102inter 1st Year CHEMISTRY E

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Chemistry I
Paper I
Section A
I Answer all the questions each carries two marks
10 2 = 20 M
1. Which of the gases diffuses faster among N2, O2 and CH4?

2. What do you meant by significant figures?
3. What is meant by ionic product of water?
4. Explain the term SYNGAS
5. What do you mean by autoprotolysis? Give the equation to represent the autoprotolysis of water
6. What is boric acid polymeric?
7. Give two uses of aluminum
8. What is ozone hole? Where was it first observed?
9. Name the major particulate pollutants present in the polluted air
10. How is nitrobenzene prepared?
Section B
II Answer any six questions. Each carries four marks
6 4 = 24 M
11. State and explain Daltons law of partial pressures

12. Balance the following redox reaction in basio medium by ion electron method
P4 + OH
PH3 + HPO
13. What is entropy? Explain with examples
14. State law of chemical equilibrium? What is Kc for the following equilibrium when the equilibrium
concentration of each substance [So ] = 0.6. M, [O ] = 0.82 M, [So ] = 1.90 M
2SO2(g ) +O2(g) 2SO3(g )
15. What do you know about castner Kellner process? Write the principle involved in it
16. Write a short note on fullerene
17. Explain the formation of co ordinate covalent bond with one example.
18. Explain the hybridization involved in PcZ5 molecule
Section C
III Answer any two of the following. Each question carries 8 marks
8 2 = 16 M
19. How are quantum numbers n, z and mc arrived at? Explain the significance of these quantum numbers
20. Discuss the construction of long form of periodic table
21. Describe any two methods of preparation of Benzene. Explain ay four electrophilic substitution reactions
of benzene.
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Section A
1. Which of the gases diffuses faster among N2, O2 and CH4?
Ans. CH4 gas diffuse faster among N2, O2 and CH4.
Reason: CH4(16) has low molecular weight than N2(28) and O2(32).
2. What do you meant by significant figures?
Ans. The meaningful digits which are known with certainly are called significant figures.
The uncertainty in the experimental (or) calculated values is indicated by mentioning the number of
significant figures.
3.
What is meant by ionic product of water?
Ans. At a given temp. the product of the concentrations of H + and OH- ions in water is called ionic product.
Ionic product K w = [H + ] OH At 25 CK w = 1.008 10-14 mole2/lit2
4.
Explain the term SYNGAS
Ans. The mixture of CO and H2 which is used for the synthesis of methanol and a number of hydrocarbons is
called SYNGAS. It is also called as synthesis gas.
Preparation:
1270k
C(s) + H2O(g)
CO(g) + H2(g)
This reaction is called Coal gasification
5. What do you mean by autoprotolysis? Give the equation to represent the autoprotolysis of water
Ans. Equation to represent the autoprotolysis of water. Water has the ability to behave as an acid as well as
base. It behaves as an amphoteric substance. The self Ionizing property of water is called auto protolysis.
The equation that represents the autoprotolysis of water is as follows.
H2O(l) +H2O(l)
Acid Base
H3O+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

Conjugate Conjugate
base
acid
6.
What is boric acid polymeric?
Ans. Boric acid has layer like lattice. In the structure planar BO3 units are joined by hydrogen bonds and forms
a polymeric structure
7. Give two uses of aluminum
Ans. Uses of aluminum:
Aluminum used in packing
Aluminum is used in utensil making
Aluminum alloys are used in shaping of pipes, tubes, wires etc
Aluminum
alloys
are used
making air craft
bodies.
published on
NET. The
guess
paperin published
on net
is for the information to the examinees. This does
8. What is ozone hole? Where was it first observed?

Ans. The depletion of ozone layer is commonly known as ozone hole.
It was first observed in Antarctica over the South Pole.
It was reported buy atmospheric Scientists working in Antarctica.
9. Name the major particulate pollutants present in the polluted air.
Ans. The major particulate pollutants present in troposphere are dust, mist, fumes, smoke, smog etc.
10. How is nitrobenzene prepared?
Ans. Benzene undergoes nitration with nitration mixture (conc. HNO3 + conc. H2SO4) at less than 60 to form
nitrobenzene.
NO2
H2SO4
+ HNO3
+ H2 O
< 60
Section B
11. State and explain Daltons law of partial pressures
Ans. Daltons law of partial pressures: The total pressure exerted by a mixture of chemically non-reacting
gases at given temperature and volume is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the component gases.
Explanation: Consider a mixture of three gases in a vessel. Let P1, P2, P3 be the partial pressures of the three
gases in the mixture. According to Daltons law of partial pressures, the pressure (p) of the gaseous mixture is
at the same temperature.
P = P1 + P2 + P3
Let n1, n2, n3 be the number of moles of three gases respectively in the mixture. Let V be the volume of the
mixture of gases at T K Temperature.
According to ideal gas equation
P1 =
P=
n1RT
V
RT
n2RT
P2 =
P3 =
n3RT
V
(n1 + n2 + n3)
Since n1 + n2 + n3 = n
P=
Or
nRT
V
n1RT/V
nRT/V
= x1
Where x1 is the mole fraction of the first gas and given by

x1 =
Number of moles of the first gas

Total number of moles in the mixture of gases
not
P1 = Xresponsible
1P
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for any inadvertent error that may have crept in the guess paper being
published
on NET.
on net is for the information to the examinees. This does
In a similar
wayThe
P2 = guess
X2P andpaper
P3 = X3published
P
Partial pressure = mole fraction total pressure.
12. Balance the following redox reaction in basio medium by ion electron method
P4 + OH
PH3 + HPO
P4 + NaOH + H2O
PH3 + NaH2PO2
P4 + OH - PH3 + H2PO2
P4 + OHPH3 + HPO
Reduction half cell
P4
PH3
P4
4PH3
P4 + 12H2O
4PH3 + 12OH (M balanced)
P4 + 12H2O + 12e
4PH3 + 12OH
3P4 + 24OH
12H2PO + 12e4P4 + 12H2O + 12e12H2PO + 4PH3
Here P4 is oxidizing agent as well reducing agent.
Oxidation half cell
P4
H2PO
P4
4 H2PO (P balanced)
P4 + 8H2O
4 H2PO (oxygen balanced)
P4 + 8H2O + 8OH
4 H2PO + 8H2O (Hydrogen balanced)
P4 + 8OH
4 H2PO + 4e13. What is entropy? Explain with examples
Ans. Entropy(S): Entropy is taken as a measure of disorder of molecules (or) randomness of the system.
Greater the disorder of molecules in a system, the higher is the entropy. Entropy is a state
function. It depends on the temperature, pressure of the state.
q
Entropy change, S = rev [qrev = heat absorbed by system isothermally and reversibly at T ]
For a spontaneous process in a isolated system the entropy change is positive.
( S = positive)
S total = S system + Ssurroundings
Ex: Solid
heat
liquid
heat
Vapour
(Low entropy)
(moderate)
(high entropy)
14. State law of chemical equilibrium? What is Kc for the following equilibrium when the equilibrium
concentration of each substance [SO ] = 0.6. M, [O ] = 0.82 M, [SO ] = 1.90 M
2SO2(g ) +O2(g) 2SO3(g )
The ratio of product of molar concentrations of the products to the product of molar concentrations of the
reactants has a constant value. This is known as the equilibrium law (or) law of chemical equilibrium.
manabadi.com
is notisresponsible for any inadvertent error that may have crept in the guess paper being
Given equation
2SO2(g ) +O2(g)
not constitute
to
be 2SO
a Main
3(g ) Question paper and should NOT follow the same. While all efforts have
Given [SO ] = 0.6. M, [O ] = 0.82 M,

[SO3 ]2
Kc = [SO
=
2
2 ] [O2 ]
.
.
=
=
[SO ] = 1.90 M
[ . ]
[ . ] [ .
.
.
= 12.22
15. What do you know about castner Kellner process? Write the principle involved in it
Ans.
Castner Kellner process is a commercial method used for the preparation of Sodium hydroxide.
In this process Sodium hydroxide is prepared by the electrolysis of Sodium chloride in Castner
Kellner cell.
Brine Solution is electrolyzed using a mercury cathode and a carbon anode.
Sodium metal is formed at cathode and it combine with mercury to form sodium amalgam.
Chlorine gas is evolved at anode.
The amalgam is treated with water to form sodium hydroxide.
Cell Reactions:
2Nacl
2Na+ + 2ClHg
2Na+ + 2e2Na amalgam
2Cl
Cl2 + 2e
2Na amalgam + 2H2O
2NaOH + 2Hg + H2
This process is also called as mercury cathode process.
16. Write a short note on fullerene
Ans. Fullerenes:
Fullereness is one type of crystalline allotropes of carbon.
These are formed by heating graphite in an electric arc in presence of inert gases such as Helium
(or) Argon.
These have smooth structure without dangling bonds. Hence fullereness are only the pure forms
of carbon.
C60 molecule is called Buck minster fullerene and its shave was like a soccer ball.
C60 contains twenty 6 membered rings and twelve 5 membered rings.
In C60 6 membered rings can combine with 5 (or) 6 membered rings while 5 membered
rings only combine with 6 membered rings.
In Fullerens each carbon undergoes Sp2 hybridization.
Fullere has aromatic nature due to delocalization of electrons in unhybrid p - orbital.
The C C bond length in these compound lies between single and double bond lengths.
Spherical fullerene are also named as Bucky balls.
The ball shaped molecule has 60 vertices.
The C C bond distances are 1.43 A and 1.38 A respectively.
17. Explain the formation of co ordinate covalent bond with one example.
Ans. Co ordinate covalent bond (dative bond) is a special type of covalent bond. It is proposed by Sedgwick.
It is formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms in which both the electrons of the shared electron
pair are contributed by one atom and the other atom nearly participates in sharing.
The bond is represented as (
) an arrow starting from the donor atom and directed
towards the acceptor atom.
Examples:
1) Ammonia Boron tri fluoride H3N:
BF3
Ammonia combines with Boron tri fluoride to give ammonium boron tri fluoride
H
H
N:
N:
BF3
BF3
H
Donor Acceptor
Ammonia boron tri fluoride
In ammonia nitrogen has a complete octet and also it has a lone pair of electrons. In BF3 the boron
atom has a total of six electrons after sharing with fluorine. Nitrogen donates the electron pair to boron to
form a co ordinate covalent bond between ammonia and boron tri fluoride.
2) Ammonium ion (NH4+ )
N:
H
+
or
NH4
N
3) Hydronium ion (H3O+)
. .
. .
H3O
Properties of co ordinate covalent bond

1) The bond do not ionize in water
2) The compounds are generally soluble in organic solvents and are sparingly soluble in water.
3) These compounds exhibit space isomerism because the bond is rigid and directional.
4) The bond is semi polar in nature. So their volatility lies in between covalent and ionic bonds.
18. Explain the hybridization involved in Pcl5 molecule.
Ans. In Pcl5 the electron configuration of phosphorus is
P (Ground State) :
1S2 2S2 2P6
3
3P
3S2

P (Ground State) :
1S2
3S
3d0
2S2 2P6
3
3P

3d
2) Phosphorus undergoes SP3d hybridization by inter mixing of one S orbital [3S] , three P orbits
3Px ,3Py ,3Pz and one d orbital.
These five hybrid orbitals overlap. The Pz orbitals of chlorine atoms forming five Osp3d-s bonds.
Out of these five p cl bonds three are coplanar and the remaining two are in the axial position. There by pcl5
acquires the trigonal bipyramidal shape. The molecule contains two bond angles 90 and 120
Section C
19. How are quantum numbers n, z and mc arrived at? Explain the significance of these quantum numbers
Ans.
In general a large no. of orbitals are possible in an atom.
These orbitals are distinguished by their size, shape and orientation.
An orbital of smaller size means there is more chance to find electron near the nucleus.
Atomic orbitals are precisely distinguished by quantum numbers.
Each orbital is designated by three major quantum numbers.
1) Principal quantum number (n)
2) Azimuthal quantum number (z)
3) Magnetic quantum number (m)
1) Principal quantum number: The principal quantum number was introduced by Nelis Bophr. It reveals the
size of the atom (main energy levels). With increase in the value of n the distance between the nucleus and
the orbit also increases. It is denoted by the letter n. It can have any simple integer. Value 1, 2, 3, . but
not zero . These are also termed as K, L, M, N etc.
The radius and energy of an orbit can be determined basing on n value.
The radius of nth orbit is rn =
n2 h2
42 me2
The energy of nth orbit is En =

2) Azimuthal quantum number: It was proposed by Sommerfeld. It is also known as angular momentum
quantum number or subsidiary quantum number.
It indicates the shapes of orbitals. It is denoted by . The values of depend on the values of n,
has values ranging from o to (n-1) i.e. = 0, 1, 2(n-1)
The maximum number of electrons present in the sub shells S, p, d, f are 2, 6, 10, 14 respectively.
Sub shell
S
- value
=0
=1
=2
=3
Shape
Spherically symmetric
Dumb bell
Double dumb bell
Four fold dumb - bell
Energy levels and sub shells
Principal quantum
number
Azunythakl
quantum number
(
(n)
1
Number of symbol
)
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
2
3
Sub shells
S
S
P
S
P
D
S
P
D
f
1(1s)
2(2s, 2p)
3(3s, 3p, 3d)
4(4s, 4p, 4d, 4f)
3) Magnetic quantum number: It was proposed by Lande. It shows the orientation of the orbitals in space.
p orbital has three orientations. The orbital oriented along the x axis is called px orbital, along the y axis
is called py orbital and along the z axis is called pz orbital. In a similar way d orbital has five orientations.
They are dxy, dyz, dx2-y2 and dz2. It is denoted by m. Its values depends on azimuthal quantum number, m can
have all the integral values from to + including zero. The total number of m values are (2 + 1)
Sub
Shell
value
-1, 0, +1
-2, -1, 0, +1, +2
-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
M value
to 0 to +
No. of orbitals
2 +1
m = +3
m = +2
m = +1
0
=3
m = -1
m = -2
m = -3
20. Discuss the construction of long form of periodic table.

Ans. The elements are arranged in the long form of the periodic table in the increasing order of atomic
numbers. Nelis Bohr constructed the long form of the periodic table based on electronic configuration of
elements.
features of
theany
longinadvertent
form of the periodic
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is important
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for
error table
that are:
may have crept in the guess paper being
It consists seven horizontal rows called periods and 18 vertical columns which are classified into 16
groups only.
Periods: Every period starts with an alkali metal and ends with an inert gas. The first period consists to two
elements only (H, He) and is called very short period. Second period consists 8 elements (Li to Ne) and is called
first short period. The third period consists (Na to Ar) 8 elements and is called second short period.
Fourth period contains 18 elements (K to Kr) and is called first long period. Fifth period is the second
long period with 18 elements (Rb to Xe).
Sixth period is the longest period with 32 elements which starts with Cs and ends with Rn. This
period includes 14 lanthanides.
Seventh period is an incomplete period with 20 radioactive elements.
Groups: There are 16 groups in the long form of the periodic table (in transition elements three vertical
columns are fused and designated as VIII group). These groups are IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB, IIB,
IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and zero group.
The elements of IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA groups are called representative elements or normal
elements. Elements of IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB and VIII groups have their ultimate and penultimate shell
incomplete. These are called transition elements. IIB elements have (n - 1) d10 nS2 outermost electronic
configuration.
Zero group elements have stable electronic configuration. These elements are called inert gases,
noble gases. These elements have been grouped at the extreme right of the periodic table.
In this long periods have been expanded and short periods are broken to accommodate the
transitional elements in the middle of the long period.
Lanthanides and actinides have been grouped separately and placed at the bottom of the periodic
table.
21. Describe any two methods of preparation of Benzene. Explain ay four electrophilic substitution reactions
of benzene.
Ans. Preparation of Benzene:
1. When Sodium benzoate distilled with Sodalime, Benzene is formed.
C6H5COONa + NaOH
Cao
Sodium benzoate
C6H6 + Na2CO3
Benzene
2. Polymerization of Acetylene: When Acetylene gas is passed through red hot Cu or Fe tubes, it polymerizes
and gives Benzene.
3C2H2
Red hot Cu
600
C5H6
1) Halogenation: Benzene reacts with bromine or chlorine in the prescence of Lewis acids like Fecl3, AlCl3 etc,
to give corresponding
halo benzene
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for any inadvertent error that may have crept in the guess paper being
e.g.
Cl
+ Cl2
Fe Cl2
+ HCl
25
Chloro benzene
Similarly with bromine, bromobenzene is formed.
2) Nitration: Benzene undergoes nitration when heated with a mixture of 1:1 (by volume) concentrated nitric
acid and concentrated Sulphuric acid (nitration mixture) at a temperature below 60
NO2
Nitration mixture
< 60
3) Benzene reacts with fuming Sulphuric acid (oleum) and gives benzene sulphonic acid.
SO3H
H2SO4/SO3
4) Friedal Crafts alkylation and acylation: Benzene reacts with alkyl halides and acyl h in the presence of
Lewis acids (AZCZ3, Fecz3) and gives alkyl benzenes and acyl benzenes.
RCZ +
Anhydrous AZCZ3
HCZ
Alkyl benzene
Benzene reacts with acetyl chloride in the prescence of anhydrous aluminium, chloride and acetophenone.
RCOX
Anhydrous AZCZ3
HX
General Mechanisms: Electrophillic substitution reaction (SE) proceeds in two steps as

1. Generation of electrophile
II a) Formation of carbocation intermediate
b) Removal of proton from carbocation intermediate.
+
1.Generation of electrophile E : In the reactions halogenations, alkylation and acylatio benzene, anhydrous
+
AZCZ3, the Lewis acid produces electrophile X say cZ , R and RCO by reacting the reagent chlorine, alkyl
halide and acylhalide respectively.
e.g: CZ CZ + AZCZ3
CZ + [AZCZ4 ]
Chloronium ion (electrophile)
II a) Formation of carbocation: Electrophile generated above attacks one of the benz carbons to change it to
SP3 hybridised. The carbocation (Arrhenium ion) is stabilized through resonal.
Sigma complex loses aromatic character due to delocalization of electrons stopping at SP3 carb.
+
b) Losing of Proton: To regain aromatic character the C loses one proton to SP carbon on attack of (AZCZ4)
in case of halogenations, alkylation and aclyation and HSO
in case of nitration.
H
E
E
+ [AZCZ4 ]
+ HCZ + AZCZ3

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1. Which of the gases diffuses faster among N2, O2 and CH4?

11. State and explain Daltons law of partial pressures

H3O+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

8. What is ozone hole? Where was it first observed?

Where x1 is the mole fraction of the first gas and given by

Number of moles of the first gas

Partial pressure = mole fraction total pressure.

Given [SO ] = 0.6. M, [O ] = 0.82 M,

Ammonia boron tri fluoride

Properties of co ordinate covalent bond

The energy of nth orbit is En =

Energy levels and sub shells

4(4s, 4p, 4d, 4f)

-2, -1, 0, +1, +2

-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

20. Discuss the construction of long form of periodic table.

General Mechanisms: Electrophillic substitution reaction (SE) proceeds in two steps as

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