TAKING CIVIL SERVICES EXAM 2014?

Come to Indias No.1 Aptitude trainer BYJU & his team of the BEST GS
Experts from Delhi, Bangalore & Hyderabad
Byju Raveendran

Bangalore

Santosh P N
Shamim Anwer
Rajiv Ranjan
Singh & S.P. Jha
Md. Tarique Khan

Hyderabad MBA from ISB, Hyderabad & undoubtedly the BEST English Trainer
Delhi
Best Selling Geography Author and Content Developer

Serial CAT Topper & Indias Leading Aptitude Trainer

Delhi

A renowned teacher- The Best in Polity

Delhi

A highly acclaimed History Teacher with 18 years of Experience

Anuj Mishra

Delhi

An alumnus from IIT-Kanpur The best for Science & Tech

Pravin Prakash

Bangalore

Logical Reasoning & Data Interpretation Expert

Dr. Zulfiqar

Delhi

A name synonymous with Economy

Dr. Manoj K Jha

Delhi

Development Issues & Ecology

Get the

Advantage!

All classes taken by teachers who are among the Best in the Country.
Intensive Classroom training comprising of Concept Sessions (GS Prelims, GS Mains & CSAT), Revision Classes
& Pattern Workshops
Comprehensive Study Material, including Unit tests with detailed solutions & an individualized online
feedback based on number of questions attempted & the time taken for each question
16 All India Mock Test Series( GS & CSAT) with National Ranks and section wise, topic wise, time based and
question wise analysis using comparison charts
Unique Pattern Workshops which will take you to a level where you can start predicting question types with
ease.
Personal Counselling & Knowledge Sessions from the Experts
After joining, if you are not satisfied for any reason, within three classes, you can get the Full money back!
This is something no other institute can even dream of offering

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

SAMPLE NOTES
i) CURRENT AFFAIRS
ii) CSAT - QUANT

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act 2013
1.

Need for new law

A.

In sync with Art.300A of the constitution.

B.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Public Concern
Heightened public concern on Land Acquisition issues
Absence of national law to provide for resettlement & rehabilitation and compensation for loss of
livelihood.
C. Outdated law
The original act is Law Acquisition Act of 1894 enacted by British
D. Need for Balance
Addressing concerns of farmers and others whose livelihood depended on the land being acquired.
Facilitating land acquisition for industrialization, infrastructure and urbanization
Multi- crop irrigated land will not be acquired except as a last resort measure. If acquired , an equivalent
area of culturable wasteland will be developed for agricultural purpose.( Will not be applicable in linear
projects railway, highways, canals)
If land acquired for urbanization 20 % of the developed land will be reserved and offered to land owning
project affected family OR the Company for whom land is acquired may offer shares limited to 25% of the
Compensation amount.
R & R (Rehabilitation and Resettlement)
Subsistence allowance of Rs.3000 per family per month for 12 months
If jobs created mandatory employment for one member of family OR Rs.5 lakh per family OR Rs.
2000 per month per family for 20 years with appropriate index of inflation.
Enhanced Role of PRIs
SIA(Social Impact Assessment) has to be carried out in consultation with representatives of PRIs
Representation of members of PRIs in Expert group which has power to reject a project.
Consent of Gram Sabha is mandatory for acquisition in Scheduled areas under Schedule V under
the constitution.
Representation of Panchayats Chairman in R&R Committee at project level.
Provision for Farmers
All farmers in rural areas will get up to 4 times the highest sales price in the given area.
Consent of 70% of farmers is required for both acquisition and compensation amount in case of
acquisition for PPP project and that of 80 % if acquired for private company.
If the acquired land is sold to a third party at higher value, 40% of the profit amount to be
distributed amongst farmers.

7. Role of Collector
1894 Act
1. Public Purpose to be decided by Collector
2. Collector could decide the quantum of
compensation
3. Collector could decide when to take possession,
even immediate possession.
4. Collector had sweeping power to invoke urgency
clause

www.byjusclasses.com

Present Act
1.Public Purpose clearly defined in Act. No
discretion of Collector.
2. It has to be decided now as per the method
described
3. Possession can only be taken after payment of
compensation and R&R has been completed.
Urgency limited to only two situations- natural
disasters and national defence.

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

8.

This law will have retrospective effect in cases where no award has been given or compensation not given or
possession not taken and proceedings pending for more than 5 years.
9. Transparency
SIA Gram Sabha included, report to be made public
R&R Scheme Made available to public
Public Disclosure All documents mandatorily made available in the public domain and on the website.
Fixed timeline for Monetary R&R and Infrastructural R&R.
10. The new law will not apply to activities under 13 Acts of Central Government presently related to Land
acquisition like National Defence, Railways, National Highways etc. for initial one year after which it can apply
by notification by Central Government.

Kirit Parikh Committee report

The government had appointed an Expert Group on Viable and Sustainable System of Pricing of Petroleum Products. This
Committee, chaired by Shri Kirit S. Parikh, recently submitted its report.
Key observations include:
1.

2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

The reduced cash surplus of upstream public sector oil companies restricts their ability for exploration of domestic
fields and acquisition of overseas assets. Keeping oil firms viable is in the interest of self-sufficiency in domestic oil
production.
Price control, subsidies and taxes can introduce distortions which may not be desirable. For example:
A. The higher excise duty on petrol compared to diesel encourages use of diesel cars
B. Lower diesel prices lessen the incentive to shift freight movement from trucks to railways, which consume 4
times less diesel for every tonne km of freight
Control on pricing also restricts competition. Several oil marketing companies, viz. Reliance Industries, Essar Oil
and Shell India, that were not part of the subsidy sharing arrangement, closed down their retail marketing
businesses across the country.
Petrol is largely an item of final consumption. Its price, therefore, has a very small impact on inflation due to
forward linkages.
Trucks accounted for 37% and buses 12% of total diesel consumption in 2008-09. Agricultures share was 12%.
The cost of diesel in agriculture can be accounted for by the Government while fixing the Minimum Support Price
(MSP) for major crops and hence an increase should not adversely affect farmers.
The inflationary impact of increase in diesel prices (due to increased costs in transport and industrial usage) would
be comparable with the inflationary impact of subsidies.

Recommendations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Petrol and diesel prices should be market determined both at the refinery gate and at the retail level.
An additional excise duty of Rs 80,000 should be levied on diesel cars.
The price of PDS kerosene should be increased by at least Rs 6/litre. Thereafter, price of PDS kerosene should be
raised every year in step with the growth in per capital agricultural GDP at nominal prices.
Prices of domestic LPG should be increased by at least Rs 100 per cylinder. Thereafter, the price of domestic LPG
should be periodically revised based the rising per capita income.
The subsidy on domestic LPG should be discontinued for all others except the BPL households once an effective
targeting system is in place.

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

Direct Cash Transfer

Introduction
Poverty elimination and inclusive growth are the top most priority for the welfare of every state. To meet these sociodevelopmental objectives, a number of Government sponsored programs and schemes have been introduced. However, there have
been issues associated with the efficiency and effectiveness of the same. Rampant leakages and corruption have made many of the
schemes and programs dysfunctional. Direct Cash Transfer to the poor has been aimed to mitigate these malaises.
Need for Direct Cash Transfer
Recent studies by the Planning Commission have shown that the Public Distribution System has become so inefficient that 58% of
the subsidized grains do not reach the targeted group and almost a third of it is siphoned off the supply chain. According to the
Finance Ministry the inefficiencies of the PDS ensure that the Government is forced to spend Rs.3.65 for transferring of Rs. 1 to the
poor.
The idea behind the Direct Cash Transfer is to cut down wastage, duplication and leakages and also to enhance efficiency. The
idea is to move to a completely electronic cash transfer system for the entire population.
Launch of the programme
The programme is now called direct benefit transfer (DBT).
On January 01, 2013, the government of India rolled out the DBT covering seven welfare schemes in 20 districts in 16 states.
The programme covers schemes like educational scholarship for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and pensions to
widows. Food, fertilisers, LPG, diesel and kerosene have been kept out for the present.
Among other objectives like better delivery, more accurate targeting, giving broader choice to the beneficiaries, reducing
pilferage and corruption, the programme is also aimed at cutting the massive subsidy bill of Rs 1,64,000 crore .
Indias welfare spending is a major contributor to its fragile public finances. The countrys budget deficit was 5.8 percent of gross
domestic product in the financial year ended March 2012.
The government is of the opinion that the programme can generate much-needed budget savings by eliminating corruption.
The Prime Minister has set up a three-tier architecture for monitoring the scheme. This includes a national ministerial committee,
a national executive committee and implementation committees.
The seven schemes that will now employ direct cash transfers to beneficiaries accounts are mostly related to student scholarships
and stipends, the Indira Matrutva Yojna and the Dhanalakshmi schemes.
It is estimated that at least two lakh beneficiaries will receive cash benefits from Jan 1.
Cash benefits in the remaining 19 schemes will be available from February and March when the government will cover 23 other
districts across the country.
The government had originally identified 51 districts across 16 states to be covered by the programme under which cash subsidy
benefits will directly go to the bank accounts of beneficiaries with mandatory requirement of Aadhaar number.
Subsequently, four districts each of Himachal Pradesh and Gujarat were exempted from the roll-out because of the assembly
elections.
Later, the programme was scaled down as gaps in infrastructure, like beneficiary lists and bank accounts were noticed and are
yet to be fixed.
Scope of DBT:
The DBT program aims that entitlements and benefits are transferred directly to the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries could include
widows, students and pension takers. This would be done through biometric-based Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. This would
reduce several layers of intermediaries and delays in the system.
Advantages of DBT system:

The use of Aadhaar or other biometric based systems would dissolve problems like duplicates or ghosts. Duplicates
are when the name of the beneficiary is repeated and Ghosts is when the name of a nonexistent beneficiary is
mentioned.
It helps in the quick and direct cash transfer to the intended beneficiary.
The cash transfer happens through a dense Business Correspondent system on the ground with micro ATMs. This
ensures that the poor get the same level of service that the rich and the middle classes in the society receive.
The financial inclusion offered by the DBT infrastructure can also be used by internal migrants to send their
remittances. Approximately, Rs.75,000 crore worth of within-country remittances are made in India every year.
However, seventy per cent of these remittances are channeled through informal (and often illegal) channels which
impose high costs on them. The Aadhaar-based microATM network could ensure that remittances take place
instantly and at much lower cost to migrants.

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

Areas of concern
1.

2.

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

Inflation could easily erode the purchasing power of cash transfers. Concern about indexing of cash transfers to the price
levels.Even if some indexation does happen, small delays or gaps in price information could cause significant hardship for
poor people.
Biometric-based unique identity or Aadhaar is leading to huge problems for people working for the rural employment
guarantee scheme and for others receiving welfare benefits. Not only have enrolments been done shoddily but the
experience of the pilot projects shows that it is almost impossible to authenticate the work-hardened fingerprints of the
poor.
There is also the overwhelming issue of deficient online connectivity.
Some states such as Tripura have opposed the central governments direct cash transfer scheme saying banking was not
available in most villages.
Many fear that the direct cash transfer in PDS will affect the system and gives scope to corruption. Rights groups argue that
the decision to stop food grains and introduce cash transfer in its place is a unilateral decision and unscientific. Instead of
targeted rationing system, they want the government to universalise the PDS.
There are increased chances of money that is transferred into a female members account being misused by others in the
family.
Many NGOs have pointed out the problem of the Governments decision of ending the public distribution system of food
grain and give money directly to the people without proper identification of the poor in the country. About 40 per cent of
the poor are still not officially recognised in India according to many welfare economists.

Kotkasim Case Study

Kotkasim town in Alwar district of Rajasthan saw the rollout of pilot experiment with direct cash transfer of kerosene subsidies.
Positives
1.

According to district administration, the scheme led to net savings of 79 percent in kerosene subsidies by weeding out fake
users

2.

Instead of getting kerosene from the local FPS at a subsidised price of Rs.15 a litre, as they used to do, households now pay the
full market price . The subsidy , that is , the difference between the market price and the subsidised rate of Rs.15 a litre, is
deposited into their bank accounts. Reduce leakages If FPS dealers get the same price from their legitimate customers as
from the black market, there is no incentive to cheat.

Problems
1.

Erratic payments of subsidies, due to lack of coordination between the banks. Also, since the subsidy transfer requires Core
Banking Solutions (CBS) enabled bank branches, the post office accounts of MGNREGA workers were not considered.

2.

Because of erratic and cumbersome transfer of subsidies, the effective price of kerosene actually shot up.

Amartya Sen It is not the modality of cash transfer that is the only issue, but also how much, and for whom, and also, instead of
what.
If the cash transfer is not additional to food subsidies, and is given instead of food subsidies, it would be important to make sure
that the money given would be used for nutritional purposes and, equally importantly, that it would be divided within the family in a
way that addresses the manifest problems of undernourishment and deprivation of young girls.

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

CSAT - QUANT TECHNIQUES FROM INDIAs No.1 APTITUDE TRAINER BYJU

INDEX
1) CONSTANT PRODUCT RULE
2) POWER CYCLE
3) MINIMUM OF ALL REGIONS IN VENN DIAGRAMS
4) LAST 2 DIGITS TECHNIQUE
5) SIMILAR TO DIFFERENT GROUPING (P&C)

6) APPLICATION OF FACTORIALS
7) GRAPHICAL DIVISION FOR GEOMETRY
8) ASSUMPTION METHOD

1) CONSTANT PRODUCT RULE &

This rule can be applied when we have two parameters whose product is constant, or in other words, when
they are inversely proportional to each other.
eg)Time x Speed = Distance, Price x consumption = Expenditure, Length x breadth= Area
A increase in one of the parameters will result in a
decrease in the other parameter if the parameters are
inversely proportional.
Lets see the application with the following examples
1) A man travels from his home to office at 4km/hr and reaches his office 20 min late. If the speed had been 6
km/hr he would have reached 10 min early. Find the distance from his home to office?
Solution: Assume original speed= 4km/hr. Percentage increase in speed from 4 to 6= 50% or . increase in
speed will result in decrease in original time=30 minutes.(from given data). Original time= 90 minutes= 1.5
hours Answer is Distance= speed x time = 4x1.5=6 km
2) There is a 20% increase in price of sugar. Find the percentage decrease in consumption a family should adopt
so that the expenditure remains constant.
Solution: Here price x consumption= expenditure (constant)
Using the technique, 20% ( ) increase results in 16.66%( ) decrease in consumption. Answer=16.66%

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

2)Power Cycle
The last digit of a number of the form ab falls in a particular sequence or order depending on the unit digit of
the number (a) and the power the number is raised to (b). The power cycle of a number thus depends on its
unit digit.
Consider the power cycle of 2
21=2,
25=32
2
2 =4
26=64
23=8
27=128
4
2 =16
28=256
As it can be observed, the unit digit gets repeated after every 4th power of 2. Hence, we can say that 2 has a
power cycle of 2,4,8,6 with frequency 4.
This means that, a number of the form
24k+1 will have the last digit as 2
24k+2 will have the last digit as 4
4k+3
2 will have the last digit as 8
24k+4 will have the last digit as 6 (where k=0, 1, 2, 3)
This is applicable not just for 2, but for all numbers ending in 2.
Therefore to find the last digit of a number raised to any power, we just need to know the power cycle of digits
from 0 to 9, which are given below
Unit digit
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Power cycle
0
1
2,4,8,6
3,9,7,1
4,6
5
6
7,9,3,1
8,4,2,6
9,1

Frequency
1
1
4
4
2
1
1
4
4
2

For example
3)
Find the remainder when 375 is divided by 5.
1) Express the power in the form, 4k+x where x=1, 2, 3, 4. In this case 75 = 4k+3.
2) Take the power cycle of 3 which is 3,9,7,1. Since the form is 4k+3, take the third digit in the cycle, which is 7
Any number divided by 5, the remainder will be that of the unit digit divided by 5. Hence the remainder is 2.
Sometimes, you may get a question in the term of variables, where you need to substitute values to get the
answer in the fastest way possible.
For example,
4)
Find the unit digit of
Put n=1, the problem reduces to 73^4, which is 781.
Since 81=4k+1, take the first digit in the power cycle of 7, which is 7.
What is the first non zero integer from the right in 83301957 + 83701982?
a) 3
b) 1
c) 9
d) none of these
1982
8370 will end with more number of zeroes so we need to consider only the first part. Rightmost non-zero
integer of the expression will be = unit digit of 8331957
5)

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

= unit digit of 31957. Since 1957=4k+1, take the first digit in the power cycle of 3, which is 3.
6)
If N = (13)1! + 2! + 3! + ..+ 13! + (28)1! + 2! + 3!..+ 28! + (32)1! + 2! + 3! + ...+ 32!+ (67) 1! + 2! + 3! + ......+ 67!, then the unit digit of N
is
(a) 4
(b) 8
(c) 2
(d) none of these
Based on Power Cycle
After 4! Every number is of the form 4k+4 , here we need to check the nature of the power till 4!
Every terms power is of the form 4k+1.
So taking the first digit from the power cycles of 3,8,2, and 7 we will get the unit digit as (3+8+2+7 = ..0).
Ans = 0

3) Useful technique to find the last 2 digits of any expression of the form ab
Depending on the last digit of the number in question, we can find the last two digits of that number.
We can classify the technique to be applied into 4 categories.

TYPE
1) Numbers ending in 1

2) Numbers ending with 5

3) Numbers ending in 3, 7, 9

METHOD
The last digit is always 1.

EXAMPLES
1) 2167 =__41(2 * 7=__4_)

The 2nd last digit = product of

tens digit of base * unit digit of
the power.
In 2167; 2 is the tens digit of
base and 7 is the unit digit of
power

2) 4187 =__ 81( 4 *7= __8_)

Last two digits:

always 25 or 75
Change the power so that the
base ends with 1 and then use
the same technique as for those
numbers ending with 1.

e.g.) 155534 = __ 25

3) 1261167 =__21 ( 6 * 7= __2_)

4) 31124 =__ 21( 3 * 4=__2_)

e.g.) 17288 =(174)72 (taking the power 4

as 74 will end in 1.
(172* 172) 72

eg) 34, 74&92 all will end in1.

=( _89*_89)72(as last 2 digits of 172=89)
= ( _21)72 (as last 2 digits of 89*89=21)
Answer =__41( as 2*2=4)
4) For even numbers (2,4,6,8)

Use the pattern of the number

1024 =210 i.e.
*210 raised to even power ends
with 76 and
* 210raised to odd power ends
with 24.

e.g.) 2788 = (210) 78 * 28 =

__76 * __56 = __56.

It is also important to note that,

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

1. 76 multiplied by the last 2 digits of any power of 2 (>21)will end in the same last 2 digits as of that power of 2
E.g. 76*04 = 04, 76*08 = 08, 76*16 = 16, 76*32 = 32
2. The last two digits of x2, (50-x)2 , (50+x)2 , (100-x)2 will always be the same. For example last 2 digits of
122,382,622,882,1122. will all be the same (..44).
Also, last two digits of 112=392=612=892 =1112=1392=1612=1892 and so on
3.To find the squares of numbers from 30-70 we can use the following method
7) To find 412
Step1 : Difference from 25 will be first 2 digits = 16
Step 2 : Square of the difference from 50 will be last 2 digits = 81 Answer = 1681.
8): To find 432
Step1 : Difference from 25 will be first 2 digits = 18
Step 2 :Square of the difference from 50 will be last 2 digits = 49 Answer = 1849
4. Combining all these techniques we can find the last 2 digits for any number because every even number can
be written as 2* an odd number

4) Minimum of all regions in Venn Diagrams

9)
In a survey conducted among 100 men in a company, 100 men use brand A, 75 use brand B, 80 use
brand C, 90 use brand D & 60 use brand E of the same product. What is the minimum possible number of
men using all the 5 brands, if all the 100 men use at least one of these brands?
Sum of the difference from 100 = (100-100) + (100-75)+(100-80)+(100-90)+(100-60) = 95
Again take the difference from 100 = 5 (answer)

5) Similar to different Grouping in Permutation & Combination

All questions in Permutation and Combination fall into 4 categories, and if you master these 4 categories, you
can understand all concepts in P&C easily.
1) Similar to Different
2) Different to Similar
3) Similar to Similar
4) Different to Different

In this booklet, we will look at the first category; i.e. Similar to Different, where I will give a unique approach to
the number of ways of dividing n identical (similar) things into r distinct (different) groups

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

a) NO LIMIT QUESTIONS

Let me explain this with an example. Suppose I have 10 identical chocolates to be divided among 3 people.
The 10 chocolates need to be distributed into 3 parts where a part can have zero or more chocolates.
So let us represent chocolates by zeroes. The straight red lines (Call then ones) are used to divide them into
parts. So you can see that for dividing into 3 parts, you need only two lines.
Suppose you want to give 1st person 1 chocolate, 2nd 3 chocolates and 3rd 6 chocolates. Then you can show it
as:

Suppose you want to give one person 1 chocolate, another person 6 chocolates and another one 3, then it can
be represented as:

Now if first person gets 0, second gets 1 and third gets 9 chocolates then it can be represented as:

Now suppose you want to give first person 0, second also 0 and third all of 10 then you can show it like:

So, for dividing 10 identical chocolates among 3 persons you can assume to have 12 (10 zeroes +2 ones)
things among which ten are identical and rest 2 are same and of one kind. So the number of ways in which
you can distribute ten chocolates among 3 people is the same in which you can arrange 12 things, among
which 10 are identical and of one kind while 2 are identical and of one kind which can be done in
The above situation is same as finding the number of positive integral solutions of a + b + c = 10. a, b, c is the
number of chocolates given to different persons.

b) LOWER LIMIT QUESTIONS

Now suppose we have a restriction that the groups cannot be empty i.e. in the above example all 3
persons should get at least 1.

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

You have to divide ten chocolates among 3 persons so that each gets at least one. Start by giving them one
each initially and take care of this condition. You can do this in just 1 way as all the chocolates are identical.
Now, you are left with 7 chocolates and you have to divide them among 3 people in such that way that each
gets 0 or more. You can do this easily as explained above using the zeroes and ones. Number of ways =

The above situation is same as finding the number of natural number solutions of a + b + c = 10. (a, b, c are the
number of chocolates given to different persons)
Now suppose I change the question and say that now you have to divide 10 chocolates among 3 persons in
such a way that the first person gets at least 1, the second at least 2 and the third at least 3.
Its as simple as the last one. First fullfill the required condition.
Give the 1st person 1, second person 2 and the third person3 chocolates and then divide the remaining 4
(1012-3) chocolates among those 3 in such a way that each gets at least 1.
This is same as arranging 4 zeroes and 2 ones which can be done in 6C2 ways.
The above situation is same as finding the number of positive integral solutions of a + b + c = 10 such that
a > 1, b > 2, c > 3. a, b, c is the number of chocolates given to different persons.In this case the answer is 9C2.

10)

Rajesh went to the market to buy 18 fruits in all. If there were mangoes, bananas, apples and
oranges for sale then in how many ways can Rajesh buy at least one fruit of each kind?
a) 17C3
b) 18C4
c) 21C3
d) 21C4
This is a Grouping type 1 Similar to Different question, with a lower limit condition. M+B+A+O=18
Remove one from each group, therefore 4 is subtracted from both sides.
The problem changes toM+B+A+O=14. Using the logical shortcut you just learnt, the answer is based on the
arrangement of 14 zeroes and 3 ones (i.e. 17C3)
11)

There are four zeroes to be put in five boxes where each box can accommodate any number of
zeroes. In how many ways can one do this if:
a) Zeroes are similar and boxes are different
a) 275
b) 70
c) 120
d) 19

When the zeroes are similar and the boxes are different, its a grouping type 1 question
A+B+C+D+E=4, where A,B,C,D,E are the different boxes. The number of ways of selection and
distribution=8C4=70
12)

The number of non negative integral solutions of x1+x2+x3 10

a) 84
b) 286
c) 220
d) none of these
By non-negative integral solutions, the conditions imply that we can have 0 and natural number values for x1,
x2, x3, and x4. To remove the sign add another dummy variable x4. The problem changes tox1+x2+x3+x4=10
This is an example of grouping type1 (Similar to Distinct). It is the arrangement of 10 zeroes and 3 ones.
Using the shortcut of zeroes and ones, Therefore the answer is 13C3=286

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

6) APPLICATION OF FACTORIALS
A thorough understanding of Factorials is important because they play a pivotal role not only in understanding
concepts in Numbers but also other important topics like Permutation and Combination
Definition of Factorial N! = 1x2x3x(n-1)xn
Eg 1) 5!= 1x2x3x4x5=120
eg 2) 3!=1x2x3=6
Let us now look at the application of Factorials

I)

Highest power in a factorial or in a product

Questions based on highest power in a factorial are seen year after year in CAT. Questions based on this can be
categorized based on the nature of the number (prime or composite) whose highest power we are finding in
the factorial, i.e
a)

Highest power of a prime number in a factorial:

To find the highest power of a prime number (x) in a factorial (N!), continuously divide N by x and add all the
quotients.

13) The highest power of 5 in 100!

=20;
4; Adding the quotients, its 20+4=24. So highest power of 5 in 100! = 24
ALTERNATIVE METHOD
=20+4=24 (We take upto 52 as it is the highest power of 5 which is less than 100)
b)

Highest power of a composite number in factorial

Factorize the number into primes. Find the highest power of all the prime numbers in that factorial using the
previous method. Take the least power.

14) To find the highest power of 10 in 100!

Solution: Factorize 10=5*2.
1. Highest power of 5 in 100! =24
2. Highest power of 2 in 100! =97
Therefore, the answer will be 24, because to get a 10, you need a pair of 2 and 5, and only 24 such pairs are
available. So take the lesser number i.e. 24 & this is the answer.

15) Highest power of 12 in 100!

Solution: 12=22 *3. Find the highest power of 22 and 3 in 100!
First find out the highest power of 2.
Listing out the quotients:
;
;
;
;
;
Highest power of 2 = 50 + 25 + 12 + 6 + 3 + 1 = 97. So highest power of 22 = 48 (out of 97 2s, only 48 are 22)
Now for the highest power of 3.
;
;
;
;
Highest power of 3 = 48. Thus, the highest power of 12 = 48

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

II)

Number of zeros in the end of a factorial or a product

Finding the number of zeroes forms the base concept for a number of application questions. In base 10,
number of zeros in the end depends on the number of 10s; i.e. effectively, on the number of 5s
In base N, number of zeroes in the end highest power of N in that product

16) Find the number of zeroes in 13! In base 10

Solution: We need to effectively find the highest power of 10 in 13! = Highest power of 5 in 13! As this power
will be lesser.

17) Find the number of zeroes at the end of 15! in base 12.
Solution: Highest power of 12 in 15! =highest power of 22 *3 in 15! =Highest power of 3 in 15!= 5

III)

Number of factors of any factorial

Let us look at an example to understand how to find the number of factors in a factorial

18) Find the factors of 12!

STEP 1: Prime factorize 12! i.e. find out the highest power of all prime factors till 12 ( i.e. 2,3,5,7,11).
12! = 210*35*52*7*11
STEP2: Use the formula N=am*bn(a, b are the prime factors). Then number of factors= (m+1)(n+1)
The number of factors= (10+1)(5+1)(2+1)(1+1)(1+1) =792. Answer=792
APPLICATION QUESTION BASED ON FACTORIAL

20) How many natural numbers are there such that their factorials are ending with 5 zeroes?
10! is 1*2*3*4*(5)*6*7*8*9*(2*5). From this we can see that highest power of 5 till 10! is 2. Continuing like
this, 10!-14!, highest power of 5 will be 2. The next 5 will be obtained at 15 = (5*3).
Therefore, from 15! To 19! - The highest power of 5 will be 3.
20!-24! Highest Power = 4, In 25, we are getting one extra five, as 25=5*5. Therefore, 25! to 29!, we will get
highest power of 5 as 6. The answer to the question is therefore, 0. There are no natural numbers whose
factorials end with 5 zeroes.

7) USE OF GRAPHICAL DIVISION IN GEOMETRY

Lets look at a technique which will help you solve a geometry question in no time
21)
ABCD is a square and E and F are the midpoints of AB and BC respectively.
Find the ratio of Area( ABCD): Area(DEF)?

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

Lets divide the figure using dotted lines as shown in Figure B. Area of ABCD=100%. Area AEDG=50%. Then Area
in shaded region 1(AED)= 25%. Similarly, DCFH=50%. Area in shaded region 2(DCF)=25%. Now Area of EOFB=
25%. .Area of shaded region 3(BEF)=12.5%. Total area outside triangle= 62.5%. Area inside triangle= 10062.5=37.5%. required ratio = 100/37.5 = 8:3. To learn this directly from BYJU, refer the video in the CD given

8) ASSUMPTION method
This involves assuming simple values for the variables in the questions, and substituting in answer options
based on those values. Assumption helps to tremendously speedup the process of evaluating the answer as
shown below.
22) k & 2k2 are the two roots of the equation x2 px + q. Find q + 4q2 + 6pq =
a) q2
b) p3
c) 0
d) 2p3
Solution: Assume an equation with roots 1&2 (k=1)
=>p (sum of roots)= 3 and q(product of roots)=2.
Substitute in q + 4q2 + 6pq = 54. Look in the answer options for 54 on substituting values of p=3 and q=2. we
get 2p3 = 54.=>Ans = 2p3.
23) Consider the set S={2,3,42n+1), where n is a positive integer larger than 2007. Define X as the average
of odd integers in S and Y as the average of the even integers in S. What is the value of X-Y?
a) 1
b)
c)
d) 2008
e) 0
The question is independent of n, which is shown below.
Take n=2. Then S= {2,3,4,5). X= 4 and Y=3. X-Y =1, Take n=3. then S={2,3,4,5,6,7}. X=5 and Y=4. X-Y=1
Hence you can directly mark the answer option (a) .You can solve the question in less than 60 seconds.

There were more questions which could be solved using similar strategies.
The methods given above clearly show that for someone with good
conceptual knowledge and right strategies the quant section is a cakewalk.

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

How are we different?

Typical Problem

Usual Approach

The BYJUs Classes Approach

So many so-called
best teachers but
who is the best for
me?

Bring teachers on board without ascertaining

their past performance and without taking
feedback from their ex-students. The
teachers are imposed on you.

After meeting a number of good trainers, reviewing their

teaching style, taking feedback from their old students, we
have shortlisted the best of the trainers from all over the
country for you. So, the teachers are effectively selected by
you. Their engagement will go beyond just taking classes.

But what is the guarantee that what is good

for their business is also good for you?
Too many books too
little time!

Age-old institutes providing you with age-old

materials and outdated content. Gives you all
the books which will help you answer what
and figure out the rest yourself.

We provide constantly upgraded and brand new content, in

tune with the changing patterns. We analyze all topics,
present it in a smart, time friendly manner, so that you can
answer not just what but also why, how and what next!

But how many questions in Civil Services

Exam actually start with what?!

Dont take our word for it! Look at our sample content. You
can visit www.byjusclasses.com/gk to know how to
analyse the current news.

I read it today, I
forget it tomorrow

Take the classes, hand over the notes.

Expecting you to keep referring to the notes
yourself.
But what good
reinforcements?

I dont know if I am
on track

is

an

army

without

Conducts tests without following it up with a

structured feedback.
But what is the point in just taking the test
without knowing the way forward?

I dont know whom

to talk to when I
need
some
guidanceand a lot
of motivation

Talk till you pay the fees and then maintain a

safe distance.

But what if you are feeling very low someday

and want to talk to someone who really
understands your problem? What if a few
months into your preparation, you are not
sure how to move ahead of the competition?

www.byjusclasses.com

We believe in frequent reinforcement of the concepts we

teach and always spend time trying to refresh what we have
learnt before. Our study modules keep supplying you
regularly with smart study material and topic-wise tests with
detailed explanations.

The more you sweat in peace, the less you bleed in war.
We will make sure you have regular tests, topic-wise and full
length, along with a detailed analysis of your strength and
weakness areas. You can get your doubts cleared by our inhouse experts at any time at your convenience.
We know that the motivation level of any Civil Service
hopeful follows a sinusoidal curve. Sometimes you feel you
are the topper-in-waiting; sometimes you feel that you
should not even write the Prelims. We have been there too.
We will be with you when you decide to write the Prelims,
when you struggle with answer writing for Mains, when you
prepare for the gruelling interviews, and when you celebrate
your success.
We provide you 24x7 access to the best counsellors and
master strategists. These are the people who have been
through the grind of UPSC, and relate to what you may be
going through now. We have a lifecycle approach. We want
results. We also want relationships.

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187

ANYONE CAN CLAIM ANYTHING! DONT TAKE OUR WORD FOR IT!
ATTEND A FREE CLASS BEFORE YOU BUY!

Register for FREE by sending an sms <CITY, your name> to 099808 37187

Product of Think & Learn Pvt. Ltd

Winner of CNBC TV18 Crisil Emerging India Award-Education

Winner of Deloitte Technology Fast-50 Award

Winner of BigResearch NDTV Business & Service Excellence Award

Indias Most liked Education company with 3 Lakh+ likes on

Read what our students have to say about us on www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

To know our classroom locations, visit www.byjusclasses.com

For complete analysis of current events, keep visiting

www.byjusclasses.com/gk

CONTACT US - 099808 37187/ 098736 43487/ 094410 50300

Head Quarters- #113, 3rd Floor, Prestige Pinnacle (above Vodafone showroom), near Forum Mall,
Koramangala, Bangalore. Ph- 99808 37187.

www.byjusclasses.com

www.facebook.com/byjusclasses

Contact: 099808 37187