Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2. Gch:
a. Gch nung:
Gch c (gch ch ): kch thc 220x105x60 mm, ch to t t st, c tnh chu
lc tng i cao; nng; r tin so vi ; Dng xy tng, mng, cng rnh, b nc, lt nn, lm ct liu cho BT gch v
Gch rng (gch nh ): Chu lc tt, nh hn, cch m; cch nhit tt hn gch
c. Cng dng xy tng chu lc, tng ngn v cc b phn khc ca CTGch
rng 4 l thng dng c kch thc 200x100x100mm hoc 190x80x80mm. Gch rng 6
l thng dng c kch thc 220x130x105mm
Gch l nem: kch thc 200x200x20mm. Gch c c cao, chng thm tt, dng
lt nn, lt lp ph ngoi cho mi bng btng ct thp ( BTCT ).
Gch chu axit: c sn xut di 2 dng gch khi v gch tm lt. Gch khi c kch
thc 230x113x65mm. Gch tm lt c kch thc 100x100x11mm hoc
150x150x11mm. Gch chu axit c tnh cht nh cc loi khc, ngoi ra cn c kh
nng chu c mi trng c axit nn c s dng lt nn, sn, h rnh, p tng,
ct v cc b phn c mi trng axit xm thc.
Gch chu la: l loi sn phm gm chu c tc dng lu di ca cc tc nhn c
hc v ho l nhit cao. Gch chu la c nhiu loi (gch samt, inat,
manhi) v c sn xut t nhiu nguyn liu khc nhau. Kch thc c bn ca
gch chu la l gch ch nht 230x113x20mm; 230x113x30mm; 230x113x40mm;
230x113x65mm. Gch u c tnh chu la nn dng xy dng cc b phn
chu nhit cao nh l cc ha, nc l
Gch men: chu lc cao, cch nc tt, d lau chi, v sinh, hnh thc p, dng lt
nn, lt tng, p mt ngoi CT
b. Gch khng nung:
Gch canxi silicat, sn xut bng cch p bn kh ca hn hp ct thin nhin vi vi
v c lm cng chc trong ni hp p sut cao. Trong qu trnh sx gch c th thm
cc cht kt dnh mc thp hoc ph gia khong hot tnh. Nhn chung gch khng
nung u c tnh cht l cng chu lc khng cao, kh nng chu nc km, r
tin, ch dng xy dng cc b phn khng quan trng, khng chu lc
Gch silicat: kch thc 220x105x60mm hoc 220x150x130mm dng xy tng, cc
b phn trn mt t.
1
nng cao tnh bn vng CT. to kt cu ng sut trc ngi ta dng thp cng
cao. V d: Mt gin mi nhp 24m, bng BTCT thng nng 21tn, tn 9m3 BT, 3 tn
thp. Nu bng BTCT ng sut trc th ch nng 7 tn, tn 3m3 BT v 0,7 tn thp.
Nhc im ca vt liu BTCT thng thng l kt cu nng n, chiu ti trng ng
km. Trong nhng trng hp cn thit nn s dng kt cu BTCT d ng lc, vm v
mng cng trnh vt c nhp ln, hnh dng cng trnh thanh thot, cht lng
thm m v tnh vn nng cao.
7. Kim loi:
a. Tnh cht:
- C tnh c hc rt tt, c cng chu lc cao, chu c nhit.
- Trng lng bn thn tng i nh, lin kt d dng c th bng hn hoc bu lng
- D b han g v d b n mn ca mi trng.
b. Cng dng:
Thp c s dng rng ri trong XD qua nhiu hnh thc khc nhau:
- Thp trn c c s dng lm ct thp trong BT to thnh BTCT
- Thp trn rng lm ng ng, cu kin: ct, lan can, cu thang, gin mi
- Thp hnh: c nhiu loi khc nhau c s dng rng ri lm cu kin, kt cu trong
XD nh khung thp.
- Ngoi ra cn cc hnh thc khc ca kim loi nh gang, hp kim nhm (uara, silumin,
zincalum...) c s dng di hnh thc l cc cu kin nh (x g, ging, khung
ca i, ca s, lan cn, cu kin cu thang...), hoc cc loi tm lp, tm tng cho
kt cu khung kim loi.
- u im ca vt liu thp ; chu c lc ko v ti trng ln, chu c cc lc gy
tc ng bin dng nh lc x, ng t, chu c nht cao, c trng lng bn
thn nh ( so vi BTCT cng chu lc tng ng ), thi cng xy lp nhanh, d dng
trong vic to cc loi hnh dng khc nhau, kt cu thanh mnh.
- Nhc im: Chu lc nn km, d b g phi tn kinh ph cho bo dng, khng chu
c mi trng xm thc mnh nh mi trng c axit, baz... Gi thnh ln ( so vi
BTCT ) do vy ch dng cho nh c khu ln.
B. Vt liu lin kt:
I. Cht kt dnh v c
1. Vi
- Nguyn liu: ch yu l cc loi giu khong canxit, vI, lmt
- Cng dng: Lm va xy, va trt, BT gch v, gch silict v ding qut vI trang tr
-
2. Thch cao:
Nguyn liu : sn xut t thch cao em nung t 150-160 C. Thch cao khi trn
vi nc thnh hn hp do, sau qu trnh rn chc nhanh th bin thnh dng .
Cng dng: lm g pho trang tr, lm vch ngn, lm m hnh, lm va trt. Hoc
nu trn vi aming thnh vt liu cch nhit.
3. Xi mng pooclng:
Nguyn liu: Gm 70-80% silicat canxi (c ngun gc t vi) v 20- 30% t st.
em nung t cao 1500C thnh clinke, sau nghin mn v trn thm ph gia
( thch cao, puzlan tro, ct thch anh) tng hot tnh ng thi h gi thnh.
Tnh cht: chu lc cao, kh nng cng rn tng i nhanh, chu nhit, co ngt,
chng n mn km.
Cng dng: Dng lm va, lm BT, BTCT cho cc CT trn cn v di mt t, lm BT
chu nhit, khng dng trong mI trng n mn, cng nh cc CT c th tch ln do d
b nt.
4
4. Xi mng c bit:
Xi mng (XM) pooclng puzolan: c sx bng cch nghin mn clinke vi puzolan v
thch cao. XM ny c kh nng chu lc km hn nhng c tch cht bn trong mi trng nc nn thng c s dng trong mi trng m t.
XM chu axit: sx bng cch nghin bt thch anh vi thuc tr su. XM ny c s
dng trong mi trng c axit.
XM x: gm XM thng trn thm x l cao. Kh nng chu lc th thp hn, nhng
kh nng chu nhit ln. V vy thng s dng cho cc CT chu nhit cao (l hi,
)
XM aluminat: XM c thm thnh phn t st giu oxit nhm, to kh nng chu lc
cao. Mc XM loi ny c th n 500-800N/mm2
XM mu: sx t cc loi t st giu oxit kim loi mu khc nhau nh: XM trng t cao
lanh; XM t oxit ng; XM xanh t oxit coban.
5. Va xy dng:
L hn hp gm cht kt dnh (vi, thch cao, ximng) vi ct liu nh (ct vng, ct
en) v nc. Theo cng dng m phn ra cc loi va khc nhau:
a. Cc loi va thng dng:
Va vi: gm vi, ct en v nc. chu lc thp, dng xy trt cc b phn t chu
lc, ni kh ro.
Va XM: gm XM, ct vng hoc ct en v nc. chu lc cao, do km. Dng
xy, trt cc b phn chu lc, ni m t
Va tam hp: gm XM, vi cc, ct en v nc. do cao, d thi cng xy, trt. C
th s dng ni m t cng nh kh ro.
b. Va c bit:
Va chu axit: gm bt thch anh, ct thch anh, thy tinh nc, thuc tr su v nc.
Dng xy gch, lm BT chu axit, lm va lng nn, xy trt ni c mi trng axit.
Va chu nhit: Gm XM x qung, bt samt, ct vng nh v nc. Dng xy trt
cc CT tip xc vi t cao (tng, sn l nung, ng khi..)
Va chng mn: Gm XM pooclng, ct vng, phoi thp v nc. Dng trt lng nhng
ni thng b mi mn trong qu trnh s dng.
2.
Nhit khng kh:
Min Bc c s chnh lch t gia ma ng v ma h ln. Ma ng lnh, ma h
nng t TB cao. Nn thit k cn ch vt liu chng nng cho mi, kt cu che
nng ph hp ma h thong h n gi mt v thot nhit tha. Ma ng trnh
gi rt hng Bc v ng Bc.
7
4. Gi v bo:
Nc ta c nhiu ch gi khc nhau. Tuy nhin c hai ma gi ch o tng ng vi
hai ma nng lnh. Ma nng (thng 5 -10) c gi ng nam, Nam, Ty nam mt v d
chu. Ma lnh (thng 11 - 4) C gi Bc, ng bc, Ty bc gy rt but
- Nc ta nm trong hnh lang di chuyn t ng sang Ty ca cc cn bo pht sinh t
Thi Bnh Dng v min Nam Trung Quc. Tuy nhin min Nam t nh hng hn v
hu nh khng c bo.
Thit k xy dng cn ch la chn kt cu v cc gii php kin trc ph hp tn
dng gi mt ma h, trnh gi rt ma ng v c bin php m bo CT chu c
bo to gi ln. Kt cu chu lc vng chc, kt cu bao che nh, thong h.
-
10
12
14
+ Ca chp: l phng tin che nng ph bin, c th che ma, che nng, chng chi
tin li, ng thi iu ho c thng gi v nh sng t nhin trong mi thi tit v
mi hng. Nhc im ca ca chp c truyn l khng iu khin c hng lot nn s
dng CT cng nghip khng thun tin, l chp li nh v c nh nn hn ch nh
sng t nhin khi ng ca.
+ Ca chp bng l nhm: vi gc quay iu khin c v c th cun trn vo pha
trn ca s, bng vt liu nhm mng nn tch nhit rt t, bo m tt c cc yu
cu che nng, thng gi v chiu sng. Loi phng tin ny hin ang c dng ph
bin hu ht cc CT dn dng v nhiu phn xng sn xut sch (t bi khi) trn
th gii.
Hnh 1.3.1a: Nh
nhp, c ca mi
2. Theo s tng:
Nh CN c chia ra lm
3 loi:
- Nh sn xut mt
tng.
- Nh sn xut nhiu
tng.
- Nh sn xut kiu
hn hp
Xem
Hnh
1.3.2a;
1.3.2b; 1.3.2c
mt
17
4. Theo kt cu ca mi:
- Nh khng c ca mi. Xem Hnh 1.3.2a
- Nh c ca mi
5. Theo kt cu chu lc mi:
- Nh khung phng. Xem Hnh 1.3.4a; 1.3.4b; 1.3.4c v 1.3.4d
- Nh khung khng gian nh v mng, dy treo. Xem Hnh 1.3.5a; 1.3.5b
18
19
20
Hnh 1.3.7a:
Nh mt mc
ch: Phn xng chnh nh
my nhit in
Hnh 1.3.7b:
Nh vn nng
trong
cng
nghip Ho cht
21
Hnh 1.3.7c:
Nh
vi
cng
trnh
bn
l
thin v l thin
i.4. cc thit b nng chuyn trong nh cng nghip
I. Cn trc treo:
Cn trc treo bao gm 2 nhm chnh: loi khng di ng v loi di ng. Xem Hnh
1.4.1
- Loi khng di ng hay l palng nng c ko bng tay hay iu khin bng in,
c sc nng v phm vi hot ng hp. Chng c treo c nh vo kt cu chu lc
mi.
- Loi di ng bao gm cn trc treo 1 ray v cn trc treo 2 ray:
+ Cn trc treo 1 ray (cn trc n ray - monorail ). Chng cu to t mt ti in
v h bnh xe treo vo cnh di ca ray thp hnh ch I v chy dc theo ray, ray ch I
ny li c neo vo cnh di ca kt cu chu lc mi. Sc nng ca loi ny t 0,5
10T, c th nng ln cao 18m. Ngi iu khin c th ng trn mt t hoc
ngi trong cabin treo di cn trc. Cn trc treo 1 ray ch bo m vn chuyn trong
mt phm vi hp dc ng ray thng t song song hoc xin mt gc bt k theo
cng ngh, hoc c un cong theo yu cu cng ngh. Trong mt xng c th b tr
mt hoc nhiu cn trc treo mt ray.
+ Cn trc treo 2 ray (cn trc kiu dm ): c s dng trong nh CN mt hoc
nhiu tng vi nhp di 30m, yu cu vn chuyn khp xng vi vt cu nng n 10T.
Cu to ca loi cn trc ny bao gm mt ti in treo v chy dc mt dm - ray tit
din ch I; h dm - ray ny li c treo v chy theo hai ray thp ch I neo c nh
vo kt cu chu lc mi. Cn trc treo 2 ray c th vn chuyn hng ho theo 2 phng
dc v ngang nh. Khi nhp nh di 18m nn b tr mt cn trc, khi nhp > 18m c th
b tr hai, ba cn trc chy song song.
a
d
.
.
b
.
22
c
.
Hnh 1.4.1:
Cc loi cn trc
treo
a. Palng
b. Cn trc treo
mt ray
c.
Vng
hot
ng ca cn
trc treo 1 ray
d. Cn trc treo 2
ray v s b
tr trn mt ct,
mt bng xng
23
Hnh 1.4.2:
Cc loi cu trc
c.
b.
d.
24
25
+ Khong cch gia thit b v ct l 0,6m khi khng c ngi i li, v 0,8m khi c
ngi thng xuyn i li i vi thit b nh; 1,2m i vi thit b va; 1,5m vi thit b
ln
b. Cc thng s c bn ca mt bng:
- Nhp nh (L): K hiu l L, l khong cch gia hai trc dc.
Mun v kch thc nhp nh theo TCVN3904: 1984. Xem Bng1.5.1
27
S phc hnh v ct
28
24;
14,4
24;
16,2
24;
18
10; 20; 30
10,3
9,9
30; 50
11,5
11,1
30; 50
13,3
12,9
30
30
30
29
Hnh 1.5.5:
Mt bng nh c nhp
vung gc
a. Trc dc:
L nhng trc chy dc nh, k hiu bng cc ch ci A; B; C; D... t trong cc vng
trn
- Trc dc bin:
+ Trng hp nh khng c cu trc hoc nh c cu trc Q 30T th trc dc bin
trng vi mp trong ca tng dc v mp ngoi ca ct. Xem v tr 1 Hnh 1.5.5
30
Hnh 1.5.6a
Hnh 1.5.6b
Hnh 1.5.6c
Hnh 1.5.6d
b. Trc ngang:
L cc trc chy ngang nh, k hiu bng cc ch s 1; 2; 3 ; 4; 5; 6.... t trong vng
trn
- Trc ngang bin:
+ Vi nh 1 tng (kt cu BTCT lp ghp hoc hn hp): ct li vo so vi trc ngang
bin, tim ct cch trc 500mm.
Xem v tr 1 Hnh 1.5.5
+ Vi nh 1 tng (kt cu thp): trc ngang bin trng vi mp ngoi ct v mp trong
ca tng ngang.
Xem Hnh 1.5.8
- Trc ngang gia (khng phi v tr khe bin dng ngang): trc trng vi tim ca ct.
Xem v tr 2 Hnh 1.5.5
- Trc ngang ti khe bin dng ngang: ti y ch c 1 trc v c hai ct, tim ct mi
bn cch trc 500mm.
Xem v tr 5 Hnh 1.5.5
- Trc ngang ti ni c nhp vung gc: ti y c 2 trc, 1 trc ngang bin ca nh ny
v 1 trc dc bin ca nh kia. Khong cch ca 2 trc ny l:
+ L 500mm khi nh khng c cu trc hoc cu trc Q 30T. Xem v tr 6 Hnh
1.5.5
+ L 1000mm khi nh c cu trc 30 < Q 50T. Xem Hnh 1.5.7a
+ L 1500mm khi nh c cu trc Q > 50T. Xem Hnh 1.5.7b
31
Hnh
1.5.7a
Hnh
1.5.7b
32
33
34