability of any player or participant
in a game, races or sports contests to make
points or scores shall be limited deliberately
in order to influence the result thereof in favor
of one or the other team, player or participant
therein
GAME MACHINATION any other
fraudulent, deceitful, unfair or dishonest
means, method, manner or practice
employed for the purpose of influencing the
result of any game, races or sports contests
Clearance for arrest, detention or prosecution
No person who voluntarily discloses or
denounces to the President of the Philippine
Amateur Athletic Federation or to the
National Sports Association concerned
and/or to any law enforcement/police
authority any of the acts penalized by this
Decree shall be arrested, detained and or
prosecuted except upon prior written
clearance from the President of the
Philippines and/or the Secretary of National
Defense
NOTES:
Permitting gambling of any kind in cockpit is
punished under the same Decree (Owner,
manger or lessee of cockpit that permits
gambling shall be criminally liable)
Spectators in cockfight are not liable unless
he participates as bettor
NOTES:
Gambling in all its forms, unless allowed by
law, is generally prohibited. The prohibition
does not mean that the Government cannot
regulate it in the exercise of police power.
There are particular days where Cockfighting
and Horse Racing are allowed. Betting in
Horse Races is allowed during periods
provided by law but betting in cockfights is
prohibited at all times.
Sports Contests: Betting, Game-fixing, PointShaving, Game Machinations prohibited
.
ART. 201: IMMORAL DOCTRINES, OBSCENE
PUBLICATIONS AND EXHIBITIONS, AND
INDECENT SHOWS
Persons liable:
1. Those who publicly expound or proclaim
doctrines that are contrary to public morals.
2. Authors of obscene literature, published with
their knowledge in any form.
3. Editors publishingQuickTime
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literature.
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4. Owners or
of establishments
are operators
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selling obscene literature.
5. Those who exhibit indecent or immoral plays,
scenes, acts or shows in theaters, fairs,
cinemas or any other place.
6. Those who sell, distribute, or exhibit prints,
engraving, sculptures or literature which are
offensive to morals.
Trespass To
Dwelling
Attempted theft
Vagrancy
Persons liable:
1. Mendicant Those with no visible and legal
means of support, or lawful employment and
physically able to work but neglects to apply
himself to lawful calling and instead uses begging
as means of living (higher penalty if convicted 2
or more times)
2. Any person who abets mendicancy by giving
alms on public roads, sidewalks, parks and
bridges except if given through organized
agencies operating under rules and regulations of
Ministry of Public Information
NOTE: Giving alms through organized agencies
operating under the rules and regulations of the
Ministry of Public Information is not a violation of the
Mendicancy Law.
TITLE SEVEN
CRIMES COMMITTED BY PUBLIC OFFICERS
Nonfeasance
Misfeasance:
1. Knowingly rendering unjust judgment
2. Rendering judgment through negligence
3. Rendering unjust interlocutory order
4. Malicious delay in the administration of
justice
Nonfeasance:
1. dereliction of duty in prosecution of offenses
Page 109 of 174
Elements:
1. That the offender is a judge;
2. That he renders a judgment in the case
submitted to him for decision;
3. That the judgment is unjust; and
4. That the judge knows that the decision is
unjust.
Elements:
1. That the offender is a judge; and
2. That he performs any of the following acts:
a. knowingly
renders
an
unjust
interlocutory order or decree, or
b. renders
a
manifestly
unjust
interlocutory order or decree through
inexcusable negligence or ignorance.
NOTES:
A judgment is a final consideration and
determination by a court of competent
jurisdiction of the issues submitted to it in an
action or proceeding.
An unjust judgment is one which is contrary
to law, or not supported by the evidence, or
both.
of
b. by inexcusable negligence or
ignorance.
2. Revealing any of the secrets of his client
learned by him in his professional capacity.
Here, damage is not necessary.
3. Undertaking the defense of the opposing
party in the same case, without the consent
st
of his 1 client, after having undertaken the
defense of a client or having received
confidential information from said client.
BRIBERY (210)
When the victim has
committed a crime and
gives money/gift to avoid
arrest or prosecution.
ROBBERY (294)
When the victim did
not commit a crime
and he is intimidated
with arrest and/or
prosecution to deprive
him of his personal
property.
Victim parts with his money Victim is deprived of
or property voluntarily.
his money or property
by force or
intimidation.
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Persons Liable:
1. Any public officer who shall perform any of the
following acts:
a. Persuading, inducing or influencing another
public officer to perform an act constituting a
violation of rules and regulations duly
promulgated by competent authority or an
offense in connection with the official duties
of the latter, or allowing himself to be
persuaded, induced, or influenced to commit
such violation or offense.
NOTE: Persuasion need not be successful. The
gravamen of the offense is the persuasion.
a. Directly or indirectly requesting or receiving
any gift, present, share, percentage, or
benefit for himself or for any other person in
connection with any contract or transaction
between the government and any other
party wherein the public officer in his official
capacity has to intervene under the law.
b. Directly, or indirectly requesting or receiving
any gift, present, or other pecuniary or
material benefit, for himself or for another,
from any person for whom the public officer,
in any manner or capacity, has secured or
obtained, or will secure or obtain, any
Government
permit
or
license,
in
consideration for the help given or to be
given.
NOTE: If the act does not fall under b and c,
then Art. 210, direct bribery, may apply.
(Justice Peralta)
d. Accepting or having any member of his
family accept employment in a private
enterprise which has pending official
business with him during the pendency
thereof or within one year after its
termination.
NOTE: The act is mala prohibita. Hence,
the public official need not have even
recommended the employment. (Justice
Peralta)
e. Causing any undue injury to any party,
including the Government, or giving any
private party any unwarranted benefits,
advantage, or preference in the discharge of
his official, administrative or judicial function
through manifest partiality, evident bad faith
or gross inexcusable negligence.
This
Page 112 of 174
i.
j.
k.
2.
3.
4.
7.
Direct bribery
Indirect bribery
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The offender is the
giver
ofthisthe
gift or the offeror
of the promise. The act may or may not be
accomplished.
Bribery is usually proved by evidence acquired in
entrapment
Under PD 749, givers of bribes and other gifts as
well as accomplices in bribery and other graft
cases are immune from prosecution if they
voluntarily give any information about any
commission of direct, indirect, and qualified
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender be a public officer;
2. That he should have taken advantage of his
office, that is, he intervened in the
transaction in his official capacity;
3. That he entered into an agreement with any
interested party or speculator or made use of
any other scheme with regard to (a)
furnishing supplies (b) the making of
contracts, or (c) the adjustment or settlement
of account relating to a public property or
funds; and
4. That the accused had intent to defraud the
government.
B. ILLEGAL EXACTIONS
ELEMENTS:
1. The offender is a public officer entrusted
with the collection of taxes, licenses, fees
and other imposts; and
2. That he is guilty of any of the following acts
or omissions;
a. demanding, directly or indirectly the
payment of sums different from or
larger than those authorized by law,
or
b. failing voluntarily to issue a
receipt, as provided by law, for any
sum of money collected by him
officially, or
c. collecting or receiving, directly or
indirectly, by way of payment or
otherwise, things or objects of a
nature different from that provided
by law.
ESTAFA WITH
ABUSE OF
CONFIDENCE (315)
Funds/property are
always private
Offender is a private
individual or even a
public officer who is
not accountable for
public funds/property
Crime is committed by
misappropriating,
converting, or
denying having
received money,
goods or other
personal property
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People v. Hipol, GR
7/22/03
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The fact that the obligation to deposit the collections
of the City Treasurer's Office is not covered by
appellant's official job description is of no legal
consequence in a prosecution for Malversation. What
is essential is that appellant had custody or control of
public funds by reason of the duties of his office.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer, whether
in the service or separated therefrom;
2. That he must be an accountable officer for
public funds or property;
3. That he is required by law or regulation to
render accounts to the Commission on
Audit, or to a provincial auditor; and
4. That he fails to do so for a period of two
months after such accounts should be
rendered.
Demand and misappropriation are not necessary.
NOTES:
The document must be complete and one by
which a right could be established or an
obligation could be extinguished.
Books, periodicals, pamphlets, etc. are not
documents.
Papers would include checks, promissory
notes and paper money.
A post office official who retained the mail
without forwarding the letters to their
destination is guilty of infidelity in the custody
of papers.
Removal of a document or paper must be for
an illicit purpose. There is illicit purpose
when the intention of the offender is to:
a. tamper with it,
b. to profit by it, or
c. to commit any act constituting a breach
of trust in the official care thereof.
Removal is consummated upon removal or
secreting away of the document from its usual
place. It is immaterial whether or not the illicit
purpose of the offender has been accomplished.
Infidelity in the custody of documents through
destruction or concealment does not require
proof of an illicit purpose.
Delivering the document to the wrong party is
infidelity in the custody thereof.
The damage may either be great or small.
The offender must be in custody of such
documents because of his official capacity.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer;
Page 121 of 174
ELEMENTS
OF
PAR.
2
(WRONGFULLY
DELIVERING PAPERS OR COPIES OF PAPERS
OF WHICH HE MAY HAVE CHARGE AND WHICH
SHOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED):
1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That he has charge of papers;
3. That those papers should not be published;
4. That he delivers those papers or copies
thereof to a third person;
5. That the delivery is wrongful; and
6. That damage be caused to public interest.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer;
2. That he knows of the secret of a private
individual by reason of his office; and
3. That he reveals such secrets without
authority or justifiable reason.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is elected by popular
election to a public office;
2. That he refuses to be sworn in or
discharge the duties of said office;
3. That there is no legal motive for such
refusal to be sworn in or to discharge the
duties of said office.
his
the
an
this
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ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is entitled to hold a public
office or employment, either by election or
appointment;
2. That the law requires that he should first be
sworn in and/or should first give a bond;
3. That he assumes the performance of the
duties and powers of such office; and
4. That he has not taken his oath of office
and/or given the bond required by law.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is holding a public office;
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